Ornithology - Knowledge

1408: 1020: 38: 915: 2511: 2255: 2160:. Amateur and professional collectors became familiar with these skinning techniques and started sending in their skins to museums, some of them from distant locations. This led to the formation of huge collections of bird skins in museums in Europe and North America. Many private collections were also formed. These became references for comparison of species, and the ornithologists at these museums were able to compare species from different locations, often places that they themselves never visited. 1947: 9653: 2456: 1305: 9116: 8376: 786: 1572: 8400: 2124:. While collecting became a pastime for many amateurs, the labels associated with these early egg collections made them unreliable for the serious study of bird breeding. To preserve eggs, a tiny hole was made and the contents extracted. This technique became standard with the invention of the blow drill around 1830. Egg collection is no longer popular; however, historic museum collections have been of value in determining the effects of 1653: 773: 2283: 2219: 1321: 8412: 1059: 2362: 8388: 1797: 2140: 73: 1607:(1803–1873) insisted that the number five was special, noting that other natural entities such as the senses also came in fives. He followed this idea and demonstrated his view of the order within the crow family. Where he failed to find five genera, he left a blank insisting that a new genus would be found to fill these gaps. These ideas were replaced by more complex "maps" of affinities in works by 2113: 9641: 1505: 1711:. Stresemann changed the editorial policy of the journal, leading both to a unification of field and laboratory studies and a shift of research from museums to universities. Ornithology in the United States continued to be dominated by museum studies of morphological variations, species identities, and geographic distributions, until it was influenced by Stresemann's student 1404:(1605–82), who not only answered his queries on ornithological identification and nomenclature, but also those of Willoughby and Merrett in letter correspondence. Browne himself in his lifetime kept an eagle, owl, cormorant, bittern, and ostrich, penned a tract on falconry, and introduced the words "incubation" and "oviparous" into the English language. 886:

the number of scientists who identify themselves as "ornithologists" has therefore declined. A wide range of tools and techniques are used in ornithology, both inside the laboratory and out in the field, and innovations are constantly made. Most biologists who recognise themselves as "ornithologists" study specific biology research areas, such as

2377:, for instance, makes use of a cage with an inkpad at the centre and a conical floor where the ink marks can be counted to identify the direction in which the bird attempts to fly. The funnel can have a transparent top and visible cues such as the direction of sunlight may be controlled using mirrors or the positions of the stars simulated in a 1189:. In the 12th and 13th centuries, crusades and conquest had subjugated Islamic territories in southern Italy, central Spain, and the Levant under European rule, and for the first time translations into Latin of the great works of Arabic and Greek scholars were made with the help of Jewish and Muslim scholars, especially in 2322:, and territory mapping. Observations are made in the field using carefully designed protocols and the data may be analysed to estimate bird diversity, relative abundance, or absolute population densities. These methods may be used repeatedly over large timespans to monitor changes in the environment. 2334:

Many aspects of bird biology are difficult to study in the field. These include the study of behavioural and physiological changes that require a long duration of access to the bird. Nondestructive samples of blood or feathers taken during field studies may be studied in the laboratory. For instance,

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can be made, including standard lengths and weights. Feather moult and skull ossification provide indications of age and health. Sex can be determined by examination of anatomy in some sexually nondimorphic species. Blood samples may be drawn to determine hormonal conditions in studies of physiology,

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While early ornithology was principally concerned with descriptions and distributions of species, ornithologists today seek answers to very specific questions, often using birds as models to test hypotheses or predictions based on theories. Most modern biological theories apply across life forms, and

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in Africa are among the most numerous birds in the world, and foraging flocks can cause devastation. Many insectivorous birds are also noted as beneficial in agriculture. Many early studies on the benefits or damages caused by birds in fields were made by analysis of stomach contents and observation

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The study of birds in the field was helped enormously by improvements in optics. Photography made it possible to document birds in the field with great accuracy. High-power spotting scopes today allow observers to detect minute morphological differences that were earlier possible only by examination

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There are two essentially different kinds of ornithology: systematic or scientific, and popular. The former deals with the structure and classification of birds, their synonymies, and technical descriptions. The latter treats of their habits, songs, nesting, and other facts pertaining to their life

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The bird collectors of the Victorian era observed the variations in bird forms and habits across geographic regions, noting local specialization and variation in widespread species. The collections of museums and private collectors grew with contributions from various parts of the world. The naming

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The tools and techniques of ornithology are varied, and new inventions and approaches are quickly incorporated. The techniques may be broadly dealt under the categories of those that are applicable to specimens and those that are used in the field, but the classification is rough and many analysis

1534:, categorising them into different genera. However, ornithology did not emerge as a specialised science until the Victorian era—with the popularization of natural history, and the collection of natural objects such as bird eggs and skins. This specialization led to the formation in Britain of the 1054:

were practised from early times in many parts of the world. Artificial incubation of poultry was practised in China around 246 BC and around at least 400 BC in Egypt. The Egyptians also made use of birds in their hieroglyphic scripts, many of which, though stylized, are still identifiable to

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Hobson, K. A. Hobson, Steven Van Wilgenburg, Leonard I. Wassenaar, Helen Hands, William P. Johnson, Mike O'Meilia & Philip Taylor (2006). "Using Stable Hydrogen Isotope Analysis of Feathers to Delineate Origins of Harvested Sandhill Cranes in the Central Flyway of North America".

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have been largely laboratory-based. Field researchers may make use of a wide range of techniques such as the use of dummy owls to elicit mobbing behaviour, and dummy males or the use of call playback to elicit territorial behaviour and thereby to establish the boundaries of bird

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was started in 1933 with the aim of advancing ornithological research. Members were often involved in collaborative ornithological projects. These projects have resulted in atlases which detail the distribution of bird species across Britain. In Canada, citizen scientist

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from Scotland made a Latin translation of Aristotle's work on animals from Arabic here around 1215, which was disseminated widely and was the first time in a millennium that this foundational text on zoology became available to Europeans. Falconry was popular in the

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appeal of birds. It has also been an area with a large contribution made by amateurs in terms of time, resources, and financial support. Studies on birds have helped develop key concepts in biology including evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of

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in Europe. These projects help to identify distributions of birds, their population densities and changes over time, arrival and departure dates of migration, breeding seasonality, and even population genetics. The results of many of these projects are published as

2032:, noting the tensions between amateurs and professionals, and suggested the possibility that the "vast army of bird lovers and bird watchers could begin providing the data scientists needed to address the fundamental problems of biology." The amateur ornithologist 2545:

Large flocks of pigeons and starlings in cities are often considered as a nuisance, and techniques to reduce their populations or their impacts are constantly innovated. Birds are also of medical importance, and their role as carriers of human diseases such as

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Wild birds impact many human activities, while domesticated birds are important sources of eggs, meat, feathers, and other products. Applied and economic ornithology aim to reduce the ill effects of problem birds and enhance gains from beneficial species.

1587:(1781–1826), and several others believed that a hidden and innate mathematical order existed in the forms of birds. They believed that a "natural" classification was available and superior to "artificial" ones. A particularly popular idea was the 1568:

of species with binomials and the organization of birds into groups based on their similarities became the main work of museum specialists. The variations in widespread birds across geographical regions caused the introduction of trinomial names.

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The use of bird skins to document species has been a standard part of systematic ornithology. Bird skins are prepared by retaining the key bones of the wings, legs, and skull along with the skin and feathers. In the past, they were treated with

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This early idea that the study of living birds was merely recreation held sway until ecological theories became the predominant focus of ornithological studies. The study of birds in their habitats was particularly advanced in Germany with

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by studying the ecology of birds in the wild and identifying the key threats and ways of enhancing the survival of species. Critically endangered species such as the California condor have had to be captured and bred in captivity. Such

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provide long-lasting identification, but require capture for the information on them to be read. Field-identifiable marks such as coloured bands, wing tags, or dyes enable short-term studies where individual identification is required.

2089:, have also produced atlases with information on breeding densities and changes in the density and distribution over time. Other volunteer collaborative ornithology projects were subsequently established in other parts of the world. 5292:

The application of camera traps to the study of Galliformes in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. pp. 109–121 in: Fuller, R.A. & Browne, S.J. (eds) 2005. Galliformes 2004. Proceedings of the 3rd International Galliformes

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Other methods of preservation include the storage of specimens in spirit. Such wet specimens have special value in physiological and anatomical study, apart from providing better quality of DNA for molecular studies.

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David Lack's studies on population ecology sought to find the processes involved in the regulation of population based on the evolution of optimal clutch sizes. He concluded that population was regulated primarily by

992:, with some stone-age drawings being amongst the oldest indications of an interest in birds. Birds were perhaps important as food sources, and bones of as many as 80 species have been found in excavations of early 2177:

in the description of species make skin collections a vital resource for systematic ornithology. However, with the rise of molecular techniques, establishing the taxonomic status of new discoveries, such as the

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No doubt the preoccupation with widely extended geographical ornithology, was fostered by the immensity of the areas over which British rule or influence stretched during the 19th century and for some time

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could list as many as 182 contemporary publications dealing with the hibernation of swallows and little published evidence to contradict the theory. Similar misconceptions existed regarding the breeding of

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of these skins, particularly the lengths of the tarsus, bill, tail, and wing became important in the descriptions of bird species. These skin collections have been used in more recent times for studies on

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Early ornithologists were preoccupied with matters of species identification. Only systematics counted as true science and field studies were considered inferior through much of the 19th century. In 1901,

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emptied their fishponds and would kill them, mixing the flesh of the osprey into their fish bait. Turner's work reflected the violent times in which he lived, and stands in contrast to later works such as

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noted that the field was also funded by non-professionals. He noted that in 1975, 12% of the papers in American ornithology journals were written by persons who were not employed in biology related work.

1293:, which was published from 1599 to 1603. Aldrovandi showed great interest in plants and animals, and his work included 3000 drawings of fruits, flowers, plants, and animals, published in 363 volumes. His 2566:

are of particularly great importance, due to the fatal consequences and the level of economic losses caused. The airline industry incurs worldwide damages of an estimated US$ 1.2 billion each year.

2346:, for fowl cholera, was tested on poultry in 1878. Anti-malarials were tested on birds which harbour avian-malarias. Poultry continues to be used as a model for many studies in non-mammalian immunology. 1754:. This led to widespread and sometimes bitter debate on what constituted the "unit of selection". Lack also pioneered the use of many new tools for ornithological research, including the idea of using 2412:(Dopamine receptor D4) which is known to be associated with novelty-seeking behaviour. The role of gene expression in developmental differences and morphological variations have been studied in 1943:(who also pioneered in the use of bird feeders), but instruction manuals did not begin to insist on the use of optical aids such as "a first-class telescope" or "field glass" until the 1880s. 1731:

Sometimes it seems that elaborate plans and statistics are made to prove what is commonplace knowledge to the mere collector, such as that hunting parties often travel more or less in circles.

3466: 1454:(1796–1808) included many non-African birds. His other bird books produced in collaboration with the artist Barraband are considered among the most valuable illustrated guides ever produced. 980:, and more recently, molecular biology. Trends include the move from mere descriptions to the identification of patterns, thus towards elucidating the processes that produce these patterns. 2064:. Calling themselves the "Fur, Fin, and Feather Folk", the group met regularly and took a pledge "to refrain from wearing the feathers of any birds not killed for the purpose of food, the 2307:

studies possible. Ringing has traditionally been used in the study of migration. In recent times, satellite transmitters provide the ability to track migrating birds in near-real time.

3291:(Report). U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Circular 16. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. Archived from 2326:

have been found to be a useful tool for the detection and documentation of elusive species, nest predators and in the quantitative analysis of frugivory, seed dispersal and behaviour.

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An Emlen funnel is used to study the orientation behaviour of migratory birds in a laboratory. Experimenters sometimes place the funnel inside a planetarium to study night migration.

1185:. Starting from the eighth century, numerous Arabic works on the subject and general ornithology were written, as well as translations of the works of ancient writers from Greek and 2467:

With the widespread interest in birds, use of a large number of people to work on collaborative ornithological projects that cover large geographic scales has been possible. These

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has been a model for studies in neuroethology. The study of hormones and physiology in the control of behaviour has also been aided by bird models. These have helped in finding the

4252: 1118:, moulting, egg laying, and lifespans, as well as compiling a list of 170 different bird species. However, he also introduced and propagated several myths, such as the idea that 3738: 2578:. Bird conservation requires specialized knowledge in aspects of biology and ecology, and may require the use of very location-specific approaches. Ornithologists contribute to 2574:

by human activities. Being conspicuous elements of the ecosystem, they have been considered as indicators of ecological health. They have also helped in gathering support for

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of specimens is another technique that has the advantage of preserving stomach contents and anatomy, although it tends to shrink, making it less reliable for morphometrics.

