835:
a laser, and the insertion of a piston-like prothesis. The success rate of either surgery depends greatly on the skill and the familiarity with the procedure of the surgeon. However, comparisons have shown stapedotomy to yield results at least as good as stapedectomy, with fewer complications, and thus stapedotomy is preferred in normal circumstances. Recently, Endoscopic stapedotomy has been gaining popularity since its first description by
Professor Tarabichi in 1999. The endsocope provides much better view of the stapes footplate without removal of bone to access that structure.
811:
500:
prevalence in the Black and Asian populations being much lower. In clinical practice otosclerosis is encountered about twice as frequently in females as in males, but this does not reflect the true sex ratio. When families are investigated it is found that the condition is only slightly more common in women. Usually noticeable hearing loss begins at middle-age, but can start much sooner. The hearing loss was long believed to grow worse during pregnancy, but recent research does not support this belief.
635:
604:
682:
337:
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lesions directly obliterating sensory structures within the cochlea and spiral ligament, which have been photographed and reported post-mortem. Other supporting data includes a consistent loss of cochlear hair cells in patients with otosclerosis; these cells being the chief sensory organs of sound reception. A suggested mechanism for this is the release of hydrolytic enzymes into the inner ear structures by the spongiotic lesions.
819:
173:(SNHL) has also been noted in patients with otosclerosis; this is usually a high-frequency loss, and usually manifests late in the disease. The causal link between otosclerosis and SNHL remains controversial. Over the past century, leading otologists and neurotologic researchers have argued whether the finding of SNHL late in the course of otosclerosis is due to otosclerosis or simply to typical
395:
40:
559:), or a normal tympanogram (type A). Otosclerosis increases the stiffness of the middle-ear system, raising its resonant frequency. This can be quantified using multi-frequency tympanometry. Thus, a high resonant-frequency pathology such as otosclerosis can be differentiated from low resonant-frequency pathologies such as ossicular discontinuity.
830:. Early attempts at hearing restoration via the simple freeing of the stapes from its sclerotic attachments to the oval window were met with temporary improvement in hearing, but the conductive hearing loss would almost always recur. A stapedectomy consists of removing a portion of the sclerotic stapes footplate and replacing it with a
843:
Although hearing aids cannot prevent, cure or inhibit the progression of otosclerosis, they can help treat the largest symptom, hearing loss. Hearing aids can be tuned to specific frequency losses. However, due to the progressive nature of this condition, use of a hearing aid is palliative at best.
834:
that is secured to the incus. This procedure restores continuity of ossicular movement and allows transmission of sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear. A modern variant of this surgery called a stapedotomy, is performed by drilling a small hole in the stapes footplate with a micro-drill or
797:
medications that inhibit bone destruction. However, these early reports are based on non-randomized case studies that do not meet standards of clinical trials. There are numerous side-effects to both pharmaceutical treatments, including occasional stomach upset, allergic itching, and increased joint
792:
crystals which lead to stapes (or other) fixation. The administration of fluoride replaces the hydroxyl radical with fluoride leading to the formation of fluorapatite crystals. Hence, the progression of disease is considerably slowed down and active disease process is arrested. This treatment cannot
478:
CHL is usually concomitant with impingement of abnormal bone on the stapes footplate. This involvement of the oval window forms the basis of the name fenestral otosclerosis. The most common location of involvement of otosclerosis is the bone just anterior to the oval window at a small cleft known as
499:
Approximately 0.5% of the population will eventually be diagnosed with otosclerosis. Post-mortem studies show that as many as 10% of people may have otosclerotic lesions of their temporal bone, but apparently never had symptoms warranting a diagnosis. Caucasians are the most affected race, with the
475:. This greatly impairs movement of the stapes and therefore transmission of sound into the inner ear ("ossicular coupling"). Additionally the cochlea's round window can also become sclerotic, and in a similar way impair movement of sound pressure waves through the inner ear ("acoustic coupling").
