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with them. Parezo and Fowler refer to "he Mbuti (Batwa) Pygmies and 'Red
Africans'" and note that "McGee called them all Batwa, 'real aboriginals of the Dark Continent' ... was slightly taller than the other Pygmies, a characteristic common to his society, the Badinga or Chiri-chiri. Verner considered the Chiri-chiris a Pygmy society, and McGee and the press decided not to quibble over details." (pp. 200–203). Many sources, e.g.
818:
658:, which holds a life mask and body cast of Ota Benga. The display is still labeled "Pygmy", rather than indicating Benga's name, despite objections beginning a century ago from Verner and repeated by others. Publication of Bradford's book in 1992 inspired widespread interest in Ota Benga's story and stimulated creation of many other works, both fictional and non-fiction, such as:
453:, director of the zoo, initially enlisted Benga to help maintain the animal habitats. However, Hornaday saw that people took more notice of Benga than the animals at the zoo, and he eventually created an exhibition to feature Benga. At the zoo, Benga was allowed to roam the grounds, but there is no record that he was ever paid for his work. He became fond of an
415:
Benga accompanied Verner when he returned the other
Africans to the Congo. He briefly lived amongst the Batwa while continuing to accompany Verner on his African adventures. He married a Batwa woman who later died of snakebite, but little is known of this second marriage. Not feeling that he belonged
386:
When Verner arrived a month later, he realized the pygmies were more prisoners than performers. Their attempts to congregate peacefully in the forest on
Sundays were thwarted by the crowds' fascination with them. McGee's attempts to present a "serious" scientific exhibit were also overturned. On July
207:
To enhance the primitive image and presumably protect himself if need be from the ape, he was given a functional bow and arrow. He used this instead to shoot at visitors who mocked him and partially as a result of this the exhibition was ended. Except for a brief visit to Africa with Verner after the
431:
What at first held his attention now made him want to flee. It was maddening to be inside – to be swallowed whole – so long. He had an image of himself, stuffed, behind glass, but somehow still alive, crouching over a fake campfire, feeding meat to a lifeless child. Museum silence became a
1040:
Bradford and Blume describe Benga as Mbuti and write, "A feature article described Ota Benga as 'a dwarfy, black specimen of sad-eyed humanity.' He was sad because the others were Batwa but he was not ..." (p. 116). They later mention that he "never fully assimilated into the Batwa" during his time
551:
We do not quite understand all the emotion which others are expressing in the matter ... It is absurd to make moan over the imagined humiliation and degradation Benga is suffering. The pygmies ... are very low in the human scale, and the suggestion that Benga should be in a school instead of a cage
423:
in New York City while he was tending to other business. Verner negotiated with the curator Henry Bumpus over the presentation of his acquisitions from Africa and potential employment. While Bumpus was put off by Verner's request of what he thought was the prohibitively high salary of $ 175 a month
630:
broke out, a return to the Congo became impossible as passenger ship traffic ended. Benga became depressed as his hopes for a return to his homeland faded. On March 20, 1916, at the age of 32 or 33, he built a ceremonial fire, chipped off the caps on his teeth, and shot himself in the heart with a
436:
The disaffected Benga attempted to find relief by exploiting his employers' presentation of him as a 'savage'. He tried to slip past the guards as a large crowd was leaving the premises; when asked on one occasion to seat a wealthy donor's wife, he pretended to misunderstand, instead hurling the
642:. At some point, the remains of both men went missing. Local oral history indicates that Hayes and Benga were eventually moved from the Old Cemetery to White Rock Hill Cemetery, a burial ground that later fell into disrepair. Benga received a historic marker in Lynchburg in 2017.
572:
The zoo finally removed Benga from the grounds. Verner was unsuccessful in his continued search for employment, but he occasionally spoke to Benga. The two had agreed that it was in Benga's best interests to remain in the United States despite the unwelcome spotlight at the zoo.
317:
had saved his life, and spoke of the bond that had grown between them and his own curiosity about the world Verner came from. Four Batwa, all male, ultimately decided to accompany them. Verner also recruited other
Africans who were not pygmies: five men from the
196:, a businessman searching for African people for the exhibition, who took him to the United States. While at the Bronx Zoo, Benga was allowed to walk the grounds before and after he was exhibited in the zoo's Monkey House. Benga was placed in a cage with an
552:
ignores the high probability that school would be a place ... from which he could draw no advantage whatever. The idea that men are all much alike except as they have had or lacked opportunities for getting an education out of books is now far out of date.