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on population ecology was pioneering. Newer quantitative approaches were introduced for the study of ecology and behaviour, and this was not readily accepted. For instance,

5352: 1042:, and still in use. Traditional knowledge may also involve the use of birds in folk medicine and knowledge of these practices are passed on through oral traditions (see 1038:

Cultures around the world have rich vocabularies related to birds. Traditional bird names are often based on detailed knowledge of the behaviour, with many names being

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Bibby, Colin J. (2003). "Fifty years of Bird Study: Capsule Field ornithology is alive and well, and in the future can contribute much more in Britain and elsewhere".

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were introduced to the study of biology by Jerram L. Brown in his work on explaining territorial behaviour. This led to more studies of behaviour that made use of

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Podulka, Sandy; Eckhardt, Marie; Otis, Daniel (2001). "Birds and Humans: A Historical Perspective". In Podulka, Sandy; Rohrbaugh, Ronald W.; Bonney, Rick (eds.).

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in the US, which started in 1885. Both these organizations were started with the primary objective of conservation. The RSPB, born in 1889, grew from a small

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identify DNA markers for studying genetics and kinship in studies of breeding biology and phylogeography. Blood may also be used to identify pathogens and

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was used to interpret observations on behaviour and life history, and birds were widely used models for testing hypotheses based on theories postulated by

1102:). Like writing, the early art of China, Japan, Persia, and India also demonstrate knowledge, with examples of scientifically accurate bird illustrations. 4758: 2400:. Associations between the expression of genes and behaviour may be studied using candidate genes. Variations in the exploratory behaviour of great tits ( 1380:(1627–1705) created the first major system of bird classification that was based on function and morphology rather than on form or behaviour. Willughby's 5218: 5169: 5088: 4717: 4668: 2022:

grew in popularity in many parts of the world, and the possibility for amateurs to contribute to biological studies was soon realized. As early as 1916,

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Glahn, James F.; Kristin E. Brugger (1995). "The Impact of Double-Crested Cormorants on the Mississippi Delta Catfish Industry: A Bioenergetics Model".

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including aspects of navigation, orientation, and physiology are often studied using captive birds in special cages that record their activities. The

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of circadian and seasonal cycles. Studies on migration have attempted to answer questions on the evolution of migration, orientation, and navigation.

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in English cities where they snatched food out of the hands of children. He included folk beliefs such as those of anglers. Anglers believed that the

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Whitfort, Harriet L. & Robert J. Young (2004). "Trends in the captive breeding of threatened and endangered birds in British zoos, 1988–1997".

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in 1888, who established a comprehensive phylogeny of birds based on anatomy, morphology, distribution, and biology. This was developed further by

1261:(1555) is a folio volume with descriptions of some 200 species. His comparison of the skeleton of humans and birds is considered as a landmark in 1365: 5762:

Abzhanov, Arhat; Protas, Meredith; Grant, Peter R.; Tabin, Clifford J. (2004). "Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin's finches".

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Hollerbach, Anne Larsen (1996). "Of Sangfroid and Sphinx Moths: Cruelty, Public Relations, and the Growth of Entomology in England, 1800–1840".

1603:, and others. The idea was that nature followed a "rule of five" with five groups nested hierarchically. Some had attempted a rule of four, but 3425: 2488:. Studies of migration using bird ringing or colour marking often involve the cooperation of people and organizations in different countries. 9152: 1965:

were cumbersome, and mainly focused on identifying specimens in the hand. The earliest of the new generation of field guides was prepared by

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The capture and marking of birds enable detailed studies of life history. Techniques for capturing birds are varied and include the use of

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For Darwin, the problem was how species arose from a common ancestor, but he did not attempt to find rules for delineation of species. The

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of feeding behaviour. Modern studies aimed to manage birds in agriculture make use of a wide range of principles from ecology. Intensive

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the variation in the ratios of stable hydrogen isotopes across latitudes makes establishing the origins of migrant birds possible using

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Konishi, Masakazu; Emlen, Stephen T.; Ricklefs, Robert E. & Wingfield, John C. (1989). "Contributions of Bird Studies to Biology".

2279:. In many cryptic species, measurements (such as the relative lengths of wing feathers in warblers) are vital in establishing identity. 817: 6764: 9618: 6405: 5273: 3136: 2041: 109: 5814: 4936: 3759: 3185: 3026: 2625: 1746:, and also suggested that natural selection produces life-history traits that maximize the fitness of individuals. Others, such as 1301:

and poultry techniques. He used a number of traits including behaviour, particularly bathing and dusting, to classify bird groups.

4863: 4780:. Federation of Alberta Naturalists., Fish and Wildlife Historical Society. Edmonton: Fish and Wildlife Historical Society. 2005. 1269:(1534–1576), a Dutch anatomist, made detailed studies of the internal structures of birds and produced a classification of birds, 7283: 1412: 1246:, in which he related his ornithological observations and the results of the hunts and experiments his court enjoyed performing. 4373:"Essay review of Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution by Charles G. Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist" 6735: 1777:

also became a topic of interest. Work on the relationship of the number of species to area and its application in the study of

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and his son Robert Havell Jr. Containing 435 engravings, it is often regarded as the greatest ornithological work in history.

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in 1667, but authors such as John Ray considered it of little value. Ray did, however, value the expertise of the naturalist

1090:(1500–800 BC) demonstrate the careful observation of avian life histories and include the earliest reference to the habit of 9417: 6105:"Levels of bird damage to Sorghum in the Awash basin of Ethiopia and the effects of the control of Quelea nesting colonies" 723: 506: 1177:. Falconry is thought to have made its entry to Europe only after AD 400, brought in from the east after invasions by the 5236: 3322: 2908: 1407: 1384:(1676) completed by John Ray is sometimes considered to mark the beginning of scientific ornithology. Ray also worked on 718: 2098:

techniques are usable both in the laboratory and field or may require a combination of field and laboratory techniques.

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noted that ornithology in this period was preoccupied with the geographical distributions of various species of birds.

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Organizations were started in many countries, and these grew rapidly in membership, most notable among them being the

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of 1027 for the Emperor, a commentary and scientific update of Aristotle's work which was part of Ibn Sīnā's massive

1230: 3403:"A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 8: Fredrick II of Hohenstaufen: Amateur Avian Ecologist and Behaviorist" 1046:). Hunting of wild birds as well as their domestication would have required considerable knowledge of their habits. 3932:"Diagrammatic classifications of birds, 1819–1901: views of the natural system in 19th-century British ornithology" 2615: 2439:

for studying the effect of adding or silencing a gene. Other tools for perturbing their genetic makeup are chicken

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principle. Work on resource partitioning and the structuring of bird communities through competition were made by

1082:(Anabasis, i. 5); this subspecies from Asia Minor is extinct and all extant ostrich races are today restricted to 9091: 6827: 3992: 3596:

Aldrovandi on Chickens: The Ornithology of Ulisse Aldrovandi, vol. 2, Bk xiv, translated and edited by L. R. Lind

2086: 2012: 1966: 1962: 1951: 1857: 1671:, who was able to demonstrate that geographical isolation and the accumulation of genetic differences led to the 1526: 5008:

Bjordal, H. (1983). "Effects of deep freezing, freeze-drying and skinning on body dimensions of House Sparrows (

4920: 4903: 4735: 3760:"Some early British Ornithologists and their works. VII. John Ray (1627-1705) and Francis Willughby (1635-1672)" 2339:

analysis of feather samples. These techniques can be used in combination with other techniques such as ringing.

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The rise of field guides for the identification of birds was another major innovation. The early guides such as

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Several early German and French scholars compiled old works and conducted new research on birds. These included

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studied migratory birds and was involved in establishing Gaetz Lakes bird sanctuary. In the United States, the

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also noted these variations and the geographical separations between different forms leading to the study of

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The new tools of molecular biology changed the study of bird systematics, which changed from being based on

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by an unknown author which was translated into Latin by Theodore of Antioch from Syria in 1240-1241 as the

8416: 7273: 4272:(1964). "The evolution of social organization and visual communication in the weaver birds (Ploceinae)". 2819: 2600: 1814:

and demonstrated the links between ecological conditions, behaviour, and social systems. Principles from

6314:"Birds, Migration and Emerging Zoonoses: West Nile Virus, Lyme Disease, Influenza A and Enteropathogens" 5636: 5105: 1703: 9631: 7055: 6662: 6257:& Thomas W. Seamans (1998). "Ineffectiveness of Five Commercial Deterrents for Nesting Starlings". 4809: 4079: 2630: 2004: 1520:, a landmark work which included 220 hand-painted engravings and was the basis for many of the species 1242: 1070:

Early written records provide valuable information on the past distributions of species. For instance,

914: 6646: 6311: 6040: 3218: 1289:, an encyclopedic naturalist, began a 14-volume natural history with three volumes on birds, entitled 1150:, an idea that became prevalent from around the 11th century and noted by Bishop Giraldus Cambrensis ( 37: 6970: 6960: 5458: 3402: 3358:

Gudger, E. W. (1924). "Pliny's Historia naturalis. The Most Popular Natural History Ever Published".

1715:. In Britain, some of the earliest ornithological works that used the word ecology appeared in 1915. 803: 88: 31: 5126:

Ralph, C. John; Geupel, Geoffrey R.; Pyle, Peter; Martin, Thomas E. & DeSante, David F. (1993).

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Sclater, P. L. (1858). "On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves".

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Birkhead TR & S van Balen (2008). "Bird-keeping and the development of ornithological science".

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to infer evolutionary relationships. Molecular techniques are also widely used in studies of avian

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Proceedings of Birdstrike 2001, Joint Meeting of Birdstrike Committee USA/Canada. Calgary, Alberta

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Nadel, K. D., Ehud Weiss, Orit Simchoni, Alexander Tsatskin, Avinoam Danin, and Mordechai (2004).

2396:). Such whole-genome sequencing projects allow for studies on evolutionary processes involved in 2120:

The earliest approaches to modern bird study involved the collection of eggs, a practice known as

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only exempted." The organization did not allow men as members initially, avenging a policy of the

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Handbook of field methods for monitoring landbirds. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-144-www. Albany, CA

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Studies in bird behaviour include the use of tamed and trained birds in captivity. Studies on

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A researcher measures a wild woodpecker. The bird's right leg has a metal identification tag.

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and sponsored translations of Arabic texts, among which the popular Arabic work known as the

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Notes and Letters on the Natural History of Norfolk, more especially on the birds and fishes

1462:(1807–1808?). Vieillot pioneered in the use of life histories and habits in classification. 9673: 9532: 9342: 9292: 8936: 8764: 7733: 6788: 6592: 6171: 5771: 5264: 4410: 4089: 3654: 3271: 2925: 2850: 2610: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2476: 2472: 2082: 1970: 1137:. The idea of swallow hibernation became so well established that even as late as in 1878, 741: 619: 431: 381: 9070: 8848: 6416: 3140: 2510: 8: 9683: 9447: 9317: 9101: 9030: 8931: 8823: 8806: 7263: 7155: 7095: 7040: 6820: 3975: 3511: 3495: 3162: 2657: 2440: 2413: 2392: 1994: 1983:. These were followed by new field guides, from the pioneering illustrated handbooks of 1892: 1861: 1778: 1747: 1707:

included many papers on the behaviour, ecology, anatomy, and physiology, many written by

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The emergence of ornithology as a scientific discipline began in the 18th century, when

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Dunn EH, Bart J, Collins BT, Craig B, Dale B, Downes CM, Francis CM, Woodley S (2006).

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The growth of genetics and the rise of molecular biology led to the application of the

1838: 1475: 1442: 1250: 1146:. Their nests had not been seen, and they were believed to grow by transformations of 1110: 961: 703: 649: 629: 614: 441: 436: 105: 93: 6731:(1773–1792) Francois Nicholas Martinet Digital Edition Smithsonian Digital Libraries 6404:

Gregory, R. D.; Noble, D.; Field, R.; Marchant, J.; Raven, M.; Gibbons, D. W. (2003).