482:
The mechanism of sensorineural hearing loss in otosclerosis is less well understood. It may result from direct injury to the cochlea and spiral ligament from the lytic process or from release of proteolytic enzymes into the cochlea. There are certainly a few well documented instances of sclerotic
580:
Imaging is usually not pursued in those with uncomplicated conductive hearing loss and characteristic clinical findings. Those with only conductive hearing loss are often treated medically or with surgery without imaging. The diagnosis may be unclear clinically in cases of sensorineural or mixed
571:
testing is conducted, the acoustic reflex thresholds (ART) cannot be determined when attempting to measure on the affected side. Also, a conductive pathology will attenuate the test stimuli, resulting in either elevated reflex thresholds or absent reflexes when the stimulus is presented in the
491:
Otosclerosis is traditionally diagnosed by characteristic clinical findings, which include progressive conductive hearing loss, a normal tympanic membrane, and no evidence of middle ear inflammation. The cochlear promontory may have a faint pink tinge reflecting the vascularity of the lesion,
180:
Most patients with otosclerosis notice tinnitus (head noise) to some degree. The amount of tinnitus is not necessarily related to the degree or type of hearing impairment. Tinnitus develops due to irritation of the delicate nerve endings in the inner ear. Since the nerve carries sound, this
452:, but they are not thought to be otherwise related. Histopathological studies have all been done on cadaveric temporal bones, so only inferences can be made about progression of the disease histologically. It seems that the lesions go through an active "spongiotic" or
793:
reverse conductive hearing loss, but may slow the progression of both the conductive and sensorineural components of the disease process. Otofluor, containing sodium fluoride, is one treatment. Recently, some success has been claimed with a second such treatment,
778:
Several approaches have been used in the treatment of otosclerosis, including medical, surgical and amplification. Technological innovations in hearing aid technology and cochlear implants are now being used to substitute or complement other interventions.
566:
to contract, reducing the admittance of the middle ear and softening the perceived loudness of the sound. If the mobility of the stapes is reduced due to otosclerosis, then stapedius muscle contraction does not significantly decrease the admittance. When
479:
the fissula ante fenestram. The fissula is a thin fold of connective tissue extending through the endochondral layer, approximately between the oval window and the cochleariform process, where the tensor tympani tendon turns laterally toward the malleus.
598:
Grade 2, patchy localized cochlear disease (with or without fenestral involvement) to either the basal cochlear turn (grade 2A), or the middle/apical turns (grade 2B), or both the basal turn and the middle/apical turns (grade 2C);
555:. As the stapes is ankylosed in otosclerosis, the lateral end of the ossicular chain may still be quite mobile. Therefore, otosclerosis may only slightly reduce the admittance, resulting in either a shallow tympanogram (type A
197:
has been found in stapes footplate in most patients with otosclerosis. Populations that have been vaccinated against measles had a significant reduction in otosclerosis. While the disease is considered to be hereditary, its
2392:
2377:
2362:
787:
Earlier workers suggested the use of calcium fluoride; now sodium fluoride is the preferred compound. Fluoride ions inhibit the rapid progression of disease. In the otosclerotic ear, there occurs formation of
525:
impairs both the inertial and osseotympanic modes of bone conduction, increasing the bone-conduction thresholds between 500 Hz and 4 kHz, and reducing the size of air-bone gaps. As 2 kHz is the
111:
or a combination of these. The term otosclerosis is something of a misnomer: much of the clinical course is characterized by lucent rather than sclerotic bony changes, so the disease is also known as
964:
456:
phase before developing into "sclerotic" phase lesions. There have been many genes and proteins identified that, when mutated, may lead to these lesions. Also there is mounting evidence that
1930:
463:
Conductive hearing loss (CHL) in otosclerosis is caused by two main sites of involvement of the sclerotic (or scar-like) lesions. The best understood mechanism is fixation of the
901:, suffered from it in the late 1960s and early 1970s, forcing him to "sing from memory" in the latter part of the 70s (surgery restored most of his hearing by 1980).
202:
and the degree of expression is so highly variable that it may be difficult to detect an inheritance pattern. Most of the implicated genes are transmitted in an
521:(i.e. a difference of more than 10 dB between the air-conduction and bone-conduction thresholds at a given test frequency). However, medial fixation of the
885:, American stage and film actress, suffered from the congenital hearing defect otosclerosis that worsened as she aged, making her more and more hard of hearing.
1292:
Rudic M, Keogh I, Wagner R, Wilkinson E, Kiros N, Ferrary E, et al. (December 2015). "The pathophysiology of otosclerosis: Review of current research".
802:
of the auditory canal itself. Finally, neither approach has been proven to be beneficial after the commonly preferred method of surgery has been undertaken.
1922:
1875:
2294:
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of the ossicular chain, the largest increase in bone-conduction threshold (around 15 dB) occurs at this frequency – the resultant notch is called
155:(CHL) whereby sounds reach the ear drum but are incompletely transferred via the ossicular chain in the middle ear, and thus partly fail to reach the
869:
gradually lost her hearing during her young life, and later medical historians have diagnosed her with probably suffering from otosclerosis as well.
413:
181:
irritation is manifested as ringing, roaring or buzzing. It is usually worse when the patient is fatigued, nervous or in a quiet environment.
