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510:(grandson of Archduke József Ágost), became Captain General of the Order until his death in 2017. With his election the Order decided to transmit the dignity of the leadership to his oldest son and that the Captain General must be a member of the Hungarian branch of the House of Habsburg, so the succession of the most important role in the Order was codified and the Order was linked to the Habsburgs. Today the Captain General is Archduke
1241:
The confidential directives stated: "Only
Hungarian nationals can receive immovable, and only those Hungarian nationals who, during the occupation, manifested an impeccable behaviour." That is, members of the "Vitéz" order, old landlords and persons whose estate was confiscated by the Czechoslovak
440:), which was set up in the liberated part of Hungary from the fall of the Nazis until 1945, the Government undertook "to dissolve immediately all pro-Hitler or other fascist political, military, para-military and other organizations on Hungarian territory conducting propaganda hostile to the
253:
The Vitéz Order was created by Prime
Ministerial Decree number 6650 of 1920 (6650/1920 M.E. in Hungarian usage) and was included as paragraph no. 77 in the Land Reform Act (Law XXXVI of 1920). Membership replaced the titles of nobility; since Horthy was only the regent of the
458:
included this Order of Vitéz as an institution "under the direction of the Nazi
Government of Germany," along with the ruling Arrow Cross Party and other contemporaneous organizations, such as the French Police, showing the broad category of groups included at that time.
261:
The title of "Vitéz" was to serve as an award. The "Vitéz" title was official. The legislation gave those qualifying as members of the Order in need a grant of land and/or a house. According to Viktor Karady, "its members served as a strictly
Christian gentry".
265:
Admittance into the Order was exclusively on military merit by the number of medals won. It worked on a system depending on rank, where privates or junior NCOs had to prove lesser awards of bravery, while officers and generals had to prove more in World War I.
1496:
426:
In fact "a small number of wealthy Jews allied themselves with the Order as well" – though without being members of the Order themselves, as Jews had been officially excluded from being able to join the Order by the 1938 racial laws.
471:, veterans' groups, including members of the Vitéz Order appointed by Horthy, began working to re-establish the Order in exile. Today, there are several groups that claim the title of Vitéz, and the usage of the original badge (
289:). The Order of Vitéz become hereditary, and the grants (title, badge and land grant) were to be passed on by the recipient to his eldest son. Horthy was the first to be admitted into the Order and was also its Captain General (
518:(De jure it remains a semi-independent order). Since 1983, this Vitéz Order has been awarded to individuals who have defended Hungarian national interests and culture. The Captains General of this order have been:
1591:"Agreement Concerning An Armistice Between The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics, The United Kingdom Of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America on One Hand and Hungary on the Other"
448:
431:
1690:
1272:'State social and health institutions, churches, and organizations loyal to the government, such as the Order of Vitéz, received some of the land and property in exchange for a very small sum.' Citing
444:
and not to tolerate the existence of such organizations in future." The Order's governing
National Council of Vitéz was listed as such an organization by Prime Ministerial Edict no. 1945/529.
246:
de Nagybánya. It was mainly his idea to help re-build the shattered country by giving land to soldiers who had proven themselves on the battlefield. This way, the poverty brought on by
238:, which banished the ruling House of Habsburg from Hungary, a constitutional assembly decided to return to the monarchical form of government and replace the incumbent Habsburg regent,
144:
86:
376:
for saving Jews. Vitéz
Colonel Ferenc Koszorus deployed his troops to stop Jewish deportations, allowing the escape of perhaps as many as 250,000 Jews concentrated in Budapest.