5690: 5663: 5135:. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2948: 2431:. As the embryo is readily accessible, its development can be easily followed (unlike 1257:, who described the fish and birds that he had seen in France and the Levant. Belon's 1210:(1194–1250) learned about an falconry during his youth in Sicily and later built up a 9547: 9427: 9282: 9003: 8882: 8813: 8801: 8399: 8172: 8119: 8069: 7212: 7202: 7145: 6945: 6940: 6880: 6751: 6693: 6666: 6565: 6542: 6486: 6343: 6184: 6159: 5880: 5787: 5744: 5695: 5522: 5516: 5499: 5408: 5036: 4842: 4791: 4781: 4615: 4579: 4513: 4436: 4296: 4197: 4105: 3954: 3822: 3720: 3680:"Ornithology Collections in the Libraries at Cornell University: A Descriptive Guide" 3660: 3387: 3375: 3117: 3010: 2953: 2779: 2678: 2514: 2501: 2350: 2336: 2287: 2179: 1912: 1900: 1865: 1801: 1790: 1755: 1604: 1483: 1401: 1373: 1309: 1286: 879: 751: 634: 516: 371: 204: 142: 5972: 5843: 5799: 5581: 5375: 3889: 2760: 2390:) was sequenced in 2004, and was followed in 2008 by the genome of the zebra finch ( 1616: 9272: 9119: 9045: 8436: 8038: 7180: 6852: 6622: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6515: 6453: 6333: 6325: 6298: 6208: 6179: 5960: 5924: 5914: 5870: 5829: 5779: 5734: 5726: 5685: 5675: 5608: 5569: 5363: 5333: 5202: 5072: 4915: 4777:

Fish, fur & feathers : fish and wildlife conservation in Alberta 1905-2005

4750: 4701: 4652: 4567: 4540: 4503: 4448: 4428: 4171: 4097: 4049: 4007: 3912: 3877: 3708: 3635: 3568: 3536: 3531: 3523: 3417: 3367: 3177: 3107: 3097: 2943: 2933: 2910: 2880: 2871: 2866: 2858: 2748: 2710: 2605: 2420:

have been shown to be associated with changes in the growth and shape of the beak.

2133: 2107: 2072:

to keep out women. Unlike the RSPB, which was primarily conservation oriented, the

1979: 1786: 1770: 1708: 1656: 1588: 1350:

in 1544, was an early ornithological work from England. He noted the commonness of

1043: 919: 863: 790: 361: 200: 4159: 2254: 1173:

The earliest record of falconry comes from the reign of Sargon II (722–705 BC) in

9557: 9522: 9008: 8943: 8740: 8715: 8519: 8270: 8098: 7568: 7090: 7075: 7013: 6912: 6840: 6483:

Threatened Birds of the World: The official source for birds on the IUCN Red List

6254: 5875: 5858: 5680: 5289: 5155:"Dust-ruffling: A simple method for quantifying ectoparasite loads of live birds" 2551: 2522: 2468: 2436: 2248: 2187: 2174: 2045: 1916: 1751: 1724: 1664: 1471: 1186: 1161: 1151: 1147: 867: 644: 609: 6638: 6375:

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5241:. Expedition Advisory Centre, Royal Geographical Society, London. Archived from 4432: 3063: 2993: 2656:

Newton, Alfred; Lydekker, Richard; Roy, Charles S.; Shufeldt, Robert W. (1896).

2479:, the Canadian EPOQ or regional projects such as the Asian Waterfowl Census and 176: 9657: 9412: 9222: 9040: 9035: 8896: 8877: 8796: 8676: 8534: 8514: 8491: 8380: 8310: 8262: 8196: 8135: 8090: 8077: 7951: 7914: 7765: 7539: 7376: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7100: 7085: 6980: 6955: 6950: 6932: 6813: 6580: 6312:

Reed, K. D., Jennifer K. Meece, James S. Henkel & Sanjay K. Shukla (2003).

5557: 4544: 4396:"Resolving the root of the avian mitogenomic tree by breaking up long branches" 3733: 3307: 2838: 2814: 2526: 2424: 2370: 2238: 2053: 1888: 1869: 1680: 1634: 1266: 1143: 1115: 1091: 934: 875: 777: 501: 311: 50: 42: 5964: 5338: 5321: 5242: 4175: 3881: 3639: 2773: 2752: 1946: 9667: 9492: 9387: 9277: 9252: 9247: 9060: 9055: 8958: 8870: 8838: 8791: 8730: 8651: 8590: 8571: 8540: 8486: 8318: 8302: 8225: 8217: 8051: 7849: 7699: 7586: 7544: 7344: 7336: 7258: 7222: 7140: 7064: 6892: 6685: 4633: 4394:

Slack, K.E, Delsuc, F., Mclenachan, P.A., Arnason, U. & D. Penny (2007).

3734: 3379: 2386: 2343: 2263: 2203: 2161: 2078: 2061: 2023: 1830: 1762: 1521: 1493: 1360: 1274: 1190: 1138: 579: 476: 366: 341: 336: 5919: 5902: 5783: 5319: 5106:"Techniques to capture Seaducks in the Chesapeake Bay and Restigouche River" 4795: 4101: 2938: 2701:

Mayr, E. (1984). "Commentary: The Contributions of Ornithology to Biology".

2455: 9652: 9645: 9537: 9517: 9482: 9477: 9467: 9462: 9442: 9422: 9332: 9302: 9262: 9242: 9232: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 8926: 8865: 8860: 8720: 8666: 8661: 8580: 8561: 8556: 8404: 8148: 7993: 7809: 7647: 7595: 7467: 7428: 7197: 7185: 7175: 7165: 6862: 6347: 5898: 5884: 5791: 5748: 5730: 5699: 5573: 5503: 4754: 4517: 4508: 4491: 4440: 3868:: Transformations in a Twentieth Century British Natural History Journal". 3712: 3664: 3260:

Lack, David (1965) Enjoying Ornithology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 175–176.

3121: 3102: 2957: 2460: 2444: 2374: 2295: 2272: 2019: 1823: 1782: 1774: 1698: 1642: 1530:. Linnaeus' work revolutionised bird taxonomy by assigning every species a 1513: 1254: 1194: 1126: 1039: 977: 624: 604: 569: 564: 554: 549: 531: 511: 421: 391: 351: 331: 321: 301: 296: 291: 286: 186: 46: 5713:

Fidler AE, van Oers K, Drent PJ, Kuhn S, Mueller JC, Kempenaers B (2007).

4109: 3163:"Mammal and bird names in the Indian languages of the Lake Athabasca area" 1579:

The search for patterns in the variations of birds was attempted by many.

1450:

to collect bird specimens in Southern Africa and Le Vaillant's six-volume

30:

This article is about the field of zoology. For the jazz composition, see

9587: 9582: 9552: 9507: 9392: 9377: 9372: 9337: 9297: 9187: 9177: 9172: 8973: 8853: 8843: 8671: 8640: 8596: 8576: 8551: 8529: 8524: 8505: 8495: 8209: 8056: 7862: 7841: 7830: 7795: 7662: 7652: 7610: 7501: 7368: 6995: 6990: 6922: 6907: 6875: 6770:

History of ornithology and ornithology collections in Victoria, Australia

4864:"Egg and skin collections as a resource for long-term ecological studies" 4775: 2590:

measures may be followed by reintroduction of the species into the wild.

2559: 2535: 2497: 2432: 2406:) have been found to be linked with a gene orthologous to the human gene 2402: 2378: 2323: 2304: 2170: 2153: 2008: 1939:

for bird observation began in the 1820s and 1830s, with pioneers such as

1932: 1545: 1432:(1707–1788) began new works on birds. Brisson produced a six-volume work 1005: 674: 669: 639: 594: 481: 466: 461: 426: 386: 276: 266: 261: 181: 127: 3953:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 170–191. 3610: 3559:

Beddall, Barbara G. (1957). "Historical notes on avian classification".

3247: 3181: 1304: 9572: 9567: 9512: 9497: 9437: 9402: 9397: 9367: 9327: 9307: 9237: 9217: 9065: 8833: 8786: 8735: 8700: 8646: 8630: 8610: 8605: 8601: 8510: 8326: 8188: 8127: 8106: 7938: 7922: 7857: 7802: 7774: 7706: 7671: 7549: 7397: 7232: 7207: 6965: 6775: 6658: 6485:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, and BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. 6467: 6270: 6220: 5622: 5495: 5214: 5084: 5030: 4713: 4664: 4019: 3580: 3545: 3287:

Lincoln, Frederick C.; Peterson, Steven R.; Zimmerman, John L. (1998).

3234:

Ali, S. (1979). "Bird study in India: its history and its importance".

2722: 2485: 2397: 2243: 2057: 1811: 1720: 1712: 1668: 1620: 1479: 1458:(1748–1831) spent 10 years studying North American birds and wrote the 1328: 1122: 1095: 989: 973: 923: 891: 851: 659: 654: 599: 584: 526: 491: 486: 456: 416: 396: 326: 306: 166: 161: 9130: 6805: 6519: 6329: 5929: 5903:"Citizen science as a tool for conservation in residential ecosystems" 1478:, born in 1785, observed and painted birds in France and later in the 1202:

court in Sicily, and a number of works on the subject were written in

9487: 9472: 9457: 9407: 9382: 8921: 8773: 8635: 8616: 8585: 8499: 8286: 8241: 8030: 7823: 7740: 7724: 7713: 7623: 7559: 7518: 7217: 7018: 7005: 6985: 6885: 6604: 6403: 6022: 5558:"Fifty years of bird song research: a case study in animal behaviour" 4861: 4595:"Tom Dunlap on Early Bird Guides. Environmental History January 2005" 3223:(in German). Vol. 2. Leipzing: Wilhelm Engelmann. pp. 1–43. 2862: 2539: 2125: 1936: 1876: 1860:

to explain avian phenomena. Studies on kinship and altruism, such as

1815: 1796: 1627: 1571: 1211: 1105: 1024: 997: 993: 842: 699: 574: 559: 544: 496: 471: 224: 137: 132: 6458: 6441: 6212: 5834: 5639:. The songbird genome sequencing project. 6 Aug 2008. Archived from 5613: 5206: 5076: 4705: 4656: 4011: 3699:

Koinm, Albert J. (2000). "Christopher Merrett's Use of Experiment".

3572: 3527: 2714: 1845:. The study of learning became an area of interest and the study of 1652: 1436:

in 1760 and Buffon's included nine volumes (volumes 16–24) on birds

9577: 9502: 9432: 9362: 9357: 9182: 8963: 8750: 8745: 8725: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8625: 8620: 8566: 8254: 7984: 7959: 7905: 7816: 7788: 7678: 7642: 7634: 7616: 7511: 7496: 7480: 7227: 7190: 7023: 6536: 6505: 4977:"Specimen shrinkage in Tennessee warblers and Traill's flycatchers" 4571: 4531:

Allen, D. E. (1967). "J. Dovaston-a Pioneer of Field Ornithology".

3371: 2563: 2480: 2319: 2282: 2276: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2195: 1899:. These early techniques have been replaced by newer ones based on 1880: 1846: 1842: 1761:

Birds were also widely used in studies of the niche hypothesis and

1540: 1377: 1351: 1225: 1071: 1051: 1013: 903: 895: 859: 855: 772: 664: 589: 521: 451: 446: 271: 240: 219: 6787: 6102: 5813:

Bonneaud, Camille; Burnside, Joan & Edwards, Scott V. (2008).

5597:"A technique for recording migratory orientation of captive birds" 4125:"Ornithology and the genesis of the Synthetic Theory of Evolution" 3977:

Untersuchungen zur morphologie und systematik der vogel. Volume II

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The Emergence of Ornithology as a Scientific Discipline, 1760–1850

2911:"Stone Agehut in Israel yields world's oldest evidence of bedding" 2463:

using data from the North American Breeding Bird Surveys 1994–2003

1750:, interpreted population regulation as a mechanism that aided the 1320: 1240:. Frederick II eventually wrote his own treatise on falconry, the 1224:, and also Michael Scotus (who had removed to Palermo) translated 9592: 9322: 9192: 8760: 8459: 8164: 8017: 7896: 7781: 7747: 7685: 7506: 7360: 7352: 7045: 6917: 6902: 6715:

The Feathery Tribe: Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds.

