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appointed leader, known as the Dey, was elected by his fellow deys and assumed control over law enforcement and military affairs in the capital, effectively becoming the de facto ruler of the country. Although this change challenged the authority of the
Ottoman Empire, from the Tunisian perspective, political power remained in the hands of foreigners. The existing state council, known as the diwan, was dissolved, but to placate local sentiments, some Tunisian Maliki jurists were appointed to key positions, although Hanafi jurists of Ottoman origin continued to dominate. The janissary Dey enjoyed considerable discretion in exercising his authority, although initially, his jurisdiction was primarily confined to Tunis and other urban centers.
2668:"he religious mood of the Muslims in the Maghrib at the turn of the sixteenth century was one of intolerance towards non-Muslims; and as their rulers could not protect them against the Christians, they welcomed outside Muslim help. By exploiting the religious sentiments of the Maghriban Muslims, the Barbarossa brothers were able to establish a foothold in the Maghrib from which they gradually extended into the interior their control, as well as the authority of the Ottoman sultan, which they came to accept. But it would be wrong to assume that the Turks were readily or voluntarily accepted as rulers in any of the eastern and central Maghrib countries they came to control." Abun-Nasr (1971) at 162–163.
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islands, he developed an excellent harbor for the city. Khayr al-Din continued to orchestrate large-scale raids on
Christian shipping and the coastal regions of Mediterranean Europe, amassing considerable wealth and taking numerous captives. He emerged victorious in several naval battles, earning widespread renown. In 1533, Khayr al-Din was summoned to Constantinople, where the Ottoman sultan appointed him Pasha and admiral of the Turkish navy (Kapudan-i Derya). With this title, he gained command over many more ships and soldiers. In 1534, capitalizing on a revolt against the Hafsid ruler al-Hasan, Khayr al-Din launched a naval invasion and captured the city of Tunis from Spain's allies.
1865:: "master"). Junior officers, known as deys ("maternal uncle"), led units of about 100 soldiers each. Following this, the Ottoman Porte did not maintain the janissary ranks in Tunis but appointed a pasha for Tunisia to oversee recruitment from various regions. The janissaries, also called "yeni-cheri" or "new troops," constituted an elite institution unique to the Ottoman state, though with historical antecedents. The devshirme practice involved impressing Christian youth, often from Greece and the Balkans, into military service and obliging them to convert to Islam. These recruits underwent rigorous training and lived under strict regulations, regimented by the tenets of the
1412:, to prominence, effectively supplanting the pasha and assuming ruling authority in Tunis. While the pasha's role diminished, they continued to be appointed intermittently by the Ottoman Porte. Over the following decades, however, the bey of Tunis began to incorporate the title of pasha into his office, and subsequently, the bey's authority eclipsed that of the dey. Eventually, the bey of Tunis emerged as the sole ruling authority, maintaining a distinct separation from Ottoman attempts to challenge their political dominance. The beys of Tunis, like the deys, held the esteemed title of pasha, which carried religious significance as it was directly associated with the Ottoman
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Tunisian government was particularly affected due to its monopoly positions in many export sectors. Credit was obtained to weather the deficits, but eventually, the debt grew to unmanageable levels. Tunisia had sought to modernize its commerce and trade, but various foreign business interests began to exert increasing control over domestic markets. Imports of
European manufactures often altered consumer pricing, adversely affecting Tunisian artisans whose goods struggled to compete. Foreign trade became a conduit for entrenching European influence.
1924:. However, Ottoman supremacy was effectively broken at Lepanto, although Ottoman sea power remained formidable. In the early 17th century, corsair activity again peaked. Afterward, Algiers began to rely more on "tribute" from European nations in exchange for safe passage rather than attacking merchant ships individually. The Ottoman Empire's treaties with European states added a layer of conflicting diplomacy. Lastly, during the wars following the French Revolution (1789–1815), Barbary corsair activity briefly spiked before abruptly ending.
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1385:'head, chief') was an Ottoman imperial title denoting a high-ranking official with civil or military authority, typically the governor of a province. When Uluj Ali, the beylerbey of Algiers, passed away in 1587, the Ottoman sultan abolished the position, signifying the normalization of administration in the Maghrebi provinces after the prolonged conflict with Spain. Instead, for each province (present-day Algeria, Libya, Tunisia), the office of pasha was established to oversee provincial governance.
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tribes rather than alleviate their grievances, fostering an image of
Turkish dominance and Tunisian subordination." The rural economy remained largely beyond the effective reach of central authority. Government revenues relied heavily on Barbary corsair raids against Mediterranean shipping, which proved more profitable than trade. With the Spanish-Ottoman accord in 1581, Spain shifted its focus, leading to increased corsair activity and a decline in peaceful trade and commerce.
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3143:(Madrid: Juan de la Cuesta 1605; reprint Barcelona: Editorial Ramón Sopena 1981), at chapters XXXIX and XL. El Uchalí's escape from the Ottoman defeat at Lepanto in 1571 is mentioned, and his later 1574 capture of Tunis is described by Cervantes, who was once his captive. About el Uchalí the Spanish author writes, "Era calabrés de nación, y moralmente fue hombre de bien, y trataba con mucha humanidad a sus cautivos... ." Chapter XL, first page of prose.
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1982:(and auctioning cargo) was the primary source of private wealth in Algiers. Payment for captives was financed and negotiated by religious societies. The conditions of captivity varied, with most captives being employed as slave labor. Muslim masters sometimes granted these Christian captives religious privileges. In Algiers during the early 17th century, more than 20,000 Christian prisoners were held from various countries.
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to potential reconquest from the north. The emergence of another powerful foreign entity, the well-armed
Ottoman Turks, proved pivotal. Their intervention shifted the balance in the Maghreb, sustaining centuries of Muslim rule under reformed institutions influenced by the Turks. Additionally, the controversial tactic of corsairs raiding European shipping aligned with the Mediterranean strategy pursued by the
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2987:(3d ed., 1986), edited by Nelson. "The Hafsid sultan, Hassan, took refuge in Spain, where he sought the Habsburg king-emperor Charles V's aid to restore him to his throne. Spanish troops and ships recaptured Tunis in 1535 and reinstalled Hassan. Protected by a large Spanish garrison at La Goulette, the harbor of Tunis, the Hafsids became the Muslim ally of Catholic Spain in its struggle with the Turks... ."
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Constantinople also exerting influence to some extent. Throughout the 1620s and 1630s, the local
Turkish Bey successfully enlisted these social forces, thereby bolstering his own authority and eventually surpassing the Dey. The waning political power of the Dey and his janissaries became evident when their attempted uprising in 1673 failed to regain power.
1337:"Turkey was frequently combated by native North African rulers and never gained any hold over Morocco. But the Turks were nonetheless a powerful ally for Barbary, diverting Christian energies into eastern Europe, threatening Mediterranean communications, and absorbing those forces which might otherwise have turned their attention to reconquest in Africa."
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corps, peer review systems, both private and public financing, trades, and material support, as well as coordinated operations and markets for resale and ransom. The policies established in
Algiers served as an exemplary model of Corsair business, often referred to as the "life reisi," or "board of captains." This model was later adopted by Tunis and
1912:) and a pirate based on the former operating under explicit government authority, while the latter lacks official authorization. The Mediterranean region during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance witnessed widespread piracy (and privateering) practiced by both Christians (targeting Muslim shipping in the east) and Muslims (more active along the
1957:"Because of the potential profits from Corsair prizes, the underwriting of expeditions was an attractive proposition. Shareholding was organized like that of a modern stock company, with the return to individuals dependent on their investment. This type of private investment peaked in the seventeenth century, the 'golden age.'"
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later 22 notables, control of
Algiers fell into the hands of the Barbarossa brothers. The Turkish siblings were already allies of the Ottoman Empire. In 1518, during an assault led by Aruj against Tlemcen, which was then under the control of a Spanish ally since 1511, Aruj was killed by Muslim tribal forces and the Spanish.
1277:, comprising mainly Italians, Germans, and Spaniards, which recaptured Tunis in 1535. Subsequently, the Hafsid sultan Mawlay Hasan was reinstated. However, Khayr al-Din managed to escape. Subsequently, as the supreme commander of Ottoman naval forces, Khayr al-Din was primarily engaged in affairs outside the Maghrib.
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1456:. They successfully quelled rebellious tribes, bringing an end to an extended period of social unrest in Tunisia. The resulting peace and order facilitated a degree of prosperity. The authority of the Dey was reinforced by the Qaptan of the Corsair fleet and the Bey, who were responsible for tax collection.
1452:(r. 1610–1637). These capable administrators exhibited tact, thereby enhancing the dignity of their office. Neither inclined toward luxury, they directed treasury funds toward public projects and infrastructure development, including the construction of mosques, fortresses, barracks, and the repair of
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later that year, a French protectorate was imposed over the country, lasting until 1956. Although the
Ottoman sultan officially rejected the Bardo Treaty, no attempt was made to stop the French takeover. During this period of colonial rule, the beylical institution was retained, with the Husaynid Bey
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in 1815, Britain and France secured the Bey's agreement to halt sponsoring or permitting corsair raids, which had resumed during the
Napoleonic conflict. Although there was a brief resurgence of raids, they eventually ceased. In the 1820s, economic activity in Tunisia experienced a sharp decline. The
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Berber, managed to do so during the later years of the corsair era. Captains were selected by the ship's owners from a list compiled by a select few Riesi, an authoritative council consisting of all active Corsair captains. Residence locations were also regulated, with captains, crews, and suppliers
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jurists into administrative and judicial roles. Nevertheless, governance remained in the hands of a foreign elite. In the countryside, Turkish troops efficiently controlled the tribes without compromising alliances, but their rule was unpopular. "Ottomans' military prowess enabled them to subdue the
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Under Murad II Bey (reigned 1666–1675), the Diwan resumed its role as a council of notables. In 1673, the Janissaries rose in revolt, sensing a decline in their power. During the ensuing conflict, the Janissaries and urban forces, led by the Deys, clashed with the Muradid Beys. They received support
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In the absence of Turkish intervention in the western Mediterranean, the political landscape favored the Christian north. European powers, led by Spain, continued to strengthen their dominance. Meanwhile, the local Maghrebi states faced declining trade and internal divisions, leaving them vulnerable
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His younger brother, Khayr al-Din, assumed control of Algiers but temporarily relocated eastward for several years. Upon his return to Algiers in 1529, he seized the offshore island Peñón de Argel from Spain, which controlled the city's port with its guns. By constructing a causeway connecting these
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The younger but more renowned Khizr received the epithet 'kheireddin' ("gift of God"). Aruj was known to his crew as 'baba Aruj' ("father Aruj"), which might be the origin of the nickname 'Barbarossa'. They were raised Muslim. Their father may have been either a pirate, a renegade, or a janissary,
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Private capital typically funded Corsair activity. Investors purchased shares in specific Corsair business ventures, drawn from various levels of society, including merchants, officials, janissaries, shopkeepers, and artisans. This financing provided the necessary funds for the capital and expenses
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In 16th-century Algiers, under the new Ottoman regime, the customs and practices of the pre-existing Barbary corsairs underwent significant transformation, evolving into impressive institutions. The activity became highly developed, featuring modes of recruitment, hierarchical structures within the
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Early Husaynid policy necessitated a delicate equilibrium among several disparate factions: the distant Ottomans, the Turkish-speaking elite in Tunisia, and local Tunisians (including urban and rural dwellers, notables, clerics, landowners, and remote tribal leaders). To avoid entanglement with the
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The Spanish-Ottoman truce of 1581 eased the Mediterranean rivalry between these two global powers. Spain retained some of its Maghrebi presidios and ports, such as Melilla and Oran. Both the Spanish and Ottoman Empires had shifted their focus elsewhere. Despite claiming suzerainty over Tunisia for
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since his youth. After Ramadan's death in 1613, Murad succeeded him as Bey, serving effectively from 1613 to 1631. Eventually, he was also appointed as Pasha, though by then it was a ceremonial role, with his position as Bey remaining subordinate to the Dey. His son Hamuda Bey, ruling from 1631 to
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For the first time, the Ottomans ventured into the Maghreb, eventually establishing their governing authority, albeit indirectly, along most of the southern coast of the Mediterranean. Throughout the 16th and subsequent centuries, their empire held a prominent position as the foremost Muslim state
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doctrine. went to the extent of pronouncing infidels the Andalusians who thought that life in Spain was preferable to... the Magrhib, because a true Muslim should always prefer to live under a Muslim prince. Muslim theologians would have condemned these standpoints during periods of strength and
1619:(religious scholars), and local tribes, despite being a Turkish-speaking outsider. By mobilizing native loyalties against the Turkish soldiery, he emerged victorious. As ruler, he aimed to portray himself as a popular Muslim leader invested in local welfare and prosperity. He appointed a Tunisian
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later intervened on behalf of one faction in this domestic turmoil, prolonging their stay even after the fighting subsided, which proved unpopular. Tunisia remained embroiled in civil discord and faced interference from Algeria. The last Muradid Bey was assassinated in 1702 by Ibrahim Sharif, who
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In 1516, Aruj and his brother Khayr al-Din, accompanied by Turkish soldiers, ventured further west to Algiers, where they seized control from the shaykh of the Tha'aliba tribe, who had made a treaty with Spain. Through political machinations, which involved the elimination of the tribal chief and
4672:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 308. "Important though piracy was to the economy of Tunis, it never acquired such exclusive importance as at Algiers." Julien (1970) at 308. Slave markets, where mute human captives are auctioned, now appear inherently indecent, whether in the East or the West.
