Turkish literature

3217:(1998). They show using statistical analysis that, as time passes, words, in terms of both tokens (in text) and types (in vocabulary), have become longer. They indicate that the increase in word lengths with time can be attributed to the government-initiated language reform of the 20th century. This reform aimed at replacing foreign words used in Turkish, especially Arabic- and Persian-based words (since they were in majority when the reform was initiated in the early 1930s), with newly coined pure Turkish neologisms created by adding suffixes to Turkish word stems. Can and Patton; based on their observations of the change of a specific word use (more specifically in newer works the preference of "ama" over "fakat", both borrowed from Arabic and meaning 'but', and their inverse usage correlation is statistically significant); also speculate that the word length increase can influence the common word choice preferences of authors. 3119: 3470: 3429: 2568: 3498: 2118: 7104: 6177: 6201: 917:

divided the literature into three periods either pre-Islamic/Islamic/modern or pre-Ottoman/Ottoman/modern. Yet another more complex approach suggests a 5-stage division including both pre-Islamic (until the 11th century) and pre-Ottoman Islamic (between the 11th and 13th centuries). The 5-stage approach further divides modern literature into a transitional period from the 1850s to the 1920s and finally a modern period reaching into the present day.

6165: 3284: 2219: 2201: 5055: 6213: 7092: 648: 2650: 2493: 1542: 83: 3505: 1808: 284: 1749: 185: 42: 1609: 2773: 2190: 2554: 6189: 2762: 3020:, subjects which led to some criticism in the contemporary nationalistic atmosphere. The tradition of the "village novel", on the other hand, arose somewhat later. As its name suggests, the "village novel" deals, in a generally realistic manner, with life in the villages and small towns of Turkey. The major writers in this tradition are Kemal Tahir (1910–1973), Orhan Kemal (1914–1970), and 3463: 3436: 2307:(also known as Sami Frashëri) (1850–1904), was published just ten years later, in 1872. However, there had actually been, according to Gonca Gökalp, five other earlier or contemporaneous works of fiction that were clearly distinct from earlier prose traditions in both Divan and folk literature, and that approximate novelistic form. Among these five works is the 1800:) had been inspired and influenced by classical Persian poetry, it would be a superficial judgment to consider the former as blind imitators of the latter, as is often done. A limited vocabulary and common technique, and the same world of imagery and subject matter based mainly on Islamic sources, were shared by all poets of Islamic literature. 3348:—sought to create a more abstract poetry through the use of jarring and unexpected language, complex images, and the association of ideas. To some extent, the movement can be seen as bearing some of the characteristics of postmodern literature. The most well-known poets writing in the "Second New" vein were Turgut Uyar (1927–1985), 1789:(1441–1501), both of whom offered strong arguments for the poetic status of the Turkic languages as against the much-venerated Persian. Partly as a result of such arguments, Divan poetry in its strongest period—from the 16th to the 18th centuries—came to display a unique balance of Persian and Turkish elements. 4292:

This view of Ottoman Turkish and its works as derivative of Arabic and, especially, Persian has begun to be challenged in recent years. In an essay on Şeyh Gâlib, for example, Victoria Holbrook states: "The slur that Ottoman poetry in general imitated the Persian ... is based on a misunderstanding of

3408:

30,000 new titles appear yearly, often in small numbers. 9 verso 17 Euro (pro pocket book/hardcover) – at an average earning of less than 600 Euro monthly – are rather unattractive, where illegal copies at bazaars cost two-thirds less. "Official Certificates" for legally published books do not solve

3231:

In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, there were a number of poetic trends. Authors such as Ahmed Hâşim and Yahyâ Kemâl Beyatlı (1884–1958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. By far the majority of the

1777:

As for the development of Divan poetry over the more than 500 years of its existence, that is—as the Ottomanist Walter G. Andrews points out—a study still in its infancy; clearly defined movements and periods have not yet been decided upon. Early in the history of the tradition, the Persian influence

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faith, which can be seen as something of a homegrown Turkish variety of Shi'a Islam. It is, however, important to note that in Turkish culture, such a neat division into Sufi and Shi'a is scarcely possible: for instance, Yunus Emre is considered by some to have been an Alevi, while the entire Turkish

993:

When the Ottoman Empire arose early in the 14th century, in northwestern Anatolia, it continued this tradition. The standard poetic forms—for poetry was as much the dominant genre in the written tradition as in the folk tradition—were derived either directly from the Persian literary tradition (the

2927:

The literature of the new republic emerged largely from the pre-independence National Literature movement, with its roots simultaneously in the Turkish folk tradition and in the Western notion of progress. One important change to Turkish literature was enacted in 1928, when Mustafa Kemal initiated

2233:

The reforms to the literary language were undertaken because the Ottoman Turkish language was thought by the reformists to have effectively lost its way. It had become more divorced than ever from its original basis in Turkish, with writers using more and more words and even grammatical structures

3332:

and older poets vilified them, while much of the Turkish population embraced them wholeheartedly. Though the movement itself lasted only ten years—until Orhan Veli's death in 1950, after which Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat moved on to other styles—its effect on Turkish poetry continues to be

2357:

that came to constitute the major Western influence on Turkish literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their equivalents in the Ottoman Empire: in the developing Ottoman prose tradition, for

3320:(1914–1988). Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, "to explore the people's tastes, to determine them, and to make them reign supreme over art". To this end, and inspired in part by contemporary French poets like 3205:

has been one of the most outstanding authors of Turkish literature which has new tendencies in language and theme in 2000s. Şafak was distinguished first by her use of extensive vocabulary and then became one of the pioneers in Turkish literature in international scope as a bilingual author who

916:

The periodization of Turkic literature is debated and scholars have floated different proposals to classify the stages of Turkic literary development. One proposal divides Turkic literature into early literature (8th to 19th c.) and modern (19th to 21st c.). Other systems of classification have

925:

Throughout most of its history, Turkish literature has been rather sharply divided into two different traditions, neither of which exercised much influence upon the other until the 19th century. The first of these two traditions is Turkish folk literature, and the second is Turkish written

1700:. One of the primary characteristics of Divan poetry, however—as of the Persian poetry before it—was its mingling of the mystical Sufi element with a profane and even erotic element. Thus, the pairing of "the nightingale" and "the rose" simultaneously suggests two different relationships: 1417: 1192:

Because the Turkish folk literature tradition extends in a more or less unbroken line from about the 10th or 11th century to today, it is perhaps best to consider the tradition from the perspective of genre. There are three basic genres in the tradition: epic; folk poetry; and folklore.

3371:

Outside of the Garip and "Second New" movements also, a number of significant poets have flourished, such as Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca (1914–2008), who wrote poems dealing with fundamental concepts like life, death, God, time, and the cosmos; Behçet Necatigil (1916–1979), whose somewhat

3259:

into the Turkish language for, essentially, the first time. Much of Nâzım Hikmet's poetry subsequent to this breakthrough would continue to be written in free verse, though his work exerted little influence for some time due largely to censorship of his work owing to his

4171:, in the palace, in the government, or in public") Selçuk Üniversitesi Uzaktan Eğitim Programı (SUZEP). As a measure of the extent of the influence against which Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey was fighting, his declaration itself contains three words of Arabic origin (دیوان 2455:

Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed between the years 1896—when the first collective literary movement arose—and 1923, when the Republic of Turkey was officially founded. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements during this period:

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and remained free of the influence of Persian and Arabic literature, and consequently of those literatures' respective languages. In folk poetry—which is by far the tradition's dominant genre—this basic fact led to two major consequences in terms of poetic style:

2238:, came to be seen as an ideal. Accordingly, many of the reformists called for written literature to turn away from the Divan tradition and towards the folk tradition; this call for change can be seen, for example, in a famous statement by the poet and reformist 1085: 2816:). It was during this period that the Persian- and Arabic-inflected Ottoman Turkish language was definitively turned away from as a vehicle for written literature, and that literature began to assert itself as being specifically Turkish, rather than Ottoman. 1067:

deeply rooted, in its form, in Central Asian nomadic traditions. However, in its themes, Turkish folk literature reflects the problems peculiar to a settled (or settling) people who have abandoned the nomadic lifestyle. One example of this is the series of

2744:

group, however, never made a clear and unequivocal declaration of its goals and principles, and so lasted only a few years before its adherents each went their own individual way. The two outstanding figures to emerge from the movement were, in poetry,

1072:

surrounding the figure of Keloğlan, a young boy beset with the difficulties of finding a wife, helping his mother to keep the family house intact, and dealing with the problems caused by his neighbors. Another example is the rather mysterious figure of

1331:—was given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey declared Turkish the official state language of Anatolia's powerful Karamanid state; subsequently, many of the tradition's greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region. 1031:

Out of this confluence of choices, the Ottoman Turkish language—which was always highly distinct from spoken Turkish—was effectively born. This style of writing under Persian and Arabic influence came to be known as "Divan literature" (Turkish:

1774:). The world, as a result, is seen as having both positive aspects (it is a rosegarden, and thus analogous to the garden of Paradise) and negative aspects (it is a rosegarden full of thorns, and thus different from the garden of Paradise). 1524:. Of the two, poetry—specifically, Divan poetry—was by far the dominant stream. Moreover, until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European 929:

For most of the history of Turkish literature, the salient difference between the folk and the written traditions has been the variety of language employed. The folk tradition, by and large, was an oral tradition carried on by

1326:

tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. The development of folk poetry in Turkish—which began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and

2974:

Stylistically, the prose of the early years of the Republic of Turkey was essentially a continuation of the National Literature movement, with Realism and Naturalism predominating. This trend culminated in the 1932 novel

1723:

Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework, thus allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge. A brief example is the following line of verse, or

2177:

Along with reforms to the Ottoman system, serious reforms were also undertaken in the literature, which had become nearly as moribund as the empire itself. Broadly, these literary reforms can be grouped into two areas:

1715:

Similarly, "the world" refers simultaneously to the physical world and to this physical world considered as the abode of sorrow and impermanence, while "the rosegarden" refers simultaneously to a literal garden and to

966:

Furthermore, Turkish folk poetry has always had an intimate connection with song—most of the poetry was, in fact, expressly composed so as to be sung—and so became to a great extent inseparable from the tradition of

4832:

On the history, system, and varieties of Turkish poetry: Illustrated by selections in the original, and in English paraphrase, with a notice of the Islamic doctrine of the immortality of woman's soul in the future

1244:, which concerns the adventures of Rüşen Ali ("Köroğlu", or "son of the blind man") as he exacted revenge for the blinding of his father. The origins of this epic are somewhat more mysterious than those of the 2589:(ﺛﺮوت ﻓﻨﻮن; "Scientific Wealth"), which was largely devoted to progress—both intellectual and scientific—along the Western model. Accordingly, the magazine's literary ventures, under the direction of the poet 1803:

Despite the lack of certainty regarding the stylistic movements and periods of Divan poetry, however, certain highly different styles are clear enough, and can perhaps be seen as exemplified by certain poets:

1100:

Nasreddin also reflects another significant change that had occurred between the days when the Turkish people were nomadic and the days when they had largely become settled in Anatolia; namely, Nasreddin is a

982:

period in the late 11th to early 14th centuries, where official business was conducted in the Persian language, rather than in Turkish, and where a court poet such as Dehhanî—who served under the 13th century

1947:

Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose never managed to develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of

1317:

The folk poetry tradition in Turkish literature, as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sufi and Shi'a traditions. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still existent

4367:" (وقایع عجیبه و هوادث غریبۀ کفشگر احمد; "The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity. 2597:" in Turkey. The poetry of the group—of which Tevfik Fikret and Cenâb Şehâbeddîn (1870–1934) were the most influential proponents—was heavily influenced by the French Parnassian movement and the so-called " 3340:("Second New",) opposed themselves to the social aspects prevalent in the poetry of Nâzım Hikmet and the Garip poets, and instead—partly inspired by the disruption of language in such Western movements as 7465: 7723: 1371:

s from before that time whose names have survived together with their works: the aforementioned Köroğlu (16th century); Karacaoğlan (1606?–1689?), who may be the best-known of the pre-19th century

2279:—was being made, new literary genres were being introduced into Ottoman literature, primarily the novel and the short story. This trend began in 1861, with the translation into Ottoman Turkish of 4346:ılarının vezinsiz diye beğenmedikleri 'kayabaşı', 'üçleme' ve 'çöğür'lerdir. İstidat sahiplerimiz hele bu yola bir kere himmet etsinler, az vakitte ne kudretli şahsiyetler yetişir" (Karaalioğlu, 4628:

in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 585–597.

