306:
31:
53:
324:
602:
In 2010, it was proposed by
Nyffeler and Eggli, as part of a larger overhaul of Cactaceae systematics, to only recognize Cylindropuntieae and Opuntieae as true tribes of Opuntioideae, since they are the tribes generally agreed upon to be monophyletic. It was proposed to include all other genera into
285:
mean that they cannot absorb water or transfer it intercellularly as easily as the other cacti, so this may place evolutionary constraints on the aridity of habitats and maximum adult size. One adaptation around this problem is the evolution of flattened cladodes that allow opuntioids to swell up
598:
However, this classification has been questioned by additional research that did not yield the same systematic results. Specifically, there was differences in yielded relationships based on what genetic sequences and analysis was being utilized.
273:
in the areoles. Opuntioideae have a hypodermis of at least one layer, very thick walls, and druses (aggregations of calcium oxalate crystals), and their cortical cells have enlarged nuclei; the reason for this is unknown. They also possess
942:
Hernandez-Hernandez, T.; Hernandez, H. M.; De-Nova, J. A.; Puente, R.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Magallon, S. (2010-12-23). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in
Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae)".
704:
Ritz, C.M.; Reiker, J.; Charles, G.; Hoxey, P.; Hunt, D.; Lowry, M.; Stuppy, W.; Taylor, N. (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and character evolution in terete-stemmed Andean opuntias (Cactaceae−Opuntioideae)".
852:"Cytogeography of the Humifusa clade of Opuntia s.s. Mill. 1754 (Cactaceae, Opuntioideae, Opuntieae): correlations with pleistocene refugia and morphological traits in a polyploid complex"
559:(particularly the Opuntieae tribe), which further complicates how to define at the species level. In addition, the genera within each tribe exhibits variation in
563:, which makes using genetic analysis more important in determining relationships, since defining physical characteristics may be unseen in some genera.
1012:
1114:
530:
813:
639:
555:
accuracy of the tribes and genera listed above. A major challenge in
Opuntioideae classification is that the subfamily is known to
988:"A Farewell to Dated Ideas and Concepts: Molecular Phylogenetics and a Revised Suprageneric Classification of the family Cactaceae"
286:
with water, increasing in volume without an increase in surface area risking water loss. Opuntioids also lack fiber caps to their
1088:
567:
1183:
1093:
1119:
269:
consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped cells, a cuticle at least 1-2 microns thick, and long, uniseriate
778:
Mauseth, James D. (2005-12-01). "Anatomical features, other than wood, in subfamily opuntioideae (cactaceae)".
685:
247:
791:
310:
265:, an extensive system of cortical bundles, collapsible cortical cells, and medullary bundles. Typically, the
52:
190:. The subfamily encompasses roughly 220–250 species, and is geographically distributed throughout the
39:
619:
546:
911:"A molecular phylogenetic approach to the systematics of Cylindropuntieae (Opuntioideae, Cactaceae)"
254:
leaves that tend to be shed by maturity and the sectioning of the stem into joints or pads known as
328:
1066:
1028:
1178:
1006:
743:
Griffith, M. Patrick; Porter, J. Mark (2009-01-01). "Phylogeny of
Opuntioideae (Cactaceae)".
607:
1132:
250:). Other prominent morphological characters for this subfamily are presence of cylindrical,
829:
655:
560:
464:
987:
8:
886:
851:
266:
243:
47:
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bundles, which in other cacti protect against sucking insects and stiffen developing
305:
1080:
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group until further research concludes more definitive answers to their phylogeny.
556:
175:
150:
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203:
187:
90:
718:
214:, trees, and columnar cacti consisting of indeterminate branches or determinate
30:
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337:
113:
77:
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877:
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Synapomorphies of
Opuntioideae include small deciduous, barbed spines called
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357:
158:
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Majure, Lucas; Judd, Walter; Soltis, Pam; Soltis, Doug (2012-02-14).
654:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-13. Archived from
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207:
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Opuntioideae are unique among cacti for lacking in the stem a thick
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Notably, their lack of collapsible cortical cells, ribs, and
239:
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828:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
792:
10.2985/1070-0048(2005)11[113:afotwi]2.0.co;2
302:
849:
703:
551:
Current research shows conflicting arguments over the
566:In 2009, a study by Griffith and Porter, based on
591:Terete-stemmed - defined by cylinder-shaped stems
1170:
985:
742:
1011:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
186:. It contains 15 genera divided into five
29:
926:
885:
867:
806:
202:. Members of this subfamily have diverse
908:
675:
322:
304:
826:Germplasm Resources Information Network
777:
745:International Journal of Plant Sciences
652:Germplasm Resources Information Network
524:
1171:
1027:
1026:
707:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
570:defined four tribes of Opuntioideae:
986:Nyffeler, Retro, Eggli, Urs (2010).
909:Bárcenas, Rolando T. (August 2016).
738:
736:
699:
697:
594:Flat-stemmed - defined by flat stems
568:ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis
297:
242:(inverted and curved, such that the
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13:
14:
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694:
51:
979:
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680:. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
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221:
1:
1001:: 109–149 – via uzh.ch.
869:10.3897/compcytogen.v6i1.2523
625:
352:Rchb.f. ex Britton & Rose
311:Austrocylindropuntia subulata
238:surrounding a campylotropous
676:Anderson, Edward F. (2001).
7:
719:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.027
613:
10:
1200:
1184:Caryophyllales subfamilies
945:American Journal of Botany
644:Juss., nom. cons. subfam.
544:
210:, hemispherical cushions,
40:Cylindropuntia ramosissima
1035:
620:Taxonomy of the Cactaceae
547:Taxonomy of the Cactaceae
148:
143:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
856:Comparative Cytogenetics
588:defined by a winged seed
582:through genetic analysis
329:Cylindropuntia bigelovii
218:or spherical segments.