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captured at sea. First, Algiers received its share as the state representative of Allah; next came the port authorities, customs brokers, and sanctuary keepers; then, the portion due to the ship owners, captain, and crew followed. The seized merchant cargo was typically sold at auction or, more
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for decoration, a characteristic feature of this period. These tiles, typically produced in the Qallalin district of Tunis, are adorned with motifs of vases, plants, and arches, and are distinguished by their predominant use of blue, green, and ochre-like yellow colors, setting them apart from
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Sufi order. Initially akin to slavery in the 15th century, janissaries later gained privileges and could ascend to high positions. Symbolized by the massive "Kazan" (kettle) where they congregated, janissaries evolved into a powerful caste, numbering over 130,000 by the 19th century before the
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and deference from notables. While janissaries continued to be recruited, tribal forces were increasingly relied upon. Although Turkish remained the language of the elite, Arabic gained prominence in government affairs. Kouloughlis (offspring of mixed Turkish and Tunisian parentage) and native
1444:
Until 1591, the corps of janissaries in Tunisia was under the authority of the local Ottoman Pasha. However, in that year, junior officers of the janissaries, known as deys, revolted against their senior officers, compelling the Pasha to recognize the leadership of one of their own. This newly
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since 1227, experiencing periods of prestige as the leading state of the Maghreb, as well as times of struggle. Over the centuries, extensive trade with European merchants persisted, leading to the establishment of state treaties. However, the Hafsids also harbored corsairs who raided merchant
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However, during Yusuf Dey's reign, various interest groups emerged and worked to undermine his governing strategies. Many of these groups were Tunisian, including the local military, urban notables (including those from the disbanded diwan), and most rural tribes, with the distant Sultan in
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This Ottoman influence enriched Tunisia with its distinct culture and institutions, which diverged notably from the conventional Arab world. Over more than half a millennium, Islamic principles melded with Turkish experiences, rooted in Central Asia, yielding unique developments and fresh
1664:, who also occupied elite roles. The dynasty maintained its Ottoman identity and associated privileges. Nevertheless, local ulama were courted, with funding allocated for religious education and support for clerics. Local Maliki jurists were integrated into government service, while rural
1151:. As an indirect result of Spain's African policy, some Muslim rulers encouraged Turkish forces to enter the region to counter the Spanish presence. The Hafsid rulers of Tunis viewed the Turks and their corsair allies as a greater threat and formed an alliance with the Spanish, as did the
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which protected their group interests. Being Turkish, they enjoyed a privileged position in the state: they were not subject to the regular system of justice in the regency and were entitled to rations of bread, meat, and oil, to a regular salary, and a proportion of the yields of
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In Tunisian practice, non-Muslim slave youths were purchased in Ottoman markets, educated with royal scions in high government service and in the Muslim religion, converted, given high echelon posts, and often married to royal daughters. Mamluks would number about 100. Perkins,
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were appeased. Tribal shaykhs received recognition and were invited to conferences. At the apex, a select few prominent families, predominantly Turkish-speaking, were favored with business opportunities, land grants, and key government positions, contingent upon their loyalty.
1588:, which effectively governed Tunisia as a hereditary monarchy from 1705 to 1881. Although formally considered vassals of the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century, the beys of Tunis enjoyed a significant degree of independence and often conducted their own foreign affairs.
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preferred by the Ottomans and curtailed the legal authority of the janissaries and the Dey. During his reign as Bey of Tunis, Husayn b. Ali supported agriculture, particularly the cultivation of olive orchards, and initiated public works projects, including mosques and
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The cross-cultural Hafsid alliance with Spain wasn't as uncommon as it might appear, given the numerous Muslim-Christian treaties, notwithstanding recurrent hostilities. Indeed, during the early 16th century, France allied with the Ottomans against the Spanish Emperor
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Turks, and later by the Ottomans. It began with the treatment of captured enemy soldiers. "A Ghulam was a slave highly trained for service in the ruler's palace and state structure." Eventually, instead of captured enemy soldiers, the recruits were taken from the
1651:(r. 1755–1759), who contested his cousin's claim. A bitter civil war ensued, culminating in 1740 with Ali's tenuous triumph. However, in 1756, after another decade of conflict, Muhammad ultimately prevailed, albeit not without continued interference from Algeria.
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Crews were sourced from three main groups: Christian renegades, which included many famous or notorious captains, foreign Muslims, primarily Turkish, and a small number of native Maghrebis. It was rare for a native to achieve high rank, although Reis Hamida, a
4638:(University of Wisconsin 1983). Captive prisoners might enjoy "exceptional" religious privileges , including churches and liturgies, although sometimes the permitted clergy were subjected to retaliation for reports of anti-Muslim actions in Spain . Later, the
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of Morocco. Nevertheless, many Maghrebi Muslims strongly preferred Islamic rule, and the Hafsid's decades-long Spanish alliance was generally unpopular and even anathema to some. On the other hand, the Saadi dynasty sultans of Morocco successfully played off
1882:. Additionally, the janissaries were regarded with suspicion by local tribal forces and the Maghreb militias as potential enemy combatants. Collectively known as the "ojaq" (Trk: "hearth"), the janissary corps maintained a strong sense of unity and élan.
1537:
pressure. This period saw a rise in commercial trading focused on agricultural products, primarily grains, facilitated by the integration of the rural population into regional networks. However, Mediterranean trade continued to be dominated by European
1817:
had reignited this dichotomy in linguistic culture. Consequently, Arabic gained dominance, leading to the gradual erosion of Berber usage. The presence of a Turkish-speaking elite appeared to accelerate the decline of Berber speech in Tunisia.
1400:
remained the language of administration. With the establishment of permanent Ottoman rule in 1574, the government of Tunis gained a degree of stability, contrasting with the insecurity and uncertainty brought by the previous periods of war.
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leaders and Tunisian notables, leading to the reinstatement of Arabic as the official language. However, the Muradids maintained the use of Turkish in the central government, reinforcing their elite status and ties to the Ottoman Empire.
973:. While Algiers occasionally contested this autonomy, Tunisia successfully maintained its status. Throughout this period, the governing councils in Tunisia were composed mainly of foreign elite, conducting state affairs primarily in the
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2716:(Atlantides 1952) at 120–124. The Ottoman efforts to control Morocco failed when the sultan they backed, although successful in gaining power, quickly entered into a Spanish alliance to counter Turkish designs. Terrasse (1952) at 121.
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The French Revolution and its repercussions disrupted European economic activity, causing shortages that created business opportunities for Tunisia. With goods in high demand but scarce supply, substantial profits could be generated.
4440:(Paris 1949, 1966; New York 1973) at 873. Later, in the 17th century, Protestant renegades (Dutch and English) assisted Algiers in acquiring pirate vessels capable of striking merchant ships in the Atlantic. Braudel (1973) at 884–885
2156:(public bath), and a market adjacent to the palace. Subsequent beys further modified and expanded the palace complex, a process that continued into the early 21st century. Today, it serves as the home of the national museum and the
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commander) in Tunisia held the foremost position overseeing internal administration and tax collection. Specifically, the Bey was responsible for managing and gathering taxes in the tribal rural areas. Biannually, armed expeditions
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Employed mostly in hard and difficult work (e.g., rowing oars in galleys , mining , and general slave labor ). A few managed better positions (trades, even management) ; wealthy captives might offer bribes . Ellen G. Friedman,
1477:) traversed the countryside, demonstrating central authority. To aid in this task, the Bey organized rural cavalry (sipahis) as an auxiliary force, primarily composed of Arabs recruited from what became known as "government" (
2474:(Cambridge University 1971) at 148 (14th-century corsairs: Christian and Muslim), 148–149 (15th-century Hafsid's suzerainty over Tlemcen), 163–165 (early Spanish treaties), 177 (last three Hafsid sultans in the 16th century).
1096:(1510). Spain also established treaty relations with half a dozen others. These agreements included Algiers (1510), which granted Spain occupation of the off-shore island of Peñón de Argel. Spain also reached agreements with
1003:. Inspired by these reforms and the Turkish model, the Bey of Tunis embarked on modernizing institutional and economic reforms. However, Tunisia's mounting international debt provided a reason or pretext for French forces to
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to North Africa, especially Tunisia, earning praise and attracting many Muslim recruits. Twice, Aruj joined the Hafsids in unsuccessful assaults on Bougie, held by Spain. Then the brothers established an independent base in
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After the pirate "golden age," the state of Algiers, primarily under the control of its Turkish janissaries, came to own many of the Corsair vessels and finance their expeditions. Strict rules governed the division of the
4543:(Paris 1949, 1966; New York 1973) at 884, which describes the foreign population (the source of renegade crews) in 16th-century Algiers, and a brief view of the city's business life, it is dependent on corsair activity.
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More than merely anti-Spain provisions were included in the Franco-Ottoman agreements. France also gained trading privileges in the East and a protectorate over Christian pilgrimage destinations there. Lucien Romier,
1677:(r. 1782–1813), the fifth Bey of Tunis, was highly capable and respected, presiding over this period of prosperity. He successfully repelled an Algerian invasion in 1807 and suppressed a janissary revolt in 1811.
4267:(Princeton: C. Van Nostrand 1965) at 30–33, 135–138, quotations herein are found at 137 and 138 (taken from Panzer). Vucinich at 135–138 provides a descriptive excerpt on the Janissaries taken from N. M. Penzer,
2504:
in the 11th century was known to have fought alongside Muslims, even siding with Muslims against Christians, like for Almutamiz against García Ordóñez. His title "El Cid," meaning "lord," originates from the
1919:
The first "great age of the Barbary corsairs" occurred in the 16th century, between 1538 and 1571. Ottoman sea power in the Mediterranean was supreme during these decades following their naval victory at the
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judged the moment suitable to bring the African conquests within the normal framework of the Ottoman organization, and he transformed Tripolitania, Tunisia, and Algeria into three regencies administered by
1782:, Turkish stands as the third language of Islam and has "played a vital role in the intellectual life" of Muslim culture for centuries. Moreover, the Turks introduced their popular customs, including their
1660:
Tunisian notables gained greater access to higher positions and decision-making processes. Unlike intermarrying with Tunisians, the Husaynid Beys often sought marriage alliances through the institution of
2010:, particularly in the coastal cities where Ottoman influence was strongest. Additionally, some European influences were introduced, notably through the importation of materials such as marble from Italy.
1877:
In the Maghreb under Ottoman rule, the janissaries were initially Turkish or Turkish-speaking. There was some rivalry between the janissaries and the pirates, who were predominantly composed of Christian
4685:(1961) at 86: "The capture of Christian ships and the enslavement of Christian crews was not only a profitable enterprise but also a holy war against the infidel who had driven the Moors out of Spain."
1640:
arrived in Tunis with a new governor to replace him; however, Husayn Bey convened a council comprising local civil and military leaders who rallied behind him, prompting the Ottoman Empire to relent.
1313:
Pasha, a renegade corsair, advanced with Turkish forces from the west and seized the Spanish presidio Goletta and the Hafsid capital, Tunis. After the key naval victory of the Christian armada at the
5854:
1904:
Piracy, often considered "an ancient if not always honorable activity," has been widely practiced by various peoples throughout different times and locations. A distinction can be made between a
1655:
Ottoman Empire, which could encroach on the Bey's authority, religious connections to the Ottoman Caliphate were cultivated, bolstering the prestige of the Beys and garnering approval from local
4756:
2152:, the traditional residence of Tunisian rulers dating back to the 15th century. He transformed it into an expansive complex enclosed by a fortified wall, which included a mosque, a madrasa, a
4094:(New York: Washington Square 1963) at xi–xii. "Each of the three languages of the Islamic world belongs to a different language group. Turkish is a Ural-Altaic language." Ullah (1963) at 370.
3675:
Murad Curso's name indicates his Corsican origin . A Spanish intelligence report in 1568 estimated that there were 10,000 renegades in Algiers, of whom 6,000 were Corsicans. Fernand Braudel,
1546:
to regulate transactions between local producers and foreign merchants. Consequently, the rulers and their foreign-connected business associates, who were part of the Turkish-speaking ruling
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and Moriscos expelled from Spain could be "uncompromising in their hatred of the Christians" and often "engaged in piracy against the Christians, especially the Spaniards." Cf., Abun-Nasr,
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3346:(Paris: 1949, 1966; New York 1973, 1976) at 1161–1165. Braudel opines that Spain did not walk out on her allies by this treaty, as Spain continued to protect Italy. Braudel at 1165.
4317:(1976) at 21–22. The janissary ruling class in Algiers was strictly organized to retain power in their hands alone. Spencer here describes an aspect of their government leadership:
1809:
The arrival of a Turkish-speaking ruling elite in Tunisia, whose institutions held sway over governance for centuries, indirectly influenced the enduring linguistic divide between
5202:
4324:(literally, "hearth" in Turkish) the military garrison.... Not only were native North Africans excluded from positions in the military government, but equally excluded were the
2686:
This enmity continued due to a bitter combination of European attacks, corsair raiding, and by linking it to Ottoman championing of the cause of Islam (Abun-Nasr, 1971, p. 158).
2032:, built or begun around 1614–15 by Yusuf Dey (r. 1610–1637), is one of the earliest and most important examples that incorporated Ottoman elements into local architecture. Its
1404:
However, the tenure of the new Ottoman Pasha in Tunisia proved to be short-lived. Just four years later, in 1591, a revolt among the occupying Turkish forces, particularly the
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3355:
During this long back-and-forth contest, the two powerful Empires were also otherwise engaged. The Spanish contended with an ongoing Protestant challenge, including the later
5382:
5847:
2566:
of Spain (r. 1556–1598) "for his part had always maintained diplomatic relations with the Turks." This Spanish King eventually treated the Ottoman Empire. Braudel at 1143.