2520:
581:
hearing loss and may become apparent only on imaging. Therefore, imaging is often performed when the hearing loss is sensorineural or mixed.
875:, pioneering American archaeologist, lost her hearing due to otosclerosis and relied on lip reading. She had a successful career excavating
2169:
1081:
444:
The pathophysiology of otosclerosis is complex. The key lesions of otosclerosis are multifocal areas of sclerosis within the endochondral
1630:
1155:
2271:"@jayyoozee Yes I wear a hearing aid. Not from the explosions tho. It's a congenital condition. Titanium earbones on my left side"
1892:
2253:
2222:
2107:
1724:
1613:
1056:
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969:
746:
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is present within the otosclerotic foci, implicating an infectious etiology (this has also been noted in Paget's
Disease).
2407:
718:
2610:
1942:
Polizzotto MN, Cousins
Polizzotto & Schwarer AP, "Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the auditory canal",
2513:
2157:
1140:
765:
431:
376:
2311:
725:
2722:
189:
Otosclerosis can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as a viral infection (like measles).
1919:
2855:
1944:
703:
358:
1998:
Thamjarayakul T, Supiyaphun P, & Snidvongs K, "Stapes fixation surgery: Stapedectomy versus stapedotomy",
1872:
732:
2190:
1249:
Schrauwen I, Van Camp G (June 2010). "The etiology of otosclerosis: a combination of genes and environment".
699:
354:
891:
the pioneering
American aviator, engineer, industrialist, and film producer also suffered from otosclerosis.
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2506:
562:
In the absence of a pathology, a loud sound (generally greater than 70 dB above threshold) causes the
2830:
714:
2291:
2617:
449:
170:
826:
There are various methods to treat otosclerosis. However the method of choice is a procedure known as
167:, the hearing loss is characteristically low-frequency, with higher frequencies being affected later.
2782:
647:
585:
922:, was able to have "some understanding of Alexandra's predicament" because she too had otosclerosis.
2421:
898:
1423:"A genome-wide analysis identifies genetic variants in the RELN gene associated with otosclerosis"
2600:
1514:
1421:
Schrauwen I, Ealy M, Huentelman MJ, Thys M, Homer N, Vanderstraeten K, et al. (March 2009).
692:
347:
152:
1666:
1960:"Surgical Treatment of Otosclerosis: Eight years' Experience at the Jordan University Hospital"
1378:
Niedermeyer HP, Arnold W (2008). "Otosclerosis and measles virus - association or causation?".
2461:
2371:
1846:
Brookler K (2008). "Medical treatment of otosclerosis: rationale for use of bisphosphonates".
2815:
2634:
2245:
2239:
2214:
2208:
194:
2797:
2717:
2672:
2274:
2204:
919:
915:
859:
591:
Otosclerosis on CT can be graded using the grading system suggested by Symons and
Fanning.
514:
96:
879:
in Turkey, despite the challenges of being a deaf woman in a heavily male-dominated field.
739:
8:
2475:
2472:
2396:
1693:
904:
61:
610:
Grade 3, diffuse confluent cochlear involvement (with or without fenestral involvement).
2865:
2081:
2056:
2037:
1976:
1959:
1828:
1808:
1768:
1741:
1658:
1646:
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1447:
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1117:
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527:
203:
652:
409:
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2153:
2086:
2029:
1981:
1855:
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1773:
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1697:
1650:
1609:
1583:
1534:
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1452:
1395:
1352:
1309:
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1223:
1188:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1062:
1052:
1005:
1000:
983:
882:
866:
656:
588:
shows very subtle bone findings. However, CT is usually not needed prior to surgery.
84:
56:
2401:
2041:
1958:
Mahafza T, Al-Layla A, Tawalbeh M, Abu-Yagoub Y, Atwan
Sulaiman A (September 2013).
1832:
1792:
1321:
1278:
1206:
Markou K, Goudakos J (January 2009). "An overview of the etiology of otosclerosis".
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1017:
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2820:
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2021:
1971:
1804:
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1526:
1499:
1479:
1442:
1434:
1407:
1387:
1364:
1344:
1335:
Brookler K (January 2006). "Basis for understanding otic capsule bony dyscrasias".
