5433:
short time. This would allow researchers to have a more robust statistical analysis and reliable or accurate conclusions about regional or social patterns. Despite its advantages, there are still disadvantages using surveys for a research study particularly in capturing natural speech patterns due to the observer's paradox. Through its unique format, surveys containing direct questions about language may not provide sufficient enough information on how often or in what social or linguistic contexts people use distinct language features. Therefore, by relying on systematic observations, local participants may adhere to perceived norms or expectations. While written surveys can provide valuable information about sociolinguistic variables in
Canadian English, data gathered from surveys or questionnaires should not be perceived as equivalent to data gathered from the usage of actual speech. William Labov, a linguist, suggests that in order to solve this problem is to change the style of approach of surveys. Therefore, he suggests that researchers design sociolinguistic interviews that manipulate attention to speech. By comparing the speech among research participants when they are being directly questioned about language with their speech when talking about their personal experience, Labov could observe how the usage of language within different contexts or environments. This newly suggested approach allowed Labov to capture the "vernacular" which is the casual style of speech that people use within a day-to-day basis when they are not being observed.
2946:
linguistic traits inherited from the French, Aboriginal and Celtic forebears. The linguistic features brought by
Ukrainian, German, and Mennonite populations in the Saskatchewan Valley of Saskatchewan and Red River Valley of Manitoba have also influenced the lexis of the Prairies. Some terms are derived from these groups and some are formed within the region by locals throughout time. An example of the former is the high-profile variable bunnyhug, a term for a hooded sweatshirt in Saskatchewan. As discussed in The Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, bunnyhug is purposely and commonly used by young Saskatchewan speakers to indicate a sense of provincial identity, and is referred to as a Saskatchewanism. It should be further noted that it is assumed based on circumstantial evidence that teenagers played a crucial and special role in the spread and adoption of the term bunnyhug for hooded sweatshirts. Across Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba there are other terms consistent in or throughout the 3 provinces. Biffed is a term for falling, such as "John biffed it over there". Pickerel is Manitoba's official fish, also known as Walleye. Play structure is used to describe a playground for children consisting of monkey bars, slides, etc.
2883:
emergence of a homogeneous
Canadian English dialect. Distinctive to Ontario are Canadianisms such as concession roads, which refer to roads that transect a township, dew-worm, which refers to an earthworm, and fire-reel, which refers to a fire truck. Walter S. Avis identified several linguistic features characteristic of Ontarians, including their preference for the word vacation, rather than holiday—which is considered more British English—and sack over paper bag. While there may be numerous such lexical differences in the speech of provincial and national borderers, Avis asserts that these are relatively minor compared to the linguistic features held in common. Furthermore, Avis suggests that the difference between American English and Ontario English is relatively small near the border due to their close proximity. The historical settlement patterns of southern Ontario, coupled with linguistic research, indicate the existence of distinctively Ontarian lexical items. However, Ontario maintains greater similarities with other Canadian regions than it does with the neighbouring American English and its regional variations.
2856:
Boberg's North
American Regional Vocabulary Survey (NARVS), a questionnaire employed by Boberg from 1999-2007 that sought out lexical items that vary regionally within Canada. Six regions were identified in the NARVS data collection: The West, which includes British Columbia and the Prairies; Ontario; Quebec, which represents data from Montreal mostly; New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; Prince Edward Island; and Newfoundland. Many regional differences in the lexis are item-specific. For example, one of these items has to do with the nationally enjoyed meal of pizza, and more specifically, the term used to refer to a pizza that features all available toppings. While Atlantic Canada refers to this order as ‘the works,’ the majority term used from eastern Ontario to the West Coast is deluxe, and terms such as 'all-dressed' and 'everything-on-it' are used in Quebec and Toronto, respectively. Other examples include the regionally varied usage of running shoes/runners/sneakers to describe athletic shoes, and notebook/scribbler/cahier to describe any type of plain
2955:
part of
Atlantic Canada. The historical immigrants from Europe have shaped cultures and lexical catalogs across the regions of Atlantic Canada that reflect British, Scottish, Gaelic, and French customs. The vernacular variations of English spoken in the Atlantic region of Canada. Newfoundland and Labrador English (NLE) possesses unique vocabulary compared to standard Canadian English. The Dictionary of Newfoundland English covers the vocabulary common to Newfoundlanders, such as Newfoundland "screech rum", a Newfoundland-specific brand of rum; mummering, referring to a Christmas tradition; and gut-foundered, meaning starving or fastened. Nova Scotia also is home to its own vocabulary. The term "Sobeys bag", used to refer to a plastic grocery bag, originates from the Nova Scotian grocery store chain
2870:
store-fronts. Also, the provincial government must officially be referred to as the "Gouvernement du Québec", regardless of the language being by the speaker. While the lexical catalog of Quebec
English contains items influenced or borrowed by French, the influence of the dominant French language on Quebec English is marginal. The francophone dominance in Quebec makes the province a linguistic anomaly within Canada, where English maintains a negligible role in government and public domains. The French influence on Quebec English operates through five distinct processes, as identified by Charles Boberg: elective direct lexical transfer of non-English words (e.g., garderie for daycare), imposed direct lexical transfer of non-English words. for example, SAQ for
3121:) has some currency in Canada. Moreover, some Canadian public-school systems have adolescents start high-school in 'Grade 10' or, the sophomore year, although, this can depend on the province and even vary within a school-district. The American usages "sophomore", "junior" and "senior" are not used in Canadian university terminology, or in speech. The specific high-school grades and university years are therefore stated and individualized; for example, 'Sarah is starting Grade 10 this year', which Americans would state as 'Sarah is going to be a sophomore this year'. Similarly in the post-secondary education context, 'Francois is in second year of university' rather than the Americanism 'Francois is a sophomore in university'.
5421:
speaker. Elicitation requires more effort, but is a widespread technique used to gather linguistic structures by asking informants how they say certain things in their language. Observation is considered the "gold standard" by many linguists because it involves collecting utterances after the fact and systematically analyzing them. This can be done through corpora, which are collections of spoken or written text, but most corpus material today consists of written texts since they are more easily accessible. Variationist sociolinguistics aim to elicit data that is as natural and informal as possible, using techniques such as sociolinguistic interviews to gather different speech styles.
