215:
37:
49:
394:'s "Policy on Thumb, Finger and Pacifier Habits" says: "Most children stop sucking on thumbs, pacifiers or other objects on their own between 2 and 4 years of age. However, some children continue these habits over long periods of time. In these children, the upper front teeth may tip toward the lip or not come in properly. Frequent or intense habits over a prolonged period of time can affect the way the child's teeth bite together, as well as the growth of the jaws and bones that support the teeth."
156:
293:
308:". Babies will take their suck out on the pacifier instead of nursing or comfort nursing at the breast which is good for the mother's supply. Evidence in premature infants or infants that are not healthy is lacking but shows that it can have benefits. It may have clinical benefits for preterm babies, such as helping them progress from tube to bottle feeding.
401:(SIDS) states that "It seems appropriate to stop discouraging the use of pacifiers." The authors recommend the use of pacifiers at nap time and bedtime throughout the first year of life. For breastfeeding mothers, the authors suggest waiting until breastfeeding is well established, typically for several weeks, before introducing the pacifier.
418:
sample of babies who were three months old in the United States demonstrated at least some attachment, according to their mothers. At six months of age, this incidence was 40%, and at nine months it was 44%. Thereafter, the rate of attachment to pacifiers dropped precipitously until, at 24 months of age and later, it was quite rare.
227:
318:
Although it is commonly believed that using a pacifier will lead to dental problems, it does not appear to lead to long-term damage if used for less than around three years. However, prolonged use of a pacifier or other non-nutritive sucking habit (such as finger or blanket sucking) has been found to
204:
which had been in use in 19th century
America. A writer in 1873 described a "sugar-teat" made from "a small piece of old linen" with a "spoonful of rather sandy sugar in the center of it", "gathered ... up into a little ball" with a thread tied tightly around it. Rags with foodstuffs tied inside were
421:
These researchers also provided experimental support for what were then only anecdotal observations that pacifiers do indeed pacify babies. In an unfamiliar playroom, one-year-old toddlers accompanied by their pacifier evidenced more play and demonstrated less distress than did babies without them.
417:
In the late 1960s researchers dispelled the notion that pacifiers were psychologically unhealthy and aberrant. Richard H. Passman and Jane S. Halonen at the
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee traced the developmental course of attachments to pacifiers and provided norms. They found that 66% of their
186:
was a teething toy made of coral, ivory or bone, often mounted in silver as the handle of a rattle. A museum curator has suggested that these substances were used as "sympathetic magic" and that the animal bone could symbolize animal strength to help the child cope with pain.
425:
Passman and
Halonen contended that the widespread occurrence of attachments to pacifiers as well as their importance as security objects should reassure parents that they are a normal part of development for a majority of infants and toddlers.
404:
The
British Oral Health Foundation recommends: "If you can, avoid using a dummy, soother or pacifier and discourage thumb sucking. These can both eventually cause problems with how the teeth grow and develop. And this may need treatment with a
335:(such as positive or negative reinforcement) were effective in helping children stop sucking habits where that was necessary. An orthodontic brace that used a palatal crib design seems to have been more effective than a palatal arch design.
1199:
Zardetto, Cristina
Giovannetti del Conte, CĂ©lia Regina Martins Delgado Rodrigues and Fabiane Miron Stefani (2002). "Effects of Different Pacifiers on the Primary Dentition and Oral Myofunctional Structures of Preschool Children".
205:
also given to babies in many parts of
Northern Europe and elsewhere. In some places a lump of meat or fat was tied in cloth, and sometimes the rag was moistened with brandy. German-speaking areas might use
253:
pharmacist
Christian W. Meinecke. Rubber had been used in flexible teethers sold as "elastic gum rings" for British babies in the mid-19th century, and also used for feeding-bottle teats. In 1902,
391:
280:) was first used in about 1935 as a trademarked brand name for pacifiers and other baby products manufactured by the Binky Baby Products Company of New York. The brand trademark is owned by
350:. They are divided over whether this association is sufficient reason to prefer pacifier use. Some argue that pacifiers should be recommended on the strength of an association, just as
269:
doctor complained about "the dummy teat": "If it falls on the floor it is rubbed momentarily on the mother's blouse or apron, lipped by the mother and replaced in the baby's mouth."
304:
for healthy babies. The AAP suggests avoiding pacifiers for the first month. Introducing a pacifier can lead to the infant ineffectively sucking at the breast and causing "
261:
to warn of the "menace to health" (she meant dental health) of "the persistent, and, among poorer classes, the universal sucking of a rubber nipple sold as a 'pacifier
371:
Researchers in Brazil have shown that neither "orthodontic" nor standard pacifiers prevent dental problems if children continue sucking past the age of three years.
