37:
170:
152:
105:
402:
188:
134:
442:. In the meantime, the Mamluks laid siege to Adana, which fell after three months. Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha was able to achieve a minor victory in destroying a Mamluk detachment, but Cilicia was securely in Mamluk hands. More importantly, the Ottomans' Turkmen allies began to turn to the Mamluks, including Alaüddevle, thus restoring a line of Mamluk-oriented buffer states along the border.
425:
harbour to supply their troops by sea, but the
Venetians rejected the request and even dispatched a fleet to Cyprus to guard against an Ottoman landing. The Mamluks also sought naval assistance from Italian powers, but were turned down as well. The Ottoman fleet then moved to
434:
near Adana on 26 August 1488. Initially, the
Ottomans made good progress on their left, but their own right flank was driven back. When the Karaman soldiers fled the battlefield, the Ottomans were forced to retreat, conceding the field and the victory to the Mamluks.
430:, hoping to intercept the Mamluk forces as they came up from Syria, while the Ottoman army, numbering some 60,000 men, secured control of Cilicia. Another great storm however destroyed the fleet, and the Mamluks were able to advance into Cilicia. The two armies
454:. As soon as Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha marched against them with a relief army however, they raised the siege and returned to Cilicia. By this time the Mamluks were weary of the war and its heavy financial burden, while the Ottomans grew concerned over a possible
365:
Bayezid launched a land and sea attack on the
Mamluks in 1485. Led by the new governor of Karaman, Karagöz Mehmed Pasha, the Ottoman forces, largely drawn from provincial troops, subdued the rebellious Turgudlu and Vasak tribes and captured many fortresses in
333:, and from there passed into Mamluk domains. Although the Mamluks declined to offer him any military support, this act aroused the hostility of Bayezid, which was further fanned when the Mamluks seized an Ottoman ambassador who was returning from
505:
Throughout the conflict, the Mamluk army was characterized by the usage of brilliant nomadic cavalry in addition to a conventional army, whereas the
Ottomans relied on a conventional army only, with light cavalry combining with infantry units.
438:
The
Ottoman army withdrew to Karaman to regroup, suffering more casualties to attacks by the Turkmen tribes. Most of its provincial commanders were recalled to Constantinople and imprisoned in the
378:, but the combined Ottoman army was again defeated before Adana on 15 March. Karagöz Mehmed fled the field, while Hersekzade Ahmed was taken captive, and Cilicia returned to Mamluk control.
557:
The opposition between the
Ottomans and the Mamluks remained in stalemate during the beginning of the 16th century, until Mamluk power was dramatically challenged by the incursion of the
386:
In 1487, the
Ottomans again sent a major army consisting of a great number of regular army units and Janissaries, supported by the fleet and the forces of Dulkadir, and led by the
498:. The Ottomans were a stronger military power, but were weakened by internal dissensions and the lack of a strong centralized leadership by the Sultan Bayezid, who remained in
413:
In 1488, the
Ottomans launched a major attack, from both land and sea: the navy was led by Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, released from captivity, and the army by the governor of
393:. Davud Pasha however avoided operations against the Mamluks, instead focusing his troops in suppressing revolts by the Turgudlu and Vasak tribes, securing his rear.
357:, with the support of Bayezid. The Mamluks fought back and although they lost the first battle, they would eventually defeat Alaüddevle and his Ottoman allies.
474:
The
Ottomans were able to prevail on the Mamluks at sea, but on land the Mamluks successfully resisted the Ottomans, thanks to their string of fortresses in
458:
directed against them. Thus both powers were eager to settle the inconclusive conflict. A treaty was signed which fixed their mutual border at the
1118:
1093:
370:. Karagöz Mehmed's army was defeated by the Mamluks in battle outside Adana on 9 February 1486. Reinforcements from Istanbul, including
1088:
570:
565:
from 1505, thereby threatening Mamluk traditional trade routes and a major source of revenue, and leading to the catastrophic
1045:
1001:
944:
903:
855:
807:
1128:
1123:
243:
992:
History of the
Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808
1133:
1113:
1108:
534:
was nevertheless dispatched to the coasts of Spain. Ottoman support ended up being insufficient, in part leading to the
799:
258:
states, the relationship between the Ottomans and the Mamluks was adversarial: both states vied for control of the
554:, although they were financially exhausted. The boundaries between the two powers remained essentially unchanged.