1301:
1258:
1235:
1215:
1180:
1093:
1044:
995:
563:
513:
Fixation of the stapes within the oval window causes a conductive hearing loss. In
87:
into one or more lesions of irregularly-laid spongy bone. As the lesions reach the
2339:
2312:"Zak Abel talks Love Over Fear, major label turmoil, and coping with hearing loss"
2104:
798:
pains which can lead to arthritis. In the worst case, bisphosphonates may lead to
2702:
2426:
2298:
2111:
1926:
1879:
1305:
1032:
918:
suffered from it, leading to her social isolation; Queen
Alexandra's biographer,
810:
789:
568:
92:
2122:
Mary Jo Deegan, "Making
Lemonade: Harriet Martineau on Being Deaf, pp. 41–58 in
206:
fashion. One genome-wide analysis associates otosclerosis with variation in the
2660:
2486:
2437:
2072:
2025:
1438:
938:
794:
128:
81:
2270:
1530:
1219:
1184:
2849:
2792:
2650:
1816:
1680:
Carhart R (June 1950). "Clinical application of bone conduction audiometry".
1171:
Danesh AA, Shahnaz N, Hall JW (April 2018). "The
Audiology of Otosclerosis".
1105:
894:
888:
872:
799:
493:
457:
453:
445:
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2557:
2090:
1985:
1859:
1824:
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1701:
1654:
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1538:
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1399:
1356:
1313:
1270:
1227:
1192:
1113:
1066:
1009:
908:
876:
827:
624:
620:
537:
100:
2033:
1587:
862:
was theorized to suffer from otosclerosis, although this is controversial.
634:
2622:
2575:
2570:
2456:
1740:
Lee TC, Aviv RI, Chen JM, Nedzelski JM, Fox AJ, Symons SP (August 2009).
930:
925:
468:
174:
1606:
Otosclerosis and
Stapedectomy: Diagnosis, Management & Complications
2712:
2707:
2697:
2481:
1894:
Otosclerosis and Stapedectomy: Diagnosis, Management, and Complications
1758:
1262:
822:
Endocopic view of the ear with the piston inserted into the stapedotomy
706: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
603:
541:
361: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
199:
164:
77:
73:
2354:
1483:
1391:
1048:
2758:
2467:
2172:. Slam-Canoe.ca. 2005-11-29. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15
1513:
Quesnel, Alicia M.; Ishai, Reuven; McKenna, Michael J. (April 2018).
1470:
Niedermeyer HP, Arnold W (2002). "Etiopathogenesis of otosclerosis".
534:
and is a useful clinical marker for medial ossicular-chain fixation.
518:
156:
681:
336:
16:
Condition characterized by an abnormal bone growth in the middle ear
2565:
2055:
Moneir W, Abd El-Fattah AM, Mahmoud E, Elshaer M (September 2018).
944:
104:
1472:
ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties
1380:
ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties
2753:
2542:
2530:
2278:
2054:
1957:
818:
552:
522:
472:
160:
108:
2415:
2412:
315:
302:
289:
276:
263:
250:
237:
2381:
2366:
1629:
Lippy WH, Berenholz LP, Schuring AG, Burkey JM (October 2005).
464:
208:
88:
48:
2124:
Harriet Martineau: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives
2012:
Tarabichi M (January 1999). "Endoscopic middle ear surgery".
1906:
Chole RA & McKenna M, "Pathophysiology of otosclerosis",
540:
measures the peak pressure (TPP) and peak-compensated static
1628:
1554:"Otosclerosis: a synopsis of natural history and management"
1420:
982:
Uppal S, Bajaj Y, Rustom I, Coatesworth AP (October 2009).
981:
224:
39:
1715:
Katz J, Chasin M, English K, Hood LJ, Tillery KL (2015).
1291:
844:
Without eventual surgery, deafness is likely to result.
190:
1797:
Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants
984:"Otosclerosis 1: the aetiopathogenesis of otosclerosis"
607:
CT scan of otosclerotic focus in the anterior footplate
941:, Australian-British Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate
1719:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health.
1714:
2528:
2344:
1793:"Otosclerosis: An update on diagnosis and treatment"
1739:
151:
The primary form of hearing loss in otosclerosis is
1512:
404:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1970:(73). Iran Journal of Otorhinolaryngology: 233–8.
1080:Chole, Richard A.; McKenna, Michael (March 2001).
2014:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
1469:
1377:
1248:
1170:
448:. These lesions share some characteristics with
2847:
1603:
1037:Medical Genetics in the Clinical Practice of ORL
2105:http://www.kunstderfuge.com/bios/beethoven.html
1791:Batson, Lora; Rizzolo, Denise (February 2017).
1205:
2514:
2057:"Endoscopic stapedotomy: Merits and demerits"
1790:
1622:
1414:
1079:
572:affected ear and measured in the other ear.
163:). This can affect one ear or both ears. On
99:), which limits its movement and results in
2268:
2203:
2197:
2521:
2507:
1599:
1597:
1208:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
1031:Ealy, Megan; Smith, Richard J. H. (2011).