332:
314:
578:- which was shown as
390:(K. Schum.) A. Berger
326:
308:
536:(Consolea × Opuntia)
525:Intergeneric Hybrids
465:Austrocylindropuntia
957:10.3732/ajb.1000129
342:(Engelm.) F.M.Knuth
534:M.H.J.van der Meer
440:Britton & Rose
380:– flattened stems
372:Britton & Rose
362:Britton & Rose
333:
315:
206:, including small
16:Subfamily of cacti
1166:
1165:
1128:Open Tree of Life
1029:Taxon identifiers
928:10.1111/cla.12135
678:The Cactus Family
520:
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410:Fric ex F. Ritter
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298:Tribes and genera
246:almost meets the
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814:"GRIN Genera of
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318:Cylindropuntieae
151:Cylindropuntieae
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56:
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33:
21:
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50:
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11:
5:
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1041:
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978:
934:
921:(4): 351–359.
901:
842:
805:
770:
757:10.1086/593048
751:(1): 107–116.
732:
713:(2): 668–681.
693:
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583:
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521:
511:
501:
491:
481:
471:
459:– round stems
453:
452:
442:
432:
422:
412:
406:Miqueliopuntia
402:
392:
386:Brasiliopuntia
375:
374:
364:
354:
344:
338:Cylindropuntia
320:– round stems
299:
296:
223:
220:
167:
166:
146:
145:
141:
140:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
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114:Caryophyllales
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832:on 2015-09-24
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658:on 2012-08-25
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617:
611:
609:
606:
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593:
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587:
586:Pterocactus -
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581:
577:
576:Maihueniopsis
573:
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558:
554:
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532:
529:
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492:
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485:Maihueniopsis
482:
477:
476:
472:
467:
466:
462:
461:
460:
458:
457:Tephrocacteae
448:
447:
443:
438:
437:
433:
428:
427:
426:Salmonopuntia
423:
418:
417:
413:
408:
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163:Tephrocacteae
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78:Tracheophytes
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49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Opuntioideae
22:
19:
1179:Opuntioideae
1067:Opuntioideae
1037:Opuntioideae
1036:
1007:cite journal
998:
994:
981:
951:(1): 44–61.
948:
944:
937:
918:
914:
904:
862:(1): 53–77.
859:
855:
845:
834:. Retrieved
830:the original
825:
820:Opuntioideae
819:
815:
808:
783:
779:
773:
748:
744:
710:
706:
677:
671:
660:. Retrieved
656:the original
651:
646:Opuntioideae
645:
641:
634:
605:polyphyletic
601:
597:
585:
580:monophyletic
575:
565:
553:phylogenetic
550:
513:
503:
495:Tephrocactus
493:
483:
475:Cumulopuntia
473:
463:
456:
454:
444:
434:
424:
414:
404:
394:
384:
377:
376:
366:
358:Pereskiopsis
356:
346:
336:
327:
317:
316:
309:
301:
280:
260:
225:
172:Opuntioideae
171:
170:
159:Pterocacteae
149:
134:Opuntioideae
133:
97:
84:
71:
38:
18:
1102:iNaturalist
1061:Wikispecies
786:: 113–125.
541:Systematics
505:Pterocactus
234:and a bony
222:Description
130:Subfamily:
91:Angiosperms
1173:Categories
995:Schumannia
915:Cladistics
836:2011-12-05
780:Haseltonia
687:0881924989
662:2011-12-05
626:References
561:morphology
545:See also:
368:Quiabentia
292:internodes
965:0002-9122
878:1993-078X
816:Cactaceae
800:1070-0048
765:1058-5893
642:Cactaceae
640:"Family:
557:hybridize
430:P.V.Heath
378:Opuntieae
283:tubercles
271:trichomes
267:epidermis
248:funiculus
244:micropyle
208:geophytes
200:Argentina
192:New World
184:Cactaceae
176:subfamily
155:Opuntieae
124:Cactaceae
61:Kingdom:
1153:VASCAN:
1146:50187618
1141:Tropicos
1046:Wikidata
973:21613084
896:24260652
818:subfam.
727:22877645
614:See also
531:× Opulea
519:D.R.Hunt
515:Punotia
509:K.Schum.
479:F.Ritter
446:Airampoa
396:Consolea
348:Grusonia
276:mucilage
256:cladodes
252:caducous
230:born on
228:glochids
182:family,
120:Family:
104:Eudicots
1052:Q901099
887:3833768
469:Backeb.
436:Tacinga
416:Opuntia
278:cells.
232:areoles
178:of the
144:Tribes
138:Burnett
110:Order:
65:Plantae
1133:227061
1120:186267
1107:461783
971:
963:
894:
884:
876:
798:
763:
725:
684:
288:phloem
263:cortex
216:terete
212:shrubs
204:habits
196:Canada
188:tribes
180:cactus
1081:93LTC
991:(PDF)
608:basal
574:Core
489:Speg.
420:Mill.
240:ovule
198:, to
194:from
174:is a
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
1115:NCBI
1094:1896
1089:GRIN
1013:link
969:PMID
961:ISSN
892:PMID
874:ISSN
796:ISSN
761:ISSN
723:PMID
682:ISBN
603:one
499:Lem.
450:Frič
400:Lem.
236:aril
1156:369
1076:CoL
953:doi
923:doi
882:PMC
864:doi
788:doi
753:doi
749:170
715:doi
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1063::
1048::
1009:}}
1005:{{
997:.
993:.
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794:.
784:11
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747:.
735:^
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711:65
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696:^
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100::
87::
74::
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999:6
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898:.
866::
860:6
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717::
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665:.
648:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
