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362:) with black or colored ink and then painted the miniature without making an illusion of third dimension. The head painter and the scribe of the text were named and depicted in some of the manuscripts, however the apprentices were not. In the thirteenth century, author portraits were very common in Islamic manuscripts. The portraits would depict the author of the manuscript as the largest figure, and would sometimes include other smaller figures that had contributed to the manuscript as well. At the end of the manuscript would be a
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410:(studio) in Istanbul. It references a complex hierarchical structure, which indicates that the studio had existed for likely 50 years before this record was written. This is not, however, to say that there is no evidence of production, for example: the existence of an album of calligraphy and drawings in 1481 also indicates a distinctly Ottoman studio in Istanbul. But there is no distinct evidence of illustration in the Ottoman Empire prior to the conquest of Istanbul in 1453.
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miniatures were more focused on being visually interesting. The inclusion of miniatures in
Ottoman manuscripts was more for the purpose of documentation, and less about aesthetics. Miniatures were used to demonstrate many important chronicles and themes, especially historical and religious events. Ottoman miniatures are particularly known for their specific and accurate details. This can be found in many miniatures of armies or court scenes.
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century, landscapes and oil portraits on canvas usurped the miniature as the dominant art form. Because of contact with Italy, the basic elements of
Renaissance portraiture, such as portraying the whole body, volume in the torso, and shading of the face begin to be reflected in paintings from Istanbul. In the 18th century, the greater Western influence shifted the focus to one that was more subjective, to art rather than documentation.
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600:'s school of painting was flourishing. After the Mongols sacked the city it stopped being a center of illustrated book production, but it re-emerged as such in 1590 and there was a greater focus on everyday activities than in other locations. Not only was there a move away from fantastical depictions, but also from royal contexts, and many miniatures focused instead on daily life of lower classes as a result.
425:(1451-81) is the first time that Ottoman miniature paintings are definitively created. It is worth noting that there is no archival documentation of the works, and the selection is rather limited. Esin Atil describes some of the miniatures executed during Mehmed's reign as "crude and provincial", resulting from a relative lack of examples, perhaps indicating a lack of illustrated books in imperial libraries.
699:, Orhan Dağlı, and many others from the new generation. Contemporary artists usually do not consider miniature painting as merely a decorative art but as a fine art form. Different from the traditional masters of the past, they work individually and sign their works. Also, their works are not illustrating books, as was the case with the original Ottoman miniatures, but are exhibited in fine art galleries .
25:
451:, allowing the artists there to expand their iconographical and stylistic influence. Much of the illustrations in Ottoman manuscripts were constructed by referencing previous depictions of the subject, resulting in a heavy influence from past works. There were also some artists themselves moving from Tabriz and other cities in Iran to the Ottoman Empire.
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582:(Description of the stages of the campaign of Sultan Suleyman in the two Iraqs), c. 1537 (Istanbul University LIbrary 5967), he created a new painting genre called topographic painting. He painted cities, ports, and castles without any human figures and combined scenes observed from different viewpoints in one picture.
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Begüm Özden Firat suggests a shift away from imperial commission after the 18th century in his book "Encounters with the
Ottoman Miniature". He says this was at least partly because of miniaturists in Istanbul who did not have to answer to the same constraints as imperially commissioned miniaturists,
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The colors for the miniature were obtained by ground powder pigments mixed with egg-white and, later, with diluted gum arabic. The produced colors were vivid. Contrasting colors used side by side with warm colors further emphasized this quality. The most used colors in
Ottoman miniatures were bright
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Because of interactions with Europe (an increasing interest in
European art and architecture) in the 18th century, methods and subjects of miniature painting changed. For example, artists began to utilize watercolor as opposed to the traditional gum arabic mixed with pigment. By the end of the 18th
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Ottoman miniatures reached their peak in the last half of the 1500's, and compositions were largely based on the established representations in miniature, utilizing a 'vocabulary'. This style was partly characterized by a focus on everyday life, a relatively limited palette, bright colors, high
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tradition. In many
Islamic manuscripts, images depicted multiple perspectives, for example, both the inside and outside of a building could be displayed in one image. Additionally, miniature paintings were often used to articulate movement and time passing in a single image. Miniatures acted as
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While
Ottoman miniatures have been very much inspired by Persian miniatures, Ottoman artisans developed a unique style that separated themselves from their Persian influences. Ottoman miniatures are known specifically for their factual accounts of things such as military events, whereas Persian
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The
Ottoman miniature painting tradition was unique in that artists did not strive to depict their subjects realistically. Some scholars believe that this style of painting developed from shadow puppetry, on account of the sharp geometric edges, as well as the intricate architectural designs.