988:International Journal of Clinical Practice
38:
2080:
2011:
1975:
1873:"Use of bisphosphonates for otosclerosis"
1767:
1757:
1577:
1446:
1030:
999:
934:, uses a hearing aid due to otosclerosis.
766:Learn how and when to remove this message
517:, this manifests as air-bone gaps on the
432:Learn how and when to remove this message
416:, without removing the technical details.
377:Learn how and when to remove this message
1845:
1746:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
1551:
1519:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
1334:
1173:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
947:, English singer-songwriter and musician
817:
809:
602:
47:Chain of ossicles and their ligaments. (
1679:
1594:
503:
2848:
2152:(3rd edition), Billboard Books, 1992.
1964:Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
1891:Chris De Souza, Michael E. Glasscock,
847:
2502:
2150:The Billboard Book of Number One Hits
1717:Katz's Handbook of Clinical Audiology
1631:"Does pregnancy affect otosclerosis?"
1039:. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.
414:make it understandable to non-experts
2788:Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
2237:
2231:
2103:The Ludwig van Beethoven biography,
1931:American Hearing Research Foundation
1694:10.1001/archotol.1950.00700020824003
704:adding citations to reliable sources
675:
628:
388:
359:adding citations to reliable sources
330:
2593:
13:
1848:The International Tinnitus Journal
1809:10.1097/01.JAA.0000511784.21936.1b
1647:10.1097/01.MLG.0000187573.99335.85
1427:American Journal of Human Genetics
1349:10.1097/01.mlg.0000187403.56799.21
326:
14:
2877:
2333:
2301:, biotechnology-innovation.com.au
2162:
1082:"Pathophysiology of Otosclerosis"
1098:10.1097/00129492-200103000-00023
1001:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02045.x
852:
838:
680:
633:
393:
335:
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2129:
2116:
2097:
2048:
2005:
1992:
1951:
1936:
1913:
1900:
1885:
1866:
1839:
1784:
1733:
1708:
1673:
1604:de Souza C, Glassock M (2003).
1545:
1506:
1463:
1371:
1328:
1285:
691:needs additional citations for
346:needs additional citations for
146:
2137:Howard Hughes: The Secret Life
1945:British Journal of Haematology
1242:
1199:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1073:
1024:
975:
958:
1:
2241:Alexandra: Princess and Queen
1386:(1): 63–9, discussion 69–70.
951:
575:
508:
2668:Auditory processing disorder
1742:"CT grading of otosclerosis"
1306:10.1016/j.heares.2015.07.014
970:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
614:
486:
118:
76:where portions of the dense
7:
2269:Adam Savage (5 May 2009).
2170:"Downie dreaming of invite"
805:
646:to comply with Knowledge's
551:) of the middle ear at the
51:visible near center right.)
10:
2882:
2618:Sensorineural hearing loss
2126:, NY, NY: Routledge, 2001.
2073:10.1016/j.joto.2017.11.002
2026:10.1177/000348949910800106
1682:Archives of Otolaryngology
1439:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.01.023
911:suffers from otosclerosis.
782:
618:
595:Grade 1, solely fenestral;
171:Sensorineural hearing loss
2808:
2767:
2746:
2737:
2685:
2643:
2611:Superior canal dehiscence
2586:
2550:
2541:
2447:
2348:
2189:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1933:, Chicago, Illinois 2008.
1908:Otology & Neurotology
1531:10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.001
1220:10.1007/s00405-008-0790-x
1185:10.1016/j.otc.2017.11.007
1086:Otology & Neurotology
184:
55:
46:
37:
29:
24:
2297:15 February 2011 at the
1608:. New York, NY: Thieme.
1552:Morrison AW (May 1970).
659:may contain suggestions.
644:may need to be rewritten
2831:Vestibulo–ocular reflex
2601:Conductive hearing loss
1910:, 22(2): 249–257, 2001.
1558:British Medical Journal
1160:A Greek–English Lexicon
1158:, Liddell & Scott,
1145:A Greek–English Lexicon
1143:, Liddell & Scott,
153:conductive hearing loss
2213:. Constable. pp.
2002:, 4(3): 429–434, 2010.
1570:10.1136/bmj.2.5705.345
823:
815:
814:Endoscopic Stapedotomy
608:
72:is a condition of the
2856:Diseases of inner ear
2635:Nonsyndromic deafness
2316:headlinermagazine.net
865:Victorian journalist
821:
813:
619:Further information:
606:
139:) "ear" + σκλήρωσις (
2798:Labyrinthine fistula
2723:visual reinforcement
2673:Spatial hearing loss
2244:. Collins. pp.