2740:", or "art for art's sake", the group was nonetheless opposed to the blanket importation of Western forms and styles, and essentially sought to create a recognizably Turkish literature. The 1248:: many believe it to have arisen in Anatolia sometime between the 15th and 17th centuries; more reliable testimony, though, seems to indicate that the story is nearly as old as that of the 4476:"), a type of poetry which alternated long and short lines of verse, but this was not a truly "free" style of verse insofar as it still largely adhered to prosodic conventions (Fuat 2002). 3336:

Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, so—in the 1950s and afterwards—was there a reaction against the Garip movement. The poets of this movement, soon known as

7475: 3999: 2433:"). This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of 3034:), elevate local tales to the level of epic—but also for his firmly leftist political stance. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the 1720:. "The nightingale", or suffering lover, is often seen as situated—both literally and figuratively—in "the world", while "the rose", or beloved, is seen as being in "the rosegarden". 1474:

literature are: Yunus Emre (1240?–1320?), who is one of the most important figures in all of Turkish literature; Süleyman Çelebi (?–1422), who wrote a highly popular long poem called

3209:

A recent study by Can and Patton provides a quantitative analysis of twentieth century Turkish literature using forty novels of forty authors ranging from Mehmet Rauf's (1875–1931)

2299: 1985:(تاريخ), or history, a tradition in which there are many notable writers, including the 15th-century historian Aşıkpaşazâde and the 17th-century historians Kâtib Çelebi and Naîmâ 2270:, which some of our poets dislike, thinking them crude. But just let those with the ability exert the effort on this road , and what powerful personalities will soon be born! 7470: 7430: 4681: 3236:), which had emerged from the National Literature movement and which tended to express patriotic themes couched in the syllabic meter associated with Turkish folk poetry. 4967:

A bi-lingual site presenting in English (see in Turkish section below) a user-submissable database of references to theses, books, articles, papers and research-projects

2872:

movement—began to emerge from within the matrix of the National Literature movement to counter this trend. Some of the more influential writers to come out of this less

2804:

Ottoman government, and soon came to identify themselves with a specifically Turkish national identity. Along with this notion developed the idea of a Turkish and even

2342:, "the first genuine modern novel written and published in Turkey". The introduction of such new genres into Turkish literature can be seen as part of a trend towards 1027:

Persian- and Arabic-based words were brought into the Turkish language in great numbers, as Turkish words rarely worked well within the system of Persian poetic meter.

6825: 3069:", 1961)—which dramatize the clash between East and West in modern Turkish culture and society. Similar problems are explored by the novelist and short-story writer 2034:(سياست نامه), a kind of political treatise describing the functionings of state and offering advice for rulers, an early Seljuk example of which is the 11th-century 7025: 3147:", 1973–1987), for instance, examines the changes that occurred in Turkish society between the 1930s and the 1980s in a formally and technically innovative style. 7045: 6057: 798:, and in addition to the earlier oral traditions there arose a written literary tradition issuing largely—in terms of themes, genres, and styles—from Arabic and 3681: 1227:

is an earlier epic, still preserved in the literature of various Turkic peoples of Central Asia in addition to its important place in the Anatolian tradition.

7929: 7485: 7195: 6760: 4741: 3626: 1770:

Here, the nightingale is only implied (as being the poet/lover), while the rose, or beloved, is shown to be capable of inflicting pain with its thorns (خار

7718: 7405: 6910: 2401: 2319: 978:

of the Republic of Turkey in 1923—tended to embrace the influence of Persian and Arabic literature. To some extent, this can be seen as far back as the

7325: 5018:

A bi-lingual site presenting (in Turkish, see above) a user-submissable database of references to theses, books, articles, papers and research-projects

2936:

to replace the Arabic-based Ottoman script. Over time, this change—together with changes in Turkey's system of education—would lead to more widespread

834:, the earliest Turkic verses were intended as songs and their recitation a part of the community's social life and entertainment. For example, in the 7070: 1393:-like instrument whose paired strings are considered to have a symbolic religious significance in Alevi/Bektashi culture. Despite the decline of the 4936:

A diverse collection of selected Ottoman texts, tools for working with digitized texts, and various projects for the dissemination of Ottoman texts.

6840: 2234:

derived from Persian and Arabic, rather than Turkish. Meanwhile, however, the Turkish folk literature tradition of Anatolia, away from the capital

2924:. This war ended with the official ending of the Ottoman Empire, the expulsion of the Entente Powers, and the founding of the Republic of Turkey. 2108: 6690: 5183: 3384:(1926–1999), who—in addition to his own highly colloquial and varied poetry—was also a translator into Turkish of a variety of world literature; 1207:; written in the Azerbaijani language – and recognizably similar to modern Istanbul Turkish – the form developed from the oral traditions of the 819: 4600: 2016:(سفارت نامه), a related genre specific to the journeys and experiences of an Ottoman ambassador, and which is best exemplified by the 1718–1720 6970: 4999: 2387: 3412:

5,000 of 10,000 book shops in Turkey are in Istanbul, including the bookfair and growing licence trading. Turkey was a guest of honour at the

1141:

varieties of Islam. The Sufi influence, for instance, can be seen clearly not only in the tales concerning Nasreddin but also in the works of

7518: 5720: 3328:, and wrote primarily about mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. The reaction was immediate and polarized: most of the 4663: 4593: 1252:, dating from around the dawn of the 11th century. Complicating matters somewhat is the fact that Köroğlu is also the name of a poet of the 873:

may have had its origins in the poetry of the 10th century but remained an oral tradition until the 15th century. The earlier written works

6251: 5883: 5262: 3302:

Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled

1045:

Just as Turkish folk poetry was intimately bound up with Turkish folk music, so did Ottoman Divan poetry develop a strong connection with

3005:

addresses a similar theme with the works of Karaosmanoğlu. Güntekin's narrative has a detailed and precise style, with a realistic tone.

1145:, a towering figure in Turkish literature and a poet who lived at the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, probably in the 678: 1438:

tradition in that the poems were generally intended to be sung, generally in religious gatherings, making them somewhat akin to Western

1234:

was the primary element of the Azerbaijani–Turkish epic tradition in the Caucasus and Anatolia for several centuries. Concurrent to the

5856: 5257: 2781: 2605:(1867–1945)—were primarily influenced by Realism, although the writer Mehmed Rauf (1875–1931) did write the first Turkish example of a 363: 4958: 4712: 1528:, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in Divan poetry). 975: 1696:

As the opposition of "the ascetic" and "the dervish" suggests, Divan poetry—much like Turkish folk poetry—was heavily influenced by

5654: 5043: 3976: 3024:(1923–2015). Yaşar Kemal, in particular, has earned fame outside of Turkey not only for his novels—many of which, such as 1955's 1458:

tradition were written down. This was because they were produced by revered religious figures in the literate environment of the

147: 4952: 6146: 5288: 5235: 4787: 2730:" (صنعت شخصى و محترمدر; "Art is personal and sacred"). Though this credo was little more than a variation of the French writer 2434: 1881:

of Ottoman history, who infused the rather élite and abstruse language of Divan poetry with numerous simpler, populist elements

842:

culture of the pre-Islamic Turkic peoples verses of poetry were performed at religious gatherings in ceremonies before a hunt (

600: 119: 1643:)—were more or less prescribed. Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others: 1401:

tradition in the 19th century, it experienced a significant revival in the 20th century thanks to such outstanding figures as

7142: 2450: 2112: 1130:. The religion henceforth came to exercise an enormous influence on Turkish society and literature, particularly the heavily 5166: 5021: 2789: 881:

date to the second half of the 11th century and are the earliest known examples of Turkish literature with few exceptions.

2776:

Ali Canip Yöntem, Turkish nationalist writer and politician, who was one of the most prolific poets of the millî edebiyyât

2628:, the pressure of censorship was brought to bear and the magazine was closed down by the government of the Ottoman sultan 126: 5613: 5328: 5154: 3942: 2671: 2514: 1563: 1367:

tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. There are, however, a few well-known

321: 100: 55: 5009: 4582:

Can, Fazlı; Patton, Jon M. "Change of word characteristics in 20th century Turkish literature: A statistical analysis".

2792:

subsequently elected was composed almost entirely of members of the Committee of Union and Progress (also known as the "

6104: 5644: 5634: 3937: 3171: 2064:(تذکره), a collection of short biographies of notable figures, some of the most notable of which were the 16th-century 1977:

in nature—the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry. A number of such nonfictional prose genres developed:

726: 30: 17: 4874:

Ottoman poems: translated into English verse in the original forms, with introduction, biographical notices, and notes

1402: 7511: 6444: 5649: 5596: 5534: 5222: 5205: 4763: 4727: 4705: 4690: 4569: 4551: 4536: 2697: 2540: 1589: 1287:— is a modern epic, yet draws upon the same independent-minded traditions of the Anatolian people as depicted in the 346: 246: 228: 166: 69: 2679: 2522: 2381:

Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet

1571: 1346:

tradition, which—although much influenced by religion, as mentioned above—was for the most part a secular tradition;

745:

and dating to the 7th century. Subsequent to this period, between the 9th and 11th centuries, there arose among the

210: 133: 6685: 6244: 6082: 5767: 5566: 5490: 5278: 3226: 1868: 1152:

in south-central Anatolia. The Shi'a influence, on the other hand, can be seen extensively in the tradition of the

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movements, without ever turning to Turkey itself. This latter was the National Literature movement's primary aim.

2159:

had abolished the Janissary corps in 1826 was the way paved for truly effective reforms (Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات

806:

in 1922, the oral and written traditions would remain largely separate from one another. With the founding of the

6549: 5762: 5210: 4939: 3902: 2983:"), by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu. This novel can be seen as the precursor to two trends that would soon develop: 2953: 2949: 2632:. Though it was closed for only six months, the group's writers each went their own way in the meantime, and the 1878: 671: 2409:(1844–1912) wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (حسن ملاح ياخود سر ايچيڭده اسرار 1707:

the relationship between the individual Sufi practitioner (who is often characterized in Sufism as a lover) and

7782: 6735: 5904: 5601: 5556: 5470: 5448: 5361: 4633: 3986: 3659: 3520: 3251:

and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style. At this time, he wrote the poem "

2675: 2518: 1846:(1526–1600); a poet of great rhetorical power and linguistic subtlety whose skill in using the pre-established 1567: 1012:قصيده). However, the decision to adopt these poetic forms wholesale led to two important further consequences: 195: 115: 104: 6770: 1112:

sometime around the 9th or 10th century, as is evidenced from the clear Islamic influence on the 11th century

6950: 5993: 5710: 5431: 3947: 3012:

Abasıyanık (1906–1954), whose work sensitively and realistically treats the lives of cosmopolitan Istanbul's

351: 6855: 4734: 3053:(1901–1962). In addition to being an important essayist and poet, Tanpınar wrote a number of novels—such as 7730: 7504: 6205: 6077: 5772: 5403: 5383: 3118: 2446: 2285: 2174:. The Tanzimat reforms "were designed both to modernize the empire and to forestall foreign intervention". 1973:

Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time. This tradition was exclusively

1603: 368: 7035: 3604: 2750: 878: 8027: 7989: 6995: 6237: 6032: 5659: 5639: 5561: 5485: 5230: 5036: 3133: 2921: 2370:

movements in subsequent periods; in the poetic tradition, on the other hand, it was the influence of the

1942: 1525: 472: 6810: 6665: 6564: 3397: 2021: 8032: 8001: 7917: 6590: 6394: 6354: 5755: 5730: 5608: 5458: 5295: 5283: 5149: 3637: 3108: 3049:

Another novelist contemporary to, but outside of, the social realist and "village novel" traditions is

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political stance, which also led to his spending several years in prison. Over time, in such books as

1704:

the relationship between the fervent lover ("the nightingale") and the inconstant beloved ("the rose")

