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advantage of being much simpler to construct, as each element in the ring is completely separate and can be launched individually and requires no further working once in space. It also does not have to be a complete ring; depending on the desired lifting power the total mass of objects might be much smaller than even the thinnest cable circling Earth. The main disadvantage is that the process of momentum exchange randomizes their velocity so some other system is required to shepherd the objects back into the correct orbits.
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force on the station. The resulting orbit for a two station system looks something more akin to an
American football than a rounded ellipse. One can reduce the amount of tension in the orbiting ring to any required level by increasing the amount of lift generated by bending the cable. The main downside is that the elevator cable is now suspended from the high point of the system, rather than being close to the ground.
42:
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227:) attached to the orbital ring that dip down into the atmosphere. The tip of a given sling would reach an altitude of 13–15 km at its lowest, and its rotation would cause it to have near-zero tangential velocity relative to the Earth's surface below. Consequently, the sling could pick up a payload from a conventional aircraft flying at that altitude, then lift up this payload to the orbital ring.
286:
using
Shuttle-derived hardware, whereas it could fall to $ 15 billion with space-based manufacturing, assuming a large orbital manufacturing facility is available to provide the initial 180,000 tons of steel, aluminum, and slag at a low cost, and even lower with orbital rings around the Moon. The system's cost-per-kilogram to accelerate payloads to
202:
In 1982, Soviet inventor
Anatoly Yunitskiy also proposed an electromagnetic track encircling Earth, which he called "by wheel into space" (later, "String Transportation System"). When the velocity of the string exceeds 10 km/sec, centrifugal forces detach the string from Earth's surface and lift
285:
If built by launching the necessary materials from Earth, the cost for the system estimated by Birch in 1980s money was around $ 31 billion (for a "bootstrap" system intended to expand to 1000 times its initial size over the following year, which would otherwise cost 31 trillion dollars) if launched
267:
instead of staying fixed in space while Earth rotates beneath it. By precessing the ring once every 24 hours, the
Orbital Ring will hover above any meridian selected on the surface of Earth. The cables which dangle from the ring are now geostationary without having to reach geostationary altitude
138:
In the orbital ring version, a kinetic ring is moving around the world at a higher speed than circular orbital velocity. This results in a net outward force that is countered by gravity acting on the stationary components. This can be accomplished at any altitude, although building the system above
100:
The requirement to construct a planet-sized cable in low-earth orbit and accelerate it to a faster-than-orbital velocity is an obvious practical problem. Other architectures have thus been proposed that use active support in different ways and are thus able to circumvent some of these limitations.
276:
can be served by a space elevator. Also, a whole network of orbital rings can be built, which, by crossing over the poles, could cover the whole planet and be capable of taking over most freight and passenger transport. By an array of elevators and several geostationary ring stations, asteroid or
147:
In order to support the elevator, the ring is not circular but slightly elliptical. Two or more stations are placed at the high ends of the path, but below the point where the orbit's apogee would be normally. The station bends the cable downward as it passes through in order to produce an upward
143:
is a practical requirement. A cable is then lowered from the ring to the ground and used in the same fashion as a traditional space elevator, with the difference being that the vertical cable is only 500 kilometres (310 mi) instead of 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) long. This length is
92:
within the cable. This resists any attempt to bend it and allows it to carry loads. In typical conceptions, a motorized platform is placed on the cable that runs in the opposite direction at the speed that makes it appear stationary above the ground. Above Earth's equator, a platform running at
105:
is a partial ring, perhaps 2000 km long, that runs between two ground stations instead of encircling the world. The particle ring uses a series of separate objects that can be launched individually to produce a collection similar to a solid ring and then controlled magnetically, with the
151:
The moving ring does not need to be solid and does not need to be entirely encased by a solid sheath. Instead, a large number of individual magnetic objects can be placed in the desired orbit, and the stations deflect their path using magnets as they pass by. This version of the ring has the
110:
is a vertical version of the particle ring concept that forms a space elevator. The tethered ring is a dynamic structure that uses at least one complete and continuous non-orbiting ring with a diameter that is smaller than that of the planetary body. It can be built on the planet’s surface,
453:
also prominently features an orbital ring, which consists primarily of linked solar panels. The ring is connected to earth via three space elevators. This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to Earth. Later in the series the ring also shows space stations mounted on its surface.