1874:, a dialect region in formation where a homogeneous English dialect has not yet formed. Labov's research focused on urban areas, and did not survey the country, but they found similarities among the English spoken in Ottawa, Toronto, Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver. Labov identifies an "Inland Canada" region that concentrates all of the defining features of the dialect centred on the Prairies (a region in Western Canada that mainly includes Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba and is known for its grasslands and plains), with more variable patterns including the metropolitan areas of Vancouver and Toronto. This dialect forms a dialect continuum with
2874:, loan translation/calques such as 'all-dressed' for the French equivalent 'toute garnie'. Semantic shifts of existing English words, like 'magasin' for 'store', in addition to syntactic influences; e.g, "we're living here three years" instead of the English "we've been living here for three years". Although Quebec English differs from other Canadian regional lexes due to its special contact with French, it still shares some similarities with the lexis of other Canadian regions. For instance, the use of lexical items such as all-dressed has been successfully transferred to most other Canadian regional lexes.
2169:
vowel. These similarities can be attributed to geographic proximity, the fact that about one-quarter of the Cape Breton population descends from Irish immigrants - many of whom arrived via
Newfoundland - and the Scottish and Irish influences on both provinces. The speech of Cape Breton can almost be seen as a continuum between the two extremes of the Halifax variant and the Newfoundland variant. In addition, there is heavy influence of standard varieties of Canadian English on Cape Breton English, especially in the diphthongization of the goat and goose vowels and the frequent use of Canadian raising.
2752:
5614:
5495:
10244:
12099:
1824:
2559:(vs French /klɔs/). In the city of Montreal, especially in some of the western suburbs like Côte-St-Luc and Hampstead, there is a strong Jewish influence in the English spoken in those areas. A large wave of Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union before and after World War II is also evident today. Their English has a strong Yiddish influence, and there are some similarities to English spoken in New York. Words used mainly in Quebec and especially in Montreal are:
3792:, following British parliamentary nomenclature, are termed "Members of Parliament", and are referred to as "Jennifer Jones, MP" during their term of office only. Senators and members of the Privy Council are styled "The Honourable" for life, and the Prime Minister of Canada is styled "The Right Honourable" for life, as is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor General. This honorific may also be bestowed by Parliament, as it was to retiring deputy prime minister
10156:
5425:
dialectology and variation studies. In the early 1950s, McDavid noted the value of using a lexical WQ for the
Linguistic Atlas of Scotland, but later, Chambers and Trudgill stated that WQs were no longer the primary method of data-gathering. However, within the past 15 years, WQs have experienced renewed interest in social dialectology and variation studies. WQs can provide linguistic information about behavior and can be used for self-reporting or community reporting.
264:
5450:
consider CanE a part of their
Canadian identity, and 74.1% think CanE should be taught in schools. Due to the unavailability of free and easy-to-access CanE dictionaries, many Canadian opt for other non-Canadian English dictionaries today. Historically, American, British, and Irish texts are used in Canadian schools for the most part; even though Canadian reference work was written and became available in the 1960s, they were never preferred as teaching material.
1703:(DCHP) was published and completed the first edition of Gage's Dictionary of Canadian English Series. The DCHP documents the historical development of Canadian English words that can be classified as "Canadianisms". It therefore includes words such as mukluk, Canuck, and bluff, but does not list common core words such as desk, table or car. Many secondary schools in Canada use the graded dictionaries. The dictionaries have regularly been updated since: the
3928: – two distinct professions in Quebec civil law – are used to refer to that province's approximate equivalents of barrister and solicitor, respectively. It is not uncommon for English-speaking advocates in Quebec to refer to themselves in English as "barrister(s) and solicitor(s)", as most advocates chiefly perform what would traditionally be known as "solicitor's work", while only a minority of advocates actually appear in court. In Canada's
5509:
2035:
5276:
2165:/ɒ/. Meanwhile, in Halifax, the vowel is raised and rounded. For example, body; popped; and gone. In the homophones, caught-cot and stalk-stock, the rounding in the merged vowel is also much more pronounced here than in other Canadian varieties. The Canadian Shift is also not as evident in the traditional dialect. Instead, the front vowels are raised. For example, the vowel in had is raised to ; and camera is raised to .
2198:, and preservation of archaic adverbial-intensifiers. The dialect varies markedly from community to community, as well as from region to region. Its distinctiveness partly results from a European settlement history that dates back centuries, which explains Newfoundland's most notable linguistic regions: an Irish-settled area in the southeast (the southern Avalon Peninsula) and an English-settled area in the southwest.
1924:, while being the best source for US regional variation, is not a good source for Canadian regional variation, as its analysis is based on only 33 Canadian speakers. Boberg's (2005, 2008) studies offer the best data for the delimitation of dialect zones. The results for vocabulary and phonetics overlap to a great extent, which has allowed the proposal of dialect zones. Dollinger and Clarke distinguish between:
2959:. Similarly, Prince Edward Island has its own vocabulary and dictionary. For example, angishore refers to a fisherman who is too lazy to fish and likely is a lexical item originating from Irish Gaelic settlers in Newfoundland. Sarah Sawler, a writer from Halifax, highlights terms that are common to Maritimes, such as dooryard for front yard, owly for when someone is angry or irritable, and biff for throw.
2831:, British Columbia. The Canadian public appears to take interest in unique "Canadianisms": words that are distinctively characteristic of Canadian English—though perhaps not exclusive to Canada; there is some disagreement about the extent to which "Canadianism" means a term actually unique to Canada, with such an understanding possibly overstated by the popular media. As a member of the
2310:, referred to as the "Queen's Bush" in the 19th century, did not experience communication with the dialects of the southern part of Southwestern Ontario and Central Ontario until the early 20th century. Thus, a strong accent similar to Central Ontarian is heard, yet many different phrasings exist. It is typical in the area to drop phonetic sounds to make shorter contractions, such as:
1911:
adapted from
Chambers 1998). It is the variety spoken, in Chambers' (1998: 252) definition, by Anglophone or multilingual residents, who are second generation or later (i.e. born in Canada) and who live in urban settings. Applying this definition, c. 36% of the Canadian population speak Standard Canadian English in the 2006 population, with 38% in the 2011 census.
2252:. The introduction of Canadian raising to Canada can be attributed to the Scottish and Irish immigrants who arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries. The origins of Canadian raising to Scotland and revealed that the Scottish dialects spoken by these immigrants had a probable impact on its development. This feature impacts the pronunciation of the
5412:"boy", referring to a person, example: "How's it goin, b'y?". Another slang that is commonly used is "doohickey" which means an object, example: "Pass me that doohickey over there". When an individual uses the word "biffed", they mean that they threw something. Example: "I got frustrated so I biffed it across the room".