387:
28, 1904, the
Africans performed to the crowd's preconceived notion that they were "savages", resulting in the First Illinois Regiment being called in to control the mob. Benga and the other Africans eventually performed in a warlike fashion, imitating
424:
and was not impressed by the man's credentials, he was interested in Benga. Benga initially enjoyed his time at the museum, where he was given a
Southern-style linen suit to wear when he entertained. He became homesick for his own culture.
556:
After the controversy, Benga was allowed to roam the grounds of the zoo. In response to the situation, as well as verbal and physical prods from the crowds, he became more mischievous and somewhat violent. Around this time, an article in
290:. Benga's wife and two children were slaughtered; he survived because he was on a hunting expedition when the Force Publique attacked his village. He was later captured by slave traders from the enemy "Baschelel" (
305:
pygmy village visited previously. He purchased Benga from the
Bashilele slave traders, giving them a pound of salt and a bolt of cloth in exchange. Verner later claimed he had rescued Benga from cannibals.
437:
chair across the room, just missing the woman's head. Meanwhile, Verner was struggling financially and had made little progress in his negotiations with the museum. He soon found another home for Benga.
351:. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition had already begun, and the Africans immediately became the center of attention. Benga was particularly popular, and his name was reported variously by the press as
1770:
2067:
475:, with Polly the chimpanzee Verner brought from the Congo, in 1906. Only five promotional photos exist of Benga's time here, none of them in the "Monkey House"; cameras were not allowed.
607:
So that he could more easily be part of local society, Gordon arranged for Benga's teeth to be capped and bought him
American-style clothes. He received tutoring from Lynchburg poet
371:
in his early youth as ritual decoration. The
Africans learned to charge for photographs and performances. One newspaper account promoted Benga as "the only genuine African
566:
460:
The events leading to his "exhibition" alongside Dohong were gradual: Benga spent some of his time in the Monkey House exhibit, and the zoo encouraged him to hang his
286:
as a militia to oppress the local people and communities, most of whom were used as forced laborers in the extraction and exploitation of Congo's massive supply of
525:
Our race, we think, is depressed enough, without exhibiting one of us with the apes ... We think we are worthy of being considered human beings, with souls.
244:. This would enable Benga to be more readily accepted in local society. Benga was tutored in English and began to work at a Lynchburg tobacco factory.
689:
464:
there, and to shoot his bow and arrow at a target. On the first day of the exhibit, September 8, 1906, visitors found Benga in the Monkey House.
769:
2016 – Radio
Diaries, a Peabody Award-winning radio show, tells the story of Ota Benga in "The Man in the Zoo" on the Radio Diaries podcast.
724:
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Phillips Verner Bradford, the grandson of Samuel Phillips Verner, together with Author Harvey Blume wrote a book on Benga, entitled
2057:
507:, who lobbied to put Ota Benga on display alongside apes at the Bronx Zoo. A decade later, Grant became prominent nationally as a
635:
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for his release from the Bronx Zoo. In late 1906, the mayor released Benga to the custody of James H. Gordon, who supervised the
313:("white man"). Verner was unable to recruit any villagers to join him for travel to the United States until Benga said that the
1784:
Weaver, Jace (2003). "When the Demons Came: (Retro)Spectacle among the Savages". In Kroeber, Karl; Kroeber, Clifton B. (eds.).
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that Gordon supervised. As the unwelcome press attention continued, in January 1910, Gordon arranged for Benga's relocation to
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Once he felt his English had improved sufficiently, Benga discontinued his formal education. He began working at a Lynchburg
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The Darwinian theory is absolutely opposed to Christianity, and a public demonstration in its favor should not be permitted.
457:
named Dohong, "the presiding genius of the Monkey House", who had been taught to perform tricks and imitate human behavior.
1537:
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1771:"WCS Bronx Zoo Apologizes For 'Disgraceful' Treatment Of Ota Benga, African Man Displayed In Monkey House 114 Years Ago"
1579:
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301:, to bring back an assortment of pygmies to be part of an exhibition. Verner came across Benga while en route to a
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569:. We send our missionaries to Africa to Christianize the people, and then we bring one here to brutalize him."
