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starvation, cold and disease, Osman knew he could not hold on throughout the winter and that no help from outside was available. Instead of surrendering, he chose to try and break through the siege lines. On 9 December, the
Ottoman army attacked a sector of the Russian line and nearly broke through. But the Russians recovered and closed the breach after bitter hand-to-hand fighting, driving the Ottomans back. But the enveloped army could not return to Plevna because during the engagement with the Russian forces, the Romanian army had stormed the defenses protecting their rear, making a withdrawal to the fortifications impossible. Furthermore, Osman was wounded in the leg by a bullet and his troops panicked, thinking that he had died. With his army caught between the Allies, Osman Pasha had no choice but to capitulate surrender to
854:. This attack proved to be successful, and the Russians were able to cut off all communications and supply lines to Pleven. By now, Osman Pasha's army had been reinforced to 30,000, while the Russian forces numbered 100,000. On 11 September, the Russians resumed the artillery bombardment, and mounted another assault. The assault succeeded in taking a few redoubts but Osman Pasha retook most of them. After the third battle, the Russians lost roughly 20,000 men, while the Ottomans lost only 5,000. Since the beginning of the war, Russian and Romanian losses reached up to 50,000. As more Russian and Romanian troops joined the siege, all attacks were halted. General
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and
Winchester repeaters, which severely outgunned and outranged the Russians). He also received 5,000 soldiers as reinforcements. On 30 July the Russians attacked again only to lose over 7,000 soldiers (almost a third of the attacking force). By now, with the Russian forces severely depleted and demoralized, Osman Pasha could have launched a counterattack that would have endangered the whole Russian army south of the Danube, but he chose to obey his orders and instead defended Plevna.
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850:, who assumed command of the attacking army. On 31 July the Russians attacked Pleven again, but Ottoman troops managed to repulse the assault. After this second engagement, the Russians lost 10.000 men, while Ottomans lost 2,000. After suffering heavy casualties during the assault, the Russians sent out scouts, and resolved to cut off the Ottoman supply lines. To this end, Russian forces
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troops were driven back and he was struck in the leg by a stray bullet. Rumors of Osman Pasha's death spread panic, and
Ottoman troops were driven back and enveloped by Romanian forces. At the end of the breakout attempt, the Ottomans had lost 4,000, while the Russians lost 2,000. The next day, Osman Pasha capitulated, surrendering the city to the Romanian Colonel
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around 40,000. Against Carol's wishes, the Allies launched another large scale attack on Plevna on 11 September. After two days of fighting, even though the Allies had managed to dislodge the
Ottomans from a few of the redoubts, almost all of them were recaptured, with the exception of Grivitza 1, taken by the Romanian soldiers.
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Reinforcements began arriving to both sides, as fighting intensified, and the
Russians launched an assault. During the first assault, the Russians suffered 4,000 casualties, while the Ottomans suffered 1,000. After this, Osman Pasha strengthened his defences. The Russians were reinforced by the army
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on 16 July 1877. The
Russians, knowing that Osman Pasha was heading to Nikopol, planned to intercept and attack his forces. Osman Pasha's troops were 20 miles away from Nikopol. Osman Pasha quickly created a strong network of fortifications, raising earthworks with redoubts, digging trenches and gun
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as he requested. His tomb was personally commissioned by Abdülhamit II, who regarded him as one of his greatest generals. He is still revered in Turkey today as a sort of tragic hero who displayed gallant perseverance in the face of hopeless odds, and a
Turkish flag is often seen draped on his tomb.
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The
Russian-Romanian army closed in by 24 October, as supplies began to run low in the city. On 9 December, Osman Pasha decided to attempt replay attack and attacked the Russian contingent during the night. Close-quarters combat ensued, but the Russian forces outnumbered the Ottomans. Osman Pasha's
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After that, Osman set about preparing for the next attack. He took advantage of the natural landscape and built a strong network of forts, trench lines, and redoubts that enabled him to fully use his superior armament (his troops had Krupp breech-loading artillery, long range
Peabody-Martini rifles
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The Allies could not withstand such severe casualties, so they settled in for a siege and fully surrounded Plevna. Osman Pasha asked for permission to withdraw before the encirclement was complete, but he was denied. By
December, with food and ammunition running low and his troops suffering from
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asking for Romanian support. The Romanian Army sent 40,000 soldiers with 112 guns, modern Krupp pieces equal to those of the Ottomans, and Carol I was named commander of the joint Russian-Romanian troops around Plevna. By now, the Allied Army numbered 80,000 soldiers against an Ottoman force of
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emplacements. On 19 July, Russian troops reached Pleven and started bombarding the town. The next day Russian troops continued the bombardment, eventually forcing some Ottoman units off the outer defences.
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678:, the last important natural obstacle before Constantinople itself, but they could not risk that if they had a strong enemy force behind them. So he moved his army 20 miles south of Nikopol, at
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based heavy metal band Kostnatění covered the Plevne March, composed in memory of Gazi Osman Pasha, on their EP "Oheň hoří tam, kde padl" (Fire burns where it falls) released in 2022.