3856:" because any lawyer licensed in any of the common law provinces and territories must pass bar exams for, and is permitted to engage in, both types of legal practice in contrast to other common-law jurisdictions such as England, Wales and Ireland where the two are traditionally separated (i.e., Canada has a
5432:
Written surveys are commonly used in dialectology as regional differences are less socially sensitive. However, they can still be used in sociolinguistics if handled properly. A survey's advantage is its quantitative approach since it is capable of collecting large amounts of data within a relatively
2954:
Canada's Atlantic provinces were the first part of North America to be explored by Europeans. The Atlantic provinces, historically and collectively called the Maritimes, consist of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island. Newfoundland and Labrador, which is not part of the Maritimes, is also
1025:
pioneered the historical corpus linguistic approach for English in Canada with CONTE (Corpus of Early Ontario English, 1776–1849) and offers a developmental scenario for 18th- and 19th-century Ontario. In 2015, Reuter confirmed the scenario laid out in Dollinger (2008), using a 19th-century newspaper
926:
The growth of Canadian media, including television, film, and literature, has also played a role in shaping Canadian English. Chambers (1998) notes that Canadian media has helped to create new words and expressions that reflect Canadian culture and values. Canadian institutions, such as the CBC and
5461:
In 2011, just under 21.5 million Canadians, representing 65% of the population, spoke English most of the time at home, while 58% declared it their mother language. English is the major language everywhere in Canada except Quebec, and most Canadians (85%) can speak English. While English is not
5428:
Scholars have used five types of questionnaires in sociolinguistics. Dollinger suggests a three-tiered WQ question typology. The first tier covers questions about regional language variation and social language variation. The second tier covers language perception and attitudes, while the third tier
5424:
The use of written questionnaires (WQs) in dialectology were once popular for surveying language use, but fell out of favor before being re-examined in recent years. While they were once considered less effective than other survey methods, scholars have started to recognize their potential in social
2882:
Southern Ontario was initially settled by white Protestants, with the late 19th century witnessing the migration of white Protestant settlers from Ontario to western Canada following the suppression of the Métis opposition. This migration facilitated the transplantation of the Ontario accent and the
2003:
Certain First Nations English have also shown to have phonological standard Canadian English, thus resulting in a more distinct dialect formation. Plains Cree, for instance, is a language that has less phonological contrasts compared to standard Canadian English. Plains Cree has no voicing contrast.
1910:
is socially defined. Standard Canadian English is spoken by those who live in urban Canada, in a middle-class job (or one of their parents holds such employment), who are second generation or later (born and raised in Canada) and speak English as (one of their) dominant language(s) (Dollinger 2019a,
890:
One of the earliest influences on Canadian English was the French language, which was brought to Canada by the French colonists in the 17th century. French words and expressions were adopted into Canadian English, especially in the areas of cuisine, politics, and social life. For example, words like
5436:
Canadian English dialectology examines Canadian English through the use of written surveys due to the vastness of the country and the difficulties of conducting face-to-face interviews on a nationwide level. The historical overview of written surveys in Canadian-English dialectology includes Avis's
5420:
In language studies, there are three basic types of data collection: introspection, elicitation, and observation. Introspection relies on the idea that native speakers are the best judges of sentence structure and can provide valuable data, but it can be limiting because it only requires one native
3612:
a document in Canadian, in parliamentary usage, is to introduce or present it (as in Britain), whereas in the US it means to postpone consideration until a later date, often indefinitely. While the introduction meaning is the most common sense in non-parliamentary usage, the presentation meaning is
2817:(American), though, in Canadian speech, the latter can more narrowly mean a trip elsewhere and the former can mean general time off work. In addition, the vocabulary of Canadian English also features some words that are seldom (if ever) found elsewhere. A good resource for these and other words is
2738:
something". For example, "I am done my homework" and "The dog is done dinner" are genuine sentences in this dialect, respectively meaning "I have finished my homework" and "The dog has finished dinner". Another example, "Let's start after you're done all the coffee", means "Let's start after you've
2070:
than General American. Outside of major communities, dialects can vary markedly from community to community, as well as from province to province, reflecting ethnic origin as well as a past in which there were few roads and many communities, with some isolated villages. Into the 1980s, residents of
1987:
Overall, First Nations Canada English dialects rest between language loss and language revitalization. British Columbia has the greatest linguistic diversity, as it is home to about half of the Indigenous languages spoken in Canada. Most of the languages spoken in the province are endangered due to
1006:
Studies on earlier forms of English in Canada are rare. Yet connections with other work to historical linguistics can be forged. An overview of diachronic work on Canadian English, or diachronically relevant work, is Dollinger (2012, updated to 2017). Until the 2000s, basically all commentators on
6018:
cover, you won't be able to appreciate that this book, read by many a student (a new edition war published in 1962) seems to be the first book that took Canadian English seriously, sprinkling interesting tidbits of information on it into the chapters on British and American English, here and there.