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Some
Ottoman artists were more influenced by Persian miniatures than others. Ottoman miniatures with strong influences from the Persian style tended towards a more romanticized account of events, which strayed away from the more typical factual accounts of other Ottoman miniature paintings.
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After Levni, Westernization of
Ottoman culture continued, and with the introduction of printing press and later photography, fewer illustrated were produced. From then on, wall paintings or oil paintings on cloth were popular . The miniature painting's function thus changed.
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These early studios relied on the commissions of the wealthy and powerful, including governors, and even emperors. Massumeh Farhad argues that Mehmed II commissioned works in attempts to achieve immortality as influenced by extensive contact with the Italians.
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was a prominent painter during the 18th century, and exemplifies some of these shifts. Maryam Mesinch refers to the Sürname-i Vehbi as Levni's masterpiece, made to record the "circumcision feast of the sons of Sultan
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508:, animal fables, and anthologies. There were also scientific books on botany and animals, alchemy, cosmography, and medicine; technical books; love letters; books about astrology; and dream reading .
458:(the Persian Academy of Painting) was founded in Topkapı Palace for imported Persian artists. The artists of these two painting academies formed two different schools of painting: The artists in
589:(1574–1595), the classical Ottoman miniature style was created. The renowned miniature painters of the period were Nakkaş Osman, Ali Çelebi, Molla Kasım, Hasan Pasha, and Lütfi Abdullah .
688:, which included miniature painting together with the other Ottoman book arts. The historian and author Süheyl Ünver educated many artists following the tradition of Ottoman book arts .
564:. Nakkaş Osman seems to have exemplified the Ottoman visual language of miniature in the mid 1500's, which was characterized by a move away from Italian visual style towards the East.
290:) is a style of illustration found in Ottoman manuscripts, often depicting portraits or historic events. Its unique style was developed from multiple cultural influences, such as the
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There is a relative lack of information about the book-making centers in the 15th century Ottoman Empire, but there is a record in the Ottoman Archives from 1525 that indicates a
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Additionally, the lack of third-dimensional shading and constant use of empty space suggest that shadow theater played a role in the development of Ottoman miniature painting.
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After a period of crisis in the beginning of the 20th century, miniature painting was accepted as a decorative art by the intellectuals of the newly founded
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levels of detail, and minimal use of the 3/4 perspective. By 1557 the number of miniaturists recorded in the Ottoman court increased to 35.
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The head painter of the miniature typically designed the composition of the scene, and his apprentices drew the contours (which were called
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626:(a type of album which contained a wide variety of examples of a genre) of miniatures, and the rise of new miniature painting schools.
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Contemporary miniature artists include Ömer Faruk Atabek, Sahin Inaloz, Cahide Keskiner, Gülbün Mesara, Nur Nevin Akyazıcı,
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In the 17th century, miniature painting was also popular among the citizens of Istanbul. Artists known as bazaar painters" (
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stylistic and iconographic details had great influence on the style of Ottoman miniature painting. This is partially due to
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553:'s life, and contains contemporary costumes and events. In 1527 there were 29 miniaturists in the Ottoman Court Archives.
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illustrations to the text and utilized storytelling in their imagery which made them just as necessary as the text itself.
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1224:"The Author Portrait in Thirteenth-Century Arabic Manuscripts: A New Islamic Context for a Late-Antique Tradition"
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The first indication of a flourishing school of painters laid out the fundamentals of Ottoman Miniature under
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1801:. 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 53–58.
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1690:. 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 53–58.
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657:". Artisans, theatre groups, clowns, musicians, trapeze dancers, and citizens joined in the festivities .
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1881:"A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing the Evolution of Miniature in Safavid and Ottoman Periods"
1669:"A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing the Evolution of Miniature in Safavid and Ottoman Periods"
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1200:"A Comparative Analysis of Factors Influencing the Evolution of Miniature in Safavid and Ottoman Periods"
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1727:"The Question of Well-Rounded Artists of the Book at the Ottoman Court in the Early 16th Century"
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421:(1481-1512), and there are references to specific artists under his employment. The reign of
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1282:"Early Ottoman Miniature Painting: Two Recently Acquired Manuscripts in the British Library"
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to this period. The characteristics of the period carried the influences of French baroque.
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1978:
Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018
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in 1451-81 but there is much more evidence of productivity in the following reign of
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616:) worked with other artisans in the bazaars of Istanbul at the demand of citizens.