297:
In 1904, American businessman and explorer Samuel Phillips Verner traveled to Africa, under contract from the
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in order to improve his English, and began to attend elementary school at the Baptist Seminary in Lynchburg.
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A number of clergymen backed Gordon. In defense of the depiction of Benga as a lesser human, an editorial in
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The two spent several weeks together before reaching the Batwa village. The villagers did not trust the
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2007 – McCray's early poems about Benga were adapted as a performance piece; the work debuted at the
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in America", and claimed that " worth the five cents he charges for showing them to visitors".
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1991:
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Gordon thought the exhibit was hostile to Christianity and was effectively a promotion of
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clergymen immediately protested to zoo officials about the exhibit. Said James H. Gordon,
8:
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367:. He had an amiable personality, and visitors were eager to see his teeth that had been
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Hornaday considered the exhibit a valuable spectacle for visitors; he was supported by
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2001:
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322:, including the son of King Ndombe, ruler of the Bakuba; and other related peoples.
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32:
1996:
1964:
Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
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1580:"Basest Instinct: Case of the Zoo Pygmy Exhibited a Familiar Face of Human Nature"
843:
around the same period. Ishi died on March 25, 1916, five days after Ota's death.
2016:
1114:
942:
Crawford, John R. (1982). "Pioneer African Missionary: Samuel Phillips Verner".
1541:
1523:
852:
692:. He incorporated original movies recorded by Verner in the early 20th century.
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222:, spokesman for a delegation of black churches, petitioned New York City Mayor
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2010 – The story of Ota Benga was the inspiration for a concept album by the
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335:
169:
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2011 – Italian band Mamuthones recorded the song "Ota Benga" in their album
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around the nation published editorials strongly opposing Benga's treatment.
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Toward the end of 1906, Benga was released into Reverend Gordon's custody.
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399:(featured as "The Human Tyger" – with special dispensation from the
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close of the St. Louis fair, Benga lived in the United States, mostly in
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802:, apologized for the zoo's treatment of Benga and promotion of eugenics.
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with the Batwa, Benga chose to return with Verner to the United States.
840:
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Similarities have been observed between the treatment of Ota Benga and
432:
source of torment, a kind of noise; he needed birdsong, breezes, trees.
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in 2007, with McCray as narrator and original music by Kevin Simmonds.
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Anthropology Goes to the Fair: The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition
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Verner eventually arranged for Benga to stay in a spare room at the
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Benga was buried in an unmarked grave in the black section of the
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as saying, "It is too bad that there is not some society like the
347:, in late June 1904 without Verner, as he had been taken ill with
695:
2005 – A fictionalized account of his life portrayed in the film
615:
461:
348:
200:, regarded as both an offense to his humanity and a promotion of
91:
1812:
1468:"Man caged in NYC zoo to receive historical marker in Lynchburg"
684:
2002 – The Mbuti man was the subject of the short documentary,
654:(1992). During his research for the book, Bradford visited the
392:
287:
722:
2008 – Benga inspired the character of Ngunda Oti in the film
427:
In 1992 the writers Bradford and Blume imagined his feelings:
1115:"Caged Congolese teen: Why a zoo took 114 years to apologise"
791:
a play based on Ota Benga's story, written by Jonathan Payne.
264:
1941:
Raw Deal: Horrible and Ironic Stories of Forgotten Americans
1846:
Sideshow U.S.A: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination
817:
2068:
American people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
1966:. Burlington: University of Vermont Press. pp. 43–51.
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in 1914 stopped all passenger ship travel. Benga developed
2009:
172:) man, known for being featured in an exhibit at the 1904
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2015 – Journalist Pamela Newkirk published the biography
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released a song titled "Ota Benga's Name" on their album
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people, Ota Benga lived in equatorial forests near the
445:
At the suggestion of Bumpus, Verner took Benga to the
233:
In 1910, Gordon arranged for Benga to be cared for in
1819:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 41.
1738:"Racist Incident From Bronx Zoo's Past Draws Apology"
1049:, simply describe him as "a Batwa Pygmy from Africa".