5465:
A study conducted in 2002 inquired Canadians from Ontario and Alberta about the "pleasantness" and "correctness" of different varieties of Canadian English based on province. Albertans and Ontarians all seem to rate their English and BC English in the top three. However, both hold a low opinion of
5411:
Cape Bretoners and Newfies (from Newfoundland and Labrador) often have similar slang. "Barmp" is often used as the sound a car horn makes, example: "He cut me off so I barmped the horn at him". When saying "B'y", while sounds like the traditional farewell, it is a syncopated shortening of the word
2804:
Where Canadian English shares vocabulary with other English dialects, it tends to share most with American English, but also has many non-American terms distinctively shared instead with Britain. British and American terms also can coexist in Canadian English to various extents, sometimes with new
2164:
As with many other distinct dialects, vowels are a marker of Halifax English as a distinctive variant of Canadian English. Typically, Canadian dialects have a merger of the low back vowels in palm, lot, thought and cloth. The merged vowel in question is usually /ɑ/ or sometimes the rounded variant
1919:
The literature has for a long time conflated the notions of Standard Canadian English (StCE) and regional variation. While some regional dialects are close to Standard Canadian English, they are not identical to it. To the untrained ear, for instance, a BC middle-class speaker from a rural setting
6017:
So when to start this book's story? In 1940. In that year, Queen's University Professor of English Henry Alexander, an Oxford-educated man whom the next chapter we will call "the grandfather of Canadian English", published a textbook on the history of English. ... Unless you test it from cover to
3018:
Within the public school system the chief administrator of a school is generally "the principal", as in the United States, but the term is not used preceding their name, i.e., "Principal Smith". The assistant to the principal is not titled as "assistant principal", but rather as "vice-principal",
2869:
Quebec recognizes French as its primary language. As a result, English has no official status in Québec and is not used often in the public sphere. Although, in more metropolitan area such as Montréal or Québec City, it is not uncommon to see English media in public, such as in advertisements and
2855:
While Canadian English has vocabulary that distinguishes it from other varieties of English across the world, there is significant regional variation in its lexis within Canada as well. A balanced cross-continental sample of 1800 Canadians and 360 Americans the Canada and the USA is the result of
2168:
Although it has not been studied extensively, the speech of Cape Breton specifically seems to bear many similarities with the nearby island of Newfoundland, which is often why Westerners can have a hard time differentiating the two accents. For instance, they both use the fronting of the low back
5482:
by lexicographer Fraser Sutherland and others. According to Stefan Dollinger, Lilles' paper "is not a paper based on any data or other new information but more of a pamphlet – so much so that it should not have been published without a public critique". He continues, "The paper is insightful for
5462:
the preferred language in Quebec, 36.1% of the Québécois can speak English. Nationally, Francophones are five times more likely to speak English than Anglophones are to speak French – 44% and 9% respectively. Only 3.2% of Canada's English-speaking population resides in Quebec—mostly in Montreal.
5449:
This attitude sees a change years later. A survey about attitudes towards CE was conducted with a diverse sample group in Vancouver, BC, in 2009. Among 429 Vancouverites, 81.1% believe there is a Canadian way of speaking English, 72.9% can tell CanE speakers from American English speakers, 69.1%
5437:
study of speech differences among the Ontario-United States borders through the use of questionnaires. Another example is the Survey of Canadian English directed by Scargill. A more recent example would be Nylvek's survey of Saskatchewan English and Chambers' trans-Canada dialect questionnaires.
922:
American English also had a significant impact on Canadian English's origins as well as again in the 20th century and since then as a result of increased cultural and economic ties between the two countries. American English terms like gasoline, truck, and apartment are commonly used in Canadian
5445:
An attitude study in the late 1970s revealed a positive attitude toward Canadian linguistic features. Features include front vowel merger before/r/, low-back vowel merger, Canadian Raising, and Canadian lexical items. Still, the sample group in British Columbia showed a preference for UK and US
3190:
state their weight and height in pounds and feet/inches, respectively. This is also the case for many Quebec Francophones. Distances while playing golf are always marked and discussed in yards, though official scorecards may also show metres. Temperatures for cooking or pools are often given in
2687:
English in Saskatchewan has its pool of phonetic features shared with other provinces used by certain demographics. For instance, it has the consonant variables /ntV/ and /VtV/, the latter being a common feature of North American English and is defined as the intervoicing of /t/ between vowels.
2654:
raising (found words such as bag, lag and rag), a prominent feature in Northwestern American speakers, is also found in Vancouver speakers, causing "beg" to sound like the first syllable of "bagel" and "bag" to be similar. In the past, the ANAE reported that Vancouverites' participation in the
997:
Overall, the history of Canadian English is a reflection of the country's diverse linguistic and cultural heritage. While Canadian English has borrowed many words and expressions from other languages, it has also developed its own unique vocabulary and pronunciation that reflects the country's
2945:
The Prairies, consisting of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, have their own lexical features. The linguistic legacy from the settlement patterns in these regions, along with the Indigenous communities, specifically the large Métis population in Saskatchewan and Manitoba also carry certain
1815:
The Canadian Oxford Dictionary lists words such as "no" and "way" as having a long monophthong vowel sound, whereas American dictionaries usually have these words ending in an upglide. There may be areas of the U.S. near the border where you hear the monophthong, eg. Fargo or Minnesota. The
1070:
Canadian spelling of the English language combines British and American conventions, the two dominant varieties, and adds some domestic idiosyncrasies. For many words, American and British spelling are both acceptable. Spelling in Canadian English co-varies with regional and social variables,
894:
An important influence on Canadian English was British English, which was brought to Canada by British settlers in the 18th and 19th centuries. Canadian English borrowed many words and expressions from British English, including words like lorry, flat, and lift. However, Canadian English also
5028:(especially in Saskatchewan, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia; more often a "Saskatchewan mickey" in western Canada): a 3 L (101 US fl oz; 106 imp fl oz) bottle of hard liquor. (Despite the name, Texas mickeys are generally unavailable outside of Canada.)
886:
1967). Geikie, a Scottish-born Canadian, reflected the Anglocentric attitude that would be prevalent in Canada for the next hundred years when he referred to the language as "a corrupt dialect", in comparison with what he considered the proper English spoken by immigrants from Britain.
7940:
8522:
Because both of these meanings are in use in Canada, confusion may arise if the verb table is used outside of a strictly parliamentary context, where the first sense should be understood. It is better to use a different verb altogether, such as present or postpone, as the context
3112:
In parts of the US, the four years of high school are termed the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years (terms also used for college years); in Canada, the specific levels are used instead, such as "grade nine" in lieu of freshman. As for higher education, only the term
868:
Canadian English as an academic field of inquiry solidified around the time of World War II. While early linguistic approaches date back to the second half of the 19th century, the first textbook to consider Canadian English in one form or another was not published until 1940.
2579:
for an ABM/ATM. It is also common for Anglophones, particularly those of Greek or Italian descent, to use translated French words instead of common English equivalents such as "open" and "close" for "on" and "off" or "Open the lights, please" for "Turn on the lights, please".
2688:
Meanwhile, /ntV/ "frequently occurs in words such as "centre" and "twenty" where /t/ follows the alveolar nasal /n/ and precedes an unstressed vowel". According to Nylvek (1992), both variables of /t/ are generally more often used by younger male over older female speakers.
3987:
Judges of Canada's superior courts, which exist at the provincial and territorial levels, are traditionally addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady". This varies by jurisdiction, and some superior court judges prefer the titles "Mister Justice" or "Madam Justice" to "Lordship".