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577:. In 1859 he was appointed as a military representative in the forming of the cadastral and census map of the Ottoman Empire, a job he fulfilled for the next two years.
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with his army. The Ottoman high command ordered Osman Pasha to reinforce Nikopol with 20,000 soldiers. While Osman was on his way to Nikopol, the city
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518:. His father was a civil worker who, soon after Osman's birth, was appointed to a position in the Ottoman capital, so the family moved to
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from the Ottoman Empire, he returned from Russian captivity and received a hero's welcome in Constantinople. He was awarded the title of
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into Bulgaria and Osman, with his army of 15,000 men and 174 cannons, was tasked with protecting the important fortress of
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proclaimed its independence and declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Osman Pasha, who had at that time his headquarters at
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of all time, many songs have been written for him, and many places have been named after him. This is mainly because he
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came to see the situation of the siege. He was experienced in siege warfare, and decided to encircle the city.
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942:(2nd ed.). London, Paris & Melbourne: Cassell and Company Limited. pp. 366–368
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Osman Nuri was born into the prominent Muslim Turkish Yağcıoğulları family of the city of
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On the night of 4 to 5 April 1900, he died in Constantinople. He was buried next to the
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26:"Gazi Osman Pasha" redirects here. For the district of Istanbul named after him, see
1217:"Kostnatění - Oheň hoří tam, kde padl - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives"
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735:("warrior" or "veteran" or "victorious") for gallantry and promoted to the rank of
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620:, but also caught a disease which forced him to return to Constantinople in 1871.
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Dupuy, Trevor N.; Johnson, Curt; and Bongard, David L. (1992) "Osman Nuri Pasha"
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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1
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917:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 351–352.
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1330:. Potomac Books Inc. (an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press), 2013.
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Osman attended the Kuleli Military High School and then graduated from the
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for five months against superior Russo-Romanian forces in 1877 during the
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After a few months of rest, he was placed in charge of the Third Army in
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The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914
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was composed for his achievements in Plevna. He would go on serving as
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and returned for a short while to Constantinople, before being sent to
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1323:, edited by Alexander Mikaberidze. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011.
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1031:(in Turkish). Deniz Harp Okulu (DHO), Pusula Dergisi. Archived from
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588:. In 1866 he was dispatched to another troubled area of the Empire,
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by the Sultan and the Ottoman military anthem, still used today by
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Osman knew that the Russian's next objective would be to cross the
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which marked the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Balkans.
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U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS
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Baumann, Robert F. "Leadership at Plevna, 11-12 September 1877"
667:. Before he could get there, the city fell on 16 July after the
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Ottoman military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
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Gaziosmanpaşa Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, ISBN none;
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declared war on the Ottomans. The Russian troops crossed the
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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: An Encyclopedia
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The Defence of Plevna; Written by One who Took Part in It
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467:. Being one of the most respected and decorated Ottoman
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The anthem of Ghazi Osman Pacha by the Ottoman Mehteran
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565:. After the end of the war, Osman was appointed to the
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was signed on 13 July, which recognized an autonomous
608:, Third Class Order (Gold). His next appointment was
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in Gold for his services to the Empire. He was made
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Osman Pasha in the early days of his military career
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19th-century civil servants from the Ottoman Empire
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Gazi Osman Paşa, 1833–1900: askeri ve siyasi hayatı
647:, so he was moved to the Fourth Army. In 1876, the
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1248:(6th ed.) Larousse Kingfisher Chambers, New York,
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1057:(in Turkish). bilgievi. March 2017. Archived from
829:in 1877 was significant, as it was the site of an
1293:; reprinted 1990 by Ministry of Culture, Ankara,
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612:, in 1868, where he was promoted to the rank of
1277:Von Herbert, Captain Frederick William (1911).
776:Photograph of Osman Nuri Pasha by the brothers
655:, defeated the Serbian Army, but in April 1877
561:, where his bravery secured him a promotion as
1244:Parry Melanie (ed.) (1997) "Osman Nuri Pasha"
919:...Turkish pasha and mushir (field marshal)...
198:Marshal Gazi Osman Pasha, 1895. Photograph by
19:For other people named Osman Nuri Pasha, see
569:and, a year later, had risen to the rank of
1450:Burials at Fatih Mosque Graveyard, Istanbul
1335:Plevne kahramanı Gazi Osman Paşa, 1833–1900
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1133:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
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1111:(in Turkish). Prof. Tayyib Gökbilgin. 2013
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1262:Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography
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152:Learn how and when to remove this message
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852:attacked the Ottoman garrison at Lovcha
557:Arm at the beginning and served in the
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1333:Yenice, İhsan and Fidan, Raşit (2001)
1319:Murray, Nicholas. “Nuri Osman Pasha,”
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865:Osman Pasha and Alexander II of Russia
441:, Ottoman Empire – 4 to 5 April 1900,
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1425:Field marshals of the Ottoman Empire
1344:Orkun Yayınevi, Istanbul, ISBN none;
1265:HarperCollins Publishers, New York,
747:, First Class Order (Gold), and the
689:The Russians were quick to recover.