410:
1201:
1199:
1078:
1882:McCray, Carrie Allen (2012). Kevin Simmonds (ed.).
1018:
The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad
339:
Benga (second from left) and the Batwa in St. Louis
824:, a Native American who has been compared to Benga
247:He tried to return to Africa, but the outbreak of
2010:Ota Benga Alliance for Peace, Healing and Dignity
2006:February 20, 2004, discusses history of Ota Benga
1997:Cecil Adams answer to "Are Pygmies really human?"
1863:Bradford, Phillips Verner; Blume, Harvey (1992).
1813:Kroeber, Karl; Kroeber, Clifton B., eds. (2003).
1196:
1165:. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. September 11, 1906.
567:Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
2029:
1886:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
701:, starring Joseph Fiennes, Kristin Scott Thomas.
403:) grew to admire Benga, and gave him one of his
237:, where he paid for his clothes and to have his
1641:
1089:"Looking Back at the Strange Case of Ota Benga"
1006:"The Language Of Genes" by Steve Jones, p. 197.
618:factory, and began to plan a return to Africa.
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1453:
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1396:
1384:
1336:
1322:"Man and Monkey Show Disapproved by Clergy".
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1903:Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga
1685:"UAB - CAS – Department of Theatre - Savage"
1644:Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga
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765:Spectacle: The Astonishing Life of Ota Benga
1419:
1417:
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944:Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985)
776:adapted Ota Benga's story into the musical
666:, was produced by the Signature Theater in
1317:
1315:
31:
16:Mbuti pygmy featured in an exhibit in 1904
2023:http://www.otabengathedocumentaryfilm.com
1988:"From the Belgian Congo to the Bronx Zoo"
1924:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1920:Parezo, Nancy J.; Fowler, Don D. (2007).
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495:hibited each afternoon during September.
493:tral Africa, by Dr. Samuel P. Verner. Ex-
491:Kasai River, Congo Free State, South Cen-
1848:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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1414:
1354:
1342:
941:
907:Graves, Katherine (September 15, 2017).
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749:, a poetry collection, was published by
710:Songs from the Forgotten Future Volume 1
487:Age, 23 years. Height, 4 feet 11 inches.
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377:
334:
101:White Rock Cemetery, Lynchburg, Virginia
1900:
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1375:Smith (1998). See chapter on Ota Benga.
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330:
188:. Benga had been purchased from native
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1881:
1783:
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1540:. Fairfield University. Archived from
1494:"Demeaned in Life, Forgotten in Death"
1466:Doss, Catherine (September 12, 2017).
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987:
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753:, whose family had taken care of Benga
1961:
1938:
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1363:
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712:, which tells the story of Ota Benga.
73:
1465:
600:, where he lived with the family of
489:Weight, 103 pounds. Brought from the
832:, the sole remaining member of the
774:University of Alabama at Birmingham
735:musical ensemble May Day Orchestra
725:The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
13:
1682:
1538:"Memorial details – Ben Halm"
1496:. The Lynchburg News & Advance
677:by Dr. Ben B. Halm, was staged at
675:Ota Benga, Elegy for the Elephant,
656:American Museum of Natural History
479:Soon, a sign on the exhibit read:
421:American Museum of Natural History
411:American Museum of Natural History
275:. His people were attacked by the
148:4 ft 11 in (150 cm)
14:
2089:
1981:
1622:"Ota Benga: the Documentary Film"
1578:Hornaday, Ann (January 3, 2009).
932:Bradford and Blume (1992), p. 54.
1884:Ota Benga under My Mother's Roof
1642:Newkirk, Pamela (June 2, 2015).
1522:. Broadway Plays. Archived from
1492:Laurent, Darrel (May 29, 2005).
1326:. September 10, 1906. p. 1.
1061:"The man who was caged in a zoo"
1059:Newkirk, Pamela (June 3, 2015).
988:Keller, Mitch (August 6, 2006).
747:Ota Benga Under My Mother's Roof
391:they saw at the Exhibition. The
2058:Suicides by firearm in Virginia
1867:. New York: St. Martins Press.
1865:Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo
1837:
1806:
1777:
1736:Jacobs, Julia (July 29, 2020).