5232:
can refer either to the buttocks (as in Britain), or to a homeless person (as in the US). The "buttocks" sense does not have the indecent character it retains in British use, as it and "butt" are commonly used as a polite or childish euphemism for ruder words such as
1983:
from Northern Canada speak a version of Canadian English influenced by the phonology of their first languages. Non-indigenous Canadians in these regions are relatively recent arrivals, and have not produced a dialect that is distinct from southern Canadian English.
5483:
different reasons: it is a powerful testimony of personal anecdote and opinion . As an opinion piece, it offers a good debating case." As a linguistic account, however, it "essentializes a prior state, before Canada was an independent political entity."
5466:
Quebec English. Unlike the assumption that Toronto or Ontario English would be the most prestigious considering these regions are the most economically robust, BC had the best public opinion regarding pleasantness and correctness among the participants.
7437:
5453:
A preference change can be seen at the end of higher education in Canada. At the University of Toronto's Graduate English department, "Canadian English" and a "consistent spelling" are officially "the standard for all Ph.D. dissertations," with the
934:
Canadian English is the product of five waves of immigration and settlement over a period of more than two centuries. The first large wave of permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and linguistically the most important, was the influx of
5429:
deals with acceptability judgments of grammaticality. The questions can be classified by subject area, type of reporting, and the type of information sought. This classification can help scholars better utilize WQs and understand their potential.
840:
as well as some uniquely Canadian characteristics. The precise influence of American English, British English, and other sources on Canadian English varieties has been the ongoing focus of systematic studies since the 1950s. Standard Canadian and
5295:
form, and, as a term used even by Canadians themselves, it is not considered derogatory. (In the 19th century and early 20th century it tended to refer to French-Canadians.) The only Canadian-built version of the popular World War I-era American
7723:
3210:
Canadians measure floor areas, both residential and commercial, in square feet or square metres. Land area is in square feet, square metres, acres or hectares. Fuel efficiency is more often discussed in the metric L/100 km than miles per
5473:
that there is no variety of "Canadian English." According to Lilles, Canadian English is simply not a "useful fiction". He goes on to argue that too often supposedly unique features of Canadian speakers, such as certain lexical terms such as
2772:
Date and time notation in Canadian English is a mixture of British and American practices. The date can be written in the form of either "July 1, 2017" or "1 July 2017"; the latter is common in more formal writing and bilingual contexts. The
3109:, where it is called "grade primary". In addition, children younger than the public school start age may attend 'pre-primary', although this is a newer addition to the Nova Scotian public-school system, and is not used frequently elsewhere.
7912:
5346:, typically refers to an uncouth, beer-swilling male and is a euphemism for "loser" coming from the earlier days of hockey played on an outdoor rink and the losing team would have to hose down the ice after the game so it froze smooth.
1020:
offered real-time historical data through its quotations. Starting in the 2000s, historical linguists have started to study earlier Canadian English with historical linguistic data. DCHP-1 is now available in open access. Most notably,
1509:
Canadian spelling conventions can be partly explained by Canada's trade history. For instance, Canada's automobile industry has been dominated by American firms from its inception, explaining why Canadians use the American spelling of
7559:
9545:
Marmen, Louise and Corbeil, Jean-Pierre, "New Canadian Perspectives, Languages in Canada 2001 Census," Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication, Statistics Canada Cat. No. Ch3-2/8-2004, (Canadian Heritage, 2004), pg.
4123:
means only a regional jurisdiction of the courts and justice system and is not otherwise connected to governance as with counties in other provinces and in the United States. The rough equivalent to "county" as used elsewhere is a
5249:(used in the Prairie Provinces, especially in northern and central Saskatchewan; probably originally a Cree loanword). Older Canadians may see "bum" as more polite than "butt", which before the 1980s was often considered rude.
959:, who were worried about American dominance and influence among its citizens. Further waves of immigration from around the globe peaking in 1910, 1960, and at the present time had a lesser influence, but they did make Canada a
2368:, notably among those who were born in the surrounding communities, the cutting down of syllables and consonants often heard, e.g. "probably" is reduced to "prolly" or "probly" when used as a response. In Greater Toronto, the
873:
was its most forceful spokesperson after WWII until the 1970s. His team of lexicographers managed to date the term "Canadian English" to a speech by a Scottish priest, the Reverend A. Constable Geikie, in an address to the
9285:
7223:
2671:
etc. is pronounced as a close-mid back rounded vowel, , but not as rounded as in the Prairies where there are strong Scandinavian, Slavic and German influences, which can lend to a more stereotypical "Canadian" accent.
1627:
was set manually. Canadian newspapers also received much of their international content from American press agencies, so it was much easier for editorial staff to leave the spellings from the wire services as provided.
9358:
3604:
When a majority of the elected members of the House of Commons or a provincial legislature are not members of the same party as the government, the situation is referred to as a minority government rather than a hung
2287:(roughly in the line south from Sarnia to St. Catharines), despite the existence of many characteristics of West/Central Canadian English, many speakers, especially those under 30, speak a dialect influenced by the
1920:
may seemingly be speaking Standard Canadian English, but, given Chambers' definition, such a person, because of the rural provenance, would not be included in the accepted definition (see the previous section). The
4782:
in the eastern United States, though these forms are generally closer-fitting, and may lack a brim as well as a pompom. There seems to be no exact equivalent outside Canada, since the tuque is of French Canadian
2860:
Despite the regional variation of vocabulary items within Canada, the lexis of Canadian English still maintains greater commonality between its own regions than it does with American English or British English.
6365:
2318:(going), and "Wuts goin' on tonight? D'ya wanna do sumthin'?" It is particularly strong in the County of Bruce, so much that it is commonly referred to as being the Bruce Cownian (Bruce Countian) accent. Also,
2020:, on the other hand, has more phonological contrasts, resulting in the use of features not seen in the standard form. The language has 39 phonemic consonants and a higher proportion of glottalized consonants.
930:
In addition to these influences, Canadian English has also been minorly shaped by Indigenous languages. Indigenous words such as moose, toboggan, and moccasin have become part of the Canadian English lexicon.
7663:
6422:
Reuter, David. 2015.Newspaper, politics, and Canadian English: a corpus-based analysis of selected linguistic variables in early nineteenth-century Ontario newspapers. PhD thesis. University of Kiel, Germany.