329:, rose up and contended with him for the throne. After he was defeated in battle, he sought refuge first in the
895:
236:. After multiple encounters, the war ended in a stalemate and a peace treaty was signed in 1491, restoring the
233:
28:
841:
526:, but Sultan Bayezid could only send limited support due to his involvement in the Ottoman-Mamluk conflict.
527:
36:
847:
793:
450:
In 1490, the Mamluks would again return to the offensive, advancing into Karaman and laying siege to
1103:
1098:
406:
221:
290:, which regularly switched their allegiance from one power to the other. Nevertheless, both the
375:
314:
to cooperate, leading to the invasion and eventual annexation of the Karaman Beylik by Mehmed.
263:
238:
155:
566:
546:
With famine and plague spreading, a peace treaty was eventually sealed in May 1491, with the
569:. The Ottoman Empire would ultimately take over the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517, following the
431:
306:
planned to campaign against the Mamluks in Syria, which was only averted by the refusal of
1031:
8:
487:
346:
1027:
930:
519:
483:
295:
291:
114:
1059:
1051:
1041:
1007:
997:
990:
966:
958:
950:
940:
917:
909:
899:
869:
861:
851:
821:
813:
803:
558:
985:
936:
547:
463:
390:
137:
85:
495:
889:
798:. SUNY series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East. Albany, NY:
535:
418:
159:
551:
523:
515:
499:
334:
271:
229:
217:
108:
74:
16:
Conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate from 1485 to 1491
1082:
1063:
1011:
954:
932:
Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485–1491
825:
459:
970:
921:
873:
169:
151:
104:
562:
439:
427:
401:
387:
255:
371:
350:
307:
287:
259:
531:
421:. On this occasion, the Ottomans requested of the Venetians the use of
330:
322:
318:
311:
299:
283:
279:
275:
173:
119:
935:. The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. Vol. 4. Leiden; New York:
422:
303:
270:. The two states however were separated by a buffer zone occupied by
1037:
491:
475:
326:
225:
70:
46:
1055:
913:
865:
455:
451:
367:
354:
191:
42:
962:
817:
795:
Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery
187:
133:
414:
246:; in that war the Ottomans defeated and conquered the Mamluks.
479:
267:
262:, and the Ottomans aspired to eventually take control of the
337:
with an Indian ambassador and gifts for the Ottoman Sultan.
1033:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
891:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
996:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
374:, were dispatched by Bayezid under his own son-in-law
234:
Ottoman struggle for the domination of the Middle-East
242:. It lasted until the Ottomans and the Mamluks again
989:
509:
321:ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481, his brother
1080:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
466:, leaving the Cilician plain to the Mamluks.
759:
757:
755:
769:
730:
728:
726:
724:
708:
706:
704:
679:
677:
664:
662:
660:
582:
752:
623:
621:
396:
381:
360:
232:. This war was an essential event in the
1025:
763:
746:
721:
701:
683:
674:
550:remaining a powerful entity against the
445:
400:
206:Unknown, but less than the Ottoman Turks
657:
216:took place from 1485 to 1491, when the
160:
1081:
618:
522:sought Ottoman assistance against the
1119:15th century in the Mamluk Sultanate
530:were established, and a fleet under
1094:Wars involving the Mamluk Sultanate
482:, and the buffer principalities of
349:(also called Alaüddevle), ruler of
13:
843:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
800:State University of New York Press
792:Brummett, Palmira Johnson (1993).
14:
1145:
1089:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
186:
168:
150:
132:
103:
35:
740:
571:Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517
510:Impact on Spain and the Nasrids
325:, who enjoyed great support in
840:Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003).