1729:
1704:
1676:
1672:, Radio Diaries, March 25, 2016
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1231:"Oto Benga - Human Zoo Exhibit"
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704:2006 – The Brooklyn-based band
652:Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo
483:The African Pygmy, "Ota Benga."
1962:Spiro, Jonathan Peter (2008).
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1009:
1000:
935:
926:
900:
855:, called the "Hottentot Venus"
758:Ota Benga the Documentary Film
686:Ota Benga: A Pygmy in America,
325:
164: – March 20, 1916) was a
1:
1716:Williamstown Theatre Festival
893:
796:Wildlife Conservation Society
785:Williamstown Theatre Festival
579:
299:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
258:
255:and died by suicide in 1916.
174:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
158:
54:
2063:19th-century American slaves
1790:University of Nebraska Press
1565:Ota Benga:A Pygmy in America
1020:. New York: Pantheon Books.
864:
839:tribe, who was displayed in
586:Howard Colored Orphan Asylum
440:
228:Howard Colored Orphan Asylum
212:, for the rest of his life.
7:
846:
662:1994 – John Strand's play,
584:Gordon placed Benga in the
505:New York Zoological Society
216:African-American newspapers
10:
2094:
1712:"A Human Being, of a Sort"
810:
284:King Leopold II of Belgium
1454:Bradford & Blume 1992
1409:Bradford & Blume 1992
1397:Bradford & Blume 1992
1385:Bradford & Blume 1992
1337:Bradford & Blume 1992
1307:Bradford & Blume 1992
1295:Bradford & Blume 1992
1283:Bradford & Blume 1992
1271:Bradford & Blume 1992
1256:Bradford & Blume 1992
1218:Bradford & Blume 1992
1206:Bradford & Blume 1992
1191:Bradford & Blume 1992
1146:Bradford & Blume 1992
1134:Bradford & Blume 1992
789:A Human Being, of a Sort,
645:
144:
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121:37.3989528°N 79.1328917°W
97:
87:
69:
46:
30:
23:
1901:Newkirk, Pamela (2015).
1309:, photo insert pp.138-9.
1179:Parezo & Fowler 2007
990:"The Scandal at the Zoo"
621:
2073:Congo Free State people
2015:April 13, 2021, at the
1816:Ishi in Three Centuries
1786:Ishi in Three Centuries
1095:. National Public Radio
638:, near his benefactor,
563:Robert Stuart MacArthur
343:The group was taken to
224:George B. McClellan Jr.
220:Robert Stuart MacArthur
184:exhibit in 1906 at the
126:37.3989528; -79.1328917
1844:Adams, Rachel (2001).
825:
717:Columbia Museum of Art
688:directed by Brazilian
554:
539:
527:
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476:
434:
383:
340:
194:Samuel Phillips Verner
39:St. Louis World's Fair
1992:National Public Radio
1990:, September 8, 2006,
1905:. New York: Amistad.
1563:Alfeu França (2002).
1441:Encyclopedia Virginia
1016:Evanzz, Karl (1999).
820:
588:, a church-sponsored
549:
535:
523:
509:racial anthropologist
481:
470:
429:
381:
369:filed to sharp points
338:
271:in what was then the
190:African slave traders
2078:Human zoo performers
1158:"Row Over a Pygmy".
679:Fairfield University
331:St. Louis World Fair
1939:Smith, Ken (1998).
1544:on November 2, 2007
1526:on August 17, 2010.
909:"Ota Benga Honored"
751:Carrie Allen McCray
668:Arlington, Virginia
598:Lynchburg, Virginia
503:, Secretary of the
345:St. Louis, Missouri
263:As a member of the
235:Lynchburg, Virginia
178:St. Louis, Missouri
117: /
88:Cause of death
80:Lynchburg, Virginia
2019:, Official Website
1742:The New York Times
1669:The Man in the Zoo
1411:, pp. 212–213
1399:, pp. 191–204
1387:, pp. 187–190
1339:, pp. 173–175
1324:The New York Times
1297:, pp. 172–174
1285:, pp. 165–166
1273:, pp. 159–168
1258:, pp. 151–158
1220:, pp. 118–121
1193:, pp. 109–110
1148:, pp. 102–103
1123:. August 27, 2020.