1948:, 132(1): 114, 2005.
920:Georgina Battiscombe
916:Alexandra of Denmark
860:Ludwig van Beethoven
700:improve this article
515:pure-tone audiometry
504:Differential testing
355:improve this article
135:), genitive of οὖς (
2562:Excessive response
905:Pittsburgh Penguins
848:Society and culture
492:referred to as the
62:Otorhinolaryngology
2448:External resources
2110:2013-09-04 at the
2061:Journal of Otology
1925:2009-12-27 at the
1878:2014-10-28 at the
1759:10.3174/ajnr.a1558
1263:10.1002/lary.20934
914:The British queen
832:middle ear implant
824:
816:
609:
584:A high-resolution
528:resonant frequency
204:autosomal dominant
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2816:Dix–Hallpike test
2783:Ménière's disease
2733:
2732:
2681:
2680:
2628:Cortical deafness
2496:
2495:
2255:978-0-00-216667-6
2224:978-0-09-456560-9
2000:Asian Biomedicine
1726:978-1-4511-9163-9
1615:978-1-58890-169-9
1484:10.1159/000057789
1392:10.1159/000111049
1058:978-3-8055-9668-8
1049:10.1159/000322488
897:, lead singer of
883:Margaret Sullavan
867:Harriet Martineau
776:
775:
768:
750:
674:
673:
648:quality standards
467:footplate to the
442:
441:
434:
387:
386:
379:
324:
323:
95:, then hardened (
67:
66:
19:Medical condition
2873:
2821:Unterberger test
2775:Balance disorder
2744:
2743:
2656:Wolfram syndrome
2591:
2590:
2548:
2547:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2346:
2345:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2135:Charles Higham,
2133:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1882:, Fresh Patents.
1870:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:. Archived from
1635:The Laryngoscope
1626:
1620:
1619:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1337:The Laryngoscope
1332:
1326:
1325:
1294:Hearing Research
1289:
1283:
1282:
1251:The Laryngoscope
1246:
1240:
1239:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1003:
979:
973:
962:
899:The Four Seasons
858:German composer
771:
764:
760:
757:
751:
749:
708:
684:
676:
669:
666:
660:
637:
629:
564:stapedius muscle
437:
430:
426:
423:
417:
397:
396:
389:
382:
375:
371:
368:
362:
339:
331:
218:
217:
191:Ribonucleic acid
143:), "hardening".
42:
22:
21:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2804:
2763:
2729:
2703:Tone decay test
2677:
2639:
2582:
2537:
2527:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2443:
2442:
2357:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2299:Wayback Machine
2290:
2286:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2238:Duff D (1980).
2236:
2232:
2225:
2210:Queen Alexandra
2202:
2198:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2112:Wayback Machine
2102:
2098:
2053:
2049:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1927:Wayback Machine
1918:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1897:, Thieme, 2004.
1890:
1886:
1880:Wayback Machine
1871:
1867:
1844:
1840:
1789:
1785:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1713:
1709:
1678:
1674:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1602:
1595:
1564:(5705): 345–8.
1550:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1468:
1464:
1419:
1415:
1376:
1372:
1333:
1329:
1290:
1286:
1257:(6): 1195–202.
1247:
1243:
1204:
1200:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1078:
1074:
1059:
1029:
1025:
994:(10): 1526–30.
980:
976:
963:
959:
954:
855:
850:
841:
808:
790:hydroxylapatite
785:
772:
761:
755:
752:
709:
707:
697:
685:
670:
664:
661:
651:
638:
627:
617:
578:
569:acoustic reflex
558:
550:
532:Carhart's notch
523:ossicular chain
511:
506:
489:
450:Paget's Disease
438:
427:
421:
418:
410:help improve it
407:
398:
394:
383:
372:
366:
363:
352:
340:
329:
327:Pathophysiology
187:
149:
121:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2826:Romberg's test
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:Usher syndrome
2658:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2476:article/859760
2473:article/994891
2464:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2418:
2404:
2389:
2374:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:Classification
2343:
2342:
2335:
2334:External links
2332:
2329:
2328:
2303:
2292:John Cornforth
2284:
2277:) – via
2261:
2254:
2230:
2223:
2196:
2161:
2148:Fred Bronson,
2141:
2128:
2115:
2096:
2047:
2004:
1991:
1950:
1935:
1912:
1899:
1884:
1865:
1838:
1783:
1732:
1725:
1707:
1688:(6): 798–808.
1672:
1669:on 2013-01-05.
1641:(10): 1833–6.
1621:
1614:
1593:
1544:
1525:(2): 291–303.