6236:"Effect of building design and quality on nuisance bird problems" 6198: 6008: 5596: 4823: 4372: 3931: 2149: 2065: 2049: 2028: 1347: 1298: 1203: 1199: 1174: 1130: 1119: 1079: 1075: 1047: 1001: 969: 965: 899: 887: 847: 834: 679: 411: 281: 228: 214: 64: 5403:

Berthold, P., Gwinner, Eberhard and Sonnenschein, Edith (2003).

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Morphometric measurements of birds are important in systematics.

1508:

Early bird study focused on collectibles such as eggs and nests.

1474:

studied and identified many birds in the western United States.

1058: 9257: 8686: 8294: 8233: 8009: 8001: 7930: 7870: 7754: 7692: 7575: 7242: 7237: 7115: 6561: 4937:"Avian spirit collections: attitudes, importance and prospects" 2530: 2121: 1355: 1216: 1083: 988:

Humans have had an observational relationship with birds since

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Davison, Fred, Bernd Kaspers & Karel Schat (Eds.) (2008).

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Shorebirds: An Identification Guide to the Waders of the World

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Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History

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Alexander, H. G. (1915). "A Practical Study of Bird Ecology".

3514:(1951). "The History of American Ornithology before Audubon". 2538:

has brought humans in conflict with fish-eating birds such as

2361: 2112: 960:

The history of ornithology largely reflects the trends in the

929:

The word "ornithology" comes from the late 16th-century Latin

8980: 8968: 8953: 8948: 8180: 7967: 7530: 6157: 5897: 5640: 5234: 2995:

Ornithology. Reprinted from Encyclopædia Britannica (9th Ed.)

2157: 2139: 1630: 1182: 1087: 232: 72: 6068:"Bird population explosions in agroecosystems — the quelea, 5152: 1789:. These studies led to the development of the discipline of 1518:

Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands

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10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0455:NHMIAP]2.0.CO;2

3993:"The status of avian systematics and its unsolved problems" 2555: 2408: 2156:) attack. Arsenic, being toxic, was replaced by less-toxic 1460:

Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amerique septentrionale

1253:, who described his observations in the Mediterranean, and 1178: 1134: 838: 152: 8428: 5185: 5055: 4616:"From Bird Scientist to Spy: the Name is Bond, James Bond" 4492:"Molecular Genetic Perspectives on Avian Brood Parasitism" 3083: 1975:

Hints to Audubon Workers: Fifty Birds and How to Know Them

1973:, the mammalogist. This was published in 1887 in a series 1544:. The sudden spurt in ornithology was also due in part to 964:, as well as many other scientific disciplines, including 8278: 7135: 6897: 6053: 5901:; Dickinson, Janis; Phillips, Tina; Bonney, Rick (2007). 5368:

10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[137:USHIAO]2.0.CO;2

5031:

Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John & Prater, Tony (1986).

4318:"The evolution of diversity in avian territorial systems" 2655: 2129: 1907:

approaches that make use of computational procedures for

1701:

stations established as early as 1903. By the 1920s, the

1297:

alone covers 2000 pages and included such aspects as the

5761: 5594: 5320:

O'Brien, Timothy G. & Kinnaird, Margaret F. (2008).

3793:"Hill Collection — 18th c. French authors & artists" 3422:

10.1890/0012-9623(2003)84[40:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2

3286: 2294:

Captured birds are often marked for future recognition.

1829:

The study of imprinting behaviour in ducks and geese by

1331:

in 1601, knew the connections between territory and song

5812: 5712: 5482:

Manwell, Reginald D. (1949). "Malaria, birds and war".

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A passion for birds: American ornithology after Audubon

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Bird ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques

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Sutherland, W. J., Newton, Ian and Green, Rhys (2004).

1273:(around 1572), that was based on structure and habits. 6480: 5859:"The chick; a great model system becomes even greater" 5662:

Hebert PD, Stoeckle MY, Zemlak TS, Francis CM (2004).

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Winarni, N., Carroll, J.P. & O'Brien, T.G (2005).

5188:"An annotated bibliography of bird marking techniques" 4360:(2). Searchable Ornithological Research Archive. 1981. 4162:(2008). "The origin of modern ornithology in Europe". 3625: 9629: 5266:

Monitoring bird populations in small geographic areas

4862:

Green, Rhys E. & Scharlemann, Jörn P. W. (2003).

4370: 3055: 2136:

continue to act as a resource for taxonomic studies.

1887:

to study evolutionary relationships was pioneered by

6374: 5481: 5262: 4489: 3339:

Payne, S. (1929). "The Myth of the Barnacle Goose".

7427: 6652: 6065: 5997:. State College of Washington, Pullman. Mimeograph. 4934: 4904:"Natural history museums in a postbiodiversity era" 3980:(in German). Amsterdam: Verlag von TJ. Van Holkema. 3008: 1291:

ornithologiae hoc est de avibus historiae libri XII

6103:Jaegar, Michael & William A. Erickson (1980). 3608: 3516:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 2525:has been well known, particularly in agriculture. 2007:- the same who inspired the amateur ornithologist 1826:also led to a spurt of bird studies in this area. 1633:were especially influential in the development of 1538:in 1858. In 1859, the members founded its journal 6798:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 299–326. 6786:Newton, Alfred; Mitchell, Peter Chalmers (1911). 6240:Proceedings of the 7th Vertebrate Pest Conference 6109:Proceedings of the 9th Vertebrate Pest Conference 5943: 3948: 3936:Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici 3929: 3659:. London: Cassell & Company. pp. 38–39. 3315:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs 3273:Historia Animalium. Translated by D'Arcy Thompson 2832: 2830: 2517:are a major agricultural pest in parts of Africa. 2471:projects include nationwide projects such as the 9665: 5555: 5444:"De l'attenuation du virus du chokra des poules" 5295:. World Pheasant Association, Fordingbridge, UK. 4216: 3863: 3790: 3701:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 3698: 3677: 2275:may be collected for studies of coevolution and 6233: 6121: 4687:"Bird-watching and biological science (part 2)" 4638:"Bird-watching and biological science (part 1)" 4191: 3973: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3841: 3816: 3656:The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne 2194:), using blood, DNA and feather samples as the 1366:The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne 1164:described birds, among other creatures, in his 6785: 6537:Birkhead T, Wimpenny J; Montgomerie B (2014). 6160:"Editors' Introduction: Birds and Agriculture" 5664:"Identification of Birds through DNA Barcodes" 5441: 5058:"The Bal-Chatri: a trap for the birds of prey" 4039: 3990: 3903:Moreau, R. E. (1959). "The Centenarian Ibis". 3510: 2991: 2827: 1486:valleys. From 1827 to 1838, Audubon published 1388:, which was published posthumously in 1713 as 1062:Belon's comparison of birds and humans in his 9146: 8444: 6821: 6736:"West Midland Bird Club: Older Organisations" 6158:Ormerod, S. J. & A. R. Watkinson (2000). 5235:Bibby C., Jones M. & Marsden, S. (1998). 3902: 3757: 3747:. London: Jarrold & Sons. pp. i–xxv. 3441: 3410:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 3059:Birds of the world: Recommended English Names 1864:, became of particular interest. The idea of 811: 7335: 6539:Ten Thousand Birds: Ornithology since Darwin 6389:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6360:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6283:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5541:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5427:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5388:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5305:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5153:Walther, B. A. & Clayton, D. H. (1997). 4530: 4475:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4315: 4268: 3850: 3646: 3493: 3216: 3062:. Princeton University Press. Archived from 2977:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2798:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 983: 6738:. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013 6406:"Using birds as indicators of biodiversity" 6127:"Field observation in economic ornithology" 6023:"Étude des populations d'oiseaux du Québec" 5815:"High-speed developments in avian genomics" 5007: 4295:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 45–49. 4235: 3819:The naturalist in Britain: a social history 3593: 3400: 2893: 2734: 2732: 2672: 1443:Histoire naturelle générale et particulière 909: 9153: 9139: 8451: 8437: 6828: 6814: 6555: 5238:Expedition Field Techniques – Bird Surveys 5186:Marion, W. R. & Shamis, J. D. (1977). 5056:Berger D. D. & Mueller, H. C. (1959). 5024: 4974: 4901: 4836: 4684: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 3951:Ornithology. From Aristotle to the Present 3160: 3139:. Richmond Audubon Society. Archived from 3084:Mahawar, M. M. & D. P. Jaroli (2007). 2836: 2570:Many species of birds have been driven to 2475:, Backyard Bird Count, the North American 2342:The first attenuated vaccine developed by 818: 804: 9619:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 6612: 6457: 6337: 6183: 6054:EURING Coordinated bird-ringing in Europe 5946:"Citizens, science and bird conservation" 5928: 5918: 5874: 5833: 5738: 5689: 5679: 5612: 5451:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 5337: 4919: 4507: 4422: 4284: 4187: 4185: 4154: 4152: 3535: 3338: 3305: 3111: 3101: 3090:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2947: 2937: 2870: 2262:The bird in the hand may be examined and 2042:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 1841:led to the establishment of the field of 1637:'s theory of evolution. His contemporary 1023:Geese from a wall panel from the tomb of 5992: 5595:Emlen, S. T. & Emlen, J. T. (1966). 4733: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3489: 3487: 2729: 2700: 2626:List of ornithologists abbreviated names 2509: 2454: 2450: 2384:The entire genome of the domestic fowl ( 2360: 2281: 2253: 2217: 2138: 2111: 1945: 1795: 1651: 1645:. Wallace was influenced by the work of 1575:Kaup's classification of the crow family 1570: 1503: 1452:Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique 1406: 1319: 1303: 1133:to the marshes at the headwaters of the 1057: 1018: 913: 36: 9160: 6835: 6765:History of ornithology in North America 6679: 6253:Belant, Jerrold L., Paul P. Woronecki, 4060: 3846:. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston. 3558: 3504: 3452:) - Preliminaries and State of Affairs" 3394: 3233: 3202:Funk, E. M. & Irwin, M. R. (1955). 3134: 1649:on the distribution patterns of birds. 1413:An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump 922:of bird skins, belonging to the family 14: 9666: 6636: 6578: 6056:. Euring.org. Retrieved on 2013-02-22. 4841:. T. & A. D. Poyser, Berkhamsted. 4632: 4613: 4182: 4158: 4149: 4122: 3357: 3308:"Biographical memoir of Elliott Coues" 2696: 2694: 2416:. The difference in the expression of 1446:(1749–1804). Jacob Temminck sponsored 1392:. The earliest list of British birds, 9614:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 9134: 8432: 7320: 6809: 6530: 5856: 5637:"Zebra finch genome assembly release" 5228: 4824:"North American Breeding Bird Survey" 4403:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4290: 3923: 3805: 3671: 3652: 3484: 3269: 3056:Gill, Frank & Wright, M. (2006). 2738: 2666: 2521:The role of some species of birds as 2459:Summer distribution and abundance of 2186:, no longer a valid species) and the 2152:to prevent fungal and insect (mostly 1926: 1685:The Birds of North and Middle America 1499: 1369:that were written in a tranquil era. 8387: 6439: 4293:The Evolution of Human Consciousness 3236:India International Centre Quarterly 2329: 1963:William Yarrell's three-volume guide 1394:Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum 1208:Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen 8411: 4490:Sorenson, M. D.; Payne, RB (2002). 3015:. Adam & Charles Black, London. 2691: 2198:material, has now become possible. 1440:(1770–1785) in his work on science 1390:Synopsis methodica avium et piscium 24: 5995:Christmas census summary 1900–1939 5857:Stern, Claudio D. (January 2005). 4614:Briand, Frederic (November 2012). 4592: 4054:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02549.x 3917:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1959.tb02353.x 3442:van Oppenraay, Aafke M.I. (2017). 2812: 2241:for open-area flocking birds, the 1950:Page from an early field guide by 1895:, resulting in what is called the 1659:of bird classification by Swainson 1581:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 1125:in winter, although he noted that 25: 9695: 7289:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 6707: 3870:Journal of the History of Biology 3204:Hatching Operation and Management 2898:. Springer-Science. pp. 1–5. 2052:-based group of women, including 1752:"species" rather than individuals 1667:was tackled by the ornithologist 1086:. Other old writings such as the 9651: 9639: 9115: 9114: 8834:Mammalian anatomy and morphology 8410: 8398: 8386: 8375: 8374: 8265:(New World vultures and condors) 6682:A Concise History of Ornithology 6499: 6474: 6433: 6397: 6368: 6305: 6291: 6246: 6227: 6192: 6185:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00576.x 6151: 6147:from the original on 2022-10-09. 6115: 6096: 6092:from the original on 2022-10-09. 6059: 6047: 6033: 6015: 6001: 5986: 5937: 5891: 5279:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5224:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5175:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5142:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5094:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4764:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4723:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4674:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4338:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4258:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4145:from the original on 2022-10-09. 4029:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3780:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3431:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3328:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3191:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2967:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2616:List of ornithological societies 1959:Thomas Bewick's two-volume guide 1883:. The use of techniques such as 1004:remains have also been found in 933:meaning "bird science" from the 785: 784: 771: 71: 6776:History of ornithology in China 6481:BirdLife International (2000). 5850: 5806: 5755: 5706: 5655: 5629: 5588: 5549: 5510: 5475: 5435: 5396: 5346: 5326:Bird Conservation International 5313: 5283: 5256: 5179: 5146: 5119: 5098: 5049: 5001: 4968: 4928: 4895: 4855: 4830: 4816: 4768: 4727: 4678: 4626: 4607: 4586: 4551: 4524: 4483: 4387: 4364: 4342: 4309: 4262: 4229: 4210: 4116: 4033: 3984: 3967: 3942: 3896: 3835: 3791:White, Jeanne A. (1999-06-10). 3784: 3751: 3727: 3692: 3619: 3602: 3598:. University of Oklahoma Press. 3587: 3552: 3472:from the original on 2022-10-09 3435: 3351: 3332: 3299: 3280: 3263: 3254: 3227: 3210: 3195: 3154: 3128: 3077: 3049: 3019: 3002: 2985: 2491: 2435:). This also allows the use of 2215:of the specimen "in the hand". 2209: 2087:United States Geological Survey 1952:Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey 1858:gene-centered view of evolution 1833:and the studies of instinct in 1548:. At 100 years later, in 1959, 1424:Towards the late 18th century, 953:For a chronological guide, see 7321: 6541:. Princeton University Press. 6415:. 12–13: 11–24. Archived from 6299:"Factsheet on Avian Influenza" 6164:The Journal of Applied Ecology 4196:. Princeton University Press. 3821:. Princeton University Press. 2902: 2887: 2806: 2767: 2675:Population limitation in birds 2649: 2101: 1615:. A major advance was made by 1438:Histoire naturelle des oiseaux 945:("theory, science, thought"). 13: 1: 6581:"Early annals of ornithology" 5272:. Canadian Wildlife Service. 4839:Population ecology of raptors 4238:"Watching migration by Radar" 2839:"Early annals of ornithology" 2677:. Academic Press. p. 2. 2642: 2562:and the damage they cause in 2558:have been widely recognized. 2247:trap for raptors, decoys and 2092: 2074:British Trust for Ornithology 2070:British Ornithologists' Union 1683:wrote in the introduction to 1536:British Ornithologists' Union 1466:composed a nine-volume work, 1129:migrated from the steppes of 1074:records the abundance of the 1028: 6781:Hill ornithology collections 6556:Chansigaud, Valerie (2009). 6066:Elliott, Clive C.H. (2006). 5876:10.1016/j.devcel.2004.11.018 5681:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020312 4990:(3): 331–336. Archived from 4935:Livezey, Bradley C. (2003). 4736:"The amateur in ornithology" 4734:Mayfield, Harold F. (1979). 3009:Newton, Alfred (1893–1896). 2918:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2636:List of ornithology journals 2423:The chicken has long been a 2116:Bird-preservation techniques 2026:wrote a two-part article in 1222:De Scientia Venandi per Aves 7: 8458: 8329:(woodpeckers and relatives) 6579:Gurney, John Henry (1921). 6009:"Great Backyard Bird Count" 4433:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.002 4164:Archives of Natural History 3628:Archives of Natural History 3609:Aldrovandi, Ulisse (1599). 2820:Online Etymology Dictionary 2778:. Oxford University Press. 2601:Avian ecology field methods 2593: 837:that concerns the study of 10: 9700: 8191:(cormorants and relatives) 7284:Extinct species since 1500 6663:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 6564:: New Holland Publishers. 5944:Greenwood, J.J.D. (2007). 4545:10.3366/jsbnh.1967.4.6.277 4371:O'Hara, Robert J. (1991). 3949:Stresemann, Erwin (1975). 3930:O’Hara, Robert J. (1988). 3864:Johnson, Kristin (2004). " 2662:. London: A. and C. Black. 2631:List of ornithology awards 2495: 2310:Techniques for estimating 2105: 2044:(RSPB) in Britain and the 1744:density-dependent controls 1285:around 1557. Like Gesner, 1243:De arte venandi cum avibus 952: 948: 29: 9601: 9168: 9110: 9084: 9021: 8996: 8904: 8895: 8822: 8772: 8759: 8685: 8479: 8466: 8370: 8321:(kingfishers and rollers) 8253: 8208: 8175:(albatrosses and petrels) 8147: 8118: 8089: 8068: 8059:(swifts and hummingbirds) 8041:(nightjars and relatives) 8029: 7992: 7983: 7950: 7913: 7904: 7895: 7891: 7865:(pheasants and relatives) 7840: 7764: 7723: 7661: 7633: 7609: 7585: 7558: 7479: 7466: 7423: 7396: 7392: 7331: 7327: 7316: 7312: 7251: 7154: 7054: 7004: 6931: 6861: 6848: 6756:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6680:Walters, Michael (2005). 6645:(Reprinted from the 1884 6259:Wildlife Society Bulletin 5965:10.1007/s10336-007-0239-9 5556:Slater, P. J. B. (2003). 5457:: 673–680. Archived from 5339:10.1017/S0959270908000348 4877:: 165–176. Archived from 4176:10.3366/E0260954108000077 3882:10.1007/s10739-004-1499-3 3678:White, Jeanne A. (1999). 3640:10.3366/E0260954108000399 2753:10.1080/00063650309461314 1822:. The rising interest in 1810:studied the behaviour of 1758:to study bird migration. 