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on a three-year posting. The Barbary provinces ceased to be a bastion of the Turkish Empire against the Spanish Empire: they became ordinary, only more remote provinces."
1191:(c. 1483–1546). Both were known as Barbarossa ("red beard"). The Muslim brothers hailed from obscure origins in the Greek island of Medelli or Mytilene (ancient Lesbos).
5387:
3305:, before he died in 1538, bequeathed "his title and rights to the sultan of Turkey." The legitimacy of it has been questioned, but "the sultans of Turkey have been the
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1210:(1493–1526). Under the agreement, the 'prizes' (ships, cargoes, and captives) were to be shared. The brothers operated from Goletta ; they ran similar operations from
1179:
In this naval struggle, the Ottoman Empire supported many Barbary pirates who raided European commercial shipping in the Mediterranean. The corsairs later established
382:
357:
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to Spanish forces and its consequences, including the immigration of Moorish Andalusians and the loss of the 'buffer state' of Granada (Abun-Nasr, 1971, p. 157–158).
2336:(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 29–31. After the reconquest, several such port cities, e.g., Oran, were favorable to Spanish influence. Kamen (2003), pp. 29–30.
1797:
The infusion of Turkish rule brought new vigor to Tunis and other cities, welcomed by the clerical ulama for the regime's stability. While the Ottomans favored the
1061:
of the Iberian Peninsula, followed by the establishment of the first Spanish settlements in America. Spain then devised an African policy, establishing a series of
4963:
4491:(Philadelphia: Lippincott 1910; Alden's revised edition 1927) at 43 (1793), 61–92 (1800–1805), 204–206 (1807, 1812–1815); 61, 206 (treaties with Tunis mentioned).
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descent, ascended to power in 1705. His military units were part of the Tunisian forces that repelled an Algerian invasion at the time. Subsequently, the Turkish
5840:
1853:
The Ottomans initially stationed 4,000 janissaries in Tunis, drawn from their occupying forces in Algiers, primarily consisting of Turkish troops recruited from
4061:
Turkish was written in an Arabic script and incorporated words borrowed from Arabic and Persian. "634 words of Turkish origin used today in Algeria." Spencer,
1986:
were considered a source of greater profit than looted merchandise in Barbary, while in Tunis, corsair activity never reached the prominence it did in Algiers.
1874:
institution was dissolved. They wielded considerable influence and were prone to riot and looting if not satisfied, leading to the downfall of several Sultans.
7767:
1342:
globally, serving as Islam's primary focal point. The Ottoman Empire earned recognition as "the leader of all Islam for nearly half a millennium." The Turkish
7812:
5355:
2778:
is the style used by Prof. M. H. Cherif of the Faculté des sciences humaines et sociales, Tunis. Cherif, "Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya", 120–133, at 123, in
1505:. In 1640, upon the Dey's death, Hamuda Bey maneuvered to control appointments to that office, consolidating his authority as the supreme ruler of Tunisia.
7762:
5256:
4642:
set up hospitals to care for the sick and dying . In 1620, the Spanish founded a hospital with the help of the ruling Bey of Tunis . Ellen G. Friedman,
2183:
2101:
or "Mosque of the Barber" in Kairouan, starting in 1629. This complex, which underwent further modifications, exemplifies the use of underglaze-painted
987:. However, after a prolonged period of diminishing raids, the increasing power of European states eventually brought an end to the practice through the
7822:
7797:
2725:
Thus, Ottoman corsairs were denied use of Morocco's ports on the Atlantic. Later, the English approached Morocco, seeking an anti-Span treaty. Julien,
1214:
in the south, where Aruj served as governor. During these years in Spain, non-Christians, including Muslims, were required to leave, according to the
6551:
7772:
4386:(in European law) issued by a sovereign state which here grants the recipient limited right to capture a specified class of vessels. Cf., Braudel,
7807:
7304:
5912:
2445:
2058:
reflects the influence of the "pencil"-shaped Ottoman minarets. During this period, octagonal minarets often characterized mosques following the
1741:
empires of Central Asia. The Turkish jurist Ebu us-Suud Efendi (c.1490–1574) was credited with harmonizing the regulations of the secular state (
1533:
During the Muradid era (circa the 1630s–1702), there was a gradual economic shift characterized by a decline in corsair raiding due to increased
1493:
1666, secured both titles with the backing of local Tunisian dignitaries. As Pasha, the Bey gained social standing through his connection to the
5863:
2050:
complexes and marked the first example of a "funerary mosque" in Tunis, with the founder's mausoleum (dated to 1639) attached to it. While the
1729:
of Central Asia. Due to the challenges of governance and its extensive geographical reach, the Ottoman state played a pivotal role in shaping
7405:
5666:
5261:
4513:
Abdullah Laroui voices the common complaint that, in light of their importance, too often too much is made of the Barbary Corsairs. Larouri,
2157:
739:
7563:
6623:
850:
2113:
It wasn't until the late 17th century that Tunisia saw the construction of its first and only mosque featuring an Ottoman-style dome: the
2044:, fountains, latrines, and even a café, many of which provided revenues for the upkeep of the complex. This arrangement resembles Ottoman
7587:
7340:
7166:
2274:
The Regency of Tunis and the Ottoman Porte, 1777-1814: Army and Government of a North-African Eyâlet at the End of the Eighteenth Century
2439:
2141:
in the transition areas between the semi-domes. Inside, the mosque features marble paneling and decorative tiles reminiscent of Ottoman
7663:
7101:
6735:
3523:(1992, 1999). Stripped of real power by the military, the Tunisian pasha remained as a symbolic figure representing Ottoman allegiance.
2892:(New York: Henry Holt 1992) at 166–169. The Muslim corsair raids long afflicting Spain's coastal residents led Spaniards to view their
2054:
form of the mosque and the pyramidal roof of the mausoleum reflect traditional architecture in the region, the octagonal shaft of the
1975:
commonly, to European commercial representatives residing in Algiers, through whom it might even reach its original destination port.
1100:(1511), a city about 40 km inland, and with Tunis, whose Spanish alliance lasted on and off for decades. Near Tunis, the port of
7817:
1712:, Tunisia declared itself a republic in 1957, leading to the termination of the beylical office and the end of the Husaynid dynasty.
749:
1321:
retook Tunis for Spain in 1573, restoring Hafsid's rule. However, in 1574, a large Ottoman expedition returned under the command of
5811:
5659:
5278:
4848:
1725:
sagas of frontier warfare, drawing inspiration from Islamic traditions of early Arab conquests, yet infused with legends from the
1530:
subsequently ruled for several years with Algerian support. Consequently, the reign of the Muradid Beys lasted from 1640 to 1702.
7202:
5115:
5000:
936:
2738:
Piracy was then almost common across the entire Mediterranean, there being both Muslim and Christian corsairs. Fernand Braudel,
2562:(New York: Harper & Row 1973, 1976) at II: 1144–1165. This flexible Spanish attitude continued into the 16th century, e.g.,
1886:"They possessed a high sense of group solidarity and egalitarian spirit in the ranks, and elected their commander-in-chief, the
7802:
7545:
7510:
7493:
5343:
1774:. Turkish became the language of state affairs in Tunisia, infusing its distinctive flavors throughout Tunisian society. After
1207:
1194:
After gaining combat experience in the eastern Mediterranean (during which Aruj was captured and spent three years rowing in a
1325:
and captured Tunis permanently. The last ruler of the Hafsid dynasty was then sent by ship to the Ottoman sultan, imprisoned.
7611:
5748:
2309:
2282:
2255:
6618:
519:
7722:
7605:
5268:
1562:. The social stratification persisted, with prominent families in Tunisia being recognized as part of the "Turkish" ruling
1521:
At the death of Murad II Bey, internal strife erupted within the Muradid family, leading to an armed conflict known as the
729:
3197:) met and defeated the Turkish fleet off the coast of western Greece. Algerian ships under Uluj Ali escaped. J. Beeching,
1611:
corps appointed their own Dey as the new ruler. However, Husayn ibn Ali defied the Dey and garnered support from Tunisian
162:
7777:
7457:
7381:
1139:, as bodyguards. By the 16th century, Hafsid rule weakened, often confined to Tunis alone. The last three Hafsid sultans—
7328:
4273:
The Harem. An account of the institution as it existed in the Palace of the Turkish Sultans with a history of the Grand
769:
7451:
7416:
6612:
5180:
2121:
and completed under his successor, Ramadan ibn Murad, between 1696 and 1699, showcases a dome system characteristic of
2006:
After the establishment of Ottoman authority in the region, architecture in both Tunisia and Algeria was influenced by
7581:
5452:
4861:
4795:
4740:
4706:
4476:
3769:
2803:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 17–19. Other Muslim sailors also were attracted by the opportunities in the Maghrib.
1396:, composed of senior Turkish military officials (buluk-bashis) and local dignitaries, provided counsel to the pasha.
68:
50:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7539:
4985:
3997:(Cambridge University 1976) at I: 103–104, 134–139, 146. Shaw discusses earlier Ottoman law-making at 22–27 and 62.
1140:
843:
569:
3727:
Government control over economic wealth was prevalent in the region during the 16th century. See Fernand Braudel,
2332:
ultimately decided on limited objectives: constructing strong forts in a string of port cities. See: Henry Kamen,
2171:
1733:
developments for centuries. Imperial law drew from various sources, including Islamic fiqh, Roman-Byzantine legal
940:
7516:
7487:
7316:
6921:
3301:
Muslim Egypt was conquered by the Ottomans in 1516–1517. The figurehead caliph of Egypt, Mutawekkil, last of the
534:
4990:
2388:(New York: HarperCollins 2003) at 30–31 (Mers-el-Kebir), 32–33 (Oran), 31–32 (Bougie and Tripoli), 32 (Algiers).
2097:
Hammuda Pasha (r. 1631–1664), one of the Muradid Beys, initiated a significant restoration and expansion of the
1995:
759:
7575:
6728:
5771:
5511:
4948:
4926:
4023:(Stanford University 1997) at 269. Ebu us-Suud Efendi's legal writings are in both Arabic and Turkish, but his
2122:
1694:
1202:
before being ransomed), the two brothers arrived in Tunis as corsair leaders. By 1504, they had entered into a
375:
309:
35:
3984:(Santiago de Chile: Editorial Zig-Zag 1954, 1972), edited by Juan Luveluk, text established by Menéndez Pidal.
3731:(1949, 1966, 1973) at I: 449–451. This systematic policy in practice laid the foundation for the emergence of
1055:, both confident due to recent triumphs and subsequent expansion. In 1492, Spain completed its centuries-long
7657:
7645:
7599:
7593:
7569:
7557:
7481:
7469:
7463:
7434:
5651:
5630:
5462:
5360:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5168:
5108:
4958:
2531:
2149:
2090:
1827:
1758:
1148:
1004:
1937:
1249:
1104:
was later occupied by Spanish forces, who built a large and strong presidio there. They also constructed an
7707:
5224:
4841:
4786:
Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
3000:(London: Macmillan 1937; reprint NY: Harper 1961) at 92–102, 105 (versus the Ottomans), 94–97 (Tunis 1535).
2678:"his situation infused into Magriban theology an uncompromising strain comparable to the strictness of the
1979:
1644:
1592:
492:
6871:
2671:
The author earlier attributed this Maghriban mood of intolerance, both popular and scholarly, to the 1492
991:. During the Ottoman Empire's rule, Tunisia experienced territorial contraction, losing land to the west (
7717:
7527:
7256:
7196:
6467:
5423:
5401:
4921:
2448:
was occupied by the Spanish long after its use by the Turkish brothers Aruj and Khayr al-Din (see below).
1961:
1131:
1065:
in port cities along the African coast. The Ottoman Turks achieved their long-term ambition of capturing
836:
626:
417:
965:
forces. However, Tunisia quickly gained autonomy and operated as an autonomous province under the local
7669:
7551:
7522:
7440:
7286:
7131:
7121:
7116:
6479:
6322:
5523:
5120:
4953:
3363:, and of course, with America. The Ottomans were entangled in intermittent warfare elsewhere, e.g., in
1234:
145:
131:
7375:
7262:
7172:
7054:
6721:
6348:
6041:
5375:
5175:
5056:
4407:
or "the course", a reference to the act of running down a merchant ship to capture it. Cf., Spencer,
3070:). At the top of the drawing, the city of Tunis spreads out in the back of the lake and green fields.
2780:
2433:
1709:
1392:, who was responsible for the collection of state revenue. From 1574 to 1591, a council known as the
720:
3290:
A Short History of North Africa. Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco from Pre-Roman days to the present
1388:
Thus, in 1587, a pasha assumed the role of Ottoman governor of Tunisia. The pasha was assisted by a
1354:
the next three centuries, the Ottomans' effective political control in the Maghreb was short-lived.
7757:
7651:
7411:
7352:
7232:
7214:
7208:
7126:
7111:
6643:
5985:
5640:
4877:
1699:
In 1881, the French invaded Tunisia, using a border skirmish as a pretext. With the signing of the
1290:
1042:
1038:
1034:
974:
932:
928:
912:
456:
254:
205:
112:
4611:, "favor, grace, mercy") were two prominent religious orders, among others—Friedman (1983) at 106.