863:
Paroo Mistry; Moles David R; O'Neill Julian; Noar Joseph (2010). "The occlusal effects of digit sucking habits amongst school children in
Northamptonshire (UK)".
1062:
Horne RS; Hauck FR; Moon RY; L'hoir MP; Blair PS (2014). "Dummy (pacifier) use and sudden infant death syndrome: potential advantages and disadvantages".
272:
Early pacifiers were manufactured with a choice of black, maroon or white rubber, though the white rubber of the day contained a certain amount of lead.
249:
Pacifiers were settling into their modern form around 1900 when the first teat, shield and handle design was patented in the US as a "baby comforter" by
1355:
Halonen, J. S.; Passman, R. H. (1978). "Pacifiers' effects upon play and separations from the mother for the one-year-old in a novel environment".
1227:
955:
338:
There appears to be no strong evidence that using a pacifier delays speech development by preventing babies from practicing their speaking skills.
257:
advertised a "new style rubber teething ring, with one hard and one soft nipple". In 1909, someone calling herself "Auntie
Pacifier" wrote to the
574:
214:
1150:"A randomized controlled trial of sucrose and/or pacifier as analgesia for infants receiving venipuncture in a pediatric emergency department"
354:
was recommended on the strength of an association. Others argue that the association is not strong enough or that the mechanism is unclear.
422:
The investigators concluded that pacifiers should be considered to be attachment objects, similar to other security objects like blankets.
1198:
382:
and thus prevents tooth damage. It is also known to help infants and toddlers to get to sleep and also keeps infants and toddlers calm.
1242:
92:
to quiet its distress by satisfying the need to suck when it does not need to eat. Pacifiers normally have three parts: an elongated
323:
of the teeth, that is teeth sticking out or not meeting properly when they bite together. This is a common problem and the dental (
1304:
460:
816:"Association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary dentition"
983:"Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): population based case-control study"
351:
265:". In England too, dummies were seen as something the poorer classes would use, and associated with poor hygiene. In 1914, a
587:
756:
Nelson, AM (December 2012). "A comprehensive review of evidence and current recommendations related to pacifier usage".
604:
1328:
Passman, R. H.; Halonen, J. S. (1979). "A developmental survey of young children's attachments to inanimate objects".
1260:
Mitchell EA, Blair PS, L'Hoir MP (2005). "Should
Pacifiers Be Recommended to Prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?".
327:) treatment to correct it can take a long time and can be expensive. A Cochrane Review of the evidence found that
981:
Li, De-Kun; Willinger, Marian; Petitti, Diana B.; Odouli, Roxana; Liu, Liyan; Hoffman, Howard J. (2005-12-09).
163:
Pacifiers were mentioned for the first time in medical literature in 1473, being described by German physician
398:
347:
1384:
639:"Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding"
1389:
1037:
346:
Researchers have found that use of a pacifier is associated with a substantial reduction in the risk of
435:
332:
1049:
1415:
20:
190:
Pacifiers were a development of hard teething rings, but they were also a substitute for the softer
164:
1425:
637:
Jaafar, Sharifah Halimah; Ho, Jacqueline J.; Jahanfar, Shayesteh; Angolkar, Mubashir (2016-08-30).
494:
968:
315:). The effectiveness of avoiding the use of a pacifier to prevent ear infections is not known.
1221:
949:
696:"Non-nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants"
357:
Pacifiers have also been found to reduce infants' crying during painful procedures such as
1246:
519:
412:
8:
1396:
792:
1285:
1176:
1149:
1130:
1105:
Blass EM, Watt LB (1999). "Suckling- and sucrose-induced analgesia in human newborns".
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Do Pacifiers Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? A Meta-analysis
1006:
908:"Interventions for the cessation of non-nutritive sucking habits in children"
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Vázquez-Nava F, Quezada-Castillo JA, Oviedo-Treviño S, et al. (2006).
777:
737:
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358:
320:
312:
96:, a handle, and a mouth shield which prevents the child from swallowing or
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324:
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559:
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Prevalence of attachments to pacifiers and their psychological functions
97:
296:
Infants may use a pacifier, their fingers or thumb to soothe themselves
16:
Rubber, plastic or silicone nipple for infants or toddlers to suck upon
1075:
246:
in 1506 shows one of these tied-cloth "pacifiers" in the baby's hand.
155:
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Foster, Jann P.; Psaila, Kim; Patterson, Tiffany (2016-10-04).
266:
81:
77:
66:
254:
19:
This article is about the baby pacifier. For other uses, see
374:
It is commonly reported anecdotally that pacifier use among
1397:
Information for parents on preventing middle ear infections
906:
Borrie FRP, Bearn DR, Innes NPT, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z (2015).