833:
774:
412:
1139:
801:
The Order led by the
Hungarian branch of the Habsburgs, recognised by the I.C.O.C., still has some prestige among the nobility, showing as most notable members:
150:
During World War II, many members of the
Hungarian government and military were members of the Order; as such, members were involved in both contributing to the
143:
which was founded in 1920. It was awarded as a state honour from 1920 to 1944, and continues as a semi-independent order of chivalry under
Captain General vitéz
1276:, 'Land Reforms and Race Protection: The Implementation of the Fourth Jewish Law,' in The Holocaust in Hungary Sixty Years Later in European Perspective (2005)
389:
1617:
1273:
361:
364:
stresses that there were ruptures in the organization of the Order of Vitéz on the question of Nazism during the war, and many of them died fighting against
214:. These men took up arms and formed an estate within society that received charters, rights and privileges over the centuries, mainly from the princes of
879:
397:
381:
326:
313:
was a shared sentiment among the order membership, though the Order itself was not explicitly antisemitic. For example, Hungarian
Interior Minister
1366:
515:
420:
170:
306:
165:
The Order of Vitéz has several successors; one, the Order of Vitéz under Captain General vitéz József Károly von Habsburg, is recognised by the
166:
380:
was also an anti-fascist "Vitéz" who conducted negotiations with the Allies, and was deported to a concentration camp. Colonel-General Vitéz
451:
declares annulment of the Hungarian aristocratic and noble ranks, and paragraph 3 §(1) specifically forbids the use of the "Vitéz" title.
1771:
333:
collect and deport more than 400,000 Hungarian Jews between May and July 1944, and was a "proud members of the order" according to Deák.
337:, a Lieutenant colonel in the Hungarian Gendarme who worked under Endre to first establish the ghettos and later the deportation of the
1415:
350:
388:
of Dálnok joined the Soviet forces after the failed attempt of Horthy to make an armistice with the Allies. Lieutenant colonel Vitéz
1781:
1110:
1766:
1717:
408:
were also deported to concentration camps by the Szálasi-regime, due to their Anglo-Saxon orientation and anti-fascist stance.
302:
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732:
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345:
near the Western border to build a line of defense, and indicated in reports that he was aware of what was taking place at
357:
went to organizations supportive of the collaborationist regime, including the Order of Vitéz and some of its members.
322:
210:(Fighting Estate), which refers to a rebellion of former peasants and craftsmen whose homes had been destroyed by the
1429:
1166:
916:
910:
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512:
Josef Karl of Habsburg-Lorraine, who, by being Head of the said Vitézi Rend, guarantees the seriousness of the Order.
455:
349:. Like Endre, Ferenczy was a "proud member of the order" according to Deák. The majority of the real estate owned by
239:
155:
1736:
1568:
255:
1691:"HM Yuhi VI joins HIRH Joseph Karl von Habsburg-Lothringen, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary - H.M. Yuhi VI"
706:
436:
411:
After the Nazi coup d'état, the second highest-ranking officer of the Order of Vitéz next to Miklós Horthy, Vitéz
400:
was deported to a Nazi concentration camp for his activity during Horthy's armistice attempt on 16 October. Vitéz
1776:
1197:
1315:
151:
659:
169:
as an "Institution of Chivalric Character"; and so has become, de facto, comparable to a house order of the
821:
462:
415:
suspended the activity of the Order of Vitéz, to demonstrate that the Order would not cooperate with the
373:
1618:"Legal Opinion: To what extend can the Hungarian title of "vitéz" be seen as a designation of nobility?"
1786:
1716:
Deborah S. Cornelius: Hungary in World War II. Caught in the Cauldron. Fordham University Press, 2011.
684:
273:
as a prefix to their names. Admission into the Order also carried with it a land grant of 40 cadastral
1761:
341:
in 1944, gathered thousands of Jews at the Obuda brick factory and sent them on a death march towards
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1086:
992:
815:
369:
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405:
964:
805:
401:
720:
619:
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1723:
Old film document of the Vitézi Rend with admission of new members by Miklós Horthy (Youtube)
1074:
906:"9 FAM 302.7-4(B)(7) (U) Organizations Under the Direction of the Nazi Government of Germany"
811:
293:). In 1920, Archduke Joseph August of Austria became the first knight of the Order of Vitéz.