3974:
Stories of such intermittent warfare may compare to those of the Spanish medieval frontier, i.e.,
7533:
7310:
7274:
7268:
7096:
7091:
7059:
6796:
6363:
5832:
5596:
5591:
5506:
5474:
5311:
5192:
5125:
5061:
5051:
5027:
5015:
4834:
2148:
Husayn ibn Ali (r. 1705–1735), the founder of the Husaynid dynasty, oversaw the expansion of the
2098:
1453:
1157:
1105:
497:
151:
46:
2491:), 15 (piracy: European and North African), 17 (Hafsid early hub facilitating Turkish corsairs).
7827:
7280:
7190:
7178:
6972:
6638:
6406:
6332:
5479:
5418:
5328:
5010:
5005:
3493:
M. H. Cherif, "Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya: The Ottomans and their heirs", 120–133, at 124, in
2329:
2118:
1135:
shipping. In the 15th century, the Hafsids employed a Christian force, primarily consisting of
523:
4142:
M. H. Cherif, "Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya: the Ottomans and their heirs" 120–133, at 124, in
7617:
7399:
7226:
6694:
6684:
6633:
6222:
6174:
5467:
5447:
5442:
5251:
5229:
4975:
4120:(1965) at 76–77, 65–66, 122–123. Coffee derived from Turkish Yemen, ultimately from Ethiopia.
3759:
3519:
Cherif, "Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya: The Ottomans and their heirs," 120–133, at 126–127, in
2033:
1858:
209:
4818:
7446:
7393:
7334:
7298:
7250:
7238:
6967:
6886:
6861:
6816:
6653:
6290:
6036:
5924:
5707:
5430:
5413:
5365:
5273:
5163:
5086:
5036:
2535:
2007:
2001:
1837:
1734:
1648:
1522:
1513:, as well as from prominent city figures. As the Beys emerged victorious, so did the rural
1188:
996:
992:
984:
916:
1432:
1370:
After Tunisia fell to the Ottoman Empire, the Porte appointed a pasha to govern. "Pasha" (
8:
7702:
5566:
5554:
5496:
5489:
5457:
5151:
5103:
4995:
3134:
2885:
1983:
1551:
1534:
1380:
1318:
1199:
779:
548:
473:
42:
6806:
3495:
General History of Africa, volume V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
1770:
Ottoman popular literature and much of the learning of its elites were expressed in the
7639:
7422:
6766:
6674:
6648:
6602:
6597:
6395:
6338:
6066:
5806:
5533:
5350:
5321:
5294:
5239:
5091:
5076:
5071:
4980:
4869:
4484:
4271:(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, n.d.) at 89–93; the full title of Penzer's book being
3313:
3194:
2563:
2215:
2114:
2029:
2017:
1681:
1143:, his son Ahmad, and his brother Muhammad—engaged in inconsistent treaties with Spain.
426:
6111:
999:). In the 19th century, Tunisian rulers took note of the ongoing political and social
7633:
7428:
7346:
7292:
7244:
7184:
7106:
7049:
6911:
6607:
6570:
6373:
6353:
5970:
5544:
5518:
5333:
5135:
4968:
4791:
4736:
4702:
4639:
4596:
4480:
3980:
3765:
3121:
Uluj Ali's most commonly used epithet, "Uluj" signifies "renegade." Abdallah Laroui,
3097:
2517:
2405:(London: Routledge, Kegan Paul 1970) at 279, 294 (Tlemcen), 282–284, 297–300 (Tunis).
2305:
2278:
2251:
2220:
2210:
2205:
1953:
of ships and crews, including naval stores, supplies, timber, canvas, and munitions.
1921:
1489:
1314:
1160:
against Turk, thus remaining both Muslim-ruled and independent of the Ottoman grasp.
655:
645:
608:
588:
578:
7387:
2130:
1047:
In the 16th century, control of the western Mediterranean was contested between the
7322:
6977:
6931:
6901:
6866:
6744:
6679:
6587:
6436:
6431:
6243:
6162:
6015:
6005:
6000:
5776:
5620:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5501:
5484:
4916:
4904:
4889:
4813:
4604:
4383:
4074:
4028:
3009:
2200:
2013:
1862:
1771:
1585:
1579:
1397:
1371:
1172:
1011:
895:
482:
295:
213:
7220:
4732:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
4698:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
3159:(Paris 1949, 1966; New York 1973, 1976) at II: 1066–1068. Here Uluj Ali is called
2816:, which was translated into French in 1837. Cited by Spencer (1976) at 20–21, 174.
2461:(1961; 1970) at 148 (corsairs), 153 (Catalan bodyguard), 158 (European merchants).
7018:
7013:
6689:
6582:
6575:
6518:
6441:
6343:
6157:
6131:
6106:
6101:
5975:
5955:
5902:
5821:
5796:
5781:
5766:
5697:
5581:
5435:
5306:
5185:
4936:
4909:
4899:
4882:
4730:
4696:
4433:
3876:
3368:
3240:(Washington, D.C.: American University 3rd ed. 1986), edited by Harold D. Nelson.
3152:
3055:
2672:
2641:
2551:
2506:
2299:
2272:
2245:
1846:
1810:
1775:
1700:
1674:
1575:
1539:
1417:
1215:
980:
970:
702:
683:
447:
281:
201:
137:
98:
1285:
6992:
6462:
6457:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6401:
6327:
6316:
6218:
6181:
6152:
6096:
6091:
5990:
5980:
5965:
5816:
5801:
5791:
5786:
5743:
5728:
5683:
5316:
5081:
4284:
4229:
3410:
In Turkish, the western provinces were called "Garb-Ojaklari". Bohdan Chudoba,
3364:
3360:
3054:
In foreground (by the pictured Ottoman fleet) the Spanish presidio of Goletta (
2328:
for Spain, the clergy argued for attempting a complete conquest; however, King
2102:
2086:
1779:
1763:
1502:
1168:
1127:
1066:
883:
871:
826:
665:
509:
362:
181:
6962:
6061:
5681:
4279:(London: George P. Harrap 1936); reprints, e.g., Dorset 1993; Dover 2005. The
3443:
subject to periodic replacement. These measures involved the abolition of the
2301:
The Regency of Tunis, 1535–1666: Genesis of an Ottoman Province in the Maghreb
1927:
1813:
and Arabic in settled areas. The 11th-century invasion by the Arabic-speaking
1183:
as their principal base. The "architects of Ottoman rule in the Maghrib" were
7751:
7727:
6776:
6528:
6523:
6502:
6497:
6474:
6411:
6368:
6358:
6311:
6306:
6147:
6126:
6071:
6056:
6046:
6020:
5960:
5919:
5907:
5738:
5702:
5586:
5244:
5234:
3063:
2640:
The Spanish alliance with Sa'did Morocco was renewed in 1576, and again with
2628:
2428:
2142:
2107:
1945:
1913:
1783:
1705:
1554:. This hindered the development of local business interests, including rural
1437:
1330:
1269:
The following year, Emperor Charles V (r. 1516–1556) organized a fleet under
1262:
1230:
1152:
1085:
954:
920:
815:
635:
328:
6896:
6271:
6086:
6010:
3185:
The combined fleets of various Christian powers, including Spain as well as
2627:(Princeton University 1977) at 250–251. Spain managed a tacit alliance with
2432:
1949:
all residing in the western quarter of Algiers, along the harbor and docks.
7732:
7358:
6957:
6669:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6202:
6197:
6169:
6121:
6116:
6081:
6051:
5950:
5945:
5733:
4453:(Westview 1986) at 50–51 (1550s), 56 (mid-16th), 59 (late 17th), 64 (1819).
4234:
3732:
3356:
2742:(Librairie Armand Colin 1949, 2d ed. 1966), translated by Siân Reynolds as
1870:
1787:
1270:
1074:
988:
983:
targeted European shipping, primarily originating from Algiers, Tunis, and
924:
1448:
Two highly effective Deys were 'Uthman Dey (1598–1610) and his son-in-law
1163:
7039:
6987:
6926:
6906:
6379:
6076:
5995:
4600:
4595:(University of Wisconsin 1983), "Part 3. The Redemption" at 105–164. The
4541:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World during the Age of Philip II
4464:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World during the Age of Philip II
4438:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World during the Age of Philip II
4422:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World during the Age of Philip II
4041:
3139:
3025:
2133:(circa 1548) in Istanbul, consists of a central dome accompanied by four
2110:. The artistic height of these tiles was in the 17th and 18th centuries.
1971:
1742:
1708:, while the French effectively governed the country. Upon achieving full
1542:. To maximize profits from export trade, the Beys established government
1322:
1258:
1101:
1093:
1057:
1016:
223:
2443:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 392.
7475:
7034:
6936:
6916:
6891:
6881:
4894:
3975:
2247:
Tunisia Since the Arab Conquest: The Saga of a Westernized Muslim State
2138:
2074:, predominant in the Maghreb, continued to feature traditional square (
1814:
1746:
1636:(schools). His popularity was evident in 1715 when the Ottoman fleet's
1555:
1084:. Spain captured and occupied several ports in North Africa, including
3965:(Cambridge University 1976) at I: 1–9 (history); 139–143 (literature).
3677:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II.
3414:(University of Chicago 1952) at 66. Cf., Cherif (1992, 1999) at 123: "
2868:
2081:
2046:
1752:
1305:(Turgut), ruling in Tripoli, attacked Tunisia from the east, entering
935:
in 1574 that the Turks permanently acquired the former territories of
907:(Oruç Reis), eventually expanding across the entire region except for
7044:
6997:
6982:
6786:
6628:
5130:
4941:
4388:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
3344:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
3157:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
2796:
2744:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
2679:
2560:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
2134:
2051:
1909:
1842:
1665:
1608:
1449:
1405:
1224:
1219:
1203:
1136:
1115:
1048:
962:
900:
598:
267:
2812:
There exists a 16th-century anonymous manuscript written in Arabic,
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6876:
6713:
6592:
4826:
4288:
4274:
3302:
3093:
2593:(Paris: Hachette 1948), translated and 'completed' by A.L.Rouse as
2556:
La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II
2349:(New York: St. Martin's, 1963; reprint, Meridian, 1977), pp. 52–55.
1879:
1854:
1633:
1559:
1543:
1310:
1306:
1294:
1254:
1062:
1000:
875:
233:
5862:
4475:
The U.S.A. also then became involved in various negotiations, and
3885:
On the Eve of Colonialism: North Africa before the French conquest
3761:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
1362:
6811:
6791:
6781:
6267:
4857:
4785:
4225:
4221:
2893:
2746:(Wm. Collins/Harper & Row 1973, reprint 1976) at II: 865–891.
2740:
La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philip II
2558:(Paris: Librairie Armand Colin 1949, 2d ed. 1966), translated as
2189:
Flag of Tunisia as depicted in the Flag Chart by B. Lems in 1700.
2063:
2055:
2037:
2021:
1857:. The janissary corps operated under the direct command of their
1726:
1661:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1485:
1180:
1097:
1081:
1070:
950:
908:
891:
890:. The Ottoman presence in the Maghreb began with the takeover of
789:
404:
400:
104:
3454:
Julien (1961; 1970) at 301–302 (quotation, emphasis added). For
3100:, Calabrian) origin. Later the Ottoman Sultan gave him the name
7712:
6941:
6771:
5883:
5096:
4788:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
3435:
3309:
3193:, under the leadership of Don Juan de Austria (half-brother of
3186:
2511:
2501:
2488:
2153:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2041:
1905:
1866:
1802:
1798:
1628:
1620:
1604:
1498:
1494:
1416:, who bore the honorific title of "Commander of the Faithful" (
1413:
1347:
1343:
1302:
1211:
1195:
1109:
177:
3110:
The Ottoman Centuries. The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire
1301:
A few decades passed until, in 1556, another Turkish corsair,
6801:
4479:
with suppression activities along the Barbary coast, chiefly
4073:, "to know") combined Arabic, Spanish, Turkish, Italian, and
4024:
3190:
3032:(New York: HarperCollins 2003) at 72–74 (Barbarossa escapes).
2375:(Cambridge University Press, 1976), vol. I, pp. 55–66, 83–85.
2126:
1965:
Ransom of Christians held in Barbary during the 17th century.
1738:
1656:
1616:
1563:
1547:
1393:
1274:
1052:
958:
946:
879:
191:
4031:, which is the language of the elite. Imber (1997) at 14–15.
2067:
associated with the Ottomans, while mosques adhering to the
1525:
or the Muradid War of Succession (1675-1705). The rulers of
39:. Information in some parts may not match the cited sources.
6856:
6265:
2712:(Casablanca: Editions Atlantides 1949–1950), translated as
2648:(Casablanca: Editions Atlantides 1949–1950), translated as
1730:
1722:
1624:
1469:
1184:
1119:
1089:
904:
1218:, at times, Aruj used his ships to transport many Moorish
1010:
A legacy of centuries of Turkish rule is the existence of
4045:
3950:
Between Two Worlds. The Construction of the Ottoman State
3887:(New York: Africana 1977); cited by Perkins (1986) at 67.
1409:
1389:
966:
4644:
Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age
4636:
Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age
4623:
Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age
4593:
Spanish Captives in North Africa in the Early Modern Age
2137:, supplemented by four smaller domes at the corners and
1688:
16:
Semi-autonomous state affiliated with the Ottoman Empire
4220:
The janissaries probably originated in the preexisting
3758:
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The Husaynid Beys".