93:
1040:. Pediatrics.aappublications.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.
1148:
Curtis SJ, Jou H, Ali S, Vandermeer B, Klassen T (2007).
1052:. Aappolicy.aappublications.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.
971:. Sciencedaily.com (2005-12-08). Retrieved on 2013-04-14.
478:
980:
795:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health (IQWiG)
791:
Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health (IQWiG).
636:
311:
Infants who use pacifiers may have more ear infections (
300:
There are negative effects from using a pacifier during
1259:
364:
Some parents prefer the use of a pacifier to the child
211:, cloth wrapped around sweetened bread or poppy-seeds.
1323:
1321:
1147:
612:
The British Journal of Nursing Supplement: The Midwife
693:
1050:
The Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
1318:
461:"6 tips to get rid of the soother once and for all"
1302:
625:According to trademark registration documents 1948
1407:
147:is another device used for a different purpose.
751:
749:
747:
1354:
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103:Pacifiers have many different informal names:
1253:
1226:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
954:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
744:
174:
168:
700:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
643:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
206:
630:
1241:American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
1175:
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839:
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495:Victoria & Albert Museum of Childhood
182:In England in the 17th–19th centuries, a
517:
291:
225:
213:
154:
143:(Hiberno-English). Properly speaking, a
912:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
392:American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
1408:
755:
627:. Uspto.gov. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.
497:. Vam.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.
570:
568:
562:, C. W. Meinecke, September 18, 1900
1243:"Thumb, Finger and Pacifier Habits"
793:"Middle ear infections: prevention"
588:"The 'Pacifier' a Menace to Health"
575:"The history of the feeding bottle"
385:
284:in the U.S. (and other countries).
13:
14:
1437:
1378:
1305:"Dental care for mother and baby"
565:
458:
820:Archives of Disease in Childhood
586:Auntie Pacifier (July 2, 1909)
518:Jamieson, Cecilia Viets (1873).
47:
35:
1357:Infant Behavior and Development
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179:("Caring For Young Children").
1342:10.1080/00221325.1979.10534051
924:10.1002/14651858.CD008694.pub2
712:10.1002/14651858.CD001071.pub3
655:10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4
580:
553:
537:
511:
500:
488:
484:Examples from the Metropolitan
471:
452:
366:sucking their thumb or fingers
42:Multiple piece pacifier (blue)
1:
1369:10.1016/S0163-6383(78)80010-1
1330:Journal of Genetic Psychology
1119:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00166-9
533:– via Internet Archive.
446:
173:, in later editions retitled
758:Journal of Pediatric Nursing
560:Design Patent number D33,212
409:when the child gets older."
399:sudden infant death syndrome
348:sudden infant death syndrome
287:
54:Single piece pacifier (pink)
7:
1390:The New York Times Magazine
999:10.1136/bmj.38671.640475.55
429:
341:
159:Baby comforter design, 1900
10:
1442:
770:10.1016/j.pedn.2012.01.004
550:. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
436:Pacifier-activated lullaby
333:psychological intervention
176:Regiment der jungen Kinder
150:
18:
1385:"Who Made That Pacifier?"
969:Report in "Science Daily"
507:Oxford English Dictionary
21:Pacifier (disambiguation)
1303:Oral Health Foundation.
255:Sears, Roebuck & Co.
1064:J Paediatr Child Health
865:Journal of Orthodontics
832:10.1136/adc.2005.088484
520:"Chapter 2: Top's Baby"
232:Madonna with the Siskin
220:Madonna with the Siskin
88:to suckle upon between
80:substitute given to an
1274:10.1542/peds.2005-1625
1167:10.1186/1471-2431-7-27
877:10.1179/14653121042939
297:
235:
223:
207:
175:
169:
165:Bartholomäus Metlinger
160:
614:: 123. 7 August 1915.
577:. Baby Bottle Museum.
295:
242:and child painted by
229:
217:
158:
1387:, by Dashka Slater,
544:"Madonna and Siskin"
1202:Pediatric Dentistry
378:users helps reduce
592:The New York Times
548:Web Gallery of Art
329:orthodontic braces
298:
236:
224:
161:
131:(informal Scots),
121:Australian English
1076:10.1111/jpc.12402
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1416:Dental equipment
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1268:(5): 1755–1758.
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306:nipple confusion
264:
230:Albrecht DĂĽrer,
218:Albrecht DĂĽrer,
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113:American English
51:
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993:(7532): 18–22.
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947:
946:
918:(3): CD008694.
904:
900:
861:
857:
826:(10): 836–840.
812:
808:
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706:(3): CD001071.
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649:(8): CD007202.
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