1515:"Otosclerosis"
1505:
1462:
1413:
1370:
1327:
1300:(Pt A): 51–6.
1284:
1241:
1198:
1179:(2): 327–342.
1163:
1148:
1133:
1092:(2): 249–257.
1072:
1057:
1033:"Otosclerosis"
1023:
974:
965:"otosclerosis"
956:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
942:
939:John Cornforth
935:
923:
912:
902:
892:
886:
880:
870:
863:
854:
851:
849:
846:
840:
837:
807:
804:
795:bisphosphonate
784:
781:
774:
773:
715:"Otosclerosis"
688:
686:
679:
672:
671:
641:
639:
632:
616:
613:
612:
611:
600:
596:
577:
574:
556:
548:
510:
507:
505:
502:
488:
485:
440:
439:
401:
399:
392:
385:
384:
343:
341:
334:
328:
325:
322:
321:
320:9p13.1-q21.11
318:
313:
309:
308:
305:
300:
296:
295:
292:
287:
283:
282:
279:
274:
270:
269:
266:
261:
257:
256:
253:
248:
244:
243:
240:
235:
231:
230:
227:
222:
215:Loci include:
186:
183:
148:
145:
120:
117:
82:bony labyrinth
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Labyrinthitis
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:Deafblindness
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:Disorders of
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:Battiscombe G
2200:
2192:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2158:0-8230-8298-9
2155:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:(3): 97–100.
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1752:(7): 1435–9.
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:(3): 328–38.
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
972:
971:
966:
961:
957:
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
932:
928:, co-host of
927:
924:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:Frankie Valli
893:
890:
889:Howard Hughes
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
873:Theresa Goell
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:Notable cases
845:
839:Amplification
836:
833:
829:
820:
812:
803:
801:
800:osteonecrosis
796:
791:
780:
770:
767:
759:
756:February 2018
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
731:
727:
724:
720:
717: –
716:
712:
711:Find sources:
705:
701:
695:
694:
689:This section
687:
683:
678:
677:
668:
665:February 2018
658:
654:
650:, as section.
649:
645:
642:This article
640:
636:
631:
630:
626:
622:
605:
601:
597:
594:
593:
592:
589:
587:
582:
573:
570:
565:
560:
554:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
501:
497:
495:
494:Schwartz sign
484:
480:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
458:measles virus
455:
454:hypervascular
451:
447:
446:temporal bone
436:
433:
425:
422:November 2015
415:
411:
405:
402:This section
400:
391:
390:
381:
378:
370:
360:
356:
350:
349:
344:This section
342:
338:
333:
332:
319:
317:
314:
311:
310:
306:
304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
252:
249:
246:
245:
241:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
211:
210:
205:
201:
196:
195:measles virus
192:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:derives from
126:
116:
114:
113:otospongiosis
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:layer of the
79:
75:
71:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:Otospongiosis
32:
28:
23:
2693:Hearing test
2606:Otosclerosis
2605:
2558:Hearing loss
2487:Otosclerosis
2480:
2466:
2455:
2431:
2420:
2406:
2391:
2376:
2361:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2287:
2264:
2240:
2233:
2209:
2199:
2174:. Retrieved
2164:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2099:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2020:(1): 39–46.
2017:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1920:Otosclerosis
1915:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1868:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1803:(2): 17–22.
1800:
1796:
1786:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1716:
1710:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1667:the original
1638:
1634:
1624:
1605:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1478:(2): 114–9.
1475:
1471:
1465:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1343:(1): 160–1.
1340:
1336:
1330:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1214:(1): 25–35.
1211:
1207:
1201:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1089:
1085:
1075:
1040:
1036:
1026:
991:
987:
977:
968:
960:
929:
909:Steve Downie
877:Mount Nemrut
842:
828:stapedectomy
825:
786:
777:
762:
753:
743:
736:
729:
722:
710:
698:Please help
693:verification
690:
662:
653:You can help
643:
625:Stapedectomy
621:Hearing aids
590:
583:
579:
561:
545:
538:Tympanometry
536:
531:
512:
498:
490:
481:
477:
462:
443:
428:
419:
403:
373:
367:October 2014
364:
353:Please help
348:verification
345:
214:
207:
188:
179:
169:
150:
147:Presentation
140:
136:
132:
125:otosclerosis
124:
122:
112:
101:hearing loss
91:the bone is
70:Otosclerosis
69:
68:
25:Otosclerosis
2779:Peripheral
2623:Presbycusis
2576:Phonophobia
2571:Hyperacusis
2457:MedlinePlus
2340:NIH/Medline
1854:(2): 92–6.