689:
645:
633:
606:
353:, attacked the Mamluk city of
302:report that as early as 1468,
22:Ottoman-Mamluk War (1485–1491)
1:
791:
775:
695:
597:
340:
249:
29:Ottoman wars in the Near East
541:
405:Ottoman armour (1480-1500),
7:
1129:1490s in the Ottoman Empire
1124:1480s in the Ottoman Empire
928:
887:
734:
668:
651:
639:
612:
469:
298:and the Ottoman chronicler
10:
1150:
1114:1491 in the Ottoman Empire
1109:1485 in the Ottoman Empire
848:Cambridge University Press
839:
784:
712:
45:in light pink in southern
984:
888:Finkel, Caroline (2006).
627:
197:
143:
96:
53:
34:
26:
21:
764:Uyar & Erickson 2009
747:Uyar & Erickson 2009
684:Uyar & Erickson 2009
576:
528:Nasrid–Ottoman relations
345:The conflict began when
846:. Cambridge; New York:
1134:Egypt–Turkey relations
410:
397:1488 Ottoman offensive
382:1487 Ottoman offensive
376:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
361:1485 Ottoman offensive
244:went to war in 1516–17
239:status quo ante bellum
156:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
144:Commanders and leaders
1036:. Santa Barbara, CA:
929:Har-El, Shai (1995).
567:Portuguese-Mamluk War
446:1490 Mamluk offensive
404:
178:Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt
1028:Erickson, Edward J.
488:Bozkurt of Dulkadir
347:Bozkurt of Dulkadir
41:Map of Asia Minor.
642:, pp. 81–83, 90–91
484:Beylik of Dulkadir
411:
296:Domenico Malipiero
254:Despite being two
214:Ottoman-Mamluk war
115:Beylik of Dulkadir
1047:978-0-275-98876-0
1003:978-0-521-29163-7
986:Shaw, Stanford J.
946:978-90-04-10180-7
905:978-0-7195-6112-2
857:978-0-521-82274-9
809:978-0-7914-1702-7
210:
209:
203:Around 60,000 men
92:
91:
1141:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1022:
1020:
1018:
995:
981:
979:
977:
925:
884:
882:
880:
836:
834:
832:
779:
773:
767:
761:
750:
744:
738:
732:
719:
710:
699:
693:
687:
681:
672:
666:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
616:
615:, pp. 65, 83, 90
610:
604:
595:
464:Taurus Mountains
432:met at Ağaçarıyı
407:Musée de l'Armée
391:Koca Davud Pasha
222:Mamluk Sultanate
190:
172:
162:
154:
138:Mamluk Sultanate
136:
107:
55:
54:
39:
19:
18:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1104:1490s conflicts
1099:1480s conflicts
1079:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1048:
1016:
1014:
1004:
975:
973:
947:
906:
878:
876:
858:
830:
828:
810:
787:
782:
774:
770:
762:
753:
745:
741:
733:
722:
711:
702:
694:
690:
682:
675:
667:
658:
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
619:
611:
607:
596:
583:
579:
544:
536:Fall of Granada
512:
472:
448:
419:Hadim Ali Pasha
399:
384:
363:
343:
274:states such as
252:
224:territories of
126:
122:
77:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1076:
1075:
1046:
1023:
1002:
982:
945:
926:
904:
885:
856:
837:
808:
788:
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783:
781:
780:
768:
751:
739:
720:
700:
688:
673:
656:
644:
632:
617:
605:
580:
578:
575:
543:
540:
516:Nasrid Dynasty
511:
508:
500:Constantinople
471:
468:
447:
444:
398:
395:
383:
380:
362:
359:
342:
339:
251:
248:
218:Ottoman Empire
208:
207:
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200:
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195:
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184:
183:
182:
179:
176:
146:
145:
141:
140:
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129:
128:
117:
109:Ottoman Empire
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
32:
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24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1135:
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1117:
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1112:
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1090:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:Uyar, Mesut;
1024:
1013:
1009:
1005:
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993:
987:
983:
972:
968:
964:
960:
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927:
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859:
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849:
845:
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838:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
805:
801:
797:
796:
790:
789:
777:
776:Brummett 1993
772:
765:
760:
758:
756:
748:
743:
736:
731:
729:
727:
725:
718:
714:
709:
707:
705:
697:
696:Brummett 1993
692:
685:
680:
678:
670:
665:
663:
661:
653:
648:
641:
636:
629:
624:
622:
614:
609:
603:
599:
598:Brummett 1993
594:
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560:
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553:
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131:
125:
124:Supported By:
121:
118:
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113:
112:
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110:
106:
101:
100:
95:
87:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1067:. Retrieved
1032:
1015:. Retrieved
991:
974:. Retrieved
931:
890:
877:. Retrieved
842:
829:. Retrieved
794:
771:
742:
716:
691:
647:
635:
608:
601:
563:Indian Ocean
556:
545:
513:
504:
490:centered on
473:
449:
440:Rumeli Hisar
437:
428:Alexandretta
412:
388:Grand Vizier
385:
364:
344:
316:
256:Sunni Muslim
253:
237:
220:invaded the
213:
211:
149:
123:
102:
97:Belligerents
27:Part of the
937:E. J. Brill
896:John Murray
749:, pp. 68–69
735:Finkel 2006
669:Finkel 2006
654:, pp. 90–91
652:Finkel 2006
640:Finkel 2006
613:Finkel 2006
372:Janissaries
351:Dulkadirids
308:Uzun Hassan
288:Dulkadirids
264:Holy Cities
260:spice trade
1083:Categories
1056:2009020872
914:2008297857
894:. London:
866:2002041026
713:Chase 2003
559:Portuguese
532:Kemal Reis
460:Gülek Pass
341:Operations
331:Ramadanids
323:Cem Sultan
319:Bayezid II
312:Karamanids
300:Tursun Bey
294:historian
284:Ramadanids
280:Aq Qoyunlu
276:Karamanids
250:Background
181:Cem Sultan
174:Beyazid II
127:Ramazanids
120:Karamanids
1064:435778574
1012:725935950
955:1380-6076
826:613499540
715:, pp. 102
628:Shaw 1976
542:Aftermath
538:in 1492.
486:, led by
423:Famagusta
304:Mehmed II
61:1485–1491
1069:June 16,
1038:ABC-CLIO
1030:(2009).
1017:June 16,
988:(1976).
976:June 16,
971:31434541
963:94-40784
922:65203332
879:June 16,
874:51022846
831:June 16,
818:92-44704
600:, pp. 52
552:Ottomans
492:Elbistan
476:Anatolia
470:Analysis
327:Anatolia
292:Venetian
226:Anatolia
198:Strength
71:Anatolia
66:Location
47:Anatolia
785:Sources
778:, p. 24
766:, p. 69
737:, p. 92
698:, p. 46
686:, p. 68
671:, p. 91
561:in the
548:Mamluks
524:Spanish
520:Granada
462:in the
456:Crusade
452:Kayseri
368:Cilicia
355:Malatya
272:Turkmen
192:Qaitbay
158: (
88:victory
43:Cilicia
1062:
1054:
1044:
1010:
1000:
969:
961:
953:
943:
920:
912:
902:
872:
864:
854:
824:
816:
806:
630:, p.73
415:Rumeli
335:Deccan
286:, and
86:Mamluk
82:Result
577:Notes
496:Maras
480:Syria
317:When
268:Islam
230:Syria
75:Syria
1071:2013
1060:OCLC
1052:LCCN
1042:ISBN
1019:2013
1008:OCLC
998:ISBN
978:2013
967:OCLC
959:LCCN
951:ISSN
941:ISBN
918:OCLC
910:LCCN
900:ISBN
881:2013
870:OCLC
862:LCCN
852:ISBN
833:2013
822:OCLC
814:LCCN
804:ISBN
514:The
494:and
478:and
310:and
228:and
212:The
58:Date
518:of
266:of
161:POW
1085::
1058:.
1050:.
1040:.
1006:.
965:.
957:.
949:.
939:.
916:.
908:.
898:.
868:.
860:.
850:.
820:.
812:.
802:.
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573:.
502:.
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1073:.
1021:.
980:.
924:.
883:.
835:.
409:.
49:.
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