994:The New York Times
826:
798:, operator of the
559:The New York Times
544:The New York Times
477:
384:
341:
2002:The Straight Dope
1973:978-1-58465-715-6
1954:978-0-922233-20-5
1931:978-0-8032-3759-9
1912:978-0-06-220100-3
1893:978-1-61117-085-6
1874:978-0-312-08276-5
1855:978-0-226-00539-3
1799:978-0-8032-2757-6
1237:. August 23, 2014
1045:, p. 25 and
853:Saartjie Baartman
673:1997 – The play,
636:Old City Cemetery
631:borrowed pistol.
471:Ota Benga at the
401:Department of War
152:
151:
76:(aged 32–33)
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1773:. July 30, 2020.
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1554:
1553:
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1534:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1489:
1483:
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1457:
1451:
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1427:
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1394:
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1221:
1215:
1209:
1208:, pp. 12–16
1203:
1194:
1188:
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1176:
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1166:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1136:, pp. 97–98
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923:
921:
919:
904:
887:
884:
878:
875:
602:Gregory W. Hayes
519:African-American
451:William Hornaday
389:Native Americans
273:Congo Free State
202:social Darwinism
192:by the explorer
163:
160:
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
75:
63:Congo Free State
59:
56:
35:
21:
20:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2053:African Pygmies
2028:
2027:
2017:Wayback Machine
1984:
1974:
1955:
1932:
1913:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1840:
1835:
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1695:
1693:
1683:Bryant, Tyler.
1681:
1677:
1666:
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1661:
1654:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1610:. Allmusic.com.
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1584:Washington Post
1576:
1572:
1562:
1561:
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1128:
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1079:
1069:
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1057:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1028:
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1005:
1001:
986:
963:
940:
936:
931:
927:
917:
915:
905:
901:
896:
891:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
849:
837:Native American
815:
809:
681:in Connecticut.
648:
624:
582:
494:
492:
490:
488:
484:
443:
413:
333:
328:
282:established by
261:
239:sharpened teeth
161:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
102:
83:
77:
65:
60:
57:
53:
52:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1983:
1982:External links
1980:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1953:
1936:
1930:
1917:
1911:
1898:
1892:
1879:
1873:
1860:
1854:
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1833:
1832:
1826:978-0803227576
1825:
1805:
1798:
1792:. p. 41.
1776:
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1703:
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1653:978-0062201003
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1027:978-0679442608
1026:
1008:
999:
961:
934:
925:
913:The Critograph
898:
897:
895:
892:
889:
888:
879:
877:Or 1.50 m
869:
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866:
863:
862:
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848:
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811:Main article:
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626:In 1914, when
623:
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278:Force Publique
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74:March 20, 1916
71:
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2049:
2048:1916 suicides
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
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1975:
1969:
1965:
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1914:
1908:
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1876:
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1866:
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1456:, p. 231
1455:
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1257:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1181:, p. 204
1180:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
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1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1099:September 27,
1094:
1090:
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1055:
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978:
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970:
968:
966:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
929:
914:
910:
903:
899:
886:Or 47 kg
883:
874:
870:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
844:
842:
838:
835:
831:
823:
819:
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786:
782:
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771:
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766:
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640:Gregory Hayes
637:
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629:
619:
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516:
514:
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502:
501:Madison Grant
496:
485:
480:
474:
469:
465:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
438:
433:
428:
425:
422:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:Benga in 1904
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
337:
323:
321:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
240:
236:
231:
230:in Brooklyn.
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
156:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
109:37°23′56.23″N
100:
98:Resting place
96:
93:
90:
86:
81:
72:
68:
64:
51:Mbye Otabenga
49:
45:
40:
37:Benga at the
34:
29:
22:
19:
2038:1880s births
2000:
1963:
1943:. New York:
1940:
1921:
1902:
1883:
1864:
1845:
1838:Bibliography
1815:
1808:
1785:
1779:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1741:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1688:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1616:
1606:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:the original
1532:
1524:the original
1519:
1516:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1487:
1477:February 18,
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1461:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1426:, p. 49
1404:
1392:
1380:
1371:
1366:, p. 48
1351:, p. 47
1344:
1332:
1323:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1225:
1213:
1186:
1161:Wilkes-Barre
1159:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1092:
1068:. Retrieved
1065:the Guardian
1064:
1054:
1036:
1017:
1011:
1002:
993:
950:(1): 42–57.