1583:(1775–1854), his student 1516:published his two-volume 984:Early knowledge and study 724:List of unsolved problems 32:Ornithology (composition) 8220:(seriemas and relatives) 8199:(pelicans and relatives) 6655:Handbook of Bird Biology 6234:Geis, Aelred D. (1976). 4192:Barrow, Mark V. (1998). 3974:Fürbringer, Max (1888). 3842:Farber, Paul L. (1982). 3817:Allen, David E. (1994). 3653:White, Gilbert (1887) . 3206:. John Wiley & Sons. 2427:for studying vertebrate 2000:Birds of the West Indies 1990:Field Guide to the Birds 1897:Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy 1800:A mounted specimen of a 1704:Journal für Ornithologie 1492:, which was engraved by 1426:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 1382:Ornithologiae libri tres 910:Definition and etymology 719:List of research methods 8547:Biological anthropology 8313:(hornbills and hoopoes) 8228:(falcons and relatives) 6795:Encyclopædia Britannica 6647:Encyclopædia Britannica 6637:Newton, Alfred (1884). 6614:2027/coo.31924090299532 5920:10.5751/ES-02197-120211 5784:10.1126/science.1098095 5442:Pasteur, Louis (1880). 4950:: 35–51. Archived from 4123:Junker, Thomas (2003). 4102:10.1126/science.2683069 3991:Stresemann, E. (1959). 3537:2027/uc1.31822011760568 2992:Newton, Alfred (1884). 2939:10.1073/pnas.0308557101 2896:Bird books and bird art 2872:2027/coo.31924090299532 2269:arthropod-borne viruses 2167:molecular phylogenetics 1905:molecular phylogenetics 1593:Nicholas Aylward Vigors 1585:Johann Baptist von Spix 955:Timeline of ornithology 192:Response to environment 9228:Biological engineering 8297:(trogons and quetzals) 8109:(cranes and relatives) 7379:(emus and cassowaries) 7269:Glossary of bird terms 7081:Confuciusornithiformes 6558:History of Ornithology 6440:Bock, Carl E. (1997). 5953:Journal of Ornithology 5731:10.1098/rspb.2007.0337 5574:10.1006/anbe.2003.2051 5035:. Croom Helm, London. 4808:: CS1 maint: others ( 3758:Mullens, W.H. (1909). 3713:10.1098/rsnr.2000.0093 3103:10.1186/1746-4269-3-25 2621:List of ornithologists 2518: 2464: 2366: 2291: 2259: 2226: 2144: 2132:on physiology. Museum 2117: 1954: 1804: 1739: 1694: 1660: 1576: 1565: 1524:described in the 1758 1509: 1421: 1418:Joseph Wright of Derby 1332: 1317: 1160:(1187). Around 77 AD, 1067: 1035: 926: 709:List of biology awards 317:Biological engineering 53: 9313:Developmental biology 9288:Computational biology 9268:Cellular microbiology 9076:Alfred Russel Wallace 8986:Water vascular system 8138:(kagu and sunbittern) 8101:(gulls and relatives) 7106:Songlingornithiformes 7071:Omnivoropterygiformes 6718:Yale University Press 6690:Yale University Press 6079:Acta Zoologica Sinica 6041:"Project PigeonWatch" 4316:Brown, J. L. (1964). 4291:Crook, J. H. (1980). 4274:Behaviour. Supplement 4042:Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond 3494:Miall, L. C. (1911). 3450:Abbreviatio Avicennae 3217:Keller, Otto (1913). 3027:"Hawaiian bird names" 3012:A Dictionary of Birds 2659:A dictionary of birds 2548:Japanese encephalitis 2513: 2458: 2451:Collaborative studies 2429:developmental biology 2364: 2290:marked with wing tags 2285: 2257: 2221: 2169:by the extraction of 2142: 2115: 2083:Breeding Bird Surveys 2060:, Catherine Hall and 2003:published in 1936 by 1949: 1915:, and calibration of 1885:DNA-DNA hybridization 1820:cost-benefit analyses 1799: 1767:competitive exclusion 1729: 1689: 1655: 1647:Philip Lutley Sclater 1639:Alfred Russel Wallace 1613:Alfred Russel Wallace 1609:Hugh Edwin Strickland 1597:William Sharp Macleay 1574: 1554: 1507: 1456:Louis Pierre Vieillot 1410: 1372:In the 17th century, 1325:Antonio Valli da Todi 1323: 1307: 1271:De Differentiis Avium 1157:Topographia Hiberniae 1100:Eudynamys scolopaceus 1061: 1022: 917: 402:Developmental biology 377:Computational biology 357:Cellular microbiology 40: 9679:Subfields of zoology 9533:Reproductive biology 9418:Mathematical biology 9343:Evolutionary biology 9293:Conservation biology 8937:Cellular respiration 7960:Phoenicopteriformes 4755:10.1093/auk/96.1.168 4509:10.1093/icb/42.2.388 4236:Lack, David (1959). 3594:Lind, L. R. (1963). 3401:Egerton, F. (2003). 3031:birdinghawaii.co.uk/ 2894:Anker, Jean (1979). 2673:Newton, Ian (1998). 2611:List of birdwatchers 2580:conservation biology 2576:habitat conservation 2477:Breeding Bird Survey 2473:Christmas Bird Count 2441:embryonic stem cells 2237:for woodland birds, 2233:for perching birds, 2173:. The importance of 1971:Clinton Hart Merriam 1673:splitting of species 1489:The Birds of America 1468:American Ornithology 1448:François Le Vaillant 742:Agricultural science 620:Reproductive biology 507:Mathematical biology 432:Evolutionary biology 382:Conservation biology 9318:Ecological genetics 9162:Branches of biology 9102:Timeline of zoology 9031:Karl Ernst von Baer 8932:Respiratory pigment 8807:Mineralized tissues 7931:Mesitornithiformes 7925:(doves and pigeons) 7259:Families and orders 7121:Ichthyornithiformes 7096:Patagopterygiformes 6789:"Ornithology" 6772:on Culture Victoria 6665:. pp. H1–H42. 6643:. [S.l. : s.n. 6597:1921Natur.108..268. 6201:Colonial Waterbirds 6176:2000JApEc..37..699O 6134:The Wilson Bulletin 5907:Ecology and Society 5776:2004Sci...305.1462A 5770:(5689): 1462–1465. 4975:Winker, K. (1993). 4902:Winker, K. (2004). 4837:Newton, I. (1979). 4685:Huxley, J. (1916). 4620:National Geographic 4415:2007MolPE..42....1S 4094:1989Sci...246..465K 3446:Liber de animalibus 3341:Int. J. Psycho-Anal 3220:Die Antike Tierwelt 3182:10.14430/arctic2912 3161:Hohn, E.O. (1973). 3137:"Native bird names" 2998:. [S.l. : s.n. 2930:2004PNAS..101.6821N 2855:1921Natur.108..268. 2837:Gurney, JH (1921). 2393:Taeniopygia guttata 2222:A bird caught in a 2192:Liocichla bugunorum 2184:Laniarius liberatus 2085:, conducted by the 2013:famous literary spy 1995:Roger Tory Peterson 1893:Jon Edward Ahlquist 1779:island biogeography 1398:Christopher Merrett 1283:Icones avium omnium 1263:comparative anatomy 1114:noted the habit of 941:("bird") and λόγος 872:island biogeography 747:Biomedical sciences 407:Ecological genetics 59:Part of a series on 9609:History of biology 9543:Structural biology 9528:Relational biology 9353:Generative biology 9348:Freshwater biology 8917:Respiratory system 8905:General physiology 8802:Connective tissues 8273:(eagles and hawks) 8173:Procellariiformes 8078:Opisthocomiformes 8047:Steatornithiformes 7274:List by population 7111:Hongshanornithidae 7036:Evolution of birds 6531:Additional sources 6301:. CDC. 2017-04-13. 5521:. Academic Press. 5484:American Scientist 4496:Integr. Comp. Biol 4138:(2&3): 65–73. 3561:Systematic Zoology 3497:History of Biology 3306:Allen, JA (1909). 3289:Migration of birds 2529:birds such as the 2519: 2515:Red-billed queleas 2465: 2367: 2337:mass spectrometric 2312:population density 2301:Mark and recapture 2292: 2260: 2227: 2145: 2118: 2034:Harold F. Mayfield 1955: 1927:Rise to popularity 1921:population biology 1913:phylogenetic trees 1911:, construction of 1909:sequence alignment 1879:to the underlying 1839:Nicolaas Tinbergen 1808:John Hurrell Crook 1805: 1661: 1577: 1510: 1500:Scientific studies 1476:John James Audubon 1422: 1333: 1318: 1251:Guillaume Rondelet 1167:Historia Naturalis 1111:History of animals 1068: 1036: 962:history of biology 927: 778:Biology portal 630:Structural biology 615:Relational biology 442:Generative biology 437:Freshwater biology 54: 9627: 9626: 9548:Synthetic biology 9428:Molecular biology 9283:Cognitive biology 9128: 9127: 9071:Jakob von Uexküll 9017: 9016: 9004:Insect physiology 8897:Animal physiology 8891: 8890: 8883:Insect morphology 8814:Molecular anatomy 8787:Epithelial tissue 8765:Animal morphology 8426: 8425: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8159:(loons or divers) 8128:Phaethontiformes 8120:Phaethontimorphae 8070:Opisthocomiformes 8039:Caprimulgiformes 7979: 7978: 7968:Podicipediformes 7887: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7605: 7604: 7388: 7387: 7345:Struthioniformes 7213:Waterfowl hunting 7146:Gastornithiformes 7141:Aepyornithiformes 7131:Lithornithiformes 6699:978-1-84773-433-4 6672:978-0-938027-62-1 6571:978-1-84773-433-4 6520:10.1002/zoo.10122 6330:10.3121/cmr.1.1.5 5993:Wing, L. (1947). 5725:(1619): 1685–91. 5528:978-0-12-370634-8 5162:J. Field Ornithol 5010:Passer domesticus 4984:J. Field Ornithol 4302:978-0-19-857174-2 4088:(4929): 465–472. 3960:978-0-674-64485-4 2924:(17): 6821–6826. 2813:Harper, Douglas. 2785:978-0-19-852086-3 2684:978-0-12-517366-7 2502:Bird conservation 2351:bird intelligence 2330:In the laboratory 2288:California condor 2251:for water birds. 2180:Bulo Burti boubou 1901:mitochondrial DNA 1866:inclusive fitness 1802:red-footed falcon 1791:landscape ecology 1781:was pioneered by 1605:Johann Jakob Kaup 1494:Robert Havell Sr. 1402:Sir Thomas Browne 1396:, was written by 1374:Francis Willughby 1310:Ulisse Aldrovandi 1287:Ulisse Aldrovandi 1108:in 350 BC in his 1044:ethno-ornithology 1012:off the coast of 1008:on the island of 864:ecological niches 850:, the process of 828: 827: 752:Health technology 635:Synthetic biology 517:Molecular biology 372:Cognitive biology 167:Energy processing 16:(Redirected from 9691: 9656: 9655: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9635: 9273:Chemical biology 9155: 9148: 9141: 9132: 9131: 9118: 9117: 9046:Jean-Henri Fabre 8902: 8901: 8770: 8769: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8430: 8429: 8414: 8413: 8402: 8390: 8389: 8378: 8377: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8303:Leptosomiformes 8298: 8290: 8282: 8274: 8271:Accipitriformes 8266: 8245: 8244:(perching birds) 8237: 8229: 8221: 8200: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8165:Sphenisciformes 8160: 8139: 8131: 8110: 8102: 8099:Charadriiformes 8081: 8060: 8042: 8021: 8013: 8010:Musophagiformes 8005: 7990: 7989: 7971: 7963: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7911: 7910: 7902: 7901: 7893: 7892: 7866: 7853: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7620: 7533: 7526: 7490: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7394: 7393: 7380: 7372: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7181:Bird collections 7136:Dinornithiformes 7041:Darwin's finches 7031:Origin of flight 6971:Seabird breeding 6961:Sexual selection 6830: 6823: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6761: 6755: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6703: 6676: 6657:(2nd ed.). 6644: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6616: 6605:10.1038/108268a0 6575: 6552: 6524: 6523: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6461: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6421: 6410: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6388: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6351: 6341: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6282: 6274: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6131: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5975:. Archived from 5950: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5922: 5899:Cooper, Caren B. 5895: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5837: 5819: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5742: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5643:on 5 August 2009 5633: 5627: 5626: 5616: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5562:Animal Behaviour 5553: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5532: 5519:Avian Immunology 5514: 5508: 5507: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5448: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5418: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5379: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5304: 5296: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5192: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5159: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5134: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4956: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4883: 4868: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4691: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4642: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4457: 4451:. Archived from 4426: 4400: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4242: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4077: 4058: 4057: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3861: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3814: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3739:Thomas Southwell 3731: 3725: 3724: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3456: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3115: 3105: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3033:. Archived from 3023: 3017: 3016: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2968: 2966: 2951: 2941: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2863:10.1038/108268a0 2834: 2825: 2824: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2653: 2606:Bird observatory 2554:, and influenza 2414:Darwin's finches 2303:techniques make 2134:bird collections 2108:Bird collections 2018:The interest in 1980:Audubon Magazine 1967:Florence Merriam 1917:molecular clocks 1851:proximate causes 1787:Robert MacArthur 1771:Robert MacArthur 1737: 1709:Erwin Stresemann 1657:Quinarian system 1601:William Swainson 1589:Quinarian system 1563: 1464:Alexander Wilson 1428:(1723–1806) and 1376:(1635–1672) and 1346:), published at 1344:History of Birds 1231:Kitāb al-Ḥayawān 1092:brood parasitism 1033: 1030: 820: 813: 806: 793: 788: 787: 780: 776: 775: 714:List of journals 362:Chemical biology 75: 56: 55: 21: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9650: 9640: 9638: 9630: 9628: 9623: 9597: 9558:Systems biology 9523:Quantum biology 9164: 9159: 9129: 9124: 9106: 9080: 9013: 9009:Fish physiology 8992: 8944:Vascular system 8887: 8825: 8818: 8792:Muscular tissue 8763: 8755: 8741:Platyhelminthes 8716:Xenacoelomorpha 8681: 8520:Lepidopterology 8475: 8462: 8457: 8427: 8422: 8334: 8328: 8320: 8312: 8311:Bucerotiformes 8305:(cuckoo-roller) 8304: 8296: 8288: 8280: 8272: 8264: 8263:Cathartiformes 8249: 8243: 8235: 8234:Psittaciformes 8227: 8219: 8204: 8198: 8197:Pelecaniformes 8190: 8182: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8143: 8137: 8136:Eurypygiformes 8129: 8114: 8108: 8100: 8085: 8079: 8064: 8058: 8040: 8025: 8019: 8011: 8003: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7946: 7940: 7939:Pterocliformes 7932: 7924: 7875: 7864: 7851: 7836: 7760: 7719: 7657: 7622: 7621: 7614: 7613: 7601: 7581: 7554: 7531: 7524: 7484: 7483: 7471: 7470: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7384: 7378: 7377:Casuariiformes 7370: 7369:Apterygiformes 7362: 7354: 7346: 7323: 7308: 7279:Lists by region 7247: 7157: 7150: 7091:Chaoyangiformes 7076:Jeholornithidae 7050: 7014:Origin of birds 7000: 6981:Brood parasites 6927: 6857: 6844: 6834: 6803: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6734: 6713:Lewis, Daniel. 