3359:, with several Muslim insurgencies in Spain, e.g., the
2623:(Paris: Libraire François Maspero 1970), translated as
2403:
History of North Africa. From the Arab conquest to 1830
1643:
In 1735, a succession dispute arose between his nephew
1595:(r. 1705–1735), originally an Ottoman cavalry officer (
1237:(Hayreddin) Pasha (c.1483–1546), the younger Barbarossa
2608:
Tunisia. Crossroads of the Islamic and European worlds
1550:, disproportionately benefited from Tunisia's trading
4237:
on children of Christian subjects. Norman Itzkowitz,
3236:
Robert Rinehart, "Historical Setting" 1–70 at 22, in
3201:(New York: Scribner's 1982) at 184–187, 219, 233–234.
3125:(Paris 1970; Princeton University 1977) at 251, n.19.
2521:(Madrid: Ediciones Rodas 1972) at 58–62 and note 15.
1069:
in 1453, then successfully expanded further into the
4044:
were often ultimately derived from customary usage '
3926:(Cambridge University 1971) at 278–279, and 353–354.
3312:
of the greater part of orthodox Islam ever since" .
2974:(Paris 1970; Princeton 1977) at 249 (italics added).
2795:
their mother either a Greek priest's daughter or an
2020:
complex in Tunis (c. 1614–1639), with mausoleum and
1227:, east of Bougie, which attracted Hafsid hostility.
1080:
Turkish Barbary corsairs operated from bases in the
4390:(Paris 1949, 1966; New York 1973, 1976) at 866–868.
3388:(Paris 1961; London 1970) at 280–281, 292, 301–302.
2983:Rinehart, "Historical Setting," 1–70, at 21–22, in
2665:(1971) at 162–163. However, Prof. Abun-Nasr noted:
1014:. Historically, male descendants were known as the
4424:(Paris 1949, 1966; New York 1973) at 870, 877–891.
3474:
2487:(1976) at 11 (commercial treaty between Tunis and
1916:in the west, targeting Christian merchant ships).
3253:(Paris 1970, Princeton 1977) at 215–223, 227–228.
2754:
2752:
7749:
4790:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
3601:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 303–305, 304.
3092:Uluj Ali, also spelled Ochiali, was a Christian
3030:Empire. How Spain became a world power 1492–1763
2729:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 230–232, 235.
2386:Empire. How Spain became a world power 1492–1763
2334:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power 1492–1763
1801:school of law, they also admitted some Tunisian
1721:perspectives. For instance, Turks crafted their
1280:
4050:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
4008:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
3995:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
3963:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
3264:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
3014:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
2625:A History of the Maghrib. An interpretive essay
2597:(New York: St. Martin's Press 1953) at 198–199.
2591:L'Ancienne France: des Origenes a la Revolution
2577:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
2373:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1584:After 1705, the Bey of Tunisia was held by the
5864:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
3764:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 55–56.
2824:
2822:
2749:
2579:(Cambridge University 1976) at I: 91, 102–103.
2362:(Princeton: C. Van Nostrand, 1965), pp. 15–18.
2125:. This architectural style, first utilized by
1931:Barbary corsair leader Aruj boarding a galley.
1737:, and the traditions of the great Turkish and
7768:States and territories disestablished in 1705
6729:
5848:
5667:
5262:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
4842:
3729:The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World
3140:El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quíjote de la Mancha
3062:, "Throat of the River"). Behind it lies the
1996:Architecture of Tunisia § Ottoman period
1715:
844:
7813:1705 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
5875:
5682:Administrative regions and provinces of the
1171:from 1299 to 1683, the year of their second
933:final Ottoman reconquest of Tunis from Spain
90:
4517:(Paris 1970; Princeton 1977), e.g., at 244.
4360:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 284–285.
4107:(Princeton: C. Van Nostrand 1965) at 70–73.
4069:known as 'Franco' or 'Sabir' (from Spanish
3653:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 303–305.
2948:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 280–281.
2935:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 279–280.
2819:
2621:L'Histoire du Maghreb: Un essai de synthèse
2538:Pasha (the younger Barbarossa). Abun-Nasr,
2418:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 15–17, 22.
2239:
2237:
2235:
1073:(1459–1482), and later conquered Syria and
919:, the younger brother of Aruj, who was the
7763:States and territories established in 1574
6736:
6722:
6550:
5855:
5841:
5674:
5660:
4849:
4835:
4146:(UNESCO 1992, 1999), edited by B. A. Ogot.
3375:(University of Chicago 1972) at 66, 68–71.
3112:(New York: Wm. Morrow, Quill 1977) at 271.
1028:
851:
837:
161:
7823:18th-century disestablishments in Tunisia
7798:1574 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
5257:National Council of Regions and Districts
4659:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 50, 127.
4489:A Short History of the United States Navy
4466:(Paris 1949, 1966; New York 1973) at 873.
4265:The Ottoman Empire: Its record and legacy
4105:The Ottoman Empire: Its record and legacy
3952:(University of California 1995) at 62–90.
2610:(Boulder: Westview 1986) at 51–52, 53–54.
2401:(Paris: Payot 1931, 1961), translated as
2360:The Ottoman Empire: Its Record and Legacy
1845:(15th century), depicted in a drawing by
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
7305:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands
5279:Independent High Authority for Elections
4382:The certificate the pirate lacks is the
4172:(Paris 1970, Princeton 1977) at 252–253.
4021:Ebu's-su'ud. The Islamic legal tradition
3757:
3266:(Cambridge University 1976) at I: 96–97.
3016:(Cambridge University 1976) at I: 96–97.
2427:
2232:
2080:
2012:
1960:
1926:
1836:
1751:
1431:
1361:
1284:
1248:
1229:
1162:
1114:
7773:Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Africa
4582:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 49–50.
4556:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 48–49.
4530:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 47–48.
4347:(Cambridge University 1971) at 166–167.
4304:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 284.
3867:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 328.
3614:(Cambridge University 1971) at 178–179.
3227:(Cambridge University 1971) at 169-170.
3045:(Cambridge University 1971) at 164–165.
2896:(and Mudéjar) neighbors with suspicion.
2832:(Paris 1931, 1961; London 1970) at 278.
1408:, propelled a new military leader, the
1187:(c. 1474–1518) and his younger brother
7808:16th-century establishments in Tunisia
7750:
7102:Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4254:(Oxford University 1971) at 68, 80–83.
3431:(Paris 1961; London 1970) at 301–302.
2998:The Golden Century of Spain. 1501–1621
2304:. American University in Cairo Press.
2270:
949:was initially under Ottoman rule from
915:occurred in 1534 under the command of
878:from the 16th to 19th centuries, when
7691:
7148:
7080:
6838:
6755:
6717:
6549:
6264:
5874:
5836:
5655:
4830:
4728:
4694:
4052:(Cambridge University 1976) at I: 22.
4010:(Cambridge University 1976) at I: 62.
3333:(Paris 1961; London 1970) at 300–301.
3318:A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages
3083:(Paris 1970; Princeton: 1977) at 251.
2297:
2243:
1786:, attire, and the institution of the
1689:Establishment of French colonial rule
7723:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi
7167:Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands
6743:
5636:
4856:
4767:from the original on 12 January 2022
4688:
4569:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 48.
4373:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 46.
4239:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition
3373:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition
3279:(University of Oklahoma 1976) at 47.
957:soon directly appointed a governor (
105:
18:
7664:Austrian expedition against Morocco
5626:
4779:
4715:
4277:from its foundation to modern times
4241:(University of Chicago 1972) at 49.
4144:General History of Africa, Volume V
3788:(Cambridge University 1971) p. 180.
3588:(Cambridge University 1971) at 178.
3292:(New York: Devin-Adair 1961) at 72.
3137:called Uluj Ali "el Uchalí" in his
1484:Ramadan Bey had been a patron to a
1122:(c.1474–1518), the elder Barbarossa
882:was officially integrated into the
91:
13:
4657:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4580:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4567:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4554:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4528:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4502:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4409:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4371:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4315:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
4133:(Westview 1986) at 55 (quotation).
3751:
3469:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
3277:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
3104:so that he might also be known as
2907:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
2856:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
2843:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
2801:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
2485:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
2416:Algiers in the Age of the Corsairs
2226:
1509:from rural factions led by tribal
14:
7839:
4807:
4487:. Clark, Stevens, Alden, Krafft,
4063:Algier in the Age of the Corsairs
3881:Le Maghreb avant la prise d'Alger
3679:(1949, 1966, 1973) at I: 159–160.
3560:The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam
3521:General History of Africa, vol. V
1427:
1357:
1206:agreement with the Hafsid sultan
7818:1705 disestablishments in Africa
7329:Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir
5635:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5026:
4749:
4675:
4662:
4649:
4628:
4614:
4585:
4572:
4559:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4494:
4469:
4456:
4443:
4427:
4414:
4403:evidently derives from Italian:
4393:
4376:
4363:
4350:
4337:
4307:
4294:
4257:
4244:
4228:, which was then adopted by the
4214:
4201:
4188:
4175:
4162:
4149:
4136:
4123:
4110:
4097:
4084:
4055:
4034:
4013:
4000:
3987:
3968:
3955:
3942:
3929:
3916:
3903:
3890:
3870:
3857:
3640:(1971) at 177–179, quote at 178.
3575:(1971) at 177–178, quote at 178.
2182:
2170:
1569:
931:. However, it was not until the
820:
809:
436:
380:
355:
144:
130:
23:
7494:Battle of the Oinousses Islands
6756:
4683:A Short History of North Africa
4646:(University of Wisconsin 1983).
4625:(University of Wisconsin 1983).
4504:(1976) at 46, 47, et sequentia.
3844:
3831:
3818:
3804:
3791:
3778:
3738:
3721:
3708:
3695:
3682:
3669:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3617:
3604:
3591:
3578:
3565:
3552:
3539:
3526:
3513:
3500:
3487:
3461:
3458:see Cherif (1992, 1999) at 123.
3421:
3412:Spain and the Empire. 1519–1643
3404:
3391:
3378:
3349:
3336:
3323:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3179:
3166:
3146:
3128:
3115:
3086:
3073:
3048:
3035:
3019:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2878:
2867:Understandably, the Andalucian
2861:
2848:
2835:
2806:
2788:
2765:
2732:
2719:
2702:
2689:
2655:
2634:
2613:
2600:
2582:
2569:
2545:
2524:
2494:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2434:"Tunis § The Native Town"
2421:
2408:
1989:
1463:
913:first Ottoman conquest of Tunis
894:in 1516 by the Ottoman Turkish
7576:Moroccan seizure of the Betsey
6839:
6613:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3320:(London: Methuen 1901) at 355.
2814:Ghazawat 'Aruj wa Khair al-Din
2391:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2318:
2291:
2264:
2123:Classical Ottoman architecture
1940:and independently by Morocco.
1832:
1695:French protectorate of Tunisia
1001:reforms in the Ottoman capital
376:French protectorate of Tunisia
1:
7803:1574 establishments in Africa
7435:Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto
7149:
7132:US Treaty with Morocco (1836)
7122:US Treaty with Algiers (1815)
7117:US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)
7107:US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)
7081:
5876:
4320:"Authority was vested in the
3939:(Westview 1986) at 61–67, 85.
3841:(Westview 1986) at 62–63, 66.
3705:(Westview 1986) at 56–58, 60.
3623:Compare: Kenneth J. Perkins,
2652:(Atlantides 1952) at 120–124.
2644:(1578–1609). Henri Terrasse,
2399:Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord
1749:) for use in Ottoman courts.
1436:Dutch ships before Tunis, by
1281:Establishment of Ottoman rule
7708:Slavery on the Barbary Coast
6624:Principality of Transylvania
3883:(Paris 1969), translated as
2799:taken captive. Wm. Spencer,
2298:Blili, Leïla Temime (2021).
2117:. This mosque, initiated by
1591:The founder of the dynasty,
1092:(1509), Tripoli (1510), and
941:French occupation of Tunisia
7:
7692:
7417:Dutch expedition to Algiers
7341:Rebellion of the Alpujarras
7257:Ottoman wintering in Toulon
7203:Capture of Peñón of Algiers
7127:US Treaty with Tunis (1824)
7112:US Treaty with Tunis (1797)
5344:Water supply and sanitation
4729:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
4695:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
4356:Cf., Charles-André Julien,
2194:
2129:in the construction of the
2030:Mosque complex of Yusuf Dey
1899:
1821:
1762:) at a coffee house in the
1647:(r. 1735–1755) and his son
1253:The 1569 march on Tunis by
1012:a Turkish-origin population
167:The Eyalet of Tunis in 1609
49:the claims made and adding
10:
7844:
7778:Former countries in Africa
7523:Action of 28 November 1751
4515:The History of the Maghrib
4170:The History of the Maghrib
3690:The History of the Maghrib
3251:The History of the Maghrib
3081:The History of the Maghrib
2972:The History of the Maghrib
1999:
1993:
1825:
1716:Ottoman cultural influence
1692:
1573:
1032:
1023:
969:, also referred to as the
7698:
7687:
7626:
7503:
7376:Expulsion of the Moriscos
7368:
7159:
7155:
7144:
7087:
7076:
7027:
7006:
6950:
6872:Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis
6849:
6845:
6834:
6762:
6751:
6662:
6629:Principality of Wallachia
6563:
6559:
6545:
6511:
6490:
6450:
6388:
6299:
6283:
6279:
6260:
6211:
6190:
6140:
6029:
5938:
5895:
5891:
5870:
5759:
5721:
5690:
5611:
5532:
5409:
5400:
5302:
5293:
5164:President of the Republic
5159:
5150:
5048:Administrative divisions
5044:
5035:
5024:
4868:
4761:The National Bardo Museum
4735:. Yale University Press.