1406: 7994: 7912: 7671: 7653: 7440: 7135: 7108: 6965: 6765: 6730: 5933: 5571: 5551: 5198: 3692: 3560: 3478: 3152: 3126: 2917: 2602: 467: 383: 6534: 4163:Şimden gerü dîvânda, dergâhta, bârgâhta, mecliste ve meydanda Türkçeden başka dil kullanılmayacaktır 3388:(1944– ), whose early poetry was highly leftist but whose poetry since the 1970s has shown a strong 7854: 7750: 7628: 7350: 7220: 6940: 6805: 6715: 6131: 5797: 5495: 5424: 5193: 4943: 3907: 3582: 3002: 2889: 2660: 2503: 2171: 1851: 1763: 1552: 1379:

s before the tradition began to dwindle somewhat in the late 19th century; and several others. The

719: 7934: 6960: 4900: 4878: 4814: 4587: 3469: 1891:

whose work is considered the culmination of the highly complex so-called "Indian style" (سبك هندى

7760: 7548: 7280: 7275: 6890: 6755: 6193: 5480: 5453: 5398: 5393: 5245: 4837: 4260: 3952: 3324:, they employed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by Nâzım Hikmet, but also highly 2785: 2664: 2507: 2367: 1556: 1280:(1901–1963). This long poem – which concerns an Anatolian shaykh's rebellion against the Ottoman 1058: 1046: 974:

In contrast to the tradition of Turkish folk literature, Turkish written literature—prior to the

870: 404: 206: 93: 61: 6610: 5240: 3769: 3670: 140: 7663: 7435: 7355: 7185: 7175: 6915: 6504: 5988: 5928: 5916: 5809: 5666: 5159: 5082: 5029: 4342:"Bizim dilimiz Osmanlıca değil, Türkçedir. Şiirimizde divanları dolduran gazelle kaside değil, 3912: 1017: 580: 388: 7794: 7030: 6900: 6720: 6615: 5983: 3428: 627: 7887: 7849: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7583: 7400: 7360: 7335: 7240: 6875: 6695: 6136: 5921: 5911: 5878: 5618: 5441: 5003: 4973:

A website with a great deal of information on a number of Turkish authors and literary genres

4226: 3932: 3232:

poetry of the time, however, was in the tradition of the folk-inspired "syllabist" movement (

3186: 2905: 2868:

turn, and other writers—many of whom, like Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, had been a part of the

2736: 2280: 1470:

tradition, where the majority could not read or write. The major figures in the tradition of

1189:(literally, "lover") is in fact the term used for first-level members of the Bektashi order. 1002: 6750: 6514: 5051: 3615: 3451: 2812:), and so the literature of this period came to be known as "National Literature" (Turkish: 2290: 1778:

was very strong, but this was mitigated somewhat through the influence of poets such as the

202: 7976: 7902: 7872: 7859: 7809: 7804: 7772: 7767: 7755: 7608: 7563: 7553: 7480: 7445: 7330: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7265: 7205: 7190: 7128: 6815: 6454: 6072: 6067: 6052: 5998: 5943: 5827: 5686: 5671: 5519: 5436: 5250: 4769: 3088: 3050: 2877: 2845:") pointed out that Turkish literature had previously looked for inspiration either to the 2567: 1827: 1240: 543: 422: 4921:. Vol. 10 of Literature of the Orient (revised ed.). Colonial Press. p. 462 4610: 4293:

Ottoman poetical conventions and a confounding of notions of 'imitation'." (Holbrook, 442)

4165:("From this day forward, no language other than Turkish will be used in the court, in the 2731: 1383:

s were essentially minstrels who travelled through Anatolia performing their songs on the

8: 7981: 7907: 7892: 7877: 7735: 7708: 7678: 7633: 7573: 7568: 7558: 7543: 7527: 7320: 7300: 7260: 7230: 7225: 7180: 7170: 7075: 6595: 6559: 6464: 6429: 5948: 5899: 5832: 5782: 5681: 5591: 5539: 5352: 5333: 5119: 4830: 4614: 3835: 3538: 3443: 3248: 3136: 2909: 2606: 2406: 2392: 1966:

and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a

1847: 1203: 1201:

The Turkish epic has its roots in the Central Asian epic tradition that gave rise to the

1113: 791: 761: 433: 341: 326: 7060: 6920: 6650: 6384: 6374: 6279: 4942:

An excellent and well-translated selection of contemporary Turkish literature hosted by

4894: 4872: 4808: 4124:

of the Oghuz Turks, but after their settlement in Anatolia and the rise of Shi'a Islam,

3879: 3287: 2294: 2121: 2073: 8006: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7924: 7897: 7864: 7839: 7819: 7789: 7703: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7658: 7638: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7603: 7593: 7588: 7390: 7385: 7345: 7295: 7285: 7255: 7245: 7215: 7210: 7200: 6820: 6800: 6119: 6042: 5955: 5844: 5787: 5583: 5505: 5171: 5092: 5087: 4976: 3917: 3413: 2144: 2025: 1867:

Nâbî (1642–1712); a poet who wrote a number of socially oriented poems critical of the

1815: 1779: 1753: 968: 893: 799: 711: 570: 483: 444: 336: 3321: 7941: 7882: 7799: 7740: 7713: 7698: 7648: 7598: 7578: 7538: 7425: 7365: 7340: 7290: 7270: 7235: 7165: 6990: 6935: 6845: 6710: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6404: 6217: 6164: 6126: 6089: 5975: 5960: 5777: 5715: 5702: 5676: 5544: 5475: 5419: 5338: 5131: 5106: 5067: 4979:

A website with a good selection of both contemporary and somewhat older Turkish poems

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Holbrook, Victoria. "Originality and Ottoman Poetics: In the Wilderness of the New".

4629: 4565: 4547: 4532: 3982: 3922: 3791: 3571: 2354: 2335: 1995: 1864:), as well as being known for his harshly satirical poems, which led to his execution 1627:

art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of

1328: 1149: 715: 632: 516: 378: 331: 294: 274: 7010: 6790: 6539: 6499: 2908:

began the process of carving up the empire's lands and placing them under their own

2834: 2585: 2572: 2561: 2304: 7961: 7814: 7777: 7745: 7643: 7395: 7370: 7250: 7151: 7000: 6424: 6324: 6319: 6047: 6015: 5837: 5792: 5735: 5388: 5311: 5126: 4468:

Earlier poets, such as Ahmed Hâşim, had experimented with a style of poetry called

3780: 3486: 3295: 3201:", 1983) shows the influence not only of postmodernism, but also of magic realism. 3161: 2929: 2801: 2375: 2371: 2170:

period of 1839–1876, when much of the Ottoman system was reorganized along largely

2012: 1925: 1920: 1831: 1510: 1498: 1410: 1268: 1042:(ديوان) being the Ottoman Turkish word referring to the collected works of a poet. 979: 884:

One of the most important figures of early Turkish literature was the 13th century

730: 703: 695: 548: 440: 304: 7055: 6985: 6980: 6880: 6850: 6524: 6399: 4955:

A very comprehensive encyclopedia from the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism

3824: 3747: 3361: 3008:

The social realist movement is perhaps best represented by the short-story writer

2993: 2913: 2821: 2247:

Our language is not Ottoman; it is Turkish. What makes up our poetic canon is not

2082:(منشآت), a collection of writings and letters similar to the Western tradition of 2005: 1049:, with the poems of the Divan poets often being taken up to serve as song lyrics. 905: 7844: 7375: 7020: 6835: 6785: 6544: 6359: 6289: 6181: 6114: 6094: 6025: 6020: 5965: 5938: 5849: 5822: 5500: 5465: 4916: 4853: 3927: 3385: 3107:", 1959), composed of nine short stories which are written mainly from a child's 3017: 2901: 2624:" (ادبيات و ﺣﻘﻮق; "Literature and Law"), translated from French and published in 2314: 1916: 1797: 1612:

An Ottoman garden party, with poet, guest, and cup-bearer; from the 16th-century

1497:(1397–?), who is widely considered the founder of Alevi/Bektashi literature; and 1334:

There are, broadly speaking, two traditions (or schools) of Turkish folk poetry:

1127: 823: 753: 707: 562: 538: 530: 507: 451: 417: 265: 6925: 6830: 6675: 6439: 6409: 3353: 3240: 2837:(1884–1920), a short-story writer; and Ali Canip Yöntem (1887–1967), a poet. In 2583:, or "New Literature", movement began with the founding in 1891 of the magazine 2128: 1277: 710:, which forms the basis of much of the written corpus, was highly influenced by 6975: 6955: 6459: 6419: 6346: 6309: 6037: 5817: 5740: 5373: 5141: 5102: 4507:

This background info is from: see Börsenblatt Spezial Buchmesse 2008, S. 14 ff.

3957: 3648: 3291: 3181: 3092: 3075: 3030: 2984: 2963: 2933: 2629: 2363: 2343: 2339: 2235: 2226: 2208: 2136: 2125: 2084: 1757: 1663: 1494: 1420: 1297: 1212: 1138: 1064: 1038: 940: 830:

writers are only available in Chinese language translations. During the era of

803: 787: 770: 749: 622: 412: 7065: 7050: 7040: 6945: 6870: 6740: 6680: 6605: 6569: 6479: 6304: 3758: 3714: 3549: 3043: 3021: 2968: 2830: 2746: 2395:(1826–1871) is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the 2382: 2222: 1292: 943:, as opposed to the qualitative verse employed in the written poetic tradition 901: 8021: 7096: 6860: 6725: 6700: 6554: 6414: 6169: 6109: 6010: 5750: 5745: 5378: 5323: 5114: 4676: 4280: 3736: 3497: 3349: 3325: 3112: 3013: 2846: 2590: 2557: 2041: 1834:, and Arabic, and who came to be as influential in Persian as in Divan poetry 1793: 1786: 1697: 1349:

the explicitly religious tradition, which emerged from the gathering places (

1223:

endured in the oral tradition of the Oghuz Turks after settling in Anatolia.

1118: 874: 827: 780: 738: 734: 652: 575: 490: 316: 6775: 6640: 6635: 6434: 6379: 4918:

Turkish literature: comprising fables, belles-lettres, and sacred traditions

3365: 3202: 3073:(1934–1977). Unlike Tanpınar, however, Atay—in such works as his long novel 2309: 1850:

of the Divan tradition is quite representative of the poetry in the time of

6745: 6660: 6655: 6529: 6474: 6364: 6141: 6099: 5725: 5176: 4783:. pp. IX–XXI. İstanbul: Eren Yayıncılık ve Kitapçılık Ltd. Şti., 1991. 4577:

Seçme Romanlar: Yazarları, Eserleri, Roman Özetleri, Eleştiriler, Kaynaklar

3857: 3409:

the problem, because controlling the illegal book trade remains difficult.

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and are often surrealistic and mystical, represent a very early example of

2829:

in 1911 by the three writers who were most representative of the movement:

2826: 2594: 2396: 2331: 2193: 2053: 1957: 1907:

s (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or

1900: 897: 775: 729:

spans a period of nearly 1,300 years. The oldest extant records of written

6885: 6780: 6670: 6284: 3802: 3381: 3070: 7015: 7005: 6930: 6905: 6895: 6865: 6795: 6705: 6600: 6469: 6369: 6005: 5316: 4659: 4557: 4268: 3890: 3868: 3846: 3725: 3703: 3593: 3317: 3148: 3122: 3096: 2885: 2805: 2793: 2405:" (شاعر اولنمسى; "The Poet's Marriage"). In a similar vein, the novelist 2359: 2350: 2276: 2069: 2036: 2000: 1990: 1974: 1837: 1823: 1811: 1782: 1216: 1208: 835: 831: 766: 756: 309: 2117: 896:

lasted from the 15th century until the 18th century and included mostly

866: 6645: 6574: 6334: 3345: 3313: 3280:", 1939), he developed a voice simultaneously proclamatory and subtle. 3256: 3155:, is another such innovative novelist, though his works—such as 1990's 3039: 2865: 2239: 2204: 2189: 2049: 1478:(وسيلة النجاة "The Means of Salvation", but more commonly known as the 1142: 987: 889: 7496: 6494: 4933: 3813: 3512: 2275:

At the same time as this call—which reveals something of a burgeoning

2185:

the introduction into Ottoman literature of previously unknown genres.