6710: 6700: 6673: 6627: 6625: 6572: 6549: 6533: 6528: 6527: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6479: 6475: 6459:10.2307/1370218 6438: 6434: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6398: 6382: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6353: 6352: 6310: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6276: 6275: 6255:Richard Dolbeer 6251: 6247: 6232: 6228: 6213:10.2307/1521537 6197: 6193: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6129: 6123:Kalmbach, E. R. 6120: 6116: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6074: 6072:, case history" 6064: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5948: 5942: 5938: 5896: 5892: 5855: 5851: 5835:10.1641/B580706 5817: 5811: 5807: 5760: 5756: 5719:Proc. Biol. Sci 5711: 5707: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5614:10.2307/4083048 5593: 5589: 5554: 5550: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5515: 5511: 5480: 5476: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5405:Avian Migration 5401: 5397: 5381: 5380: 5351: 5347: 5318: 5314: 5298: 5297: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5248: 5246: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5207:10.2307/4512291 5190: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5077:10.2307/4510726 5060: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5029: 5025: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4801: 4800: 4788: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4706:10.2307/4072322 4689: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4657:10.2307/4072162 4640: 4631: 4627: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4556: 4552: 4529: 4525: 4488: 4484: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4424:10.1.1.561.5255 4398: 4392: 4388: 4369: 4365: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4289: 4285: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4190: 4183: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4078: 4061: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4012:10.2307/4081807 3995: 3989: 3985: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3947: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3901: 3897: 3862: 3851: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3737:(with notes by 3732: 3728: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3651: 3647: 3624: 3620: 3607: 3603: 3592: 3588: 3573:10.2307/2411751 3557: 3553: 3528:10.2307/1005629 3509: 3505: 3500:. Watts and Co. 3492: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3454: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3356: 3352: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3285: 3281: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3232: 3228: 3215: 3211: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3133: 3129: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3007: 3003: 2990: 2986: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2892: 2888: 2835: 2828: 2811: 2807: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2772: 2768: 2737: 2730: 2715:10.2307/1309464 2699: 2692: 2685: 2671: 2667: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2596: 2552:West Nile virus 2504: 2496:Main articles: 2494: 2469:citizen science 2453: 2437:electroporation 2332: 2212: 2188:Bugun liocichla 2110: 2104: 2095: 2046:Audubon Society 1987:to the classic 1929: 1738: 1735: 1725:Claud Ticehurst 1665:species problem 1591:popularised by 1564: 1561: 1527:Systema Naturae 1502: 1472:Lewis and Clark 1430:Comte de Buffon 1327:, who wrote on 1162:Pliny the Elder 1152:Gerald of Wales 1148:goose barnacles 1031: 986: 958: 951: 912: 833:is a branch of 824: 783: 770: 769: 762: 761: 737: 729: 728: 695: 687: 686: 685: 684: 645:Systems biology 610:Quantum biology 255: 247: 246: 211: 196: 158: 147: 123: 115: 80: 78:Science of life 49:for studies on 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9697: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9661: 9660: 9648: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9413:Marine biology 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9223:Bioinformatics 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9158: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9135: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9041:Charles Darwin 9038: 9036:Georges Cuvier 9033: 9027: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8956: 8951: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8908: 8906: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8878:Spider anatomy 8875: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8830: 8828: 8826:and morphology 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8797:Nervous tissue 8794: 8789: 8778: 8776: 8767: 8761:Animal anatomy 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8692: 8690: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8677:Zooarchaeology 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8614: 8608: 8599: 8594: 8588: 8583: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8535:Orthopterology 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8515:Coleopterology 8508: 8503: 8492:Arthropodology 8489: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8456: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8433: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8408: 8396: 8384: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8324: 8319:Coraciiformes 8316: 8308: 8300: 8295:Trogoniformes 8292: 8284: 8276: 8268: 8259: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8242:Passeriformes 8239: 8231: 8226:Falconiformes 8223: 8218:Cariamiformes 8214: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8186: 8181:Ciconiiformes 8178: 8170: 8162: 8153: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8133: 8124: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8104: 8095: 8093: 8091:Cursorimorphae 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8074: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8035: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8015: 8007: 7998: 7996: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7965: 7956: 7954: 7952:Mirandornithes 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7936: 7928: 7923:Columbiformes 7919: 7917: 7915:Columbimorphae 7908: 7899: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7860: 7855: 7850:Meleagridinae 7846: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7770: 7768: 7766:Odontophoridae 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7628: 7607: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7591: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7545:Stictonettinae 7542: 7540:Dendrocygninae 7537: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7493: 7491: 7474: 7461: 7418: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7374: 7366: 7358: 7350: 7341: 7339: 7325: 7324: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7293:Notable birds 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7243:Egg collecting 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7126:Hesperornithes 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7101:Ambiortiformes 7098: 7093: 7088: 7086:Enantiornithes 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7060: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6833: 6832: 6825: 6818: 6810: 6801: 6800: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6762: 6732: 6724: 6709: 6708:External links 6706: 6705: 6704: 6698: 6677: 6671: 6650: 6634: 6576: 6570: 6553: 6547: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6498: 6492:978-0946888399 6491: 6473: 6432: 6396: 6367: 6318:Clin. Med. Res 6304: 6290: 6265:(2): 264–268. 6245: 6226: 6207:(1): 168–175. 6191: 6170:(5): 699–705. 6150: 6114: 6095: 6058: 6046: 6032: 6014: 6000: 5985: 5982:on 2011-07-19. 5936: 5890: 5849: 5828:(7): 587–595. 5805: 5754: 5705: 5654: 5628: 5607:(3): 361–367. 5587: 5568:(4): 633–639. 5548: 5527: 5509: 5474: 5434: 5414:978-3540434085 5413: 5395: 5362:(2): 137–147. 5345: 5312: 5282: 5255: 5227: 5178: 5168:(4): 509–518. 5145: 5118: 5097: 5048: 5042:978-0395602379 5041: 5023: 5000: 4997:on 2007-06-30. 4967: 4927: 4914:(5): 455–459. 4894: 4854: 4848:978-0856610233 4847: 4829: 4815: 4786: 4767: 4749:(1): 168–171. 4726: 4700:(3): 256–270. 4677: 4651:(2): 142–161. 4634:Huxley, Julian 4625: 4606: 4585: 4572:10.1086/368760 4562:. 2nd Series. 4550: 4523: 4502:(2): 388–400. 4482: 4386: 4363: 4341: 4308: 4301: 4283: 4261: 4251:(8): 258–267. 4228: 4209: 4203:978-0691049540 4202: 4181: 4160:Haffer, Jürgen 4148: 4115: 4059: 4048:(7): 130–136. 4032: 4006:(3): 269–280. 3983: 3966: 3959: 3941: 3922: 3895: 3876:(3): 515–555. 3849: 3834: 3828:978-0691036328 3827: 3804: 3783: 3773:(9): 290–300. 3750: 3735:Browne, Thomas 3726: 3691: 3670: 3645: 3634:(2): 281–305. 3618: 3601: 3586: 3567:(3): 129–136. 3551: 3522:(3): 387–591. 3518:. New Series. 3512:Allen, Elsa G. 3503: 3483: 3434: 3393: 3372:10.1086/358236 3366:(3): 269–281. 3350: 3331: 3298: 3295:on 2007-05-18. 3279: 3262: 3253: 3242:(2): 127–139. 3226: 3209: 3194: 3176:(2): 163–171. 3153: 3127: 3076: 3048: 3037:on 4 June 2009 3018: 3001: 2984: 2901: 2886: 2826: 2805: 2784: 2766: 2747:(3): 194–210. 2728: 2709:(4): 250–255. 2690: 2683: 2665: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2493: 2490: 2452: 2449: 2425:model organism 2371:bird migration 2331: 2328: 2296:Rings or bands 2239:cannon netting 2211: 2208: 2175:type specimens 2106:Main article: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2054:Eliza Phillips 2011:in naming his 2005:Dr. James Bond 1977:in Grinnell's 1928: 1925: 1903:sequences and 1889:Charles Sibley 1870:W. D. Hamilton 1773:. Patterns of 1733: 1681:Robert Ridgway 1635:Charles Darwin 1617:Max Fürbringer 1559: 1501: 1498: 1340:Historia Avium 1336:William Turner 1267:Volcher Coiter 1237:Kitāb al-Šifāʾ 1217:Liber Moaminus 1195:Michael Scotus 1144:barnacle geese 1116:bird migration 985: 982: 950: 947: 911: 908: 876:phylogeography 826: 825: 823: 822: 815: 808: 800: 797: 796: 795: 794: 781: 764: 763: 760: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 502:Marine biology 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 312:Bioinformatics 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 258: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 222: 217: 210: 209: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 157: 156: 151:Properties of 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 122:Key components 121: 120: 117: 116: 114: 113: 102: 101: 96: 91: 85: 82: 81: 76: 68: 67: 61: 60: 51:bird migration 43:marbled godwit 27:Study of birds 26: 18:Ornithological 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9696: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9647: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9493:Phylogenetics 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9388:Human biology 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9278:Chronobiology 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9253:Biotechnology 9251: 9249: 9248:Biostatistics 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9151: 9149: 9144: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9121: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9061:Konrad Lorenz 9059: 9057: 9056:Carl Linnaeus 9054: 9052: 9051:William Kirby 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8959:Blood vessels 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8871:Shark anatomy 8869: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8731:Aschelminthes 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652:Neuroethology 8650: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8591:Testudinology 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8572:Helminthology 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8541:Myriapodology 8539: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8487:Anthrozoology 8485: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8447: 8442: 8440: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8419: 8418: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8279:Strigiformes 8277: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8130:(tropicbirds) 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8053: 8052:Podargiformes 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8006: 8002:Cuculiformes 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7700:Macrocephalon 7697: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7587:Anseranatidae 7584: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361:Tinamiformes 7359: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7337:Palaeognathae 7334: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7223:Pigeon racing 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7065:Archaeopteryx 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6686:New Haven, CT 6683: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6635: 6624: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6591:(2713): 268. 6590: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6548:9780691151977 6544: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6422:on 2008-12-27 6418: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6386: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6286: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6070:Quelea quelea 6062: 6055: 6050: 6042: 6036: 6028: 6027:oiseauxqc.org 6024: 6018: 6010: 6004: 5996: 5989: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5959:(1): 77–124. 5958: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5464:on 2010-06-12 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5340: 5335: 5332:: S144–S162. 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5275: 5268: 5267: 5259: 5245:on 2007-12-06 5244: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5138: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5107: 5101: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4957:on 2007-06-30 4953: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4884:on 2007-06-30 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4787:0-9696134-7-4 4783: 4779: 4778: 4771: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4596: 4593:Dunlap, Tom. 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4458:on 2007-11-30 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4390: 4383:(4): 990–994. 