4701:. Yale University Press.
4328:, sons of members of the
4196:A History of North Africa
4159:(Westview 1986) at 55–56.
4065:(1976) at 70. The street
3978:, e.g., the 12th-century
3900:(Westview 1986) at 64–67.
3801:(Westview 1986) at 61–62.
3748:(Westview 1986) at 58–61.
3666:(Westview 1986) at 56–57.
3638:A History of North Africa
3627:(Westview 1986) at 56–57.
3612:A History of North Africa
3586:A History of North Africa
3573:A History of North Africa
3549:(Westview 1986) at 56–57.
3534:A History of North Africa
3510:(Westview 1986) at 55–57.
3482:A History of North Africa
3399:A History of North Africa
2781:General History of Africa
2727:A History of North Africa
2606:Cf., Kenneth J. Perkins,
2534:of Spain negotiated with
2347:Imperial Spain, 1469–1716
1869:sect, later known as the
1828:Tunisian navy (1705–1881)
939:, retaining it until the
396:
334:
324:
320:
306:
292:
278:
264:
255:Ottoman conquest of Tunis
251:
247:
239:
229:
219:
197:
187:
172:
160:
126:
121:
85:
7612:2nd Swedish-Algerian War
7606:1st Swedish-Algerian War
7517:Spanish conquest of Oran
7412:Action of 3 October 1624
7317:Expedition to Mostaganem
6644:Principality of Bulgaria
6593:Principality of Moldavia
5001:2013–14 political crisis
4976:Independence declaration
4814:Background Note: Tunisia
4345:A History of the Maghrib
4252:The Sufi Orders in Islam
4103:Cf., Wayne S. Vucinich,
3826:A History of the Maghrib
3786:A History of the Maghrib
3716:A History of the Maghrib
3692:(1970, 1977) at 255–256.
3238:Tunisia. A country study
3225:A History of the Maghrib
3212:A History of the Maghrib
3174:A History of the Maghrib
3123:A History of the Maghrib
3043:A History of the Maghrib
2985:Tunisia. A country study
2959:A History of the Maghrib
2920:A History of the Maghrib
2873:A History of the Maghrib
2760:A History of the Maghrib
2663:A History of the Maghrib
2540:A History of the Maghrib
2472:A History of the Maghrib
2177:Flag of Tunisia in 1685.
2163:
1346:assumed the role of the
1108:to Tunis for use by the
1043:Conquest of Tunis (1574)
1039:conquest of Tunis (1535)
1035:Conquest of Tunis (1534)
1005:establish a Protectorate
975:Ottoman Turkish language
929:Suleiman the Magnificent
7793:18th century in Tunisia
7788:17th century in Tunisia
7783:16th century in Tunisia
7588:Portuguese Algerian War
7564:Bombardments of Tunisia
7458:French-Tripolitania War
7311:Battle of Wadi al-Laban
7097:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
7092:Franco-Ottoman alliance
7060:Baba Mohammed ben-Osman
6634:Principality of Romania
5312:Central Bank of Tunisia
4681:Jane Soames Nickerson,
4670:History of North Africa
4599:(founded 1201) and the
4358:History of North Africa
4302:History of North Africa
4250:J. Spencer Trimingham,
4185:(Westview 1986) at 169.
4040:The state-crafted laws
3961:Cf., Stanford J. Shaw,
3865:History of North Africa
3651:History of North Africa
3599:History of North Africa
3562:(1989), "Caliph" at 84.
3429:History of North Africa
3401:(1971) at 166, 177–178.
3386:History of North Africa
3331:History of North Africa
3288:Jane Soames Nickerson,
3262:Cf., Stanford J. Shaw,
2946:History of North Africa
2933:History of North Africa
2830:History of North Africa
2530:During 1538–1540, King
2459:History of North Africa
2440:Encyclopædia Britannica
2099:Zawiya of Abu al-Balawi
1029:Mediterranean rivalries
917:Khayr al-Din Barbarossa
7658:Bombardment of Tripoli
7646:Bombardment of Algiers
7600:Bombardment of Tangier
7570:Bombardment of Algiers
7558:Bombardment of Algiers
7482:Bombardment of Algiers
7470:Bombardment of Algiers
7464:Bombardment of Algiers
6639:Principality of Serbia
5772:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5016:25 July 2021 self-coup
5011:2021 Tunisian protests
5006:2018 Tunisian protests
4539:Cf., Fernand Braudel,
4500:Cf., William Spencer,
4334:
4211:(Westview 1986) at 56.
3924:History of the Maghrib
3913:(Westview 1986) at 42.
3854:(Westview 1986) at 64.
3815:(Westview 1986) at 63.
3649:Charles-André Julien,
3597:Charles-André Julien,
3453:
3199:The Galleys at Lepanto
2699:(Westview 1986) at 54.
2685:
2670:
2397:Charles-André Julien,
2094:
2025:
1966:
1959:
1932:
1897:
1850:
1767:
1745:) and the sacred law (
1441:
1375:
1367:
1366:Map of Ottoman Tunisia
1339:
1298:
1266:
1238:
1176:
1123:
524:Byzantine North Africa
7618:Action of 16 May 1797
7582:American-Algerian War
6695:Principality of Samos
4318:
3432:
2676:
2666:
2271:Moalla, Asma (2005).
2244:Abadi, Jacob (2013).
2084:
2034:congregational mosque
2016:
1964:
1955:
1930:
1884:
1840:
1755:
1435:
1365:
1335:
1288:
1252:
1233:
1166:
1118:
520:2nd Roman (Byzantine)
210:Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
198:Common languages
7528:Battle of Cape Palos
7447:Action of March 1665
7394:Battle of Cape Corvo
7335:Great Siege of Malta
7239:Siege of Castelnuovo
7197:Battle of Formentera
6968:Anglo-Turkish piracy
6887:Murat Reis the Elder
6862:Hayreddin Barbarossa
6654:Septinsular Republic
5913:Muhammad Ali dynasty
5116:World Heritage Sites
4986:Republic declaration
4959:naturalization issue
3922:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr,
3610:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr,
3497:(UNESCO 1992, 1999).
3447:of Algiers... by a
3210:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr,
2785:(UNESCO 1992, 1999).
2661:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr,
2470:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr,
2036:is accompanied by a
2008:Ottoman architecture
2002:Moorish architecture
1523:Revolutions of Tunis
1208:Mohammad b. al-Hasan
927:during the reign of
866:, also known as the
790:Parliamentary system
487:12th C.–146 BC
7703:Barbary slave trade
7670:Invasion of Algiers
7552:Invasion of Algiers
7534:Danish–Algerian War
7382:Franco-Algerian War
7287:Invasion of Corsica
4996:Tunisian revolution
4964:Protests of 9 April
4949:French protectorate
4634:Ellen G. Friedman,
4591:Ellen G. Friedman,
4263:Wayne S. Vucinich,
3135:Miguel de Cervantes
3108:. J.P.D.B.Kinross,
2886:Richard A. Fletcher
2631:Morocco circa 1549.
2595:A History of France
2542:(1971) at 165, 169.
2500:The Spanish leader
2358:Wayne S. Vucinich,
2277:. RoutledgeCurzon.
1704:serving as titular
1333:in Constantinople.
1319:Don Juan de Austria
1200:Knights of St. John
780:Tunisian revolution
310:French protectorate
270:Deys rise to power
7640:Second Barbary War
7546:Dutch–Moroccan War
7511:Dutch–Algerian War
7452:Anglo-Algerian War
7423:Turkish Abductions
7406:Anglo-Algerian War
7353:Conquest of Tunis
7263:Capture of Mahdiye
7173:Capture of Algiers
6817:Regency of Tripoli
6767:Regency of Algiers
6675:Khedivate of Egypt
6649:Kingdom of Imereti
6603:Republic of Ragusa
6598:Sharifate of Mecca
5383:Traditional crafts
5361:Telecommunications
5322:Banking in Tunisia
4981:Kingdom of Tunisia
4820:The World Factbook
4118:The Ottoman Empire
4092:Islamic Literature
3993:Stanford J. Shaw,
3828:(1971) at 182–185.
3718:(1971) at 178–180.
3536:(1971) at 178–179.
3484:(1971) at 177–178.
3367:, and in Habsburg
3314:Stanley Lane-Poole
3195:Philip II of Spain
2996:R. Trevor Davies,
2961:(1971) at 164–165.
2922:(1971) at 163–164.
2714:History of Morocco
2650:History of Morocco
2575:Stanford J. Shaw,
2371:Stanford J. Shaw,
2324:In formulating an
2216:History of Tunisia
2115:Sidi Mahrez Mosque
2095:
2026:
2018:Youssef Dey Mosque
1980:captured prisoners
1978:Ransom or selling
1967:
1933:
1851:
1768:
1682:Congress of Vienna
1540:shipping companies
1468:The Bey (Turkish:
1442:
1368:
1309:in 1558. In 1569,
1299:
1267:
1239:
1177:
1124:
827:History portal
740:Kingdom of Tunisia
34:possibly contains
7745:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7652:Battle of Tripoli
7634:First Barbary War
7429:Sack of Baltimore
7400:Dutch–Barbary War
7347:Battle of Lepanto
7293:Capture of Bougie
7245:Battle of Alboran
7233:Battle of Preveza
7215:Conquest of Tunis
7209:Conquest of Tunis
7185:Battle of Pianosa
7140:
7139:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7050:Mohamed Kharnadji
6912:Muhammad Kurdogli
6830:
6829:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6608:Serbian Despotate
6571:Cossack Hetmanate
6541:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
5830:
5829:
5649:
5648:
5607:
5606:
5578:National symbols
5396:
5395:
5339:Natural resources
5289:
5288:
5269:Political parties
5225:Foreign relations
5146:
5145:
5136:Tunisian diaspora
4969:Tunisian campaign
4954:National movement
4640:Trinitarian Order
4369:William Spencer,
4332:by native women."
4168:Abdallah Laroui,
3371:. Cf., Itzkowitz,
3342:Fernand Braudel,
3249:Abdallah Laroui,
3079:Abdallah Laroui,
2970:Abdallah Laroui,
2710:Histoire du Maroc
2646:Histoire du Maroc
2619:Abdallah Laroui,
2502:Ruy Díaz de Bivar
2414:William Spencer,
2311:978-1-64903-049-8
2284:978-1-134-42983-7
2257:978-0-86372-435-0
2221:History of Africa
2211:Tunisian campaign
2206:Tunisian Italians
2158:National Assembly
1922:Battle of Preveza
1384:
1315:Battle of Lepanto
1261:, accompanied by
1216:required to leave
861:
860:
816:Africa portal
801:
800:
711:
710:
674:
673:
617:
616:
560:
559:
464:
463:
410:
409:
392:
391:
388:
387:
368:
367:
260:13 September 1574
79:
78:
71:
36:original research
7835:
7689:
7688:
7540:Siege of Melilla
7323:Battle of Djerba
7275:Siege of Tripoli
7269:Invasion of Gozo
7157:
7156:
7146:
7145:
7078:
7077:
6978:Ahmed el Inglizi
6932:Hassan Veneziano
6902:Muhammad I Pasha
6867:Sayyida al Hurra
6847:
6846:
6836:
6835:
6822:Regency of Tunis
6807:Republic of Salé
6753:
6752:
6745:Barbary Corsairs
6738:
6731:
6724:
6715:
6714:
6680:Kurdish emirates
6588:Khanate of Kazan
6561:
6560:
6547:
6546:
6281:
6280:
6262:
6261:
5893:
5892:
5881:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5834:
5833:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5639:
5638:
5629:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5424:Higher education
5407:
5406:
5300:
5299:
5198:Fundamental Pact
5157:
5156:
5042:
5041:
5030:
4991:1987 coup d'état
4932:Regency of Tunis
4922:Medieval history
4917:Byzantine Empire
4890:Ancient Carthage
4851:
4844:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4802:
4801:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4726:
4713:
4712:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4612:
4603:(founded 1218) (
4589:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4563:
4557:
4550:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4473:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4441:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4397:
4391:
4384:Letter of marque
4380:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4224:practice of the
4218:
4212:
4205:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4088:
4082:
4059:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4017:
4011:
4004:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3981:Poema de Mio Cid
3972:
3966:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3888:
3874:
3868:
3861:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3829:
3824:Cf., Abun-Nasr,
3822:
3816:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3735:economic theory.
3725:
3719:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3569:
3563:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3425:
3419:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3150:
3144:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3017:
3010:Stanford J. Shaw
3007:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2909:(1976) at 19–22.
2903:
2897:
2882:
2876:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2845:(1976) at 18–19.
2839:
2833:
2826:
2817:
2810:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2708:Henri Terrasse,
2706:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2659:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2549:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2518:Poema de Mio Cid
2498:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2250:. Ithaca Press.
2241:
2201:Turks in Tunisia
2186:
2174:
1794:or "kiva han").