1222:
1668:
354:
334:
377:
8:
1371:
1288:
533:
174:
1497:"Ungvary. K. Battle for Budapest, Chapter VI – "The Siege and the Population,24.p""
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Private associations and House Order in the postwar era, the continuity of Vitézi Rend
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649:
568:
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416:
393:
365:
314:
235:
219:
41:
1732:
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1017:
880:"EXCLUSIVE: Nazi-Allied Group Claims Top Trump Aide Sebastian Gorka As Sworn Member"
29:
968:
905:
385:
545:
309:, the Order of Vitéz was a "'tainted' but ambiguous symbol" during the war years:
243:
44:
593:
499:
338:
1167:"During the Holocaust: The Liquidation of the Jewish Community—László Ferenczy"
854:
582:
514:
In this way the Order has become, de facto, comparable to a house order of the
441:
330:
211:
140:
54:
1722:
1590:
1293:
1755:
305:
was established as a Nazi puppet state. According to the Hungarian historian
1111:"HUNGARIAN TRUMP AIDE SEBASTIAN GORKA AND THE ORDER OF VITÉZ 'CONTROVERSY'"
938:
468:
310:
215:
159:
903:
1225:(1998). "2. The impact of the introduction of Hungarian Administration".
1134:
342:
318:
247:
59:
195:
is of medieval Slavic origin and means "valiant", "gallant soldier" or "
1319:
1174:
1620:. R.A.U. Juchter van Bergen Quast, LLM Adelsrecht – Nobiliary Law
449:
Statute IV of 1947 regarding the abolition of certain titles and ranks
1367:"Hungarian historians discuss Horthy's breakout attempt 70 years ago"
760:
346:
1171:
The Story of Munkács, a Jewish Community in the Carpathian Mountains
206:(Order of the Valiant) should not be confused with the 17th-century
158:
lists the Order of Vitéz as having been "under the direction of the
1316:"The Righteous Among The Nations: Nagybaczoni Vilmos (1884–1976 )"
269:
Members received a badge and were entitled to use the designation
186:
137:
1741:
1597:. Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. 20 January 1945
196:
1727:
250:
could begin to be alleviated and soldiers could be rewarded.
1746:
1595:
The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy
1198:"Why Is Trump Adviser Wearing Medal of Nazi Collaborators?"
286:
1394:"Miklós Horthy Jr. in the registry of the Order of Vitéz"
147:, head of the Palatinal branch of the House of Habsburg.
506:
according to traditional statutes. In 1977 the Archduke
1475:"Oszkár Variházy in the registry of the Order of Vitéz"
1140:
Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890
836:, Head of the Palatine-Branch of the house of Habsburg.
258:, he had no rights to make people knights or noblemen.
70:
20 August 1920 – 23 February 1945 (National Order)
610:
Commander-in-Chief of the Hungarian Army (1936 -1940)
430:
Under the Armistice signed between the Allies and the
1728:
Site of the Order of Chivalry (English and Hungarian)
1547:"The "vitéz" title of the Keresztes-Fischer brothers"
1525:"Szilárd Bakay in the registry of the Order of Vitéz"
1453:"Gábor Faragho in the registry of the Order of Vitéz"
1092:, Edinburgh University Press, (1956) vol.1, pp. 30–31
1616:
van Bergen Quast, R.A.U. Juchter (15 January 2017).
498:). This was reestablished in 1953, by General vitéz
1361:
1359:
878:Bayer, Lili; Cohler-Esses, Larry (March 16, 2017).
1747:Site of the Traditional Order of Vitéz (Hungarian)
1641:"Ünnepi vitézavatás a Gödöllői Királyi Kastélyban"
1231:. Budapest: Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture
1154:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1733:http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/vitez.html
1342:"AHF Honors Gen. Ferenc Koszorus, Holocaust Hero"
1257:The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide
877:
136:; frequently spelled in English as 'Vitez') is a
1753:
1742:Site of the post-1920 Order of Vitéz (Hungarian)
1645:Ünnepi vitézavatás a Gödöllői Királyi Kastélyban
1615:
1356:
904:Ineligibility based on Human rights violations.