2060: 1631:

whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير

6389: 6314: 6229: 3389: 3357: 3283: 3261: 3009: 2873: 2719: 2598: 2328: 2218: 2212: 2200: 2156: 2152: 2148: 1861: 1843: 1717: 1520:

The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and

1454:

tradition, however, is that—from the very beginning—the poems of the

1146: 1131: 1109: 1078: 1074: 839: 6449: 4964: 2649: 2492: 2151:, from 1789 to 1807, but were continuously thwarted by the powerful 1541: 1501:(?–1560), whom many consider to be the pinnacle of that literature. 213:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 82: 7120: 6519: 6489: 5861: 5188: 5015: 4947: 4514: 4141: 4055: 4053: 3504: 3393: 3373: 3329: 2937: 2920:

whose roots lay partly in the Young Turks, organized the 1919–1923

2881: 2601:" poets. The group's prose writers, on the other hand—particularly 2349:

Due to historically close ties with France—strengthened during the

2167: 2132: 1911:

s. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the

1807: 1490: 1390: 1284: 1265:

The epic tradition in modern Turkish literature may be seen in the

1224: 1178: 1161: 1093: 1069: 947: 931: 795: 742: 6484: 5871: 1874: 1748: 1185:, which is itself a blending of Shi'a and Sufi concepts. The word 6329: 6294: 4970: 4852:

Elias John Wilkinson Gibb (1900). Edward Granville Browne (ed.).

4167: 2772: 2229:

writer, intellectual, reformer, journalist and political activist

2147:. Attempts to right this situation had begun during the reign of 1962: 1888: 1885: 1685: 1608: 1487: 1416: 1385: 1375:

s; Dadaloğlu (1785?–1868?), who was one of the last of the great

1182: 955: 283: 4050: 3435: 2761: 2553: 822:

date to sometime in the 6th century AD and were composed in the

6509: 5866: 5059: 5054: 4982: 4588:

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09296174.2010.485444

3035: 2714:

magazine, a gathering of young writers—soon to be known as the

2095: 2045: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1483: 1351: 1281: 1134: 1102: 1008: 996: 984: 807: 802:. For the next 900 years, until shortly before the fall of the 4407:

Viz. Elif Şafak's characterization of Ömer Seyfettin's story "

2182:

changes brought to the language of Ottoman written literature;

810:

in 1923, the two traditions came together for the first time.

4360: 4264: 3304: 3132:

The tradition of literary modernism also informs the work of

2841:

s first issue, an article entitled "New Language" (Turkish: "

1967: 1708: 1521: 1306: 1254: 1165: 851: 794:

in the late 11th century, the Oghuz Turks began to settle in

746: 3462: 2958: 2888:

Adıvar (1884–1964), and the short-story writer and novelist

2849:

as in the Ottoman Divan tradition, or to the West as in the

1164:

and who traditionally have had a strong connection with the

4961:

A website with a number of Turkish literature-related links

4325:

was a mandolin-like musical instrument associated with the

4121: 3419: 3341: 2593:(1867–1915), were geared towards creating a Western-style " 1729: 1439: 1105: 1006:مثنوی), or indirectly through Persian from the Arabic (the 920: 885: 4828: 4271:

that was written in 1796, though not published until 1867.

2825:(کنج قلملر; "Young Pens"), which was begun in the city of 2617:

movement remained strongly influenced by Ottoman Turkish.

1826:(1483?–1556); a unique poet who wrote with equal skill in 1711:(who is considered the ultimate source and object of love) 4959:

Selected Literatures and Authors Page: Turkish Literature

4892: 4870: 4851: 4494:

The Garip movement was considered to be the "First New" (

3247:

from 1921 to 1924—was exposed to the modernist poetry of

3239:

The first radical step away from this trend was taken by

2876:

branch of the National Literature movement were the poet

2819:

At first, this movement crystallized around the magazine

2143:

By the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had become

2102: 1744:("Does any rose, in this rosegarden world, lack thorns?") 5016:

Osmanlı Edebiyatı Çalışmaları Bibliyografyası Veritabanı

2440: 2362:

can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and that of the

2297:. What is widely recognized as the first Turkish novel, 1856:

Nef‘î (1570?–1635); a poet considered the master of the

4995: 4934:

Ottoman Text Archive Project - University of Washington

4313:

were all seen as part of the Turkish folk tradition: a

3316:

Kanık (1914–1950), Melih Cevdet Anday (1915–2002), and

1998:, of which the outstanding example is the 17th-century 1211:(a branch of the Turkic peoples which migrated towards 1084: 702:) comprises oral compositions and written texts in the 4642:, Vol. 112, No. 3. (Jul.–Sep. 1992), pp. 440–454. 4619:

Just for the Hell of It: 111 Poems by Orhan Veli Kanık

3139:(1929– ). Her trilogy of novels collectively entitled 1840:(1500?–1557); a poet that lived in the Divan tradition 900:

but also some prose works, most notably the 10-volume

4965:

The Online Bibliography of Ottoman-Turkish Literature

4740:

Selçuk Üniversitesi Uzaktan Eğitim Programı (SUZEP).

4682:

Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924

4365:

Vakâyi`-i `Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed

2912:. In opposition to this process, the military leader 1923:; the two most notable examples of this form are the 5012:

A website with many examples of Ottoman Divan poetry

4671:

The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success.

4601:

Osmanlı Dönemi Türk Romanının Başlangıcında Beş Eser

4596:. Tr. Nurgül Kıvılcım Yavuz. Retrieved 1 March 2006. 4161:

Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey's declaration is as follows:

2166:

These reforms finally came to the empire during the

1081:

who often plays jokes, of a sort, on his neighbors.

990:—wrote in a language highly inflected with Persian. 946:

the basic structural unit of folk poetry became the

4446: 4444: 3400:(1927–1984) who wrote collectivist-realist poetry. 2756: 2415:

Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery

2303:(تعشق طلعت و فطنت; "Tal'at and Fitnat in Love") by 107:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4896:Ottoman literature: the poets and poetry of Turkey 4317:was a sort of rural ballad or shepherd's song; an 3969: 3270:The Epic of Shaykh Bedreddin, Son of Judge Simavne 2639: 5002:A searchable archive of oral literature based at 4914: 4605:Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 2346:that continues to be felt in Turkey to this day. 1355:s) of the Sufi religious orders and Shi'a groups. 1291:. Many of the works of the 20th-century novelist 8019: 4441: 3087:" ("Man in a White Coat", 1975)—wrote in a more 2385:(1840–1888) also wrote the important 1876 novel 4321:was a three-part tale or narrative song; and a 2722:in which they declared their opposition to the 2338:and for an Armenian audience was, according to 2098:of either a religious or a philosophical nature 1177:tradition is permeated with the thought of the 862:funerals and other commemorations of the dead. 5000:Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative 4788:"John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission" 4183:or "public") and two of Persian origin (درگاه 2482: 2068:s (تذكرة الشعرا), or biographies of poets, by 1960:, a type of writing descended from the Arabic 1933:(حسن و عشق; "Beauty and Love") of Şeyh Gâlib. 7512: 7136: 6245: 5037: 4806: 3255:" ("Pupils of the Hungry"), which introduced 2900:Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the 2860:The intrinsically nationalistic character of 2800:) had opposed themselves to the increasingly 1160:s, who are roughly akin to medieval European 672: 4836:(reprint ed.). Trübner and co. p. 4586:, Vol. 17, No. 3. (2010), pp. 167–190. 4088: 4086: 2726:movement and their adherence to the credo, " 2478:(ملى ادبيات; "National Literature") movement 2391:(انتباه; "Awakening"), while the journalist 2135:period of reforms and reorganization in the 850:). Poetry was also sung at solemn times and 826:. Some of the earliest verses attributed to 4621:. Multilingual Yabancı Dil Yayınları, 1997. 2678:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2521:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1570:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1430:literature shared a similar basis with the 1426:The explicitly religious folk tradition of 70:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7519: 7505: 7143: 7129: 6252: 6238: 5044: 5030: 4656:. İstanbul: İnkılâp ve Aka Basımevi, 1984. 4649:. İstanbul: İnkılâp ve Aka Basımevi, 1980. 4000:"Oral Tradition and the Literary Heritage" 3266:Simavne Kadısı Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Destanı 3243:, who—during his time as a student in the 2613:(ايلول; "September"). The language of the 1877:(1681?–1730); a revolutionary poet of the 962:) more commonly employed in written poetry 679: 665: 4411:" ("Primo: The Turkish Lad"), Şafak 2005. 4083: 2698:Learn how and when to remove this message 2541:Learn how and when to remove this message 2464:(ادبيات جدیده; "New Literature") movement 1740:Bir gül mü var bu gülşen-i ‘âlemde hârsız 1590:Learn how and when to remove this message 247:Learn how and when to remove this message 229:Learn how and when to remove this message 167:Learn how and when to remove this message 4720:Divân Şiiri Antolojisi: Dîvânü'd-Devâvîn 4640:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3420:Important works of fiction: 1860–present 3282: 3189:than by modernism. This is true also of 3117: 2957: 2895: 2833:(1876–1924), a sociologist and thinker; 2771: 2760: 2718:("Dawn of the Future") group—released a 2566: 2552: 2471:(فجر آتى; "Dawn of the Future") movement 2217: 2199: 2188: 2116: 1806: 1747: 1607: 1415: 1096:, from an 18th-century Western engraving 1083: 921:The two traditions of Turkish literature 846:), at communal feasts following a hunt ( 7526: 5006:containing links to numerous MP3 files. 4893:Elias John Wilkinson Gibb, ed. (1901). 4871:Elias John Wilkinson Gibb, ed. (1882). 4579:. İstanbul: Evrensel Basım Yayın, 1997. 3206:writes both in Turkish and in English. 2916:(1881–1938), in command of the growing 2780:In 1908, Sultan Abdülhamid II had been 2710:In the 24 February 1909 edition of the 14: 8020: 6259: 5974: 4673:Oxford : Oxford University Press. 3978:Persian Historiography & Geography 2103:The 19th century and Western influence 1936: 1899:The vast majority of Divan poetry was 1884:Şeyh Gâlib (1757–1799); a poet of the 1309:epics continuing this long tradition. 1108:. The Turkic peoples had first become 7500: 7124: 6233: 5025: 4855:A history of Ottoman poetry, Volume 1 2620:In 1901, as a result of the article " 2441:Early 20th-century Turkish literature 1515: 1295:(1923–2015 ), such as the 1955 novel 1219:, beginning in the 9th century). The 1196: 7150: 6200: 6188: 4985:Contemporary Turkish poetry web site 4776:. İstanbul: Çağlayan Kitabevi, 1988. 4749:"There Is No Clash of Civilizations" 2928:the creation and dissemination of a 2864:, however, quickly took a decidedly 2676:adding citations to reliable sources 2643: 2519:adding citations to reliable sources 2486: 2411:Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr 1568:adding citations to reliable sources 1535: 178: 105:adding citations to reliable sources 76: 35: 4829:Sir James William Redhouse (1879). 4742:"Türk Yazı Dilinin Tarihî Gelişimi" 4584:Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 3943:List of Turkish short story writers 3290:(1914–1950) was the founder of the 3083:", 1971–1972) and his short story " 1359:Much of the poetry and song of the 24: 4774:19'uncu Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi 4529:Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology 4215:Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology 4092: 4074: 4059: 4041: 4026: 3938:List of contemporary Turkish poets 3376:poems explore the significance of 1619:Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly 1462:, as opposed to the milieu of the 1052: 786:Beginning with the victory of the 25: 8044: 4795: 4698:Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış 4095:A Millenium of Turkish Literature 4077:A Millenium of Turkish Literature 4062:A Millenium of Turkish Literature 4044:A Millenium of Turkish Literature 4029:A Millenium of Turkish Literature 2378:movements that became paramount. 1929:(ليلى و مجنون) of Fuzûlî and the 1736:بر گل مى وار بو گلشن ﻋالمدﻪ خارسز 1446:). One major difference from the 1276:), published in 1936 by the poet 1024:) of Persian poetry were adopted; 51:This article has multiple issues. 7103: 7102: 7090: 6211: 6199: 6187: 6176: 6175: 6163: 5567:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 5053: 3503: 3496: 3468: 3461: 3434: 3427: 3278:Human Landscapes from My Country 3227:Poetry of the Republic of Turkey 3213:(1901) to Ahmet Altan's (1950–) 2796:"). The Young Turks (ژون تورکلر 2757:The National Literature movement 2648: 2560:(1867–1915), poet and editor of 2491: 2417:"), Realism (هﻨﻮز اون يدى يشکده 1540: 911: 646: 282: 183: 81: 40: 6212: 4953:Encyclopedia of Turkish Authors 4940:Contemporary Turkish Literature 4915:Epiphanius Wilson, ed. (1901). 4520: 4501: 4488: 4479: 4462: 4453: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4401: 4392: 4379: 4370: 4353: 4336: 4296: 4286: 4274: 4251:One apparent exception was the 4245: 4236: 4220: 4207: 4198: 4155: 4146: 4135: 3903:Contemporary Turkish literature 3789:Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları 3274:Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları 2954:Contemporary Turkish literature 2950:Prose of the Republic of Turkey 2640:The Dawn of the Future movement 2317:, cited above. Another, 1851's 2155:corps. As a result, only after 1531: 818:The earliest known examples of 752:of Central Asia a tradition of 92:needs additional citations for 59:or discuss these issues on the 7466:British Indian Ocean Territory 4779:Tietze, Andreas; ed. "Önsöz", 4711:Muhtar, İbrahim et al. (2003) 4544:Poetry's Voice, Society's Song 4110: 4101: 4068: 4035: 4020: 3992: 1814:(1483?–1556), a Divan poet of 1413:(1938–2012), and many others. 1312: 1063:Turkish folk literature is an 869:has survived in its entirety. 13: 1: 4989: 4977:Turkish Poetry in Translation 4800: 4751:. Retrieved 24 February 2006. 4715:. Retrieved 23 February 2006. 4654:Ziya Paşa: Hayatı ve Şiirleri 4562:Osmanlı'da Kurumlar ve Kültür 4267:, a collection of stories of 4132:became interchangeable terms. 3948:List of Turkish women writers 3403: 3151:(1952– ), winner of the 2006 3067:The Time Regulation Institute 2904:of 1914–1918, the victorious 2334:(Hovsep Vartanian) using the 2024:, ambassador to the court of 1952:(سجع, also transliterated as 1728:(مصراع), by the 18th-century 904:(Book of Travels) written by 6058:Intangible cultural heritage 5404:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5236:Proclamation of the republic 4877:. Trübner & co. p. 4231:An Historical atlas of Islam 4120:referred exclusively to the 3701:Bereketli Topraklar Üzerinde 3519: 3511: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3477: 3467: 3460: 3450: 3442: 3433: 3426: 3193:(1957– ), whose first novel 2765:Cover page from an issue of 2447:Poetry of the Ottoman Empire 2425:"), and Naturalism (مشاهدات 2225:(on the right) (1840–1888), 2124:was an 1839 proclamation by 2109:Poetry of the Ottoman Empire 1604:Poetry of the Ottoman Empire 1305:), can be considered modern 865:Of the long epics, only the 7: 5329:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 4971:Turkish Cultural Foundation 4810:The Literature of the Turks 4420:Lester 1997; Wolf-Gazo 1996 4179:or "government", and ميدان 3896: 3767:Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü 3063:Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü 2987:, and the "village novel" ( 2922:Turkish War of Independence 2749:(1884–1933), and in prose, 2483:The New Literature movement 2451:Prose of the Ottoman Empire 2358:instance, the influence of 2113:Prose of the Ottoman Empire 1943:Prose of the Ottoman Empire 1504: 1215:and eastern Europe through 725:The history of the broader 700:Türk edebiyatı, Türk yazını 322:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 209:the claims made and adding 10: 8049: 5160:Conquest of Constantinople 4786:Wolf-Gazo, Ernest. (1996) 4645:Karaalioğlu, Seyit Kemal. 4594:"Nâzım Hikmet: Life Story" 3224: 3185:")—are influenced more by 2947: 2728:Sanat şahsî ve muhteremdir 2575:, edition of 24 April 1908 2444: 2286:Les aventures de Télémaque 2106: 2094:(مناظره), a collection of 1940: 1601: 1508: 1056: 813: 769:— ancestors of the modern 28: 7534: 7454: 7414: 7158: 7084: 7036:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu 6583: 6343: 6267: 6159: 5892: 5808: 5701: 5667:The constitutional system 5627: 5582: 5527: 5518: 5412: 5360: 5351: 5304: 5271: 5221: 5199:Second Constitutional Era 5184:Decline and modernization 5140: 5101: 5075: 5066: 4790:. Retrieved 6 March 2006. 4737:. Retrieved 5 March 2006. 4666:. Retrieved 6 March 2006. 4592:Fuat, Mehmet; ed. (2002) 3981:Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd 3605:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu 3591:Dokuzuncu Hariciye Koğuşu 3220: 3153:Nobel Prize in Literature 3127:Nobel Prize in Literature 3095:vein. On the other hand, 2918:Turkish National Movement 2786:constitutional government 2751:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu 2636:movement came to an end. 2300:Taaşuk-u Tal'at ve Fitnat 1669:)—the rosegarden (ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن 7221:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6565:Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi 5650:Ministry of the Interior 5635:Administrative divisions 5194:First Constitutional Era 4756:Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi 4744:. Retrieved 29 May 2006. 4669:Lewis, Geoffrey (1999). 3963: 3908:Crimean Tatar literature 3398:Hasan Hüseyin Korkmazgil 2943: 2435:Ottoman social structure 2423:Just Seventeen Years Old 2040:, written in Persian by 2022:Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi 1852:Süleyman the Magnificent 1792:Although Turkish poets ( 1785:(?–1417?) and the Uzbek 1764:Suleiman the Magnificent 1732:and poet Hayatî Efendi: 939:folk poetry made use of 720:Ottoman Turkish alphabet 29:Not to be confused with 7476:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6756:Halide Nusret Zorlutuna 6445:Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi 5597:Parliamentary elections 5399:Eastern Anatolia Region 5394:Central Anatolia Region 5076:Ancient and Middle Ages 4899:. M. W. Dunne. p. 4813:. B. Quaritch. p. 4754:Şentürk, Ahmet Atilla. 4733:Paskin, Sylvia. (2005) 4664:"New-Alphabet Disease?" 