1772:Turkish language
1615:(notables), the
1586:Husaynid dynasty
1580:Husainid dynasty
1422:Amīr al-Mu'minīn
1379:
1291:Capture of Tunis
995:) and the east (
870:, refers to the
868:Regency of Tunis
853:
846:
839:
825:
824:
823:
814:
813:
812:
797:
726:
725:
689:
688:
632:
631:
575:
574:
556:
551:
542:
537:
504:146 BC–435
501:
479:
478:
453:
452:
440:
430:
412:
411:
384:
383:
372:
371:
359:
358:
352:
351:
336:
335:
296:Husainid dynasty
165:
148:
134:
116:
108:
107:
102:
94:
93:
83:
82:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
51:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7758:Ottoman Tunisia
7748:
7747:
7746:
7737:
7694:
7675:
7622:
7499:
7488:Sieges of Ceuta
7364:
7281:Battle of Ponza
7191:Siege of Rhodes
7179:Fall of Tlemcen
7151:
7136:
7083:
7064:
7023:
7019:Yusuf Karamanli
7014:Ahmed Karamanli
7002:
6946:
6841:
6826:
6758:
6747:
6742:
6712:
6699:
6690:Eastern Rumelia
6658:
6619:Duchy of Syrmia
6583:Crimean Khanate
6576:Ottoman Ukraine
6555:
6533:
6507:
6486:
6446:
6384:
6364:Mamuret-ul-Aziz
6295:
6275:
6248:
6207:
6186:
6136:
6025:
5934:
5887:
5879:
5866:
5861:
5831:
5826:
5812:North Macedonia
5755:
5717:
5686:
5680:
5650:
5645:
5603:
5587:National anthem
5528:
5524:Public holidays
5436:Tunisian Arabic
5392:
5307:Bourse de Tunis
5285:
5142:
5031:
5022:
4927:Muslim conquest
4883:Capsian culture
4864:
4855:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4727:
4716:
4709:
4693:
4689:
4680:
4676:
4667:
4663:
4654:
4650:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4615:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4564:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4495:
4485:against Algiers
4481:against Tripoli
4474:
4470:
4461:
4457:
4448:
4444:
4434:Fernand Braudel
4432:
4428:
4419:
4415:
4398:
4394:
4381:
4377:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4295:
4262:
4258:
4249:
4245:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4202:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4085:
4060:
4056:
4039:
4035:
4018:
4014:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3988:
3973:
3969:
3960:
3956:
3948:Cemal Kafador,
3947:
3943:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3891:
3877:Lucette Valensi
3875:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3836:
3832:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3540:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3462:
3426:
3422:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3153:Fernand Braudel
3151:
3147:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3024:
3020:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2883:
2879:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2673:fall of Granada
2660:
2656:
2642:Ahmad al-Mansur
2639:
2635:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2552:Fernand Braudel
2550:
2546:
2529:
2525:
2499:
2495:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2227:Reference notes
2197:
2190:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2166:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1902:
1847:Gentile Bellini
1835:
1830:
1824:
1718:
1701:Treaty of Bardo
1697:
1691:
1582:
1576:Beylik of Tunis
1574:Main articles:
1572:
1466:
1430:
1360:
1283:
1173:Siege of Vienna
1045:
1031:
1026:
981:Barbary pirates
971:Beylik of Tunis
961:) supported by
888:Eyalet of Tunis
864:Ottoman Tunisia
857:
821:
819:
810:
808:
803:
802:
795:
774:1987–2011
754:1957–1987
744:1956–1957
734:1881–1956
723:
713:
712:
707:1705–1881
697:1574–1705
686:
676:
675:
670:1229–1574
660:1160–1229
650:1148–1160
629:
619:
618:
572:
562:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
495:
476:
466:
465:
450:
428:
421:
403:
381:
356:
313:
299:
285:
282:Muradid dynasty
271:
257:
206:Ottoman Turkish
202:Tunisian Arabic
168:
156:
155:
154:
149:
141:
140:
135:
117:
113:Ottoman Turkish
110:
103:
96:
88:
87:Eyalet of Tunis
75:
64:
58:
55:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7841:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7643:
7637:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7520:
7514:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7388:Raid on Żejtun
7385:
7379:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7227:Siege of Corfu
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7163:
7161:
7153:
7152:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6853:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6748:
6741:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6718:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6685:Mamluk of Iraq
6682:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6567:
6565:
6557:
6556:
6554:and autonomies
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6407:Constantinople
6404:
6399:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6333:Constantinople
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6272:mutasarrıfates
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6223:Mamluk of Iraq
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5888:
5868:
5867:
5860:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5744:Southern Syria
5736:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5684:Ottoman Empire
5679:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5623:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:Radio stations
5450:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5388:Major projects
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5376:Rail transport
5373:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5317:Tunisian dinar
5314:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5176:Prime Minister
5173:
5172:
5171:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4808:External links
4806:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4778:
4757:"Faiencetiles"
4748:
4741:
4714:
4707:
4687:
4674:
4661:
4648:
4627:
4613:
4584:
4571:
4558:
4545:
4532:
4519:
4506:
4493:
4468:
4455:
4442:
4426:
4413:
4392:
4375:
4362:
4349:
4336:
4313:Cf., Spencer,
4306:
4293:
4256:
4243:
4213:
4200:
4198:(1971) at 177.
4187:
4181:Cf., Perkins,
4174:
4161:
4148:
4135:
4122:
4109:
4096:
4083:
4054:
4033:
4012:
3999:
3986:
3967:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3869:
3856:
3843:
3830:
3817:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3770:
3750:
3737:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3681:
3668:
3662:Cf., Perkins,
3655:
3642:
3629:
3616:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3564:
3551:
3538:
3525:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3471:(1976) at 119.
3460:
3420:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3365:Safavid Persia
3361:Morisco Revolt
3348:
3335:
3322:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3214:(1971) at 177.
3203:
3178:
3176:(1971) at 173.
3165:
3145:
3127:
3114:
3085:
3072:
3047:
3034:
3018:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2877:
2875:(1971) at 238.
2860:
2847:
2834:
2818:
2805:
2787:
2764:
2762:(1971) at 163.
2748:
2731:
2718:
2701:
2688:
2654:
2633:
2612:
2599:
2581:
2568:
2544:
2523:
2493:
2476:
2463:
2450:
2431:, ed. (1911).
2429:Chisholm, Hugh
2420:
2407:
2390:
2377:
2364:
2351:
2345:J. H. Elliot,
2338:
2326:African policy
2317:
2310:
2290:
2283:
2263:
2256:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2131:Şehzade Mosque
2103:Qallalin tiles
2093:(18th century)
2087:Qallalin tiles
2042:primary school
2028:In Tunis, the
1994:Main article:
1991:
1988:
1901:
1898:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1764:Ottoman Empire
1717:
1714:
1693:Main article:
1690:
1687:
1675:Hammouda Pasha
1627:instead of an
1623:jurist as the
1593:Husayn ibn Ali
1571:
1568:
1503:Constantinople
1465:
1462:
1429:
1428:Janissary Deys
1426:
1359:
1358:Ottoman pashas
1356:
1282:
1279:
1169:Ottoman Empire
1128:Hafsid dynasty
1067:Constantinople
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
937:Hafsid Tunisia
884:Ottoman Empire
859:
858:
856:
855:
848:
841:
833:
830:
829:
805:
804:
799:
798:
792:
786:
785:
782:
776:
775:
772:
766:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
750:Bourguiba rule
746:
745:
742:
736:
735:
732:
730:French Tunisia
724:
719:
718:
715:
714:
709:
708:
705:
699:
698:
695:
687:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
671:
668:
662:
661:
658:
652:
651:
648:
642:
641:
640:973–1148
638:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
615:
614:
611:
605:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
573:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
544:
543:
538:
530:
529:
526:
516:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
489:
488:
485:
477:
472:
471:
468:
467:
462:
461:
459:
451:
446:
445:
442:
441:
433:
432:
423:
422:
415:
408:
407:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
378:
369:
366:
365:
363:Hafsid dynasty
360:
348:
347:
342:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
307:
304:
303:
300:
293:
290:
289:
286:
279:
276:
275:
272:
265:
262:
261:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
182:Ottoman Empire
174:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
150:
143:
142:
136:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
89:
86:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7840:
7829:
7828:Barbary Coast
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7728:Redemptorists
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7690:
7686:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7594:Siege of Oran
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7299:Siege of Oran
7297:
7294:
7291:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7251:Siege of Nice
7249:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7222:
7221:Sack of Mahón
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7143:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7079:
7075:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Sulayman Reis
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6833:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6777:Barbary coast
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6734:
6732:
6727:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6716:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6468:Mount Lebanon
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6175:Mount Lebanon
6173:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5642:
5634:
5632:
5624:
5622:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:Baccalaureate
5417:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4878:Early history
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4799:
4797:9783902782199
4793:
4789:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4744:
4742:9780300218701
4738:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4710:
4708:9780300218701
4704:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4542:
4536:
4529:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4411:(1976) at 46.
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4093:
4090:Najib Ullah,
4087:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:lingua franca
4064:
4058:
4051:
4048:. Cf., Shaw,
4047:
4043:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4019:Colin Imber,
4016:
4009:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3863:Cf., Julien,
3860:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3771:9780748696482
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3418:of the west".
3417:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3275:Wm. Spencer,
3272:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3069:
3065:
3064:Lake of Tunis
3061:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2890:Moorish Spain
2887:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2858:(1976) at 19.
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2446:La GouGoletta
2442:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2384:Henry Kamen,
2381:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2108:Ottoman tiles
2106:contemporary
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1914:Barbary Coast
1911:
1907:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1756:Storyteller (
1754:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:head of state
1702:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1638:kapudan-pasha
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1570:Husainid Beys
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1438:Reinier Nooms
1434:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:Ottoman Porte
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Mers-el-Kebir
1083:
1078:
1077:(1516–1517).
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:Ottoman Porte
952:
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Ottoman Fleet
922:
921:Kapudan Pasha
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
834:
832:
831:
828:
817:
807:
806:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
731:
728:
727:
722:
717:
716:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
685:
680:
679:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
647:
644:
643:
639:
637:
634:
633:
628:
623:
622:
613:909–973
612:
610:
607:
606:
603:800–909
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:750–800
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:698–750
582:
580:
577:
576:
571:
570:Early Islamic
566:
565:
555:590–698
553:
550:
546:
545:
541:534–590
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:534–698
527:
525:
521:
518:
517:
514:435–534
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
475:
470:
469:
460:
458:
455:
454:
449:
444:
443:
439:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
419:
414:
413:
406:
402:
399:
397:Today part of
395:
379:
377:
374:
373:
370:
364:
361:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
329:Tunisian rial
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
305:
301:
297:
291:
287:
283:
277:
273:
269:
263:
259:
256:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
164:
159:
153:
147:
139:
133:
125:
120:
114:
100:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
7733:Trinitarians
7627:19th century
7504:18th century
7369:17th century
7359:Sack of Sori
7160:16th century
7028:19th century
7007:18th century
6958:Jan Janszoon
6951:17th century
6850:16th century
6821:
6670:Cretan State
6349:Hüdavendigâr
6291:Tripolitania
5986:Hüdavendigâr
5929:
5925:Tripolitania
5712:
5708:Tripolitania
5592:Coat of arms
5507:Christianity
5475:Human rights
5230:Armed Forces
5193:Constitution
5126:Demographics
5087:Central West
5062:Subdivisions
5052:Governorates
4931:
4822:on "Tunisia"
4819:
4787:
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4760:
4751:
4731:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4616:
4608:
4601:Mercedarians
4597:Trinitarians
4592:
4587:
4579:
4574:
4566:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4496:
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4471:
4463:
4458:
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4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4378:
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4365:
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4329:
4325:
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4319:
4314:
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4301:
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4280:
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4066:
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4049:
4036:
4020:
4015:
4007:
4002:
3994:
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3979:
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3949:
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3936:
3931:
3923:
3918:
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3905:
3897:
3892:
3884:
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3872:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3733:Mercantilist
3728:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3559:
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3541:
3533:
3528:
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3515:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3357:Dutch Revolt
3351:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3306:
3297:
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:of Italian (
3088:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3060:Halk el Oued
3059:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2889:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2790:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2683:prosperity."
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2536:Khayr al-Din
2526:
2516:
2510:
2496:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2438:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2266:
2246:
2150:Bardo Palace
2147:
2119:Muhammad Bey
2112:
2096:
2091:Bardo Museum
2078:) minarets.