947:
943:
937:
928:
916:. Retrieved
912:
902:
882:
873:
827:
807:Similar case
788:
777:
764:
757:
746:
739:
723:
709:
696:
690:Alfeu França
685:
674:
663:
651:
649:
633:
625:
613:
609:Anne Spencer
606:
583:
575:
571:
558:
555:
550:
542:
540:
536:
528:
524:
517:
498:
486:
482:
478:
459:
444:
435:
430:
426:
418:
414:
385:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
314:
310:
308:
296:
276:
262:
246:
232:
214:
206:
154:
153:
112:79°7′58.41″W
18:
2043:1916 deaths
1945:Blast Books
1788:. Lincoln:
1646:. Amistad.
1627:January 22,
1437:"Ota Benga"
1235:The Dabbler
794:2020 – the
772:2019 – The
628:World War I
547:suggested:
326:Exhibitions
269:Kasai River
249:World War I
180:, and as a
170:Congo pygmy
162: 1883
124: /
58: 1883
2032:Categories
1604:Day, May.
1589:January 6,
1548:January 6,
1424:Spiro 2008
1364:Spiro 2008
1349:Spiro 2008
1043:Adams 2001
918:August 31,
894:References
841:California
787:premiered
740:Mamuthones
706:Piñataland
698:Man to Man
580:Later life
513:eugenicist
405:arrowheads
259:Early life
253:depression
137:Occupation
1750:0362-4331
1696:April 13,
1607:Ota Benga
1518:Ota Benga
865:Footnotes
859:Human zoo
800:Bronx Zoo
733:St. Louis
664:Ota Benga
590:orphanage
531:Darwinism
473:Bronx Zoo
455:orangutan
449:in 1906.
447:Bronx Zoo
441:Bronx Zoo
294:) tribe.
292:Bashilele
198:orangutan
186:Bronx Zoo
182:human zoo
155:Ota Benga
25:Ota Benga
2013:Archived
1755:July 30,
1721:June 27,
1500:April 3,
956:23328464
847:See also
760:appeared
594:Brooklyn
397:Geronimo
373:cannibal
365:Otabenga
361:Ota Bang
357:Autobank
210:Virginia
1567:(film).
1241:May 18,
1093:NPR.org
1070:May 17,
783:2019 –
756:2012 –
745:2012 –
616:tobacco
561:quoted
462:hammock
395:leader
349:malaria
315:muzungu
311:muzungu
140:Hunting
92:Suicide
1970:
1951:
1928:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1852:
1823:
1796:
1748:
1650:
1163:Record
1024:
954:
778:Savage
646:Legacy
393:Apache
363:, and
353:Artiba
320:Bakuba
288:rubber
242:capped
145:Height
82:, U.S.
41:, 1904
952:JSTOR
622:Death
303:Batwa
265:Mbuti
166:Mbuti
1968:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1757:2020
1746:ISSN
1723:2019
1698:2019
1648:ISBN
1629:2019
1591:2009
1550:2009
1502:2006
1479:2020
1472:WSET
1243:2022
1101:2017
1072:2022
1022:ISBN
920:2020
834:Yahi
830:Ishi
822:Ishi
813:Ishi
511:and
70:Died
47:Born
1690:UAB
1120:BBC
1047:NPR
592:in
176:in
2034::
1999:,
1947:.
1744:.
1740:.
1714:.
1687:.
1582:.
1470:.
1439:.
1416:^
1356:^
1314:^
1263:^
1233:.
1198:^
1171:^
1117:.
1091:.
1080:^
1063:.
992:.
964:^
948:60
946:.
911:.
604:.
533::
515:.
407:.
359:,
355:,
204:.
159:c.
55:c.
2004:,
1976:.
1957:.
1934:.
1915:.
1896:.
1877:.
1858:.
1829:.
1802:.
1759:.
1725:.
1700:.
1656:.
1631:.
1593:.
1552:.
1504:.
1481:.
1443:.
1245:.
1103:.
1074:.
1030:.
996:.
958:.
922:.
780:.
742:.
728:.
670:.
280:,
168:(
157:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