639:where he was appointed in charge of
596:. His efforts there were noticed by
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90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
827:Niğbolu (Nicopolis, modern Nikopol)
487:, though the city eventually fell.
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968:"Plevne kahramanı Gazi Osman Paşa"
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592:, which was engulfed in a massive
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59:, and there is no family name.
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831:important Ottoman victory in 1396
445:, Ottoman Empire), also known as
21:Osman Nuri Pasha (disambiguation)
1435:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
1246:Chambers Biographical Dictionary
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1440:Prisoners of war held by Russia
1400:Ottoman Military College alumni
1395:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
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1164:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
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1055:"Gazi Osman Paşa (1832 - 1900)"
77:needs additional citations for
1308:Boğaziçi Yayınları, Istanbul,
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1106:"Plevne kahramanı ve Macarlar"
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32:Gaziosmanpaşa (disambiguation)
1:
1445:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
1291:– via Internet Archive.
1192:"Plevne Marşı, by Kostnatění"
966:Bahreddin Yediyıldız (1983).
950:– via Internet Archive.
888:
805:During the Russian attack on
794:Mosque of Fatih Sultan Mehmet
374:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
825:The Ottoman capitulation at
717:and the independence of the
541:Arm at the beginning of the
7:
1130:Selcuk Aksin Somel (2003).
580:In 1861, Osman was sent to
10:
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993:"Gazi Osman Paşa Hakkında"
743:title, Osman received the
727:Principality of Montenegro
358:Second Serbian–Ottoman War
36:
25:
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1357:Studies In Battle Command
1342:Gazi Osman Paşa ve Plevne
1083:. osmanli700.gen.tr. 1999
940:Memories of War and Peace
856:Eduard Ivanovich Todleben
598:Serdar-ı Ekrem Omar Pasha
507:Statue of Osman Pasha in
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350:Cretan revolt (1866–1869)
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1304:Hülagü, M. Metin (1993)
997:Gaziosmanpaşa University
715:Principality of Bulgaria
600:, so he was promoted to
531:Ottoman Military College
491:Early life and education
936:"Soldiers I Have Known"
914:Encyclopædia Britannica
719:Principality of Romania
695:Principality of Romania
1221:www.metal-archives.com
999:. 2015. Archived from
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745:Order of the Medjidiye
723:Principality of Serbia
649:Principality of Serbia
627:. In 1873 he became a
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368:Battle of the Chernaya
260:Fatih Mosque, Istanbul
30:. For other uses, see
1405:Ottoman Army generals
1283:. London: John Murray
908:"Osman (pasha)"
864:
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809:, Osman Pasha was in
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753:Marshal of the Palace
739:. In addition to his
645:Ibrahim Dervish Pasha
606:Order of the Medjidie
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282:41.01972°N 28.94972°E
212:Marshal of the Palace
16:Ottoman field marshal
972:Hacettepe University
815:fell to the Russians
86:improve this article
788:Tomb of Osman Pasha
769:on four occasions.
709:In 1878, after the
691:Grand Duke Nicholas
278: /
1340:Uçar, Nail (1978)
1326:Murray, Nicholas.
1081:"Gazi Osman Pasha"
1035:on 28 January 2016
1029:"Gazi Osman Pasha"
1027:Emre Ozan (2015).
878:In Popular Culture
867:
848:Carol I of Romania
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629:lieutenant general
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573:with the title of
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287:41.01972; 28.94972
101:"Osman Nuri Pasha"
1390:People from Tokat
1177:978-1-59884-336-1
932:Forbes, Archibald
669:Battle of Nikopol
485:Russo-Turkish War
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243:(1900-04-05)
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84:Please help
79:verification
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1385:1900 deaths
1380:1832 births
1226:17 February
1201:17 February
559:Crimean War
543:Crimean War
362:Crimean War
285: /
208:Nickname(s)
1374:Categories
1196:Kostnatění
889:References
846:of Prince
780:, ca. 1895
535:lieutenant
457:), was an
298:Allegiance
273:28°56′59″E
228:Rûm Eyalet
180:Osman Nuri
142:March 2017
112:newspapers
49:, the
47:Osman Nuri
43:given name
883:Minnesota
759:, called
741:Adjutancy
477:Bulgarian
270:41°1′11″N
1149:15 March
1115:15 March
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725:and the
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524:Istanbul
479:town of
316:Service/
262:, Turkey
248:Istanbul
37:In this
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946:26 July
807:Nikopol
676:Balkans
665:Nikopol
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625:Rumelia
602:colonel
571:captain
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459:Ottoman
451:Turkish
126:scholar
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388:Awards
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255:Buried
171:Mushir
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1109:(PDF)
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653:Vidin
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610:Yemen
590:Crete
586:Syria
522:(now
516:Tokat
509:Tokat
439:Tokat
224:Tokat
185:Pasha
133:JSTOR
119:books
56:Pasha
51:title
1310:ISBN
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1289:2018
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732:Gazi
475:the
473:held
336:Rank
238:Died
221:1832
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175:Gazi
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