7698:
7588:
3557:
Depending on the region, large trucks used to transport and deliver goods are referred to as 'transport trucks' (e.g., used in Ontario and Alberta) or 'transfer trucks' (e.g., used in Prince Edward Island)
6361:. In: English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Vol. II. (HSK 34.2), ed. by Alexander Bergs & Laurel Brinton, 1858–1880. Mouton de Gruyter. UPDATED version, for 2017, is found here:
3171:
are also used, albeit rarely—although many Canadians and Americans mistakenly conflate the measurement systems despite their slight differences from each other (e.g. US, Canadian, and metric cups are 237
7720:
8131:
2016:
are mostly voiceless and unaspirated, though they may vary in other phonetic environments from voiceless to voiced. Plains Cree also does not have the liquids or fricatives found in the standard form.
3969:" even though "John Smith" may well himself be the barrister who argues the case in court. In a letter introducing him/herself to an opposing lawyer, a Canadian lawyer normally writes something like "
2071:
villages in northern Nova Scotia could identify themselves by dialects and accents distinctive to their village. The dialects of Prince Edward Island are often considered the most distinct grouping.
7152:
Ball, Jessica, Bernhardt, B. May (2011). "First Nations English Dialects in Canada: Implications for speech-language pathology." International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, pp. 570-588 DOI:
5303:
training biplane aircraft, the JN-4C, 1,260 of which were built, got the "Canuck" nickname; so did another aircraft, the Fleet Model 80, built from the mid-1940s until the late 1950s. The nickname
3597:
is sometimes seen in reference to a provincial leader when a Francophone is speaking or writing English. Also, until the 1970s the leader of the Ontario provincial government was officially styled
1988:
the small number of speakers. To some extent, the dialects reflect the historical contexts where English has been a major colonizing language. The dialects are also a result of the late stages of
10065:
5158:, is for "ascertaining the comprehension, continued interest, agreement, etc., of the person or persons addressed" as in, "It's four kilometres away, eh, so I have to go by bike." In that case,
2260:
sound in "lout". Canadian Raising indicates a scenario where the start of the diphthong is nearer to the destination of the glide before voiceless consonants than before voiced consonants. The
2894:
and English words are used interchangeably. A number of phrases and expressions may also be found in Northern Ontario that are not present in the rest of the province, such as the use of
10080:
2971:, which refers to post-secondary education in general in the US, refers in Canada to either a post-secondary technical or vocational institution, or to one of the colleges that exist as
6173:. On p. 422: "It is now generally agreed that Canadian English originated as a variant of northern American English (the speech of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)."
10072:
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. The book's examples are exclusive taken from Canadian English and represent one of the more extensive collections of variables for Canadian English.
2781:. Nonetheless, the traditional DD/MM/YY and MM/DD/YY systems remain in everyday use, which can be interpreted in multiple ways: 01/07/17 can mean either 1 July 2017 or 7 January 2017.
8267:
4529:: a dressing gown and housecoat can be of silk or cotton, usually an attractive outer layer, while a bathrobe is made of absorbent fabric like a towel; in the United States, called a
1808:. U.S. southern dialects have long had goose-fronting, but this goose-fronting among young Canadians and Californians is more recent. Some young Californians also show signs of the
8186:
7798:
6858:
12079:
6380:
Bloomfield, Morton W. 1948. Bloomfield, Morton W. 1948. Canadian English and its relation to eighteenth century American speech. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 47: 59-66
9289:
6194:. On p. 97: "Because Canadian English and American English are so alike, some scholars have argued that in linguistic terms Canadian English is no more or less than a variety of (
2183:
Compared to the commonly spoken English dominating neighbouring provinces, Newfoundland English is famously distinct in its dialects and accents. Newfoundland English differs in
895:
developed its own unique vocabulary, including words like tuque, chesterfield, and double-double. In the early 20th century, western Canada was largely populated by farmers from
9516:
3775:, and was particularly common in British Columbia. It was not used for Social Credit members from Quebec, nor generally used for the federal caucus of that party; in both cases
1723:(DCHP-2), was published. DCHP-2 incorporates the c. 10 000 lexemes from DCHP-1 and adds c. 1 300 novel meanings or 1 002 lexemes to the documented lexicon of Canadian English.
5458:
as the official guideline. However, there is no mention of which grammar guide was to be followed because there was never a solid standard developed for spelling and grammar.
951:. Canadian English has been developing features of its own since the early 19th century. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the
7971:
1741:, was published in 2004. Just as the older dictionaries it includes uniquely Canadian words and words borrowed from other languages, and surveyed spellings, such as whether
6354:
9457:
5852:
4184:
in the West. It is also used, to a lesser extent, in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, as well as in parts of New England. It generally refers to vacation houses in rural areas.
3800:
are styled "The Honourable" for life, and are entitled to the use of the post-nominal letters "ECNS". The Cabinet of Ontario serves concurrently (and not for life) as the
1859:) of English around the world, Canadian English aligns most closely to American English. Some dialectologists group Canadian and American English together under a common
7067:
2785:
have repeatedly attempted to clarify the situation. In business communication and filing systems the YYMMDD is used to assist in automatic ordering of electronic files.
8565:
6362:
7655:
2426:, heavily influenced by original Scottish, Irish, and German settlers, and existing along the Ontario-Quebec boundary, which has its own distinct accent known as the
1611:. Some of the most substantial historical spelling data can be found in Dollinger (2010) and Grue (2013). The use of such spellings was the long-standing practice of
7846:
7686:
7576:
4485:: originally British and internationally used (as in classic furnishing terminology) to refer to a sofa whose arms are the same height as the back, it is a term for
5978:
7209:
6540:
3575:
are interchangeable terms for the head of an elected parliamentary government, Canadian English today generally follows a usage convention of reserving the title
2291:
dialect (in part due to proximity to cities like Detroit and Buffalo, New York) though there are minor differences such as Canadian raising (e.g. "ice" vs "my").
12172:
408:
8853:
1007:
the history of CanE have argued from the "language-external" history, i.e. social and political history. An exception has been in the area of lexis, where Avis
9494:
8823:
8793:
6439:
3397:, the term 'grid road' is used to refer to minor highways or rural roads, usually gravel, referring to the 'grid' upon which they were originally designed. In
2205:. The mid lax /ɛ/ here is raised to the high lax stressed /ɪ/, particularly before oral stops and nasals, so consequently "pen" is pronounced more like "pin".
5478:
are artificially exaggerated to distinguish Canadian speech primarily from that found in the United States. Lilles was heavily critiqued in the next issue of
12072:
5581:
18,858,908 Canadians identify their mother tongue as English. 599,230 Québécois identify their mother tongue as English and of that 309,885 live in Montreal.