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The understanding of perspective was different from that of the nearby European
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Encounters with the Ottoman miniature: contemporary readings of an imperial art
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During the 1520's, the Ottoman miniature style settled, as exemplified by the
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1767:. International library of visual culture. London New York: I.B. Tauris.
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in 1514, in which he captured many manuscripts and brought them back to
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Ottoman miniatures and their downfall form the theme of the 1998 novel
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470:—pictures depicting weddings and especially circumcision festivities;
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641:. Some art historians attribute the birth of the unique style called
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1972:
Fetvaci, Emine (2018). "Persian aesthetics in Ottoman albums". In
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1910:[The Art of the Turkish Miniature in the 20th Century].
1797:
Perl, AnnMarie (2011). "3". In Ying-Ling Huang, Michelle (ed.).
1686:
Perl, AnnMarie (2011). "3". In Ying-Ling Huang, Michelle (ed.).
1161:, a historical-fiction novel involving Ottoman miniature artists
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1479:"Micrographia: Toward a Visual Logic of Persianate Painting"
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the expansion of materials available, the establishment of
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art. It was a part of the Ottoman book arts, together with
1993:), Serpil Bagci, Filiz Cagman, Gunsel Renda, Zeren Tanindi
1799:
Beyond Boundaries: East and West Cross-Cultural Encounters
1688:
Beyond Boundaries: East and West Cross-Cultural Encounters
478:
specialized in traditional Persian poetic works, like the
1980:. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press. pp. 402–412.
1521:"THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MAQĀMĀT AND THE SHADOW PLAY"
428:
For more information on painting under Mehmed II, see
2018:
Turkish Miniatures: From the 13th to the 18th Century
633:
A new cultural genre known in Ottoman history as the
338:
were used to define the art of miniature painting in
1885:
International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies
1673:
International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies
1204:
International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies
568:
was a famous miniature painter during the reigns of
1625:"Ottoman Miniature Painting under Sultan Mehmed II"
1575:"Ottoman Miniature Painting under Sultan Mehmed II"
579:
Beyan-i Menazil-i Sefer-i Irakeyn-i Sultan Suleyman
370:red, scarlet, green, and different shades of blue.
1845:. Islamic art and architecure. Costa Mesa: Mazdâ.
1869:. Tarih ve Toplum, no. 16 (April 1985): pp. 40–44
1546:20.500.11820/50a7e1b2-9464-4a9b-8d10-8b4cbca82338
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462:were specialized in documentary books, like the
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3002:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
585:During the reigns of Selim II (1566–1574) and
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1731:Art and Culture of Books in the Islamic World
549:, which was completed in 1524 and chronicled
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556:Two miniaturists aided in this development,
1944:(in Turkish). pp. 9–21. Archived from
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2986:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
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399:Portrait of a painter during the reign of
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253:
1640:
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763:, with the Manisa Palace built by Sultan
596:Near the end of the 16th century (1590),
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
3039:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
1914:(in Turkish). Vol. 6, no. 16.
1840:
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1367:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
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2959:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
1971:
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1403:Picturing History at the Ottoman Court
1321:"Review of Turkish Miniature Painting"
1318:
1279:
839:An unhappy wife is complaining to the
4531:Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation
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1843:Miniature painting in Ottoman Baghdad
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1092:marching on the city of Tunis in 1569
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893:Ottoman official, Turkey, Istanbul,
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474:commanded by pashas. The artists in
18:
2966:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
2047:from Levni and other famous artists
1872:
1865:A definition made by Metin And, in
1679:
1657:
1605:
981:War council after the unsuccessful
716:Ottoman astronomers at work around
648:Abdülcelil Celebi, better known as
13:
3514:(reform and constitutional period)
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2056:Miniatures from the Topkapi Museum
1965:
1939:
1908:"XX Yuzyilda Türk Minyatur Sanatı"
1829:
1781:
1741:
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14:
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4541:Society of Iranian Calligraphists
4536:Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art
3402:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
3365:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
2867:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
2038:
2030:by Nobel-laureate Turkish author
1879:Mesinch, Maryam (December 2017).
1667:Mesinch, Maryam (December 2017).
1509:
1477:Roxburgh, David J. (March 2003).
1465:
1351:
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1210:
1198:Mesinch, Maryam (December 2017).
1172:
926:Female musical players, from the
45:Manual of Style-related problems.
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3397:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
2312:
1942:"TÜRK TEZHİP VE MİNYATÜR SANATI"
1918:. pp. 37–42. Archived from
1867:17. Yüzyıl Türk çarşı ressamları
1483:Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics
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686:Academy of Fine Arts in Istanbul
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4593:Islamic illuminated manuscripts
3478:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
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1859:
1737:: 659–667 – via Academia.