3953:List of Turkish writers 3690:Alemdağda Var Bir Yılan 2880:(1869–1944), the early 1639:) and opposition (تضاد 1059:Turkish folk literature 1047:Turkish classical music 988:Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I 871:The Book of Dede Korkut 708:Ottoman form of Turkish 6996:Şevket Süreyya Aydemir 6771:Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar 6686:Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı 6505:Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem 5768:Science and technology 5602:Presidential elections 5083:Prehistory of Anatolia 4807:Charles Wells (1891). 4626:Sira, Ottoman Turkish, 4517:, Hasan Bülent Paksoy 4485:Quoted in Halman 1997. 3913:Azerbaijani literature 3844:Cevdet Bey ve Oğulları 3657:Aganta Burina Burinata 3330:academic establishment 3299: 3129: 2971: 2777: 2769: 2576: 2564: 2277:national consciousness 2273: 2230: 2215: 2197: 2140: 1919:and thus a variety of 1819: 1767: 1718:the garden of Paradise 1647:the nightingale (بلبل 1616: 1423: 1274:Şeyh Bedreddin Destanı 1097: 699: 374:Constitutional history 6961:Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil 6856:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 6826:Memduh Şevket Esendal 6591:Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar 6550:Tâcîzâde Cafer Çelebi 6535:Prizrenli Suzi Çelebi 6355:Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan 5763:Free trade agreements 5645:Intelligence Services 5442:North Anatolian Fault 5004:Texas Tech University 4770:Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi 4647:Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi 4387:Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi 4227:William Charles Brice 4116:Originally, the term 3933:List of Ottoman poets 3723:Esir Şehrin İnsanları 3638:Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar 3312:"). The authors were 3286: 3125:, winner of the 2006 3121: 2961: 2896:Republican literature 2775: 2764: 2570: 2556: 2445:Further information: 2419:Henüz On Yedi Yaşında 2244: 2221: 2203: 2192: 2120: 2107:Further information: 2048:to the Seljuk rulers 1941:Further information: 1810: 1751: 1611: 1602:Further information: 1419: 1403:Aşık Veysel Şatıroğlu 1124:Wisdom of Royal Glory 1087: 7391:United Arab Emirates 7026:Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk 6966:Sait Faik Abasıyanık 6816:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul 6766:Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil 6736:Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca 6731:Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel 6611:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar 6455:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul 6147:World heritage sites 5672:Turkish Armed Forces 5557:Constitutional Court 5471:Flora and vegetation 5449:Environmental issues 5437:East Anatolian Fault 5384:Mediterranean Region 4747:Şafak, Elif. (2005) 3877:Puslu Kıtalar Atlası 3770:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar 3693:Sait Faik Abasıyanık 3671:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar 3660:Halikarnas Balıkçısı 3646:Kürk Mantolu Madonna 3561:Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil 3547:Vatan Yahut Silistre 3521:Halikarnas Balıkçısı 3479:Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil 3253:Açların Gözbebekleri 3199:Dear Shameless Death 3081:The Good for Nothing 3051:Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar 2910:spheres of influence 2878:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul 2672:improve this section 2603:Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil 2515:improve this section 2353:of 1854–1856—it was 1762:From the library of 1564:improve this section 892:. The golden age of 879:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 601:World Heritage Sites 116:"Turkish literature" 101:improve this article 7528:European literature 7416:States with limited 7031:Yahya Kemal Beyatlı 6951:Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın 6941:Reşat Nuri Güntekin 6901:Oktay Rıfat Horozcu 6811:Mehmet Fuat Köprülü 6761:Halit Fahri Ozansoy 6721:Ercüment Ekrem Talu 6716:Enis Behiç Koryürek 6666:Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı 6616:Ahmet Muhip Dıranas 6560:Yahya bey Dukagjini 5716:Banking and Finance 5334:History of Anatolia 5231:War of Independence 5223:Republic of Türkiye 5120:Battle of Manzikert 4944:Boğaziçi University 4735:"The cloak of love" 4607:, pp. 185–202. 4599:Gökalp, G. Gonca. " 4575:Bezirci, Asım; ed. 4527:Andrews, Walter G. 4359:An earlier play, a 3627:Mithat Cemal Kuntay 3583:Reşat Nuri Güntekin 3569:Memleket Hikayeleri 3326:colloquial language 3249:Vladimir Mayakovsky 3038:short-story writer 3003:Reşat Nuri Güntekin 2890:Reşat Nuri Güntekin 2607:psychological novel 2407:Ahmed Midhat Efendi 2327:"), written by the 1937:Early Ottoman prose 1250:Book of Dede Korkut 1246:Book of Dede Korkut 1236:Book of Dede Korkut 1232:Book of Dede Korkut 1221:Book of Dede Korkut 1204:Book of Dede Korkut 1132:mystically oriented 792:Battle of Manzikert 762:Book of Dede Korkut 581:Olympic appearances 510:and performing arts 327:History of Anatolia 8028:Turkish literature 6891:Orhan Hançerlioğlu 6821:Melih Cevdet Anday 6801:Kenan Hulusi Koray 6751:Halide Edib Adıvar 6515:Samipaşazade Sezai 6300:Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli 6275:Aşık Mahzuni Şerif 6261:Turkish literature 5773:Telecommunications 5562:Court of Cassation 5263:Multi-party period 5172:Ottoman Old Regime 5093:Byzantine Anatolia 5088:Classical Anatolia 4624:Hagen, Gottfried, 4611:Halman, Talât Sait 3918:Turkmen literature 3888:Benim Adım Kırmızı 3855:Sevgili Arsız Ölüm 3616:Halide Edib Adıvar 3452:Halide Edib Adıvar 3414:Frankfurt Bookfair 3300: 3195:Sevgili Arsız Ölüm 3177:Benim Adım Kırmızı 3130: 3085:Beyaz Mantolu Adam 2972: 2851:Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde 2778: 2770: 2724:Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde 2634:Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde 2622:Edebiyyât ve Hukuk 2615:Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde 2581:Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde 2577: 2565: 2462:Edebiyyât-ı Cedîde 2291:Hüseyin Avni Pasha 2231: 2216: 2198: 2141: 2131:that launched the 2026:Louis XV of France 1903:in nature: either 1871:of Ottoman history 1820: 1768: 1680:the ascetic (زاهد 1617: 1516:Ottoman literature 1482:), concerning the 1424: 1407:Aşık Mahzuni Şerif 1238:was the so-called 1197:The epic tradition 1098: 969:Turkish folk music 954:) rather than the 894:Ottoman literature 808:Republic of Turkey 800:Persian literature 739:Orhon River valley 735:Orhon inscriptions 692:Turkish literature 369:Diplomatic history 194:possibly contains 18:Ottoman literature 8033:Culture of Turkey 8015: 8014: 7494: 7493: 7458:other territories 7118: 7117: 7097:Turkey portal 6991:Suut Kemal Yetkin 6936:Refik Halit Karay 6916:Orhan Şaik Gökyay 6911:Orhan Seyfi Orhon 6621:Ahmet Kutsi Tecer 6405:Fatma Aliye Topuz 6227: 6226: 6155: 6154: 5697: 5696: 5640:Foreign relations 5614:Political parties 5514: 5513: 5347: 5346: 5339:History of Thrace 5241:Atatürk's reforms 5132:Anatolian beyliks 4983:Turkishpoetry.net 4409:Primo Türk Çocuğu 4175:or "court", مجلس 3923:Chagatai language 3572:Refik Halit Karay 3529: 3528: 3525: 3517: 3491: 3483: 3456: 3448: 3215:Kılıç Yarası Gibi 3018:ethnic minorities 2808:nation (Turkish: 2784:a re-established 2732:Théophile Gautier 2708: 2707: 2700: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2355:French literature 2066:tezkiretü'ş-şuarâ 2018:Paris Sefâretnâme 1994:(سياحت نامه), or 1869:stagnation period 1600: 1599: 1592: 727:Turkic literature 716:Arabic literature 689: 688: 653:Turkey portal 332:History of Thrace 275:Culture of Turkey 257: 256: 249: 239: 238: 231: 196:original research 177: 176: 169: 151: 74: 31:Turkic literature 16:(Redirected from 8040: 7938: 7868: 7727: 7667: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7471:Christmas Island 7456:Dependencies and 7159:Sovereign states 7152:Asian literature 7145: 7138: 7131: 7122: 7121: 7106: 7105: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7061:Yusuf Ziya Ortaç 7046:Yaşar Nabi Nayır 6921:Orhan Veli Kanık 6876:Nihal Yeğinobalı 6696:Ece Ayhan Çağlar 6651:Behçet Necatigil 6425:Imadaddin Nasimi 6395:Cenâb Şehâbeddîn 6375:Ali Canip Yöntem 6325:Pir Sultan Abdal 6254: 6247: 6240: 6231: 6230: 6215: 6214: 6203: 6202: 6191: 6190: 6179: 6178: 6167: 5972: 5971: 5857:Cities and towns 5838:Turkish language 5793:Turkish Airlines 5609:Electoral system 5572:Council of State 5525: 5524: 5459:Waste management 5389:Black Sea Region 5367: 5358: 5357: 5312:Turkic migration 5258:One-party period 5127:Sultanate of Rum 5073: 5072: 5058: 5057: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5023: 5022: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4718:Pala, İskender. 4508: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4470:serbest müstezâd 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4450:Can & Patton 4448: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4429:Bezirci, 105–108 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4357: 4351: 4340: 4334: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4004: 3996: 3990: 3975:Bertold Spuler. 3973: 3880:İhsan Oktay Anar 3833:Bir Düğün Gecesi 3635:Fahim Bey ve Biz 3524: 3516: 3507: 3500: 3490: 3482: 3472: 3465: 3455: 3447: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3288:Orhan Veli Kanık 3241:Nâzım Hikmet Ran 3162:The White Castle 3042:(1915–1995) and 2940:in the country. 2930:modified version 2737:l'art pour l'art 2734:'s doctrine of " 2703: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2652: 2644: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2495: 2487: 2295:Sultan Abdülaziz 2281:François Fénelon 2157:Sultan Mahmud II 2149:Sultan Selim III 2122:Edict of Gülhane 1921:narrative poetry 1658:the world (جهان 1595: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1575: 1544: 1536: 1511:Turkish Folklore 1499:Pir Sultan Abdal 1476:Vesîletü'n-Necât 1278:Nâzım Hikmet Ran 1269:Shaykh Bedreddin 858:were recited at 704:Turkish language 681: 674: 667: 651: 650: 649: 379:Cultural history 364:Military history 359:Economic history 305:Turkic migration 286: 277: 261: 260: 252: 245: 234: 227: 223: 220: 214: 211:inline citations 187: 186: 179: 172: 165: 161: 158: 152: 150: 109: 85: 77: 66: 44: 43: 36: 21: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8002:Western Lombard 7972:Turkish Cypriot 7932: 7918:Scottish Gaelic 7866: 7721: 7665: 7530: 7525: 7495: 7490: 7459: 7457: 7450: 7431:Northern Cyprus 7419: 7417: 7410: 7201:Burma (Myanmar) 7154: 7149: 7119: 7114: 7091: 7089: 7080: 7071:Ziya Osman Saba 6836:Murathan Mungan 6579: 6360:Ahdi of Baghdad 6345: 6339: 6290:Erzurumlu Emrah 6263: 6258: 6228: 6223: 6151: 5970: 5966:Women in Turkey 5934:Law enforcement 5888: 5884:Life expectancy 5850:Islam in Turkey 5804: 5693: 5655:National Police 5623: 5578: 5510: 5501:Turkish Riviera 5408: 5365: 5364: 5343: 5300: 5267: 5246:Language reform 5217: 5136: 5097: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5010:Divan Edebiyat? 4992: 4924: 4922: 4905: 4903: 4883: 4881: 4861: 4859: 4842: 4840: 4819: 4817: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4781:Akabi Hikyayesi 4713:"Genç Kalemler" 4523: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4354: 4341: 4337: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4261:Ali Aziz Efendi 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097:. pp. 2–3. 4093:Halman, Talah. 4091: 4084: 4079:. pp. 1–2. 4075:Halman, Talah. 4073: 4069: 4064:. p. viii. 4060:Halman, Talah. 4058: 4051: 4046:. pp. 4–5. 4042:Halman, Talah. 4040: 4036: 4031:. pp. 4–6. 4027:Halman, Talat. 