5532:
2819:
2376:
is pronounced as ). The Greater Toronto Area is linguistically diverse, with 43 percent of its people having a mother tongue other than English. As a result
1720:
1700:
10190:
5789:
11271:
2491:, which are homophones to most other speakers of Canadian English. Quebec Anglophones generally pronounce French street names in Montreal as French words.
3796:
in 1996. Members of provincial legislatures do not have a pre-nominal style, except in certain provinces, such as Nova Scotia where members of the King's
11211:
9740:
5042:
in Western Canada (referencing that cans of beer are often sold in packages of six, with four packages to a flat box for shipping and stacking purposes).
3876:
refers to any personal representative. Canadian lawyers generally do not refer to themselves as "attorneys", a term that is common in the United States.
1016:
10062:
8587:
7315:
9780:
9101:
8920:
J.K. Chambers, "The Canada-U.S. border as a vanishing isogloss: the evidence of chesterfield." Journal of English Linguistics 23 (1995): 156–166.
8105:
6288:
730:
5186:
meaning "please repeat or say again" – are also found in parts of the British Isles and Australia. It is common in Northern/Central Ontario, the
4145:: bachelor apartment, an apartment all in a single room, with a small bathroom attached ("They have a bachelor for rent"). The usual American term is
9124:
9076:
5537:
2743:
something", since "She is done the computer" can only mean "She is done with the computer" in one sense: "She has finished (building) the computer".
2675:
Finally, there is also the /t/ sound which according to Gregg (2016), "with many speakers intrusive between /l/ or /n/ and /s/ in words like sense
10018:
9173:
8535:
4553:: "The tails tapering down that way, serve to carry off the water, d'ye see. Same with cocked hats; the cocks form gable-end eave-troughs [
12167:
12065:
9404:
2835:, Canada shares many items of institutional terminology and professional designations with the countries of the former British Empire—for example,
704:
10011:
9320:
9207:
6250:
1715:. Its fifth edition was printed beginning in 1997. Gage was acquired by Thomson Nelson around 2003. The latest editions were published in 2009 by
9766:
6080:
8075:
7455:
Nylvek, Judith A. Canadian English in Saskatchewan: A Sociolinguistic Survey of Four Selected Regions, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1992.
10077:
7015:
2408:
2396:
1883:
1022:
3237:
Building materials are used in soft conversions of imperial sizes, but often purchased in relation to the imperial sizes. For example, 8-inch
1042:. Treated as a marker of upper-class prestige in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Canadian dainty was marked by the use of some features of
11419:
8724:
4599:, used primarily in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia. Most of the power in these provinces is generated through
2792:, which is widely used in contexts such as transportation schedules, parking meters, and data transmission. Many speakers of English use the
2392:
2000:
due to the contact between English and Indigenous populations, and eventually, the various dialects began to converge with standard English.
10141:
Beyond the Monolingual Core and out into the Wild: A Variationist Study of Early Bilingualism and Sound Change in Toronto Heritage Cantonese
9758:
Boberg, Charles (2005). "The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey: Renewing the study of lexical variation in North American English."
8263:
8005:
5006:: a 750 mL (25 US fl oz; 26 imp fl oz) bottle of hard liquor (called a quart in the Maritimes). The word
12360:
12217:
8182:
7759:
Boberg, Charles (2005). "The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey: new variables and methods in the study of North American English".
6895:
Boberg, Charles (2005). "The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey: New variables and methods in the study of North American English".
2404:
9263:
5790:"Population by mother tongue and age groups, percentage distribution (2006), for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data"
5384:
is someone with a thick, usually southern Nova Scotia accent or as a general term for a Nova Scotian (including Cape Bretoners), while an
9709:
7636:
6154:
3832:
3340:
refers to any provincially funded road regardless of its access control. Often such roads will be numbered. Similar to the US, the terms
1870:
Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) shows the largest dialect diversity. Northern Canada is, according to
11306:
10279:
9967:
9935:
9887:
9855:
9677:
5010:
is less common. Similarly, a 1.14 L (39 US fl oz; 40 imp fl oz) bottle of hard liquor is known as a
2352:, pronouncing the name variously as or . This is not unique to Toronto; Atlanta is often pronounced "Atlanna" by residents. Sometimes
10202:
8339:
5945:
852:
Canadians and Americans themselves often have trouble differentiating their own two accents, particularly since Standard Canadian and
9156:
7098:
3816:
9524:
8684:
7963:
7164:
Kiefte, Michael, Bird, Elizabeth Kay-Raining (2010). "The Lesser-Known Varieties of English." An Introduction, pp. 59–71 DOI:
6363:
https://www.academia.edu/35010966/Varieties_of_English_Canadian_English_in_real-time_perspective_2017_updated_version_of_2012_paper_
2634:
British Columbia English shares dialect features with both Standard Canadian English and the American Pacific Northwest English. In
8454:
5635:
4603:, and suppliers' company names incorporate the term "Hydro". Usage: "I didn't pay my hydro bill so they shut off my lights." Hence
3824:
3679:
8754:
8361:
7411:
Language Ideologies, Border Effects, and Dialectal Variation: Evidence from /æ/, /aʊ/, and /aɪ/ in Seattle, WA and Vancouver, B.C.
6576:"New data for an English usage puzzle: the long history of spelling variation in Canadian English and its linguistic implications"
6351:
4459:: Dumpster, after a prominent Canadian waste management company, BFI Canada (which was eventually bought out and merged to become
10210:
7886:
372:
9461:
8212:
6614:
6542:
New data for an English usage puzzle: the long history of spelling variation in Canadian English and its linguistic implications
6510:
5848:
1733:
In 1998, Oxford University Press produced a Canadian English dictionary, after five years of lexicographical research, entitled
1651:
adopted this new spelling policy in September 1997 after that publication's ombudsman discounted the issue earlier in 1997. The
12146:
9011:
8913:
8877:
8030:
4082:
refers to a non-aboriginal person or group visibly not one of the majority race in a given population. The term comes from the
1641:
changing its spelling policy in October 1990. Other Canadian newspapers adopted similar changes later that decade, such as the
1355:
when adding suffixes to words even when the final syllable (before the suffix) is not stressed. Compare Canadian (and British)
723:
9986:
8313:
7610:
7531:
6989:
1996:, which resulted in linguistic markers of Indigenous identity and solidarity. These dialects are observed to have developed a
12195:
12046:
11356:
11141:
10179:
10129:
9995:
9929:
9881:
9849:
9831:
9752:
9703:
9671:
9577:
9440:
8995:
8573:
7630:
6491:
6328:
6170:
6123:
6010:
5527:
3336:) are often used to describe various high-speed roads with varying levels of access control. Generally, but not exclusively,
2796:
in everyday speech, even when reading from a 24-hour display, similar to the use of the 24-hour clock in the United Kingdom.