1725:Yoltar-Yildirim, Aysin (2022).
1718:
1623:Farhad, Massumeh (2023-12-15).
603:
524:16th century map of Miyaneh by
4424:Islamic illuminated manuscript
3219:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1393:
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855:The Sultan strews gold coins,
827:(Ottoman manuscript from 1801)
676:Contemporary Turkish miniature
670:Contemporary Turkish miniature
16:Art form in the Ottoman Empire
1:
4588:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
4480:List of Persian calligraphers
4475:List of Ottoman calligraphers
2013:, Nurhan Atasoy, Filiz Çağman
2003:The Aesthetics of Divine Love
1142:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
933:
894:
843:about her husband's impotence
637:occurred during the reign of
3024:Mathematics and architecture
1406:. Indiana University Press.
7:
3663:Vassal and tributary states
1763:Özden Fırat, Begüm (2015).
1452:Turkish Cultural Foundation
1286:The British Library Journal
1135:
516:Emergence of Imperial Style
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
4629:
2010:Turkish Miniature Painting
1895:
1495:10.1086/RESv43n1ms20167587
702:
673:
84:Ottoman miniature painters
4565:
4549:
4523:
4488:
4467:
4391:
4380:
4362:
4339:
4311:
4253:
4246:
4177:
4137:
4109:
4076:
3977:
3932:
3923:
3840:
3806:
3756:
3684:
3675:
3612:
3544:
3506:
3445:
3434:
3337:
3328:
3236:
3229:
3182:Decline and modernization
3104:
3007:Influences on Western art
2975:
2943:
2819:
2781:
2737:
2707:
2634:
2601:
2592:
2527:
2506:
2465:
2417:
2372:
2328:
2321:
2310:
2234:
2107:
2098:
1841:Milstein, Rachel (1990).
1537:10.1163/22118993-90000172
1519:George, Alain F. (2011).
1280:Titley, Norah M. (1983).
4613:Islamic arts of the book
3710:Six Divisions of Cavalry
3246:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1821:: CS1 maint: location (
1710:: CS1 maint: location (
1400:Fetvaci, Emi̇Ne (2013).
1222:Hoffman, Eva R. (1993).
1165:
574:Suleyman the Magnificent
171:Languages and literature
3703:Agha of the Janissaries
3350:List of Ottoman sultans
1916:Yapi Kredi Publications
781:, Ottoman, 18th century
443:'s conquest of Safavid
386:History and development
3905:Science and technology
3355:Roman succession claim
2997:Indo-Saracenic Revival
803:Kitāb-i Menāsik-i Hajj
613:
542:
528:
403:
85:
3778:Dragoman of the Fleet
3493:Dragoman of the Porte
3283:Armenian Constitution
3170:Stagnation and reform
2952:Empire of the Sultans
2051:About Surname-i Vehbi
1361:Sakisian, A. (1945).
1319:Grabar, Oleg (1962).
1015:ascends to the throne
1000:ascends to the throne
983:First Siege of Vienna
534:
523:
398:
83:
4439:Ottoman illumination
4399:Arabic calligraffiti
3498:Outer Palace Service
3414:Inner Palace Service
2915:Arab World Institute
2725:Ottoman illumination
1986:Osmanlı Resim Sanatı
1444:"Turkish Miniatures"
1363:"Turkish Miniatures"
1112:The Book of Felicity
722:Istanbul Observatory
538:during the reign of
502:Romance of Alexander
375:Renaissance painting
326:), and bookbinding (
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
4459:Islamic zoomorphism
4240:Islamic calligraphy
3693:Classic period army
3534:Chamber of Deputies
3509:Imperial Government
1991:Ottoman Painted Art
1573:Atil, Esin (1973).