1489:
1308:
1095:
796:
1253:
1090:October Fifteenth, a history of modern Hungary
218:, but which were eventually recognised by the
167:International Commission on Orders of Chivalry
1075:The Holocaust in Hungary: Seventy Years Later
229:
1108:
1735:A history of the Order of Vitéz during the
1334:
1215:
1189:
1040:
1038:
1022:1000 év törvényei (Laws through 1000 years)
939:"Other Institutions of Chivalric Character"
154:as well as leading efforts against it. The
432:Provisional National Government of Hungary
281:to other ranks based on need (1 cadastral
1688:
1583:
1044:
873:
871:
516:Palatinal branch of the House of Habsburg
171:Palatinal branch of the House of Habsburg
1669:"Organizational Structure - Vitézi Rend"
1322:: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center
1247:
1242:authorities for one reason to the other.
1177:: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center
1070:
1068:
1035:
321:, member of various incarnations of the
1221:
1195:
1159:
1156:, Wayne State University Press, p. 257.
937:Chivalry, International Commission on.
487:, etc.). All are private associations.
162:", like the French Police at the time.
1754:
1638:
1051:Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848–1918
868:
824:, Pretender to the Throne of Portugal.
1663:
1661:
1065:
1053:. Glenn Jewison & Jörg C. Steiner
1015:
962:
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897:
1128:
936:
392:fought against the Nazis during the
1143:, Simon & Schuster, 1990 p. 114
913:Foreign Affairs Manual and Handbook
13:
1658:
1289:"How NOT to libel someone fascist"
1228:The Holocaust in Carpatho-Ruthenia
1077:By Randolph L. Braham, googlebooks
965:"The Principality of Transylvania"
894:
581:
323:Hungarian National Socialist Party
14:
1798:
1710:
1254:Vági Z, Csősz L, Kádár G (2013).
1196:Clifton, Eli (12 February 2017).
1109:Szigeti, Tom (17 February 2017).
917:United States Department of State
911:United States Department of State
490:The most notable of these is the
456:United States Department of State
240:Archduke Joseph August of Austria
156:United States Department of State
852:
759:
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485:Vitézi Lovagrend Világszövetsége
421:deported to a concentration camp
28:
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1344:. American Hungarian Federation
1281:
1260:. AltaMira Press. p. 200.
1146:
1080:
814:, Ethiopian Prince head of the
372:, who was awarded the title of
329:during the war, eagerly helped
296:
277:to an officer, eight cadastral
1782:1920 establishments in Hungary
1772:Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
1009:
985:
973:10.1093/obo/9780195399301-0139
956:
930:
846:
368:. The most famous of them was
1:
1767:Orders of chivalry of Hungary
1689:Administrator, King Yuhi VI.
1639:Nemzet, Magyar (2024-09-01).
1569:"vitéz Igmándy-Hegyessy Géza"
1417:Hungary in World War Two,p324
840:
437:hu:Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány
360:However, Hungarian historian
1737:Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)
1549:. Hungarian Catholic Lexicon
822:Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
797:Notable Members of the Order
524:Captains General since 1920
355:German occupation of Hungary
303:Government of National Unity
7:
1047:"The Hungarian Vitéz Order"
481:Kárpát-medencei Vitézi Rend
396:. Lieutenant-General Vitéz
374:Righteous among the Nations
10:
1803:
1297:(in Hungarian). 2017-02-17
834:Joseph Károly von Habsburg
808:, Crown Prince of Albania.
775:Joseph Károly von Habsburg
750:Grandson of Joseph August
384:and Colonel-General Vitéz
230:Establishment of the Order
184:
160:Nazi Government of Germany
145:József Károly von Habsburg
87:József Károly von Habsburg
1571:. Order of Vitéz database
830:, Titular King of Rwanda.