277:
Moon material can be received and gently put down where land fills are needed. The electric energy generated in the process would pay for the system expansion and ultimately could pave the way for a solar-system-wide terraforming and astroengineering activity on a sound economical basis.
206:
Andrew
Meulenberg and his students, from 2008 to 2011, presented and published a number of papers based on types and applications of low-Earth-orbital rings as humanity's "stepping-stones-to-space". An overview mentions four applications of orbital rings: communication via a
262:
Although this simple model would work best above the equator, Paul Birch calculated that since the ring station can be used to accelerate the orbital ring eastwards as well as hold the tether, it is therefore possible to deliberately cause the orbital ring to
323:
In addition, he proposed the concept of "supramundane worlds" such as supra-Jovian and supra-stellar "planets". These are artificial planets that would be supported by a grid of orbital rings that would be positioned above a planet, supergiant or even a star.
127:(GEO) so that it remains in a single location above the equator of Earth. A cable is then built and lowered towards Earth while a second cable, providing a counterweight, is built upward from the station and remains in place due to
473:
universe, Kuat shipyards, is another orbital ring around the world of Kuat. In Star Wars: Legends, Dac, the homeworld of the
Calamari and the Quarrens has a massive orbital shipyard that encircles their oceanic planet.
491:
for interstellar craft. It is the largest man made structure in the galaxy. The planet Medusa also has such a ring, called
Telstarax, hailing from the Dark Age of Technology, but it is largely plundered and wrecked.
259:, are ring stations that stay in one place above some designated point on Earth. Hanging down from these ring stations are short elevator cables made from materials with high-tensile-strength-to-mass-ratio.
524:
Earth no longer has a moon orbiting around it because it had been stripped mined for centuries and now exist as an orbital ring around the planet. Over half of it is owned by Sigma
Shipyard corporation.
131:. When the structure is complete, elevator-like cars can ride the cable into space. The main problem is that no known substance that can be manufactured in large quantities has the
619:
535:
orbital rings can be constructed around colonized planets. They can act as regular space stations or they can boost their planets' production through buildings and modules.
290:
velocity would be around $ 0.05 in 1975 USD, assuming an energy requirement of 9 kWh/kg (roughly accurate) and an aspirational cost of electricity, provided by
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also uses orbital rings as a launch and docking bay for spaceships. These rings are connected to large towers extending from the planets surface.
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or be placed into the equatorial plane. This means that using the
Orbital Ring concept, one or many pairs of Stations can be positioned above
240:
343:(1979), a reference is made to an orbital ring that is attached in the distant future to the space elevator that is the basis of the novel.
459:
352:(1997) features an orbital ring held aloft by four enormous inhabitable towers (assumed successors to space elevators) at the Equator.
768:"The LEO Archipelago: A system of earth-rings for communications, mass-transport to space, solar power, and control of global warming"
924:
1725:
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in 1982, proposing a massive ring that would encircle the globe in low orbit, from which cables hang down to Earth's surface.
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s, Season 6, Episode 1, takes place on the ring-shaped, Ringo Vinda space station, surrounding the planet of Ringo Vinda.
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As opposed to a similar launch of a complete ring which would require the pieces to be connected together once in orbit.
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Because the cable is spinning faster than orbital velocity, there is a net outward force that is countered by internal
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features a free-floating orbital ring around Earth, which is shattered by an explosion and subsequently de-orbited in
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9.5 km/sec in the direction opposite the cable will appear stationary and allow a cable to be lowered to form a
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accelerated to operating speed, and raised to a very high altitude mechanically by tensioning its numerous tethers.
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hanging down to the ground. The stations produce lift by bending the ring cable downward as it passes through them.
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97:. This elevator is only perhaps 500 kilometres (310 mi) long, which can be built with existing materials.
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Eccentric orbital ring systems – these are rings that are in the form of a closed shape with varying altitude
1947:
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917:
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is a concept of an artificial ring placed around a body and set rotating at such a rate that the apparent
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635:"The Techno-Economic Viability of Actively Supported Structures for Terrestrial Transit and Space Launch"
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features a complete ring, though abandoned and in disrepair due to war, and without surface tethers.
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features a decrepit ringworld in orbit above the planet, Kharzh'ulla, connected by a series of
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disadvantage that they have no internal tension and lifting power is derived separately. The
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This article is about artificial planet-spanning object. For naturally occurring rings, see
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above the equator. Not in orbit, but riding on this ring, supported electromagnetically on
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points on Earth desired, or can be moved everywhere on the globe. Thus, any point on
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needed to stretch from GEO to the surface. Orbital rings use a different mechanism.