1412:10.2307/j.ctvsn3nrr
1325:Middle East Journal
967:Battle of Keresztes
779:A Musical Gathering
741:Knights of St. John
476:Nakkashanei-i Irani
4608:Turkish inventions
4598:Miniature painting
3320:Translation Office
3204:2nd Constitutional
3192:1st Constitutional
3146:Sultanate of Women
2992:Aniconism in Islam
2930:Toronto (Aga Khan)
2887:Khalili Collection
2752:Geometric patterns
2160:Bahmani and Deccan
2005:), Beşir Ayvazoğlu
1448:TurkishCulture.org
1128:Siege of Esztergom
912:Siege of Szigetvár
825:Muhammad al-Jazuli
820:Dala'il al-Khayrat
739:and the defending
543:
529:
456:Nakkashane-i Irani
404:
354:Original procedure
86:
4575:
4574:
4449:Persian miniature
4444:Ottoman miniature
4378:
4377:
4206:
4205:
4173:
4172:
4165:Star and crescent
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3671:
3670:
3608:
3607:
3360:Ottoman Caliphate
3241:Foreign relations
3064:
3063:
2733:
2732:
2588:
2587:
2560:Hardstone carving
2457:Chinese influence
2308:
2307:
2294:Stucco decoration
2045:Miniature Gallery
2021:, R. Ettinghausen
1974:Schmidtke, Sabine
1852:978-0-939214-60-0
1808:978-1-4438-3294-6
1774:978-1-78076-391-0
1697:978-1-4438-3294-6
1421:978-0-253-00678-3
1147:Persian miniature
1090:The Ottoman army
1078:is waiting for it
1054:is waiting for it
858:Surname-i Hümayun
661:Changing Function
576:. In his work on
437:Safavid dynasty's
292:Persian Miniature
288:Osmanlı minyatürü
280:Ottoman miniature
277:
276:
78:
77:
70:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
4620:
4429:Mughal miniature
4404:Arabic miniature
4386:
4251:
4250:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4210:
4209:
3937:Social structure
3930:
3929:
3783:Imperial Arsenal
3682:
3681:
3516:
3455:
3453:(classic period)
3448:Imperial Council
3443:
3442:
3335:
3334:
3234:
3233:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3067:
2903:Majorelle Garden
2599:
2598:
2432:Hispano-Moresque
2326:
2325:
2316:
2125:Anatolian Seljuk
2105:
2104:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2061:
1981:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1940:Mesara, Gülbün.
1934:
1932:
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1924:
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1655:
1654:
1644:
1642:10.3998/ars.4979
1620:
1603:
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1570:
1559:
1558:
1548:
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1507:
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1474:
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1397:
1391:
1390:
1373:(510): 224–232.
1358:
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994:
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948:
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935:
923:
908:
899:
896:
890:
870:
852:
836:
814:
801:depicted in the
790:
775:
756:
732:
713:
682:Turkish Republic
614:çarşı ressamları
493:Layla and Majnun
487:Khamsa of Nizami
472:Shecaatname-wars
460:Nakkashane-i Rum
430:Nakkaş Sinan Bey
294:art, as well as
269:
262:
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104:
88:
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73:
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19:
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4335:
4307:
4242:
4237:
4207:
4202:
4169:
4133:
4105:
4072:
3973:
3962:Ottoman Turkish
3919:
3828:
3802:
3752:
3747:Modernized army
3731:Sekban-i Djedid
3667:
3604:
3559:Shaykh al-Islām
3540:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3502:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3430:
3345:Ottoman dynasty
3324:
3225:
3100:
3095:
3065:
3060:
3029:Moorish Revival
2977:
2971:
2939:
2856:Calligraphy Art
2822:
2815:
2777:
2729:
2703:
2630:
2594:
2584:
2550:Enamelled glass
2523:
2502:
2461:
2413:
2368:
2329:Regional styles
2317:
2304:
2230:
2201:Sudano-Sahelian
2108:Regional styles
2094:
2089:
2041:
1968:
1966:Further reading
1963:
1954:
1952:
1951:on 3 April 2017
1948:
1928:
1926:
1925:on 5 April 2017
1922:
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1571:
1562:
1525:Muqarnas Online
1517:
1510:
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1442:
1441:
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1394:
1359:
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1317:
1313:
1278:
1263:
1240:10.2307/1523167
1220:
1211:
1196:
1173:
1168:
1152:Mughal painting
1138:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1064:
1055:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1001:
995:
986:
979:
970:
964:
955:
952:Capture of Buda
949:
940:
936:
929:Surname-i Vehbi
924:
915:
909:
900:
897:
891:
882:
879:Ottoman Algeria
873:Ramazan Pasha,
871:
862:
853:
844:
837:
828:
815:
806:
795:Masjid al-Haram
791:
782:
776:
767:
757:
748:
745:Siege of Rhodes
733:
724:
714:
705:
693:Ahmet Yakupoğlu
678:
672:
663:
643:Ottoman Baroque
606:
518:
393:
388:
356:
340:Ottoman Turkish
273:
179:Ottoman Turkish
140:Performing arts
93:
74:
63:
57:
54:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4280:
4275:
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4014:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
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3933:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
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3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
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3858:
3853:
3846:
3844:
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3833:
3830:
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3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Nizam-i Djedid
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3651:
3649:Mutasarrifates
3646:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
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3614:
3610:
3609:
3606:
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3531:
3520:
3518:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Reis ül-Küttab
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3446:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3424:Palace Schools
3421:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3372:Imperial Harem
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3341:
3339:
3338:House of Osman
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3316:
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3310:
3302:
3301:
3300:
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3211:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:Decline thesis
3153:Transformation
3150:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:Constantinople
3131:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3098:Ottoman Empire
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3056:Topkapı Scroll
3053:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
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2989:
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2941:
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2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2890:
2879:British Museum
2875:
2870:
2863:Islamic Museum
2859:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
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2640:
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2613:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2574:Stained glass
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Damascus steel
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
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2510:
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2039:External links
2037:
2036:
2035:
2027:My Name is Red
2022:
2014:
2006:
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1982:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1936:
1935:
1912:Sanat Dünyamız
1899:
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1629:Ars Orientalis
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1579:Ars Orientalis
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1331:(2): 260–261.