816:Crown Council of Ethiopia
523:
447:Paragraph 1, §(1) of the
370:Vilmos Nagy de Nagybaczon
116:
105:
97:
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82:
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1422:Fordham University Press
1045:Naberhuis, Erik (2005).
406:Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer
78:Civil and Military Merit
16:Hungarian order of merit
997:Encyclopædia Britannica
806:Leka, Prince of Albania
402:Lajos Keresztes-Fischer
351:Jews that were deported
180:
1777:Hungarian noble titles
1695:royalhouseofrwanda.org
963:Index, Oxford (2012).
707:Chief Scout of Hungary
586:
477:Történelmi Vitézi Rend
404:and his brother Vitéz
133:
967:. Oxford Publishers.
812:Ermias Sahle Selassie
585:
413:Igmándy-Hegyessy Géza
301:In October 1944, the
790:Son of Joseph Árpád
419: – he was also
242:, with Vice-Admiral
234:Following the peace
1372:The Budapest Beacon
1018:"1920 évi XXXVI tc"
1016:Törvények, Magyar.
993:"Treaty of Trianon"
660:Academy of Sciences
191:The Hungarian word
175:Palatine of Hungary
1504:Masaryk University
1424:. 3 January 2011.
1152:Braham, Randolph,
828:Emmanuel Bushayija
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224:Kingdom of Hungary
34:Badge of the Order
1787:House of Habsburg
1267:978-0-7591-2200-0
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417:Arrow Cross Party
394:Siege of Budapest
378:Miklós Horthy Jr.
362:Róbert Kerepeszki
327:Nazi collaborator
256:Hungarian Kingdom
236:Treaty of Trianon
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1527:. Order of Vitéz
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1477:. Order of Vitéz
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1024:. Complex Kiadó
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855:"SHORT HISTORY"
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366:Hungarian Nazis
339:Jews of Hungary
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98:First induction
83:Captain General
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1223:Ságvári, Ágnes
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1235:17 February
1207:14 February
1135:Philip Rees
1057:18 November
922:17 February
739:(1933–2017)
710:(1941–1945)
695:(1892–1980)
663:(1936–1944)
651:Homo regius
638:(1872–1962)
600:(1883–1958)
572:(1920–1944)
555:(1868–1957)
492:Vitézi Rend
473:Vitézi Rend
386:Béla Miklós
343:Hegyeshalom
319:anti-semite
307:George Deák
248:World War I
204:Vitézi Rend
134:Vitézi Rend
75:Awarded for
67:Established
62:(currently)
60:House Order
55:State Order
40:Awarded by
1756:Categories
1700:2024-09-02
1675:2024-09-02
1651:2024-09-02
1320:Yad Vashem
1301:2017-02-17
1175:Yad Vashem
1028:2014-05-11
1002:2014-05-11
978:2014-05-11
949:2014-05-11
861:2014-05-11
841:References
594:Hugó Sónyi
500:Hugó Sónyi
483:, 1956-os
353:after the
317:, a noted
291:Főkapitány
285:= c. 1.43
185:See also:
93:Statistics
57:(formerly)
886:March 18,
772:Archduke
731:Archduke
630:Archduke
347:Auschwitz
152:Holocaust
138:Hungarian
130:Hungarian
1531:27 April
1509:27 April
1481:27 April
1459:27 April
1437:27 April
1400:27 April
1378:27 April
1348:19 March
1326:19 March
1181:20 March
1120:19 March
780:(1960– )
220:Habsburg
1624:5 March
1601:5 March
1202:LobeLog
187:Bogatyr
1718:Online
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945:. ICOC
592:Vitéz
502:as an
467:After
325:, and
197:knight
42:Regent
1575:6 May
1553:6 May
1500:(PDF)
785:2017
769:Vitéz
747:2017
744:1977
728:Vitéz
703:1977
700:1962
681:Vitéz
646:1962
643:1959
627:Vitéz
607:1958
604:1956
563:1956
560:1920
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287:acres
279:holds
275:holds
271:Vitéz
193:Vitéz
109:1944
1626:2017
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1059:2012
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