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741:("Technical Youth"), No. 6, June 1982, ISSN 0320-331X, pp. 34–37 and back cover. (
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In the simplest design of an orbital ring system, a rotating cable or possibly an
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has a large orbital ring called the Ring of Iron. It is primarily used as a
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there is a giant tree that has grown around the base of an
Orbital Ring.
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concept. In the traditional space elevator, a large station is placed in
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20:
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361:(1990-1995) prominently features a slightly deteriorated orbital ring.
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velocity of 8 km/sec. The structure is intended to be used as a
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A detailed description of the concept was proposed and analyzed by
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ring, surface-to-orbit transport with a "sling-on-a-ring" system,
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Anatoly Yunitskiy, "в космос на колесе" ("To Space by Wheel"),
223:. The "sling-on-a-ring" would involve rotating slings (made of
46:
720:
Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - III",
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in 1982 that laid out the mathematical basis of ring systems.
41:
700:
Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - II",
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273:
66:
24:
823:"Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - II, Section 3.3"
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Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - I",
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500 kilometres (310 mi) in order to avoid most of the
34:
765:
836:
Journal of the British interplanetary Society, Vol. 44,
865:
MegaStructures 01: Orbital Rings & Space Elevators
302:
The simplest type would be a circular orbital ring in
119:
The orbital ring is somewhat similar to the "classic"
316:
Partial orbital ring systems – this is essentially a
144:
within the capabilities of several known materials.
766:Meulenberg, Andrew; Karthik Balaji, P.S. (2011).
309:Two other types were also defined by Paul Birch:
1889:
418:, an orbital ring is shown encircling the Moon.
885:String Transport Systems: on Earth and in space
23:. For rings made of artificial satellites, see
404:has an orbital ring around a Moon-less Earth.
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722:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
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702:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
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682:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
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241:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
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238:published a series of three articles in the
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61:is large enough to counteract the force of
16:Conceptual artificial ring around the Earth
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381:Orbital rings are used extensively in the
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1726:Differential technological development
81:for very high-speed transportation or
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834:Paul Birch, "Supramundane Planets",
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1815:Future-oriented technology analysis
684:, Vol. 35, 1982, pp. 475–497. (see
337:In the close of Arthur C. Clarke's
13:
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14:
1959:
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848:Space Fountains and Orbital Rings
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802:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.12.002
647:10.1109/AERO55745.2023.10115896
294:, of 0.005 US dollars per kWh.
45:An orbital ring that has fixed
816:
759:
639:2023 IEEE Aerospace Conference
626:
607:
545:
1:
1842:Technology in science fiction
600:
581:): orbital ring around a star
1687:Laser communication in space
1229:Pneumatic freestanding tower
421:The second iteration of the
7:
558:
10:
1964:
1933:Vertical transport devices
1847:Technology readiness level
1783:Technological unemployment
988:Electromagnetic propulsion
887:(Anatoly Yunitskiy's book)
869:Better more recent video:
756:) (Accessed 25 July 2019).
688:) (Accessed 6 April 2016).
249:inflatable space structure
155:
114:
18:
1865:
1830:Technological singularity
1790:Technological convergence
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460:Star Wars: The Clone Wars
217:climate change mitigation
1692:Orbital propellant depot
1649:Plasma propulsion engine
1644:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1257:Momentum exchange tether
1013:Momentum exchange tether
538:
332:
328:Orbital rings in fiction
1943:Hypothetical technology
1908:Exploratory engineering
1795:Technological evolution
1768:Exploratory engineering
1629:Beam-powered propulsion
1611:Reusable launch vehicle
1432:Beam-powered propulsion
1317:Endo-atmospheric tether
724:, Vol. 36, 1982, 231. (
704:, Vol. 36, 1982, 115. (
617:, issued 2021-05-25
408:Visual media and gaming
349:3001: The Final Odyssey
292:space-based solar power
257:superconducting magnets
213:space-based solar power
1928:Spaceflight technology
1805:Technology forecasting
1800:Technological paradigm
1773:Proactionary principle
1574:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1458:High-altitude platform
1376:Blast wave accelerator
1194:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1142:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1103:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
876:Paul Birch Web Archive
570:Non-rocket spacelaunch
512:Xenoblade Chronicles 2
457:The opening battle of
385:worldbuilding website
298:Types of orbital rings
50:
38:
1923:Spacecraft propulsion
1731:Disruptive innovation
1537:Emerging technologies
1481:Megascale engineering
1152:Megascale engineering
900:at Wikimedia Commons
633:Swan, Philip (2023).