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4245:British Birds 4239: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4219:British Birds 4213: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132:Avian Science 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3767:British Birds 3761: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3613: 3612:Ornithologiae 3605: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3488: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3143:on 2007-08-16 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3066:on 2008-10-20 3065: 3061: 3060: 3052: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849:(2713): 268. 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815:"ornithology" 2809: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2445:viral vectors 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2387:Gallus gallus 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2355:song learning 2352: 2347: 2345: 2344:Louis Pasteur 2340: 2338: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273:Ectoparasites 2270: 2265: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2204:Freeze drying 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2162:Morphometrics 2159: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2109: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079:Elsie Cassels 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Hannah Poland 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2024:Julian Huxley 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1985:Frank Chapman 1982: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:field glasses 1924: 1923:and ecology. 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:herring gulls 1832: 1831:Konrad Lorenz 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:Georgii Gause 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:Wynne-Edwards 1745: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599:(1792–1865), 1598: 1595:(1785–1840), 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1573: 1569: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1532:binomial name 1529: 1528: 1523: 1522:Carl Linnaeus 1519: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1361:Gilbert White 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:Konrad Gesner 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259:Book of Birds 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1139:Elliott Coues 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1064:Book of Birds 1060: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 996:settlements. 995: 991: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 956: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 925: 921: 916: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 821: 816: 814: 809: 807: 802: 801: 799: 798: 792: 782: 779: 774: 768: 767: 766: 765: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 701: 698: 697: 691: 690: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Phylogenetics 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 477:Human biology 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 367:Chronobiology 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 342:Biotechnology 340: 338: 337:Biostatistics 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 251: 250: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 208: 206: 202: 198: 197: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 155: 154: 149: 148: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 119: 118: 111: 107: 104: 103: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 84: 83: 79: 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Retrieved 3035:the original 3030: 3021: 3011: 3004: 2994: 2987: 2973:cite journal 2921: 2917: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2846: 2842: 2818: 2808: 2775: 2769: 2744: 2740: 2706: 2702: 2674: 2668: 2658: 2651: 2588:conservation 2585: 2569: 2560:Bird strikes 2544: 2520: 2505: 2492:Applications 2486:bird atlases 2481:Spring Alive 2466: 2461:Canada goose 2422: 2417: 2407: 2401: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2375:Emlen funnel 2368: 2358:territories. 2348: 2341: 2333: 2324:Camera traps 2316:point counts 2309: 2293: 2264:measurements 2261: 2249:funnel traps 2242: 2228: 2213: 2210:In the field 2200: 2191: 2183: 2146: 2119: 2096: 2039: 2027: 2020:birdwatching 2017: 1998: 1997:in 1934, to 1988: 1978: 1974: 1969:, sister of 1956: 1930: 1874: 1872:and others. 1855: 1828: 1824:sociobiology 1806: 1783:E. O. Wilson 1775:biodiversity 1760: 1740: 1730: 1716: 1702: 1699:bird ringing 1695: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1662: 1643:biogeography 1625: 1623:and others. 1578: 1566: 1555: 1550:R. E. Moreau 1539: 1525: 1517: 1514:Mark Catesby 1511: 1487: 1467: 1459: 1451: 1441: 1437: 1434:Ornithologie 1433: 1423: 1411: 1393: 1389: 1386:Ornithologia 1385: 1381: 1371: 1364: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1313: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1258: 1255:Pierre Belon 1248: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1221: 1215: 1172: 1165: 1155: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1069: 1063: 1050:farming and 1040:onomatopoeic 1037: 1006:shell mounds 987: 978:paleontology 959: 942: 938: 931:ornithologia 930: 928: 884: 880:conservation 830: 829: 736:Applications 625:Sociobiology 605:Protistology 570:Photobiology 565:Pharmacology 555:Parasitology 550:Paleontology 532:Neuroscience 512:Microbiology 422:Epidemiology 392:Cytogenetics 352:Cell biology 332:Biosemiotics 322:Biomechanics 302:Biogeography 297:Biochemistry 292:Bacteriology 287:Astrobiology 199: 187:Reproduction 150: 77: 9674:Ornithology 9588:Xenobiology 9583:Virophysics 9553:Systematics 9508:Primatology 9453:Ornithology 9393:Ichthyology 9378:Herpetology 9373:Gerontology 9338:Epigenetics 9298:Cryobiology 9188:Agrostology 9178:Aerobiology 9173:Abiogenesis 9097:Post-Darwin 8974:Capillaries 8912:Respiration 8672:Planktology 8657:Ornithology 8641:Primatology 8597:Ichthyology 8577:Herpetology 8552:Bryozoology 8530:Myrmecology 8525:Melittology 8506:Carcinology 8496:Arachnology 8417:WikiProject 8327:Piciformes 8210:Australaves 8189:Suliformes 8107:Gruiformes 7962:(flamingos) 7871:Tetraoninae 7842:Phasianidae 7831:Rhynchortyx 7796:Dactylortyx 7663:Megapodidae 7653:Penelopinae 7611:Galliformes 7353:Rheiformes 7347:(ostriches) 7297:individuals 7171:Ornithology 7158:interaction 6913:Preen gland 6640:Ornithology 6628:19 November 6508:Zoo Biology 6413:Ornis. Hung 6324:(1): 5–12. 6085:: 554–560. 5869:(1): 9–17. 4944:Bull. B.O.C 4871:Bull. B.O.C 4566:: 201–220. 4409:(1): 1–13. 4331:: 160–169. 4325:Wilson Bull 3465:: 401–416. 3321:: 395–446. 3270:Aristotle. 2536:aquaculture 2527:Granivorous 2498:Bird strike 2403:Parus major 2379:planetarium 2369:Studies of 2305:demographic 2231:bird liming 2171:ancient DNA 2102:Collections 2009:Ian Fleming 1941:J. Dovaston 1931:The use of 1812:weaverbirds 1557:afterwards. 1546:colonialism 1484:Mississippi 1314:Ornithology 1295:Ornithology 1032: 2575 831:Ornithology 675:Xenobiology 670:Virophysics 640:Systematics 595:Primatology 541:Ornithology 482:Ichthyology 467:Herpetology 462:Gerontology 427:Epigenetics 387:Cryobiology 277:Agrostology 267:Aerobiology 262:Abiogenesis 128:Cell theory 9684:Scoutcraft 9668:Categories 9573:Toxicology 9568:Teratology 9513:Proteomics 9498:Physiology 9438:Neontology 9403:Lipidology 9398:Immunology 9368:Geobiology 9328:Embryology 9308:Dendrology 9238:Biophysics 9218:Biogeology 9092:Pre-Darwin 9066:Thomas Say 9023:Zoologists 8997:By species 8736:Arthropoda 8701:Ctenophora 8647:Nematology 8631:Felinology 8611:Teuthology 8606:Conchology 8602:Malacology 8511:Entomology 8167:(penguins) 8020:(bustards) 7858:Perdicinae 7803:Dendrortyx 7775:Callipepla 7707:Megapodius 7672:Aepypodius 7550:Tadorninae 7532:true geese 7363:(tinamous) 7322:Neornithes 7233:Pheasantry 7208:Aviculture 6976:Incubation 6966:Lek mating 6659:Ithaca, NY 6452:(1): 1–6. 6446:The Condor 6426:2009-05-09 5930:10535/2968 5822:BioScience 5468:2010-08-29 5356:Waterbirds 5249:2007-11-16 5112:2007-12-01 5020:: 105–108. 4961:2007-05-20 4908:BioScience 4888:2007-05-20 4600:2007-11-24 4539:(6): 280. 4462:2007-11-30 4350:"Contents" 3798:2007-12-01 3741:) (1902). 3685:2007-12-01 3347:: 218–227. 3147:2007-12-01 3070:2007-12-13 2741:Bird Study 2703:BioScience 2643:References 2572:extinction 2540:cormorants 2398:speciation 2244:bal-chatri 2126:pesticides 2093:Techniques 2058:Etta Lemon 1937:telescopes 1847:bird songs 1721:David Lack 1713:Ernst Mayr 1692:histories. 1669:Ernst Mayr 1621:Hans Gadow 1329:aviculture 1277:wrote the 1123:hibernated 1096:Asian koel 1034:–2551 B.C. 990:prehistory 974:physiology 924:Cotingidae 920:collection 892:physiology 852:speciation 660:Toxicology 655:Teratology 600:Proteomics 585:Physiology 527:Neontology 492:Lipidology 487:Immunology 457:Geobiology 417:Embryology 397:Dendrology 327:Biophysics 307:Biogeology 182:Regulation 162:Adaptation 9488:Phycology 9473:Pathology 9458:Osteology 9448:Nutrition 9408:Mammalogy 9383:Histology 8922:Breathing 8774:Histology 8636:Hippology 8617:Mammalogy 8586:Ophiology 8500:Acarology 8236:(parrots) 8080:(hoatzin) 8031:Strisores 8012:(turacos) 8004:(cuckoos) 7933:(mesites) 7852:(turkeys) 7824:Philortyx 7741:Agelastes 7734:Acryllium 7725:Numididae 7714:Talegalla 7624:gamebirds 7617:landfowls 7596:Anseranas 7560:Anhimidae 7519:Anserinae 7302:fictional 7024:dinosaurs 7019:Theropoda 7006:Evolution 6951:Migration 6933:Behaviour 5913:(2): 11. 5863:Dev. Cell 5537:cite book 5423:cite book 5301:cite book 5293:Symposium 4804:cite book 4580:143634420 4419:CiteSeerX 3911:: 19–38. 3721:144805851 3388:144264511 3380:0021-1753 3096:(1): 25. 2794:cite book 2320:transects 2235:mist nets 2154:dermestid 1877:phenotype 1816:economics 1736:Ticehurst 1628:Galapagos 1308:Cover of 1279:Vogelbuch 1212:menagerie 1106:Aristotle 1025:Nefermaat 998:Waterbird 994:Stone Age 904:behaviour 843:aesthetic 700:Biologist 575:Phycology 560:Pathology 545:Osteology 537:Nutrition 497:Mammalogy 472:Histology 143:Phylogeny 138:Evolution 133:Ecosystem 9602:See also 9578:Virology 9563:Taxonomy 9503:Pomology 9433:Mycology 9363:Genomics 9358:Genetics 9183:Agronomy 9120:Category 8964:Arteries 8849:Elephant 8824:Anatomy 8751:Annelida 8746:Mollusca 8726:Chordata 8711:Cnidaria 8706:Placozoa 8696:Porifera 8626:Cynology 8621:Cetology 8567:Ethology 8480:Branches 8381:Category 8255:Afroaves 8183:(storks) 7985:Passerea 7970:(grebes) 7906:Columbea 7817:Oreortyx 7789:Cyrtonyx 7679:Alectura 7643:Cracinae 7635:Cracidae 7512:Oxyurini 7502:Aythyini 7497:Anatinae 7481:Anatidae 7228:Falconry 7191:big year 7046:Seabirds 6956:Foraging 6903:Feathers 6752:cite web 6348:15931279 6142:Archived 6125:(1934). 6087:Archived 5973:21914046 5885:15621526 5844:17239411 5800:17226774 5792:15353802 5749:17472912 5700:15455034 5582:53157104 5504:18123477 5376:54943028 5274:Archived 5219:Archived 5170:Archived 5137:Archived 5089:Archived 4796:62181407 4759:Archived 4718:Archived 4669:Archived 4636:(1916). 4518:21708732 4441:16854605 4333:Archived 4280:: 1–178. 4253:Archived 4140:Archived 4024:Archived 3905:The Ibis 3890:83849594 3866:The Ibis 3775:Archived 3467:Archived 3426:Archived 3323:Archived 3248:23001825 3186:Archived 3122:17547781 2962:Archived 2958:15090648 2761:87377120 2594:See also 2564:aviation 2314:include 2277:zoonoses 2224:mist net 2196:holotype 2128:such as 1881:genotype 1843:ethology 1734:— 1717:The Ibis 1560:— 1541:The Ibis 1378:John Ray 1363:'s 1789 1226:Ibn Sīnā 1120:swallows 1072:Xenophon 1055:species. 1052:falconry 1027:, Egypt 1014:Scotland 896:taxonomy 860:learning 856:instinct 791:Category 757:Pharming 694:Research 665:Virology 650:Taxonomy 590:Pomology 522:Mycology 452:Genomics 447:Genetics 272:Agronomy 254:Branches 241:Protists 220:Bacteria 205:Kingdoms 110:timeline 99:Glossary 9658:Zoology 9632:Portals 9593:Zoology 9323:Ecology 9193:Anatomy 9085:History 8782:Tissues 8471:Outline 8460:Zoology 8393:Commons 7897:Neoaves 7782:Colinus 7748:Guttera 7686:Eulipoa 7507:Mergini 7371:(kiwis) 7355:(rheas) 7166:Ringing 6991:Hybrids 6986:Nesting 6941:Singing 6918:Plumage 6893:Dactyly 6863:Anatomy 6853:Outline 6843:: Aves) 6742:May 23, 6623:4033666 6593:Bibcode 6468:1370218 6339:1069015 6271:3784047 6221:1521537 6172:Bibcode 5772:Bibcode 5764:Science 5740:1914334 5623:4083048 5496:9773656 5215:4512291 5085:4510726 5014:Cinclus 4743:The Auk 4714:4072322 4665:4072162 4449:6683688 4411:Bibcode 4354:The Auk 4110:2683069 4090:Bibcode 4082:Science 4020:4081807 3665:3423785 3581:2411751 3546:1005629 3113:1892771 3041:11 June 2926:Bibcode 2881:4033666 2851:Bibcode 2723:1309464 2586:ex situ 2531:queleas 2150:arsenic 2066:ostrich 2050:Croydon 2029:The Auk 1862:helpers 1727:wrote: 1631:finches 1348:Cologne 1299:chicken 1204:Palermo 1175:Assyria 1131:Scythia 1094:by the 1080:Assyria 1076:ostrich 1048:Poultry 1010:Oronsay 1002:seabird 970:anatomy 966:ecology 949:History 900:ecology 888:anatomy 848:species 835:zoology 680:Zoology 412:Ecology 282:Anatomy 229:Animals 225:Eukarya 215:Archaea 207:of life 201:Domains 106:History 94:Outline 65:Biology 9258:Botany 8689:groups 8687:Animal 8405:Portal 8281:(owls) 7755:Numida 7693:Leipoa 7576:Chauna 7569:Anhima 7264:Genera 7238:Imping 7156:Human 6996:Colony 6923:Vision 6908:Flight 6696: 6669: 6621: 6585:Nature 6568: 6562:London 6545: 6489: 6466: 6346: 6336: 6269: 6219: 5971: 5883: 5842: 5798: 5790: 5747: 5737: 5698: 5691:518999 5688: 5621: 5580: 5525: 5502: 5494: 5411: 5374: 5213: 5108:. USGS 5083: 5039: 4845: 4794: 4784: 4712: 4663: 4578: 4560:Osiris 4516: 4447: 4439: 4421: 4299: 4200: 4108: 4018: 3957: 3888: 3825: 3719: 3663: 3579: 3544: 3386: 3378: 3246: 3170:Arctic 3120: 3110: 2956: 2949:404215 2946: 2879: 2843:Nature 2782: 2759: 2721: 2681: 2122:oology 1687:that: 1562:Moreau 1420:, 1768 1356:osprey 1316:, 1599 1200:Norman 1191:Toledo 1187:Syriac 1127:cranes 1084:Africa 1066:, 1555 937:ὄρνις 878:, and 868:guilds 789: 347:Botany 237:Plants 172:Growth 47:ringed 45:being 9646:Birds 8981:Heart 8969:Veins 8954:Lymph 8949:Blood 8839:Human 7525:swans 7487:ducks 7457:fowls 7252:Lists 6876:Brain 6841:class 6837:Birds 6619:S2CID 6464:JSTOR 6420:(PDF) 6409:(PDF) 6267:JSTOR 6217:JSTOR 6145:(PDF) 6130:(PDF) 6090:(PDF) 6075:(PDF) 5980:(PDF) 5969:S2CID 5949:(PDF) 5840:S2CID 5818:(PDF) 5796:S2CID 5647:7 May 5619:JSTOR 5578:S2CID 5492:JSTOR 5462:(PDF) 5447:(PDF) 5372:S2CID 5277:(PDF) 5270:(PDF) 5222:(PDF) 5211:JSTOR 5191:(PDF) 5173:(PDF) 5158:(PDF) 5140:(PDF) 5133:(PDF) 5092:(PDF) 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