1311:
1292:(2): 124–139.
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1158:My Name Is Red
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671:
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566:Matrakçı Nasuh
562:Matrakçı Nasuh
551:Sultan Selim 1
536:Topkapı Palace
526:Matrakçı Nasuh
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464:Shehinshahname
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106:
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94:Ottoman Empire
92:Culture of the
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4625:
4614:
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4609:
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4524:Organizations
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4500:
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4468:Calligraphers
4466:
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4457:
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4329:
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4326:Tawqi (Tevki)
4324:
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4319:
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4310:
4304:
4301:
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4296:
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3952:Ottoman court
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3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Naval battles
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3766:Kapudan Pasha
3764:
3763:
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3759:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
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3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:Reform period
3718:
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3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Haseki sultan
3380:
3378:
3377:Valide sultan
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
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3333:
3331:
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3311:
3309:
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3299:
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3279:
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3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:United States
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3220:
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3207:
3205:
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3201:
3200:
3197:
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3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
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3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:Classical Age
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Osman's Dream
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
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3057:
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3037:
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3018:
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3010:
3009:
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3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
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2639:
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2609:
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2604:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Ivory carving
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
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2250:
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2222:
2219:
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2209:
2207:
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2151:
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2138:
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2133:
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2128:
2126:
2123:
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2110:
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2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1837:
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1824:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1793:
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1787:
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1776:
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1766:
1759:
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1728:
1721:
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1707:
1699:
1693:
1689:
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1674:
1670:
1663:
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1648:
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1619:
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1600:
1596:
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1522:
1515:
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1496:
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1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1453:
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1190:
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1159:
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1123:
1118:
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1101:
1096:
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1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1057:
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1038:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1003:
999:
993:
988:
984:
977:
972:
968:
962:
957:
953:
947:
942:
931:
930:
922:
917:
913:
907:
902:
889:
884:
880:
876:
869:
864:
860:
859:
851:
846:
842:
835:
830:
826:
822:
821:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
784:
780:
774:
769:
766:
762:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
726:
723:
719:
712:
707:
706:
700:
698:
697:Nusret Çolpan
694:
689:
687:
683:
677:
667:
658:
656:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:
624:
617:
615:
611:
601:
599:
594:
590:
588:
583:
581:
580:
575:
571:
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563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
541:
537:
533:
527:
522:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
490:, containing
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
402:
397:
391:Early history
383:
379:
376:
371:
367:
365:
361:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
330:). The words
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
250:
248:
247:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Oil wrestling
203:
202:
201:
200:
196:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
108:
107:
103:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
82:
72:
69:
61:
51:
46:
42:
38:
37:
30:
21:
20:
4569:Islamic arts
4557:Pseudo-Kufic
4515:Word heaping
4443:
4268:Jeli Thuluth
4195:
4190:Bibliography
4188:
4181:
4150:Coat of arms
4124:Christianity
4078:Demographics
4061:of Armenians
4006:
4002:Illumination
3987:Architecture
3868:Central bank
3819:Conscription
3745:
3736:Mansure Army
3719:
3691:
3598:Hakham Bashi
3566:Christianity
3513:
3463:Grand Vizier
3452:
3304:Civil codes
3278:Constitution
3124:Ghaza thesis
3048:
3044:Pseudo-Kufic
2984:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2873:Kuala Lumpur
2771:
2620:
2298:
2150:Indo-Islamic
2140:Great Seljuk
2100:Architecture
2025:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1998:Aşk Estetiği
1997:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1953:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1927:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1911:
1906:(May 1979).