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3928:Codex Cumanicus 3899: 3682:Vüs'at O. Bener 3523: 3515: 3489: 3481: 3454: 3446: 3422: 3406: 3396:influence; and 3322:Jacques Prévert 3229: 3223: 3134:female novelist 3059:A Mind at Peace 2956: 2948:Main articles: 2946: 2902:First World War 2898: 2814:millî edebiyyât 2782:forced to allow 2759: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2669: 2653: 2642: 2547: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2512: 2496: 2485: 2476:Millî Edebiyyât 2453: 2443: 2336:Armenian script 2315:Ali Aziz Efendi 2115: 2105: 1945: 1939: 1926:Leylî vü Mecnun 1651:)—the rose (ﮔل 1633:mura'ât-i nazîr 1606: 1596: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1561: 1545: 1534: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1486:of the Islamic 1315: 1289:Epic of Köroğlu 1241:Epic of Köroğlu 1199: 1128:Yusuf Has Hajib 1126:"), written by 1061: 1055: 1053:Folk literature 1034:divan edebiyatı 923: 914: 824:Uyghur language 816: 737:, found in the 718:, and used the 685: 647: 645: 638: 637: 628:National anthem 618: 617: 606: 605: 596: 595: 586: 585: 566: 565: 554: 553: 534: 533: 522: 521: 512: 511: 478: 477: 468:Public holidays 463: 462: 428: 427: 408: 407: 396: 395: 394: 393: 384:Genetic history 298: 297: 273: 253: 242: 241: 240: 235: 224: 218: 215: 200: 188: 184: 173: 162: 156: 153: 110: 108: 98: 86: 45: 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8046: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7783:Northern Irish 7775: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7672:Middle English 7669: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7148: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7100: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7076:Zülfü Livaneli 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7011:Turgut Özakman 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6976:Samiha Ayverdi 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6956:Sabahattin Ali 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6841:N. Abbas Sayar 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6806:Küçük İskender 6803: 6798: 6793: 6791:Kemal Bilbaşar 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6596:Adalet Ağaoğlu 6593: 6587: 6585: 6584:Republican era 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6540:Süleyman Nazif 6537: 6532: 6527: 6525:Şemsettin Sami 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6500:Ömer Seyfettin 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460:Mercimek Ahmed 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6430:İbrahim Şinasi 6427: 6422: 6420:Habib Esfahani 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6310:Kaygusuz Abdal 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6257: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6083:Radio stations 6080: 6075: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Turkish people 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5783:Transportation 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5491:National parks 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5425:Climate change 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Marmara Region 5370: 5368: 5366:(west to east) 5355: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5279:Constitutional 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5167:Transformation 5164: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5142:Ottoman Empire 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5111: 5109: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5049: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5007: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4937: 4931: 4912: 4890: 4868: 4849: 4826: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:External links 4794: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4767: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4716: 4709: 4696:Moran, Berna. 4694: 4677:Mansel, Philip 4674: 4667: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4622: 4615:"Introduction" 4608: 4597: 4590: 4580: 4573: 4555: 4540: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4500: 4487: 4478: 4461: 4452: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4400: 4398:Muhtar, et al. 4391: 4389:, v.3, 216–218 4378: 4369: 4352: 4344:Basler Zeitung 4335: 4295: 4285: 4273: 4244: 4235: 4219: 4206: 4197: 4154: 4145: 4134: 4109: 4100: 4082: 4067: 4049: 4034: 4019: 3991: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3958:Persian metres 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3871: 3860: 3849: 3838: 3836:Adalet Ağaoğlu 3827: 3816: 3811:Parasız Yatılı 3805: 3800:Tutunamayanlar 3794: 3783: 3772: 3761: 3750: 3739: 3734:Yılanların Öcü 3728: 3717: 3706: 3695: 3684: 3673: 3662: 3651: 3649:Sabahattin Ali 3640: 3629: 3618: 3613:Sinekli Bakkal 3607: 3596: 3585: 3574: 3563: 3552: 3541: 3539:İbrahim Şinasi 3536:Şair Evlenmesi 3527: 3526: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3444:İbrahim Şinasi 3440: 3439: 3432: 3421: 3418: 3405: 3402: 3296:Turkish poetry 3292:Garip Movement 3225:Main article: 3222: 3219: 3182:My Name is Red 3175:") and 1998's 3172:The Black Book 3137:Adalet Ağaoğlu 3093:existentialist 3076:Tutunamayanlar 3031:Memed, My Hawk 2985:social realism 2964:Memed, My Hawk 2945: 2942: 2934:Latin alphabet 2906:Entente Powers 2897: 2894: 2839:Genç Kalemler' 2835:Ömer Seyfettin 2758: 2755: 2712:Servet-i Fünûn 2706: 2705: 2656: 2654: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2626:Servet-i Fünûn 2586:Servet-i Fünûn 2573:Servet-i Fünun 2562:Servet-i Fünun 2549: 2548: 2499: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2442: 2439: 2402:Şair Evlenmesi 2393:İbrahim Şinasi 2344:Westernization 2340:Andreas Tietze 2320:Akabi Hikâyesi 2305:Şemsettin Sami 2283:'s 1699 novel 2255:s, but rather 2236:Constantinople 2187: 2186: 2183: 2137:Ottoman Empire 2126:Ottoman sultan 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2088: 2085:belles-lettres 2076: 2056: 2028: 2008: 1986: 1938: 1935: 1897: 1896: 1882: 1872: 1865: 1854: 1841: 1835: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1694: 1693: 1678: 1656: 1598: 1597: 1548: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1517: 1514: 1509:Main article: 1506: 1503: 1495:Kaygusuz Abdal 1421:Kaygusuz Abdal 1357: 1356: 1347: 1314: 1311: 1298:Memed, My Hawk 1198: 1195: 1092:performing in 1065:oral tradition 1057:Main article: 1054: 1051: 1029: 1028: 1025: 964: 963: 944: 941:syllabic verse 922: 919: 913: 910: 815: 812: 804:Ottoman Empire 771:Turkish people 759:, such as the 750:Turkic peoples 687: 686: 684: 683: 676: 669: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 625: 619: 613: 612: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 597: 593: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 578: 573: 567: 561: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 535: 529: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 513: 506: 505: 504: 501: 500: 494: 493: 487: 486: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 464: 460: 459: 458: 455: 454: 448: 447: 437: 436: 430: 429: 426: 425: 420: 415: 413:Turkish people 409: 403: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 313: 312: 301: 300: 299: 293: 292: 291: 288: 287: 279: 278: 270: 269: 255: 254: 237: 236: 191: 189: 182: 175: 174: 89: 87: 80: 75: 49: 48: 46: 39: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8045: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7666:(Anglo-Saxon) 7662: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Crimean Tatar 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7441:South Ossetia 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:Yusuf Atılgan 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6986:Sezai Karakoç 6984: 6982: 6981:Samim Kocagöz 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881:Nurullah Ataç 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861:Neyzen Tevfik 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6851:Necati Cumalı 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6726:Fakir Baykurt 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6701:Edip Cansever 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6691:Cevdet Kudret 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Tevfik Fikret 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:Evliya Çelebi 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6344:Medieval and 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6220: 6219: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454:Air pollution 5452: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5379:Aegean Region 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5324:Turkification 5322: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5155:Classical Age 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5115:Seljuk Empire 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4920: 4919: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4869: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4764:975-08-0163-6 4761: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728:975-338-081-X 4725: 4721: 4717: 4714: 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4054: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3825:Yusuf Atılgan 3823: 3822:Anayurt Oteli 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3748:Yusuf Atılgan 3746: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3737:Fakir Baykurt 3735: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3368:(1918–2008). 3367: 3363: 3362:Sezai Karakoç 3360:(1931–2002), 3359: 3356:(1931–1990), 3355: 3352:(1928–1986), 3351: 3350:Edip Cansever 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3272:", 1936) and 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3234:Beş Hececiler 3228: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:postmodernism 3184: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3113:magic realism 3110: 3109:point of view 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061:", 1949) and 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3046:(1911–1993). 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014:lower classes 3011: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:Mustafa Kemal 2911: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2892:(1889–1956). 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862:Genç Kalemler 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2822:Genç Kalemler 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:authoritarian 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2768: 2767:Genç Kalemler 2763: 2754: 2753:(1889–1974). 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2702: 2699: 2691: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2657:This section 2655: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2630:Abdülhamid II 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591:Tevfik Fikret 2588: 2587: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2558:Tevfik Fikret 2555: 2545: 2542: 2534: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2500:This section 2498: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325:Akabi's Story 2322: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2242:(1829–1880): 2241: 2237: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2210: 2207:(1829–1880), 2206: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:Nizam al-Mulk 2039: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2006:Evliya Çelebi 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1917:verse romance 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1787:Ali Şîr Nevâî 1784: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1594: 1591: 1583: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1549:This section 1547: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1409:(1938–2002), 1408: 1405:(1894–1973), 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1332: 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736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 662: 660: 659: 654: 644: 643: 642: 641: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 616: 610: 609: 602: 599: 598: 590: 589: 582: 579: 577: 576:Oil wrestling 574: 572: 569: 568: 564: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 526: 525: 518: 515: 514: 509: 503: 502: 499: 496: 495: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 481: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 457: 456: 453: 450: 449: 446: 442: 439: 438: 435: 432: 431: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 406: 400: 399: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 317:Turkification 315: 311: 308: 307: 306: 303: 302: 296: 290: 289: 285: 281: 280: 276: 272: 271: 267: 263: 262: 259: 251: 248: 233: 230: 222: 212: 208: 204: 198: 197: 192:This article 190: 181: 180: 171: 168: 160: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: – 117: 113: 112:Find sources: 106: 102: 96: 95: 90:This article 88: 84: 79: 78: 73: 71: 64: 63: 58: 57: 52: 47: 38: 37: 32: 27: 19: 7966: 7664:Old English 7549:Anglo-Norman 7386:Turkmenistan 7380: 7351:Saudi Arabia 7107: 7088: 6971:Salah Birsel 6926:Özdemir Asaf 6846:Nâzım Hikmet 6831:Murat Gülsoy 6746:Haldun Taner 6711:Emine Işınsu 6676:Cemal Süreya 6661:Buket Uzuner 6656:Bilge Karasu 6631:Attilâ İlhan 6626:Aslı Erdoğan 6530:Sultan Veled 6475:Muallim Naci 6440:Katib Çelebi 6410:Fitnat Hanım 6365:Ahmet Mithat 6260: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6062: 6053:Illumination 5989:Architecture 5917:Human rights 5905:Universities 5823:Ethnic Kurds 5810:Demographics 5721:Construction 4923:. 