252:, Orona is covered with coconut palms (mostly on the western side), towering 12–18 metres (39–59 ft) above the surface. The remainder of the atoll is covered with scrub forest, herbs, and grasses, with a maximum height of 6–12 metres (20–39 ft). Feral cats exist on the island, together with rats, pigs, and dogs. Ducks and chickens were raised by the former inhabitants, but it is unknown whether any remain. Orona also boasts three species of lizards, land and hermit crabs, together with approximately fifty species of insects. Turtles are also known to use the island as a nesting area.
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306:). Towards the center and windward side of the lagoon the sandy bottom became coarser with coral growth developing around dead bommies and small patch reefs. Coral diversity increased progressively towards the lagoon channel, with increasing presence of outer-reef species. The most abundant coral species at Orona were:
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and other algae. Live Coral Cover was extremely low at less than 5%, though coral heads typical of a healthy reef were abundant though dead, which suggested there was chronic mortality over an extended period of time. At inner leeward lagoon sites, coral species were identified typical of high-silt
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with depths of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft). Numerous passages connect the lagoon to the surrounding ocean, only a couple of which will admit even a small boat. Total land area is 3.9 km (2 sq mi), and the maximum elevation is nine metres.
441:, circa 1967, may be seen here. Hull Island Post Office opened on 1 January 1939 and closed around January 1964. After being abandoned, the island was reoccupied by American authorities in 1970 and administered from the
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The 2000 surveys (Obura, et al.) found that the extent of algae cover showed evidence of high nutrient levels by a high cover of filamentous wispy brown algae on all surfaces including rock, coral rubble,
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there catching turtles. It continued to be generally known by this name until the
Republic of Kiribati was granted independence in 1979, when its name was changed to the I-Kiribati
418:, and was apparently not claimed (unlike the other Phoenix Islands) by American guano diggers. The British flag was raised there on 11 July 1889, and the island became part of the
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in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The 164,200-square-mile (425,300-square-kilometer) marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including Orano.
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445:. British and American claims to the island ended in 1979 with the independence of Kiribati from Great Britain and the signing of the
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in which the US retains the right to re-establish a military base. Administration was transferred to
Kiribati authority in 1981.
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No one is certain who discovered Orona or when, but history shows that it was named "Hull Island" in honor of
Commodore
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colony. Orona was leased in 1916 to a
Captain Allen of the "Samoan Shipping and Trading Company", and became a
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Although occupied at various times during the past, including as late as 2004, Orona is uninhabited today.
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Unlike Manra, whose lagoon is too salty for marine life, Orona's lagoon teems with fish and giant clams.
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stands on the eastern tip of the island, together with ruins of shelters, graves and other platforms.
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A Directory for the
Navigation of the Pacific Ocean: The islands, etc., of the Pacific Ocean
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Obura, D. O., Stone, G., Mangubhai, S., Bailey, S., Yoshinaga, A., and Barrel, R. (2011).
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Orona, together with the other
Phoenix Islands, was proclaimed in 2008 to be part of the
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plantation. Allen's lease was bought out by the
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Digest of United States
Practice in International Law, Vol. 1979, pp. 783
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635:. Government of Kiribati. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019
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were located on the island in 2009, as well as more than 20 cats.
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603:"Pacific Nation Bans Fishing in One of World's Largest Marine Parks"
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A survey of Orona carried out in 2006 did not detect rats. However,
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Lush Orona Island, part of the remote
Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Remains of the Orona post office, from when Orona was inhabited.
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728:"Baseline marine biological surveys of the Phoenix Islands"
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The island was briefly reoccupied between 2001 and 2004 by
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when he visited the island on 26 August 1840 in the
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Pacific islands claimed under the Guano
Islands Act
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Location of Orona in Kiribati and the Pacific Ocean
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847:. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010
460:supported by a patrol boat of the Kiribati Navy.
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702:. New England Aquarium - Phoenix Islands Blog
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591:Kiribati Constitution of 12 July 1979
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431:Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme
168:3.9 km (1.5 sq mi)
874:US-Kiribati Treaty of Friendship
823:News from the LinNix in Kiribati
633:"Phoenix Islands Protected Area"
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677:"Hull Island - Phoenix Group"
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524:Lagoon shore on Orona Island.
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564:List of Guano Island claims
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1217:Phoenix Islands (Kiribati)
420:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
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27:Pacific island of Kiribati
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845:"Rawaki Islands - Orona"
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607:National Geographic News
1247:Former disputed islands
735:Atoll Research Bulletin
244:Orona's flora and fauna
467:, the world's largest
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228:Kiribati declared the
74:NASA Satellite Imagery
910:Geography of Kiribati
469:marine protected area
309:Goniastrea stelligera
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500:Orona Island sunset.
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1164:Outline of Kiribati
381:, USN by Commander
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212:in the Republic of
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338:chalcidicum
206:Hull Island
157:Archipelago
49:Hull Island
18:Orona Atoll
1211:Categories
1084:Kiritimati
1046:Nikumaroro
951:Butaritari
706:25 January
683:25 January
639:25 January
580:References
454:trepangers
379:Isaac Hull
336:Cyphastrea
329:Leptastrea
322:Echinopora
315:Goniastrea
192:Population
1099:Tabuaeran
991:Tabiteuea
851:March 14,
456:from the
402:Frenchman
398:Tahitians
389:Vincennes
343:Montipora
324:lamellosa
290:Montipora
152:Geography
1184:172°10′W
861:cite web
826:Archived
741:: 1–61.
649:cite web
542:See also
331:purpurea
317:edwardsi
303:Tridacna
284:Halimeda
272:Tridacna
214:Kiribati
180:Kiribati
32:Kiribati
1104:Teraina
981:Nonouti
976:Nikunau
971:Marakei
936:Aranuka
931:Abemama
926:Abaiang
439:Arariki
410:Unlike
385:of the
362:History
352:varians
1181:4°30′S
1125:Banaba
1056:Rawaki
1026:Canton
1002:Tarawa
996:Tamana
986:Onotoa
961:Maiana
941:Arorae
799:5 July
617:15 May
406:Orona.
400:and a
350:Pavona
222:lagoon
218:Kanton
1134:Reefs
1051:Orona
1036:Manra
966:Makin
956:Kuria
731:(PDF)
424:copra
416:guano
412:Manra
372:marae
368:Manra
366:Like
250:Manra
248:Like
202:Orona
133:Orona
100:Orona
41:Orona
946:Beru
867:link
853:2009
801:2013
761:link
708:2015
685:2015
655:link
641:2015
619:2015
387:USS
354:and
165:Area
34:and
743:doi
739:589
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