1884:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1842:
1798:
1764:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1632:
1628:
1582:
1578:
1528:
1524:
1486:
1482:
1455:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1402:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1231:
1227:
1203:
1156:
1110:
1066:The body of
1042:The body of
927:
856:
818:
802:
778:
759:The city of
690:
679:
664:
647:
635:Tulip period
632:
628:
621:
618:
607:
604:Later shifts
595:
591:
584:
577:
558:Nakkaş Osman
555:
546:
544:
510:
505:
501:
498:Iskendername
497:
491:
485:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
434:
427:
412:
407:
405:
380:
372:
368:
359:
357:
348:
344:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
307:
304:illumination
287:
279:
278:
121:
117:Architecture
64:
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
4603:Turkish art
4017:Shadow play
3863:Agriculture
3856:Reformation
3852:Enlargement
3698:Janissaries
3407:Kizlar Agha
3392:Hanımefendi
3387:Kadınefendi
3199:Dissolution
3129:Interregnum
2976:Principles,
2944:Exhibitions
2897:Marrakech (
2893:Los Angeles
2861:Jerusalem (
2823:collections
2774:Calligraphy
2654:Indo-Muslim
2636:Calligraphy
2570:Mosque lamp
2528:Other media
2447:Mina'i ware
2336:Bangladeshi
2092:Islamic art
2032:Orhan Pamuk
1904:Aybey, Neşe
1585:: 103–120.
1531:(1): 1–42.
1430:j.ctvsn3nrr
1070:arrives in
1046:arrives in
1027:Funeral of
937: 1720
898: 1650
743:during the
737:Janissaries
718:Taqī al-Dīn
506:Humayunname
312:calligraphy
132:Calligraphy
109:Visual arts
52:if you can.
4582:Categories
4550:Influences
4495:Techniques
4034:Literature
3947:Ottomanism
3642:Sanjakbeys
3625:Beylerbeys
3613:Provincial
3330:Government
3293:Family law
3050:Stilfragen
2978:influences
2850:Istanbul (
2783:The garden
2739:Decoration
2708:Other arts
2603:Miniatures
2488:Embroidery
2442:Lustreware
2301:Decoration
2264:Mashrabiya
2172:Indonesian
1068:Suleiman I
1044:Suleiman I
875:Beylerbeyi
419:Bayezid II
408:nakkaşhane
148:Shadowplay
58:April 2024
4349:Nasta'liq
4273:Kairouani
4086:Armenians
4051:Education
4007:Miniature
3957:Languages
3942:Devshirme
3915:Transport
3715:Timariots
3581:Bulgarian
3473:Kazaskers
3435:Central (
3419:Kapi Agha
3288:Electoral
3214:Abolition
3209:Partition
3012:Grotesque
2925:Singapore
2909:Melbourne
2747:Arabesque
2176:Malaysian
1817:cite book
1706:cite book
1651:0571-1371
1591:0571-1371
1555:0732-2992
1503:0277-1322
1489:: 12–30.
1379:0951-0788
1337:0026-3141
1298:0305-5167
1248:0732-2992
1107:Murad III
655:Ahmet III
639:Ahmed III
587:Murad III
547:Selimnâme
481:Shahnameh
423:Mehmed II
415:Mehmed II
401:Mehmed II
296:Byzantine
122:Miniature
4567:Part of
4505:Kasheeda
4288:Muhaqqaq
4283:Maghrebi
4197:Category
4111:Religion
4024:Clothing
3910:Taxation
3873:Currency
3814:Aviation
3788:Admirals
3741:Hamidieh
3677:Military
3658:Kadiluks
3632:Vilayets
3586:Armenian
3524:Assembly
3261:Treaties
3230:Politics
3187:Tanzimat
3017:Moresque
2877:London (
2821:Museums,
2806:Paradise
2791:Charbagh
2772:See also
2674:Nastaliq
2664:Muhaqqaq
2595:the book
2507:Woodwork
2466:Textiles
2427:Fritware
2299:See also
2284:Muqarnas
2279:Mocárabe
2236:Elements
1306:42554184
1234:: 6–20.