1043:: 122–129.
931:MythBusters
926:Adam Savage
469:oval window
175:presbycusis
97:sclerotized
30:Other names
2850:Categories
2713:Audiometry
2708:Weber test
2698:Rinne test
2482:Patient UK
2433:DiseasesDB
2321:24 October
2176:2005-11-29
1127:2022-10-07
952:References
726:newspapers
576:CT imaging
542:admittance
509:Audiometry
200:penetrance
165:audiometry
78:enchondral
74:middle ear
2866:Audiology
2759:nystagmus
2718:pure tone
2468:eMedicine
1817:1547-1896
1156:σκλήρωσις
1106:1531-7129
657:talk page
615:Treatment
519:audiogram
487:Diagnosis
294:3q22-q24
157:inner ear
141:sklērōsis
123:The word
119:Etymology
57:Specialty
2747:Symptoms
2566:Tinnitus
2551:Symptoms
2295:Archived
2207:(1969).
2185:cite web
2108:Archived
2091:30559773
2042:40931362
1986:24303446
1923:Archived
1876:Archived
1860:19205157
1833:31467710
1825:28060022
1778:19321627
1702:15419943
1655:16222205
1539:29397947
1492:12021502
1457:19230858
1400:18235207
1357:16481833
1322:43448867
1314:26276418
1279:22390531
1271:20513039
1228:18704474
1193:29397946
1122:36262295
1114:11300278
1067:21358194
1018:11989071
1010:19769709
945:Zak Abel
907:forward
806:Surgical
242:15q26.1
105:tinnitus
93:resorbed
2861:Otology
2768:Disease
2754:Vertigo
2739:Balance
2587:Disease
2543:Hearing
2535:balance
2531:hearing
2427:D010040
2279:Twitter
2082:6291631
2034:9930539
1977:3846245
1929:at the
1769:7051554
1663:6432607
1588:5429458
1579:1700130
1500:2134033
1448:2667982
1408:9284681
1365:6298801
1236:9347106
783:Medical
740:scholar
553:eardrum
473:cochlea
471:of the
408:Please
193:of the
161:cochlea
109:vertigo
85:remodel
2462:001036
2416:605727
2413:166800
2252:
2221:
2156:
2089:
2079:
2040:
2032:
1984:
1974:
1858:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1776:
1766:
1723:
1700:
1661:
1653:
1612:
1586:
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1537:
1498:
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1445:
1406:
1398:
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1320:
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1277:
1269:
1234:
1226:
1191:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1065:
1055:
1016:
1008:
742:
735:
728:
721:
713:
655:. The
465:stapes
316:612096
312:OTSC8
303:611572
299:OTSC7
290:608787
286:OTSC5
277:611571
273:OTSC4
264:608244
260:OTSC3
251:605727
247:OTSC2
238:166800
234:OTSC1
229:Locus
212:gene.
185:Causes
131:ὠτός (
89:stapes
49:Stapes
2809:Tests
2686:Tests
2644:Other
2438:29289
2275:Tweet
2038:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1659:S2CID
1496:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1361:S2CID
1318:S2CID
1275:S2CID
1232:S2CID
1118:S2CID
1014:S2CID
747:JSTOR
733:books
307:6q13
221:Name
129:Greek
2594:Loss
2533:and
2422:MeSH
2408:OMIM
2397:9-CM
2372:AB33
2323:2023
2250:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2191:link
2154:ISBN
2087:PMID
2030:PMID
1982:PMID
1856:PMID
1821:PMID
1813:ISSN
1774:PMID
1721:ISBN
1698:PMID
1651:PMID
1610:ISBN
1584:PMID
1535:PMID
1488:PMID
1453:PMID
1396:PMID
1353:PMID
1310:PMID
1267:PMID
1224:PMID
1189:PMID
1110:PMID
1102:ISSN
1063:PMID
1053:ISBN
1006:PMID
937:Sir
719:news
623:and
281:16q
225:OMIM
209:RELN
133:ōtos
2402:387
2393:ICD
2387:H80
2378:ICD
2363:ICD
2077:PMC
2069:doi
2022:doi
2018:108
1972:PMC
1805:doi
1764:PMC
1754:doi
1690:doi
1643:doi
1639:115
1574:PMC
1566:doi
1527:doi
1480:doi
1443:PMC
1435:doi
1388:doi
1345:doi
1341:116
1302:doi
1298:330
1259:doi
1255:120
1216:doi
1212:266
1181:doi
1141:οὖς
1094:doi
1045:doi
996:doi
967:at
702:by
599:and
412:to
357:by
268:6p
255:7q
137:oûs
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