565:Megascale engineering
521:Escape Velocity: Nova
450:Mobile Suit Gundam 00
383:collaborative fiction
340:Fountains of Paradise
203:the ring into space.
44:
33:
1778:Technological change
1721:Collingridge dilemma
1326:Projectile launchers
1067:List of competitions
1036:Lunar space elevator
778:(11–12): 1931–1946.
265:precess around Earth
225:colossal carbon tube
1948:Magnetic levitation
1835:Technology scouting
1810:Accelerating change
1682:Interstellar travel
794:2011AcAau..68.1931M
745:(alternate source:
371:Ring Around the Sky
346:Arthur C. Clarke's
125:geostationary orbit
1918:Space colonization
1852:Technology roadmap
1476:Rocket sled launch
1453:Buoyant space port
1295:Dynamic structures
1093:Bradley C. Edwards
752:2015-05-05 at the
504:X3: Albion Prelude
498:X3 Terran Conflict
394:The third part of
378:with the surface.
358:Battle Angel Alita
175:. You can help by
77:or as a planetary
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1898:Human spaceflight
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1245:Orbiting skyhooks
1210:Static structures
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896:Media related to
772:Acta Astronautica
656:978-1-6654-9032-0
641:. pp. 1–20.
415:Starship Troopers
193:
192:
59:centrifugal force
1955:
1873:
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1820:Horizon scanning
1736:Ephemeralization
1654:Helicon thruster
1639:Laser propulsion
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1024:Related concepts
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171:This section
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37:orbital rings
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1761:Robot ethics
1634:Ion thruster
1604:Space tether
1584:Orbital ring
1583:
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1307:Orbital ring
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1060:Competitions
1041:Orbital ring
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1008:Space tether
981:Technologies
948:Construction
898:Orbital ring
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660:. Retrieved
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528:In the game
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467:Also in the
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129:tidal forces
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83:space launch
55:orbital ring
54:
52:
1825:Moore's law
1756:Neuroethics
1751:Cyberethics
1579:Mass driver
1422:Spaceplanes
1345:Mass driver
1312:Launch loop
1224:Space tower
1217:Compressive
1203:Spaceflight
1147:Spaceflight
1124:LaserMotive
1031:Launch loop
880:Orion's Arm
441:Kiddy Grade
388:Orion's Arm
318:launch loop
209:fiber-optic
184:August 2009
103:launch loop
21:ring system
1892:Categories
1716:Automation
1666:Solar sail
1621:Propulsion
1417:Air launch
1397:Slingatron
1390:Mechanical
1333:Electrical
963:In fiction
838:1991, 169.
662:2023-12-12
601:References
575:Niven Ring
483:universe,
447:The anime
355:The manga
236:Paul Birch
197:Paul Birch
141:atmosphere
65:. For the
1746:Bioethics
1371:Space gun
953:Economics
810:119271804
785:1009.4043
579:Ringworld
531:Stellaris
495:The game
470:Star Wars
401:Seveneves
366:Star Trek
1494:Category
1471:See also
1364:Chemical
1355:StarTram
750:Archived
559:See also
489:shipyard
428:Tekkaman
1589:Skyhook
1448:Balloon
1350:Railgun
1340:Coilgun
1252:Skyhook
1238:Tensile
1046:Skyhook
863:Video:
790:Bibcode
590:Skyhook
477:In the
438:series
425:series
368:novel,
219:with a
156:History
115:Concept
90:tension
79:vehicle
63:gravity
47:tethers
1741:Ethics
1709:Topics
1659:VASIMR
1561:Launch
1544:Fields
1081:People
958:Safety
808:
653:
621:
1675:Other
806:S2CID
780:arXiv
539:Notes
436:anime
423:anime
333:Print
274:Earth
67:Earth
35:Lunar
25:orbit
1876:List
651:ISBN
485:Mars
434:The
364:The
215:and
101:The
878:at
798:doi
747:pdf
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726:pdf
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686:pdf
643:doi
518:In
304:LEO
270:any
179:.
53:An
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713:^
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182:(
27:.
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