1228:Muqarnas
1136:See also
1076:Selim II
1072:Belgrade
1052:Selim II
1048:Belgrade
1029:Murad II
1013:Selim II
998:Selim II
765:Murad II
735:Ottoman
623:murakkas
496:and the
449:Istanbul
364:colophon
241:Clothing
34:require
4434:Muraqqa
4409:Basmala
4392:Objects
4341:Persian
4313:Ottoman
4303:Thuluth
4183:Outline
4138:Symbols
4129:Judaism
4056:Schools
4029:Cuisine
3992:Mosques
3979:Culture
3969:Slavery
3925:Society
3888:Sultani
3849:By era
3842:Economy
3824:Weapons
3637:Sanjaks
3620:Eyalets
3593:Judaism
3546:Millets
3483:Nişancı
3468:Viziers
3313:Halakha
3308:Mecelle
3251:Safavid
3163:Köprülü
3106:History
3034:Mudéjar
2935:Tripoli
2913:Paris (
2883:V&A
2811:Persian
2801:Ottoman
2715:Muraqqa
2694:Thuluth
2679:Persian
2626:Persian
2621:Ottoman
2593:Arts of
2578:Shabaka
2452:Persian
2419:Pottery
2404:Turkish
2399:Persian
2374:Carpets
2363:Ottoman
2359:Turkish
2353:Safavid
2341:Persian
2274:Minaret
2249:Banna'i
2221:Umayyad
2216:Timurid
2206:Swahili
2196:Ottoman
2191:Moorish
2181:Iranian
2155:Bengali
2135:Fatimid
2130:Chinese
2120:Ayyubid
2115:Abbasid
1976:(ed.).
1896:Sources
1599:4629273
1345:4323485
1256:1523167
1130:(1543)
1105:Sultan
720:at the
703:Gallery
610:Turkish
598:Baghdad
570:Selim I
540:Selim I
468:Surname
441:Selim I
284:Turkish
236:Carpets
231:Cuisine
210:Archery
127:Pottery
36:cleanup
4454:Tughra
4414:Firman
4363:Others
4354:Taʿlīq
4331:Ruq'ah
4321:Diwani
4263:Hijazi
4255:Arabic
4247:Styles
4160:Tughra
4145:Anthem
4091:Greeks
4044:Poetry
3529:Senate
3298:Düstur
2919:Louvre
2899:Museum
2846:Ghazni
2831:Berlin
2796:Mughal
2767:Zellij
2699:Tughra
2649:Diwani
2644:Arabic
2616:Mughal
2611:Arabic
2519:Minbar
2514:Khatam
2498:Suzani
2493:Soumak
2478:Damask
2409:Prayer
2392:Motifs
2289:Sitara
2269:Mihrab
2226:Yemeni
2186:Mamluk
2165:Mughal
1955:6 June
1929:6 June
1849:
1805:
1771:
1694:
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1457:5 June
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969:(1596)
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914:(1566)
805:(1646)
761:Manisa
747:(1522)
560:, and
484:, the
445:Tabriz
360:tahrir
336:nakish
332:taswir
308:tezhip
300:Mongol
197:Sports
184:Poetry
153:Meddah
4510:Qalam
4492:Tools
4419:Hilya
4298:Naskh
4293:Mashq
4278:Kufic
4119:Islam
4101:Women
4068:Media
4039:Prose
4012:Music
3893:Kuruş
3807:Other
3798:Ships
3654:Kazas
3576:Ullah
3554:Islam
3437:Porte
3175:Tulip
2836:Cairo
2761:tiles
2757:Girih
2720:Hilya
2689:Taliq
2669:Naskh
2659:Kufic
2555:Glass
2540:Brass
2535:Music
2473:Batik
2437:Iznik
2387:Kilim
2349:Qajar
2345:Early
2244:Ablaq
2211:Tatar
2145:Hausa
1949:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
1595:JSTOR
1426:JSTOR
1383:JSTOR
1341:JSTOR
1302:JSTOR
1252:JSTOR
1166:Notes
799:Mecca
650:Levni
223:Other
215:Cirit
189:Prose
163:Music
158:Dance
4370:Sini
4155:Flag
4096:Jews
3998:Art
3898:Lira
3883:Para
3878:Akçe
3771:List
3758:Navy
3685:Army
3266:Wars
3119:Rise
2852:Arts
2841:Doha
2684:Sini
2483:Ikat
2322:Arts
2259:Jali
2254:Iwan
1957:2017
1931:2017
1887:(3).
1847:ISBN
1823:link
1803:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1712:link
1692:ISBN
1675:(3).
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1587:ISSN
1551:ISSN
1499:ISSN
1459:2018
1416:ISBN
1375:ISSN
1333:ISSN
1294:ISSN
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1206:(3).
841:Kadi
817:The
793:The
572:and
454:The
435:The
328:cilt
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298:and
3571:Rūm
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1637:doi
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