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1550: 1532:Divan poetry 1519: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1329:Şeyyâd Hamza 1323: 1319: 1316: 1302: 1296: 1288: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1220: 1213:western Asia 1202: 1200: 1191: 1186: 1174: 1170: 1157: 1153: 1123: 1117: 1099: 1089: 1062: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1021: 1007: 1001: 995: 992: 973: 965: 959: 951: 928: 926:literature. 924: 915: 898:divan poetry 883: 864: 859: 855: 847: 843: 817: 785: 774: 760: 724: 691: 690: 497: 418:Ethnic Kurds 389:LGBT history 347:Christianity 258: 243: 225: 219:October 2023 216: 193: 163: 157:October 2023 154: 144: 137: 130: 123: 111: 99:Please help 94:verification 91: 67: 60: 54: 53:Please help 50: 26: 7933: [ 7867:(Provençal) 7855:Montenegrin 7722: [ 7418:recognition 7336:Philippines 7281:South Korea 7276:North Korea 7166:Afghanistan 7066:Ziya Gökalp 7051:Yılmaz Onay 7041:Yaşar Kemal 7016:Turgut Uyar 7006:Tomris Uyar 7001:Tarık Buğra 6946:Rıfat Ilgaz 6931:Peyami Safa 6906:Orhan Pamuk 6896:Orhan Kemal 6871:Nihal Atsız 6866:Nezihe Araz 6796:Kemal Tahir 6741:Güven Turan 6706:Elif Shafak 6681:Cemil Meriç 6606:Ahmet Haşim 6601:Ahmet Altan 6570:Zafer Hanım 6480:Namık Kemal 6470:Mihri Hatun 6385:Aşık Çelebi 6370:Ahmet Rasim 6320:Neşet Ertaş 6305:Karacaoğlan 6280:Âşık Veysel 6206:WikiProject 6137:Video games 5929:Individuals 5922:LGBT rights 5912:Health care 5879:Immigration 5660:Gendarmerie 5619:Referendums 5535:Legislative 5432:Earthquakes 5317:Oghuz Turks 5206:Dissolution 4438:Paskin 2005 3891:Orhan Pamuk 3869:Orhan Pamuk 3847:Orhan Pamuk 3781:Tarık Buğra 3759:Yaşar Kemal 3726:Kemal Tahir 3715:Yaşar Kemal 3704:Orhan Kemal 3624:Üç İstanbul 3594:Peyami Safa 3558:Aşk-ı Memnu 3550:Namık Kemal 3487:Tarık Buğra 3374:allegorical 3338:İkinci Yeni 3318:Oktay Rifat 3149:Orhan Pamuk 3145:Tight Times 3123:Orhan Pamuk 3097:Onat Kutlar 3044:Rıfat Ilgaz 3022:Yaşar Kemal 2969:Yaşar Kemal 2967:(1955), by 2886:Halide Edib 2831:Ziya Gökalp 2806:pan-Turkish 2798:Jön Türkler 2794:Young Turks 2747:Ahmed Hâşim 2571:Journal of 2383:Namık Kemal 2360:Romanticism 2351:Crimean War 2223:Namık Kemal 2196:(1850–1893) 2074:Aşık Çelebi 2037:Siyāsatnāma 2032:siyâsetnâme 2013:sefâretnâme 2001:Seyahâtnâme 1991:seyâhatnâme 1860:(a kind of 1828:Azerbaijani 1816:Azerbaijani 1780:Azerbaijani 1411:Neşet Ertaş 1313:Folk poetry 1293:Yaşar Kemal 1262:tradition. 1217:Transoxiana 1209:Oghuz Turks 902:Seyahatnâme 836:shamanistic 832:oral poetry 767:Oghuz Turks 741:in central 310:Oghuz Turks 8022:Categories 7990:in English 7888:Portuguese 7835:Macedonian 7830:Luxembourg 7825:Lithuanian 7584:Belarusian 7396:Uzbekistan 7371:Tajikistan 7291:Kyrgyzstan 7271:Kazakhstan 7186:Bangladesh 7176:Azerbaijan 7021:Ülkü Tamer 6786:İsmet Özel 6776:İlhan Berk 6646:Aziz Nesin 6641:Ayşe Kulin 6636:Ayfer Tunç 6575:Ziya Pasha 6545:Şeyh Gâlib 6435:İsa Necati 6380:Ali Çelebi 6335:Yunus Emre 6078:Newspapers 6063:Literature 6043:Folk dance 5944:Corruption 5828:Minorities 5756:Renewables 5711:Automotive 5520:Government 5251:Secularism 4990:In Turkish 4801:In English 4700:. Vol. 1. 4634:1610691776 4613:; ed. tr. 4363:entitled " 4333:tradition. 4255:(مخيّلات " 4253:Muhayyelât 4242:Belge, 389 4152:Belge, 374 3987:9971774887 3866:Kara Kitap 3745:Aylak Adam 3712:İnce Memet 3404:Book trade 3386:İsmet Özel 3366:İlhan Berk 3364:(1933– ), 3346:Surrealism 3314:Orhan Veli 3257:free verse 3203:Elif Şafak 3167:Kara Kitap 3157:Beyaz Kale 3040:Aziz Nesin 3026:İnce Memed 2989:köy romanı 2870:Fecr-i Âtî 2855:Fecr-i Âtî 2843:Yeni Lisan 2790:parliament 2788:, and the 2742:Fecr-i Âtî 2716:Fecr-i Âtî 2469:Fecr-i Âtî 2376:Parnassian 2368:Naturalist 2310:Muhayyelât 2240:Ziya Pasha 2205:Ziya Pasha 2050:Alp Arslan 1996:travelogue 1931:Hüsn ü Aşk 1889:Sufi order 1621:ritualized 1303:İnce Memed 1143:Yunus Emre 1114:Karakhanid 1020:(Turkish: 958:(Turkish: 950:(Turkish: 890:Yunus Emre 544:Television 498:Literature 423:Minorities 203:improve it 127:newspapers 56:improve it 7977:Ukrainian 7903:Sardinian 7873:Old Norse 7860:Norwegian 7805:Kashubian 7773:Icelandic 7768:Hungarian 7609:Bulgarian 7564:Aromanian 7554:Aragonese 7481:Hong Kong 7436:Palestine 7361:Sri Lanka 7356:Singapore 7241:Indonesia 6886:Oğuz Atay 6781:İnci Aral 6671:Can Yücel 6315:Nasreddin 6285:Dadaloğlu 6132:TV series 6090:Miniature 6033:Festivals 5949:Terrorism 5900:Education 5833:Languages 5677:Air Force 5592:Elections 5540:Executive 5486:Mountains 5353:Geography 5272:Overviews 5211:Partition 5177:Tulip era 4662:. (1997) 4376:Moran, 19 4348:Ziya Paşa 4213:Andrews, 4204:Pala, 425 3803:Oğuz Atay 3778:Küçük Ağa 3756:Ortadirek 3416:in 2008. 3392:and even 3382:Can Yücel 3358:Ece Ayhan 3262:Communist 3089:modernist 3071:Oğuz Atay 3036:satirical 3010:Sait Faik 2981:The Wilds 2884:novelist 2720:manifesto 2659:does not 2609:, 1901's 2502:does not 2429:, 1891; " 2427:Müşâhedât 2421:, 1881; " 2413:, 1873; " 2372:Symbolist 2213:reformist 2211:poet and 2153:Janissary 1879:Tulip Era 1862:panegyric 1551:does not 1442:(Turkish 1162:minstrels 1147:Karamanid 1116:work the 1110:Islamized 1079:trickster 1075:Nasreddin 1070:folktales 1000:غزل; the 932:minstrels 840:animistic 773:—and the 594:Monuments 473:Festivals 461:Festivals 441:Mythology 434:Languages 207:verifying 62:talk page 7995:in Welsh 7982:Venetian 7930:Silesian 7908:Scottish 7893:Romanian 7878:Ossetian 7865:Occitan 7850:Moldovan 7795:Jèrriais 7756:medieval 7736:Georgian 7731:Galician 7709:Friulian 7679:Estonian 7634:Croatian 7574:Austrian 7569:Asturian 7559:Armenian 7544:Albanian 7426:Abkhazia 7376:Thailand 7331:Pakistan 7316:Mongolia 7311:Maldives 7306:Malaysia 7206:Cambodia 7109:Category 6520:Sehi Bey 6182:Category 6120:Football 6105:Painting 6048:Folklore 5956:Marriage 5862:Istanbul 5845:Religion 5798:Railways 5788:Aviation 5726:Currency 5584:Politics 5552:Judicial 5528:Branches 5506:Wildlife 5296:Military 5284:Economic 5189:Tanzimat 4948:Istanbul 4515:Alpamysh 4474:müstezâd 4315:kayabaşı 4303:Kayabaşı 4142:Alpamysh 4012:13 April 3897:See also 3580:Çalıkuşu 3394:Islamist 3390:mystical 2999:The Wren 2994:Çalıkuşu 2938:literacy 2882:feminist 2599:Decadent 2595:high art 2399:comedy " 2329:Armenian 2257:kayabaşı 2168:Tanzimat 2161:tanzîmât 2145:moribund 2133:Tanzimât 2092:münâzara 1798:Chagatay 1754:Nava'i's 1671:gülistan 1635:/ تناسب 1625:symbolic 1505:Folklore 1491:Muhammad 1391:mandolin 1285:Mehmed I 1267:Epic of 1225:Alpamysh 1179:Bektashi 1094:Anatolia 976:founding 956:couplets 948:quatrain 867:Oğuzname 796:Anatolia 743:Mongolia 733:are the 571:Football 484:Religion 445:folklore 337:Religion 266:a series 264:Part of 8007:Yiddish 7967:Turkish 7957:Swedish 7952:Spanish 7947:Slovene 7925:Serbian 7898:Russian 7840:Maltese 7820:Latvian 7810:Kosovar 7790:Italian 7751:ancient 7704:Frisian 7694:Flemish 7689:Finnish 7684:Faroese 7659:English 7639:Cypriot 7624:Cornish 7619:Chuvash 7614:Catalan 7604:British 7594:Bosnian 7589:Belgian 7401:Vietnam 7301:Lebanon 7231:Georgia 7181:Bahrain 7171:Armenia 6495:Nergisî 6347:Ottoman 6330:Seyrani 6295:Gevheri 6218:Outline 6194:Commons 6127:Theater 6110:Pottery 6026:Ottoman 6021:Cuisine 5999:Ottoman 5976:Culture 5961:Poverty 5893:Society 5778:Tourism 5731:Defense 5703:Economy 5545:Cabinet 5476:Geology 5420:Climate 5362:Regions 5289:Ottoman 5107:Beyliks 5103:Seljuks 5068:History 4858:. Luzac 4652:—; ed. 4472:("free 4257:Fancies 4217:, 22–23 3814:Füruzan 3513:Füruzan 3310:Strange 3165:") and 2932:of the 2827:Selânik 2680:removed 2665:sources 2523:removed 2508:sources 2397:one-act 2388:İntibâh 2364:Realist 2263:s, and 2227:Turkish 2209:Turkish 2096:debates 2080:münşeât 2061:tezkîre 1913:mesnevî 1886:Mevlevî 1832:Persian 1794:Ottoman 1688:(درويش 1686:dervish 1673:; ﮔﻠﺸﻦ 1637:tenâsüb 1629:symbols 1572:removed 1557:sources 1526:romance 1488:prophet 1386:bağlama 1003:mesnevî 952:dörtlük 854:called 814:History 790:at the 788:Seljuks 779:of the 765:of the 747:nomadic 712:Persian 696:Turkish 633:Emblems 615:Symbols 517:Theatre 452:Cuisine 352:Judaism 295:History 201:Please 141:scholar 7986:Welsh 7942:Slovak 7883:Polish 7800:Kazakh 7761:modern 7741:German 7719:Gagauz 7714:Gaelic 7699:French 7649:Danish 7599:Breton 7579:Basque 7539:Abkhaz 7446:Taiwan 7381:Turkey 7346:Russia 7286:Kuwait 7266:Jordan 7256:Israel 7216:Cyprus 7196:Brunei 7191:Bhutan 6510:Riyazi 6465:Mesihi 6450:Latifî 6415:Fuzuli 6170:Portal 6115:Sports 6016:Cinema 6011:Carpet 5994:Seljuk 5984:Anthem 5867:Ankara 5736:Energy 5628:Topics 5496:Rivers 5413:Topics 5305:Topics 5060:Turkey 4998:, the 4925:5 July 4906:5 July 4884:5 July 4862:5 July 4843:5 July 4820:5 July 4762: 4726: 4704: 4689: 4632: 4568: 4550: 4535: 4350:, 39). 4319:üçleme 4309:, and 4307:üçleme 4281:Mansel 4259:") of 4193:bârgâh 4185:dergâh 4181:meydân 4177:meclis 4007:UNESCO 3985: 3221:Poetry 3001:") by 2810:millet 2261:üçleme 2253:kasîde 2251:s and 2070:Latîfî 2046:vizier 1956:), or 1909:kasîde 1858:kasîde 1848:tropes 1838:Hayâlî 1824:Fuzûlî 1818:origin 1812:Fuzûlî 1783:Nesîmî 1690:derviş 1684:)—the 1675:gülşen 1649:bülbül 1480:Mevlid 1282:Sultan 1156:s, or 1103:Muslim 1009:kasîde 985:sultan 980:Seljuk 731:Turkic 706:. The 549:Cinema 405:People 268:on the 143: 136: 129: 122: 114: 7962:Swiss 7937:] 7913:Scots 7815:Latin 7778:Irish 7746:Greek 7726:] 7654:Dutch 7644:Czech 7486:Macau 7406:Yemen 7366:Syria 7341:Qatar 7321:Nepal 7261:Japan 7236:India 7226:Egypt 7211:China 6490:Nef'i 6485:Nedîm 6100:Names 6095:Music 6068:Media 5939:Crime 5872:İzmir 5481:Lakes 5466:Fauna 4833:state 4603:" in 4459:Lewis 4361:farce 4323:çöğür 4311:çöğür 4283:, 266 4265:Crete 4189:tekke 4173:dîvân 4168:tekke 4122:bards 4003:(PDF) 3964:Notes 3668:Huzur 3602:Yaban 3305:Garip 3211:Eylül 3105:Isaac 3101:İshak 3055:Huzur 2977:Yaban 2944:Prose 2611:Eylül 2293:, to 2289:, by 2265:çöğür 2249:gazel 1983:târih 1968:rhyme 1905:gazel 1901:lyric 1875:Nedîm 1758:diwan 1730:judge 1726:mısra 1682:zâhid 1667:‘âlem 1660:cihan 1641:tezâd 1522:prose 1484:birth 1472:tekke 1460:tekke 1456:tekke 1444:ilahi 1440:hymns 1428:tekke 1352:tekke 1307:prose 1183:order 1181:Sufi 1166:Alevi 1150:state 1139:Shi'a 1039:dîvân 997:gazel 960:beyit 888:poet 852:elegy 848:şölen 844:sığır 757:epics 563:Sport 539:Radio 531:Media 508:Music 342:Islam 148:JSTOR 134:books 7845:Manx 7326:Oman 7296:Laos 7251:Iraq 7246:Iran 6390:Bâkî 6268:Folk 6142:Wine 6038:Flag 5741:Coal 5687:Navy 5682:Land 5150:Rise 5105:and 4996:ATON 4927:2011 4908:2011 4886:2011 4864:2011 4845:2011 4822:2011 4760:ISBN 4724:ISBN 4702:ISBN 4687:ISBN 4630:ISBN 4566:ISBN 4548:ISBN 4533:ISBN 4331:ozan 4327:aşık 4187:or " 4130:aşık 4128:and 4126:ozan 4118:ozan 4014:2016 3989:p 69 3983:ISBN 3885:1998 3874:1995 3863:1990 3852:1983 3841:1982 3830:1979 3819:1973 3808:1973 3797:1971 3786:1966 3775:1964 3764:1962 3753:1960 3742:1959 3731:1959 3720:1956 3709:1955 3698:1954 3687:1954 3679:Dost 3676:1952 3665:1949 3654:1944 3643:1943 3632:1941 3621:1938 3610:1936 3599:1932 3588:1930 3577:1922 3566:1919 3555:1900 3544:1873 3533:1860 3344:and 3342:Dada 3091:and 3016:and 2952:and 2853:and 2847:East 2663:any 2661:cite 2579:The 2506:any 2504:cite 2474:the 2467:the 2460:the 2374:and 2366:and 2090:the 2078:the 2072:and 2058:the 2052:and 2030:the 2010:the 1988:the 1981:the 1963:saj' 1954:seci 1950:sec' 1844:Bâkî 1796:and 1664:عالم 1623:and 1555:any 1553:cite 1468:ozan 1464:aşık 1452:ozan 1448:aşık 1436:ozan 1432:aşık 1399:ozan 1395:aşık 1389:, a 1381:aşık 1377:aşık 1373:aşık 1369:aşık 1365:ozan 1361:aşık 1344:ozan 1340:aşık 1338:the 1324:ozan 1320:aşık 1260:ozan 1255:aşık 1230:The 1187:aşık 1175:ozan 1171:aşık 1158:ozan 1154:aşık 1137:and 1135:Sufi 1106:Imam 1090:aşık 1077:, a 1022:aruz 1016:the 886:Sufi 877:and 856:sagu 838:and 754:oral 714:and 623:Flag 443:and 120:news 6006:Art 5751:Oil 5746:Gas 4946:in 4901:351 4879:272 4815:272 4542:—. 4263:of 3294:in 3099:'s 2991:). 2674:by 2517:by 2313:of 2259:s, 2163:). 2020:of 2004:of 1772:hâr 1709:God 1653:gül 1566:by 1088:An 1036:), 860:yuğ 491:Art 205:by 103:by 8024:: 7935:cs 7724:ru 6073:TV 4838:61 4772:. 4758:. 4722:. 4685:. 4679:. 4617:. 4564:. 4560:. 4546:. 4531:. 4498:). 4443:^ 4305:, 4229:, 4085:^ 4052:^ 4005:. 3473:| 3308:(" 3276:(" 3268:(" 3197:(" 3179:(" 3169:(" 3159:(" 3143:(" 3115:. 3103:(" 3079:(" 3065:(" 3057:(" 2997:(" 2979:(" 2449:, 2437:. 2323:(" 2111:, 2044:, 1970:. 1830:, 1662:; 1493:; 1122:(" 971:. 908:. 783:. 722:. 698:: 65:. 7520:e 7513:t 7506:v 7144:e 7137:t 7130:v 6253:e 6246:t 6239:v 5045:e 5038:t 5031:v 4929:. 4910:. 4888:. 4866:. 4847:. 4824:. 4766:. 4730:. 4708:. 4693:. 4572:. 4554:. 4539:. 4513:* 4329:/ 4016:. 3298:. 3028:( 2701:) 2695:( 2690:) 2686:( 2682:. 2668:. 2544:) 2538:( 2533:) 2529:( 2525:. 2511:. 2267:s 2139:. 1895:) 1766:. 1760:. 1692:) 1677:) 1655:) 1593:) 1587:( 1582:) 1578:( 1574:. 1560:. 1466:/ 1450:/ 1434:/ 1397:/ 1363:/ 1342:/ 1322:/ 1301:( 1272:( 1258:/ 1173:/ 694:( 680:e 673:t 666:v 250:) 244:( 232:) 226:( 221:) 217:( 199:. 170:) 164:( 159:) 155:( 145:· 138:· 131:· 124:· 97:. 72:) 68:( 33:. 20:)

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