2071:
2062:
2045:
2027:
2005:
1990:Architecture
1977:
1968:
1956:
1951:
1942:
1934:
1918:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1852:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1788:coffee house
1769:
1757:
1731:Muslim legal
1719:
1710:independence
1698:
1679:
1671:
1653:
1642:
1637:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1558:and wealthy
1532:
1520:
1507:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:Muradid Beys
1458:
1447:
1443:
1421:
1403:
1387:
1369:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1300:
1271:Andrea Doria
1268:
1244:
1240:
1235:Khayr al-Din
1193:
1189:Khayr al-Din
1178:
1145:
1125:
1079:
1056:
1046:
1015:
1009:
989:Barbary Wars
979:
945:
899:
887:
874:presence in
867:
863:
862:
770:Ben Ali rule
760:Ben Ali coup
692:
684:Early modern
345:Succeeded by
344:
339:
312:established
152:Coat of arms
80:
65:
56:
33:
7614:(1796-1802)
7596:(1790–1792)
7590:(1790–1813)
7490:(1694–1727)
7408:(1620–1621)
7259:(1543-1544)
7040:Hussein Dey
6988:Ali Bitchin
6963:Salé Rovers
6927:Arnaut Mami
6922:Hasan Pasha
6907:Hasan Corso
6757:Territories
6615:(1672–1676)
6512:Mesopotamia
6323:Archipelago
6266:1867–1922 (
6212:Mesopotamia
6067:Herzegovina
6042:Archipelago
5880: 1365
5631:WikiProject
5329:Agriculture
4343:Abun-Nasr,
4194:Abun-Nasr,
3784:Abun-Nasr,
3714:Abun-Nasr,
3636:Abun-Nasr,
3584:Abun-Nasr,
3571:Abun-Nasr,
3532:Abun-Nasr,
3480:Abun-Nasr,
3397:Abun-Nasr,
3172:Abun-Nasr,
3026:Henry Kamen
2957:Abun-Nasr,
2918:Abun-Nasr,
2758:Abun-Nasr,
2509:expression
2143:Iznik tiles
2139:pendentives
1833:Janissaries
1490:Murad Curso
1406:janissaries
1323:Sinan Pasha
1259:Janissaries
1220:Andalusians
1058:Reconquista
1017:Kouloughlis
993:Constantine
794:2011–
448:Prehistoric
427:History of
340:Preceded by
316:12 May 1881
224:Sunni Islam
176:Autonomous
7752:Categories
7476:Morean War
7441:Cretan War
7035:Ali Khodja
6998:Yusuf Reis
6993:Simon Reis
6937:Sinan Reis
6917:Hasan Agha
6897:Aydın Reis
6892:Kemal Reis
6882:Salah Rais
6840:Commanders
6663:Autonomies
6396:Adrianople
6339:Diyarbekir
6335:(Istanbul)
6037:Adrianople
5971:Diyarbekir
5807:Montenegro
5555:Literature
5468:Censorship
5463:Newspapers
5448:Television
5252:Parliament
5109:Ecoregions
5092:South East
5077:North West
5072:North East
4905:Second War
4895:Punic Wars
4771:12 January
4326:kul oğlari
4283:being the
4116:Vucinich,
3976:Al-Andalus
3223:Abu-Nasr,
3161:Euldj 'Ali
3098:Neapolitan
3041:Abu-Nasr,
2797:Andalusian
2783:, volume V
2776:Khayruddin
2135:semi-domes
2000:See also:
1849:of Venice.
1826:See also:
1815:Banu Hilal
1680:After the
1556:landowners
1544:monopolies
1481:) tribes.
1130:had ruled
1033:See also:
953:, but the
535:Prefecture
457:Prehistory
230:Government
106:ایالت تونس
92:إيالة تونس
43:improve it
7718:Lazarists
7666:(1829–30)
7636:(1801–05)
7608:(1791–92)
7584:(1785–95)
7566:(1784–92)
7548:(1775–77)
7542:(1774–75)
7536:(1769–72)
7513:(1715–26)
7478:(1684–99)
7460:(1681–85)
7454:(1677–82)
7443:(1645–69)
7402:(1618–22)
7384:(1609–28)
7343:(1568–71)
7150:Conflicts
7082:Diplomacy
7045:Omar Agha
6983:Omar Agha
6787:Cherchell
6480:Jerusalem
6376:(Trabzon)
6374:Trebizond
6354:Kastamonu
6244:Shahrizor
6163:Jerusalem
6016:Trebizond
6006:Kurdistan
6001:Kastamonu
5431:Languages
5414:Education
5366:Transport
5274:Elections
5240:Air Force
5131:Tunisians
5037:Geography
4942:Husaynids
4910:Third War
4900:First War
4655:Spencer,
4578:Spencer,
4565:Spencer,
4552:Spencer,
4526:Spencer,
4462:Braudel,
4449:Perkins,
4420:Braudel,
4399:The word
4269:The Harem
4207:Perkins,
4155:Perkins,
4129:Perkins,
4075:Provençal
3935:Perkins,
3909:Perkins,
3896:Perkins,
3850:Perkins,
3837:Perkins,
3797:Perkins,
3744:Perkins,
3701:Perkins,
3545:Perkins,
3506:Perkins,
3467:Spencer,
3445:beylerbey
3106:Kilij Ali
3068:El Bahira
2905:Spencer,
2854:Spencer,
2841:Spencer,
2695:Perkins,
2680:Kharijite
2564:Philip II
2483:Spencer,
2330:Ferdinand
2085:Panel of
2052:hypostyle
1910:privateer
1880:renegades
1843:Janissary
1792:kahvehane
1666:marabouts
1634:madrassas
1609:janissary
1560:merchants
1454:aqueducts
1450:Yusuf Dey
1317:in 1571,
1225:Djidjelli
1204:privateer
1149:Charles V
1063:presidios
1049:Spaniards
1007:in 1881.
963:janissary
943:in 1881.
901:beylerbey
549:Exarchate
493:1st Roman
268:Janissary
220:Religion
122:1574–1881
47:verifying
7055:Haji Ali
6877:Occhiali
6437:Salonica
6432:Manastir
6398:(Edirne)
6319:(Ankara)
6300:Anatolia
6268:vilayets
6158:Damascus
6112:Temeşvar
6107:Silistra
6102:Salonica
5976:Dulkadir
5956:Anatolia
5939:Anatolia
5882:– 1867 (
5777:Bulgaria
5621:Category
5574:Tunisian
5567:Football
5497:Religion
5490:Polygamy
5458:Internet
5356:Industry
5152:Politics
5104:Wildlife
5068:Regions
4862:articles
4765:Archived
4668:Julien,
4477:its Navy
4405:il corso
4300:Julien,
4289:Istanbul
4275:Seraglio
4226:Abbasids
4027:were in
3688:Laroui,
3558:Glasse,
3427:Julien,
3384:Julien,
3329:Julien,
3307:de facto
3303:Abbasids
3094:renegade
2944:Julien,
2931:Julien,
2869:Mudéjars
2828:Julien,
2457:Julian,
2195:See also
1984:Captives
1900:Corsairs
1895:piracy."
1890:, and a
1871:Bektashi
1855:Anatolia
1822:Military
1649:Muhammad
1535:European
1486:Corsican
1475:mahallas
1311:Uluj Ali
1307:Kairouan
1295:Uluj Ali
1257:: 5,000
1255:Uluç Ali
1141:al-Hasan
1137:Catalans
1106:aqueduct
1088:(1505),
1051:and the
876:Ifriqiya
818:•
703:Husainid
627:Medieval
599:Aghlabid
498:Province
483:Carthage
418:a series
416:Part of
325:Currency
234:Monarchy
59:May 2023
7693:Slavery
6812:Tetouan
6792:Mahdiya
6782:Bizerte
6564:Vassals
6552:Vassals
6519:Baghdad
6442:Scutari
6344:Erzurum
6219:Baghdad
6182:Tripoli
6097:Rumelia
6092:Podolia
5991:Karaman
5981:Erzurum
5966:Childir
5903:Algiers
5884:eyalets
5822:Ukraine
5797:Hungary
5782:Croatia
5767:Albania
5749:Lebanon
5713:Tunisia
5698:Algeria
5641:Commons
5534:Culture
5512:Judaism
5402:Society
5351:Tourism
5295:Economy
5186:Cabinet
5121:Museums
4937:Muradid
4870:History
4858:Tunisia
4451:Tunisia
4401:corsair
4285:Topkapi
4209:Tunisia
4183:Tunisia
4157:Tunisia
4131:Tunisia
4029:Turkish
3937:Tunisia
3911:Tunisia
3898:Tunisia
3852:Tunisia
3839:Tunisia
3813:Tunisia
3799:Tunisia
3746:Tunisia
3703:Tunisia
3664:Tunisia
3625:Tunisia
3547:Tunisia
3508:Tunisia
3369:Hungary
3310:caliphs
2894:Morisco
2697:Tunisia
2515:. Cf.,
2512:Siyyidi
2089:in the
2072:maddhab
2064:maddhab
2056:minaret
2047:külliye
2038:madrasa
2024:visible
2022:minaret
1938:Tripoli
1780:Persian
1727:steppes
1662:mamluks
1599:of the
1552:profits
1527:Algeria
1515:Bedouin
1511:shaykhs
1479:makhzan
1398:Turkish
1383:
1372:Turkish
1297:, 1574.
1265:troops.
1198:of the
1181:Algiers
1158:Iberian
1153:Sa'dids
1132:Tunisia
1102:Goletta
1098:Tlemcen
1082:Maghreb
1071:Balkans
1024:History
997:Tripoli
985:Tripoli
951:Algiers
923:of the
909:Morocco
896:corsair
892:Algiers
886:as the
872:Ottoman
796:present
693:Ottoman
656:Almohad
609:Fatimid
589:Abbasid
579:Umayyad
474:Ancient
429:Tunisia
405:Algeria
401:Tunisia
308:•
298:begins
294:•
284:begins
280:•
266:•
253:•
240:History
188:Capital
180:of the
41:Please
7713:Bagnio
7672:(1830)
7660:(1828)
7654:(1825)
7648:(1816)
7642:(1815)
7602:(1791)
7578:(1784)
7572:(1784)
7560:(1783)
7554:(1775)
7530:(1758)
7519:(1732)
7496:(1695)
7484:(1688)
7472:(1683)
7466:(1682)
7437:(1637)
7431:(1631)
7425:(1627)
7419:(1624)
7396:(1615)
7390:(1614)
7378:(1609)
7361:(1584)
7355:(1574)
7349:(1571)
7337:(1565)
7331:(1563)
7325:(1560)
7319:(1558)
7313:(1558)
7307:(1558)
7301:(1556)
7295:(1555)
7289:(1553)
7283:(1552)
7277:(1551)
7271:(1551)
7265:(1550)
7253:(1543)
7247:(1540)
7241:(1539)
7235:(1538)
7229:(1537)
7223:(1535)
7217:(1535)
7211:(1534)
7205:(1529)
7199:(1529)
7193:(1522)
7187:(1519)
7181:(1518)
7175:(1516)
7169:(1501)
6942:Dragut
6772:Annaba
6491:Arabia
6463:Beirut
6458:Aleppo
6451:Levant
6427:Kosovo
6422:Janina
6417:Danube
6402:Bosnia
6389:Europe
6328:Bitlis
6317:Angora
6284:Africa
6191:Arabia
6153:Cyprus
6148:Aleppo
6141:Levant
6132:Yanina
6127:Widdin
6072:Kanije
6047:Bosnia
6030:Europe
5961:Ankara
5920:Habesh
5896:Africa
5817:Serbia
5802:Kosovo
5792:Greece
5787:Cyprus
5760:Europe
5729:Arabia
5691:Africa
5545:Cinema
5519:Health
5334:Energy
5097:Djerid
5057:Cities
4860:
4794:
4739:
4705:
4609:merced
4281:Palace
4230:Seljuk
4222:Ghulam
4025:fatwas
4006:Shaw,
3768:
3441:pashas
3436:sultan
3416:odjaks
3187:Venice
3066:(Arb:
2772:Arrudj
2629:Sa'did
2532:Carlos
2507:Arabic
2489:Aragon
2308:
2281:
2254:
2154:hammam
2076:cuboid
2069:Maliki
2060:Hanafi
1972:prizes
1946:Kabyle
1906:pirate
1867:Hurufi
1811:Berber
1803:Maliki
1799:Hanifi
1776:Arabic
1759:meddah
1747:şeriat
1739:Mongol
1629:Hanafi
1621:Maliki
1613:khassa
1605:Cretan
1601:spahis
1499:Caliph
1495:Sultan
1488:named
1414:Caliph
1348:caliph
1344:sultan
1303:Dragut
1263:Kabyle
1212:Djerba
1196:galley
1110:kasbah
1094:Bougie
1041:, and
911:. The
721:Modern
666:Hafsid
646:Norman
510:Vandal
420:on the
243:
214:Berber
178:eyalet
173:Status
109:
99:Arabic
95:
6802:Rabat
6529:Basra
6524:Mosul
6503:Yemen
6498:Hejaz
6475:Syria
6412:Crete
6369:Sivas
6359:Konya
6312:Aidin
6307:Adana
6239:Rakka
6234:Basra
6229:Mosul
6203:Lahsa
6198:Yemen
6170:Sidon
6122:Varat
6117:Uyvar
6082:Morea
6057:Crete
6052:Budin
5951:Aidin
5946:Adana
5930:Tunis
5908:Egypt
5739:Syria
5703:Egypt
5597:Motto
5562:Sport
5550:Music
5541:Arts
5502:Islam
5485:Women
5443:Media
5371:Roads
5082:Sahel
4071:saber
4042:qanun
3456:iyala
3449:pasha
3191:Genoa
3102:Kilij
2884:Cf.,
2164:Flags
2127:Sinan
1892:diwan
1784:music
1743:qanun
1735:codes
1657:ulama
1617:ulama
1603:) of
1564:caste
1548:elite
1394:Diwan
1275:Genoa
1075:Egypt
1053:Turks
959:pasha
947:Tunis
880:Tunis
636:Zirid
192:Tunis
6857:Aruj
6797:Oran
6270:and
6077:Kefe
6062:Egir
5996:Kars
5734:Iraq
5722:Asia
5582:Flag
5480:LGBT
5245:Navy
5235:Army
5218:2022
5213:2014
5208:1959
5203:1861
5181:List
5169:List
4792:ISBN
4773:2022
4737:ISBN
4703:ISBN
4483:and
4330:ocak
4322:ocak
4235:levy
4079:Ibid
3766:ISBN
3434:"he
3189:and
2774:and
2306:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2252:ISBN
2040:, a
1908:(or
1888:agha
1859:Agha
1778:and
1723:gazi
1625:qadi
1597:agha
1578:and
1470:gazi
1381:lit.
1376:paşa
1289:The
1185:Aruj
1167:The
1126:The
1120:Aruj
1090:Oran
905:Aruj
898:and
784:2011
764:1987
302:1705
288:1613
274:1591
138:Flag
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