5877:
5317:
comic book character of the 1940s. Throughout the 1970s, Canada's winning World Cup men's downhill ski team was called the "
3535:. Non-native Anglophones of Quebec will also use the designated proper title "Metro" to describe the Montreal subway system.
11376:
10449:
10334:
5279:
A Canadian-built Curtiss JN-4C "Canuck" training biplane of 1918, with a differing vertical tail to the original US version
3717:
in Canada to denote an object of quality or a truthful person. The term was assumed as a nickname by Liberals by the 1850s.
3520:, depending on which part of the crossing is referred to (the two are used more or less interchangeably); the British term
2696:
There are a handful of syntactical practices unique to Canadian English. When writing, Canadians may start a sentence with
2109:
to alveolar tap between vowels, as well as pronouncing it as a glottal stop , is less common in the Maritimes. Therefore,
1749:
was the more popular choice in common use. Paperback and concise versions (2005, 2006), with minor updates, are available.
1071:
somewhat more so, perhaps, than in the two dominant varieties of English, yet general trends have emerged since the 1970s.
12489:
7826:
7795:"(PDF) on the Autonomy and Homogeneity of Canadian English (With Sandra Clarke) | Stefan Dollinger and Sandra Clarke"
4893:; this use is more popular in older generations. Legally only bars made of solid chocolate may be labelled chocolate bars.
3234:
mL (12 Imperial oz), and draft beer is sold in various units; US or Imperial oz, US or Imperial pint, or occasionally mL.
2399:
and Eastern Ottawa, French accents are often mixed with English ones due to the high Franco-Ontarian population there. In
635:
12886:
10857:
10235:
8893:
7393:
Swan, Julia (2016). "Canadian English in the Pacific Northwest: A phonetic comparison of Vancouver, BC and Seattle, WA".
5975:
1684:
242:
10196:
7744:
Avis, Walter S.; Crate, Charles; Drysdale, Patrick; Leechman, Douglas; Scargill, Matthew H.; Lovell, Charles J. (1991).
6312:
Social Lives in Language – Sociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities: Celebrating the work of Gillian Sankoff
10962:
9241:
6549:
3808:
3759:
3488:), but this term is not common anymore. In everyday speech, when a particular roadway is not being specified, the term
1801:
before voiceless segments. There are areas in the eastern U.S. where some words are pronounced with Canadian raising.
9199:
4681:
describe coinage specifically. (for example, "I have a dollar in pennies" versus "I have three loonies in my pocket").
3980:
is also used by lawyers to refer to a fellow lawyer who specializes in lawsuits even though the more traditional word
825:. Accent differences can also be heard between those who live in urban centres versus those living in rural settings.
12042:
11412:
10113:
10040:
9958:
9911:
9800:
9733:
8845:
8515:
8490:
8299:
7041:
6784:
6191:
5919:
5683:
5657:
5522:
3953:
is used in the United States to refer to any American lawyer in general). Despite the conceptual distinction between
3613:
also used in Canada. The Canadian Oxford Dictionary simply recommends avoiding the term in non-parliamentary context.
2527:
716:
8815:
8789:
8241:
6580:
19th International Conference on the History of the English Language, Pécs, Hungary, Paper Presented on 26 Aug. 2010
6436:
4180:
in the rest of Ontario; often more specifically to a vacation home not directly adjacent to a body of water, and a
12340:
10761:
9486:
5256:
can refer either to being drunk (as in Britain), or being angry (as in the US), though anger is more often said as
3797:
2767:
2430:(or brogue). Phonetically, the Ottawa Valley twang is characterized by the lack of Canadian raising as well as the
2288:
12891:
12136:
11497:
11009:
10805:
7552:
5793:
3772:
3476:
was used for first tolled limited-access highways (for example, the Deas Island Throughway, now Highway 99, from
433:
232:
10053:
Clarke, Sandra, Ford Elms, and Amani Youssef (1995). "The third dialect of English: Some Canadian evidence", in
891:
beavertail, and toque are uniquely Canadian French terms that have become part of the Canadian English lexicon.
12765:
11977:
11326:
10766:
10272:
8160:
6736:
6583:
6211:
Dollinger, Stefan. (2008)."New-Dialect Formation in Canada." Amsterdam: Benjamins, 978 90 272 31068 6. p. 279."
5767:
4543:. Also used, especially in the past, in the Northern and Western United States; the first recorded usage is in
4100:. The qualifier "visible" is used to distinguish such minorities from the "invisible" minorities determined by
2824:
2338:
2236:. TH-stopping is more common for /ð/, especially in unstressed function words (e.g. that, those, their, etc.).
1934:
Quebec (concerning the c. 500 000 Anglophone speakers in the province, not the Francophone speakers of English)
1812:. The cot-caught merger is perhaps not general in the U.S., but younger speakers seem more likely to have it.
936:
11545:
5198:
is used quite frequently in the North Central dialect, so a Canadian accent is often perceived in people from
903:
who were not anglophones. At the time, most anglophones there were re-settlers from Ontario or Quebec who had
12088:
11366:
11059:
11021:
8595:
7304:
5405:
3353:
3164:
2361:
1956:
1796:
1470:
In other cases, Canadian and American usage differs from British spelling, such as in the case of nouns like
974:
started to influence European languages used in Canada even before widespread settlement took place, and the
309:
9777:
9098:
8097:
7179:
3694:
to mean a Loyalist in the time of the American Revolution is an American usage. The Canadian term is simply
2448:
English is a minority language in Quebec (with French the majority), but has many speakers in Montreal, the
12881:
12384:
11901:
11881:
11405:
11361:
11014:
10834:
10651:
10472:
6280:
4412:, where the material of which the utensil is made is not of consequence to the context in which it is used.
4120:
4089:
4033:
3801:
3675:
3241:
can be referred to as an 8-inch CMU or 190 CMU. The actual material used in the US and Canada is the same.
1950:
971:
465:
413:
288:
9121:
9073:
4398:
referring to a can which is wider than it is tall as in "a tin of sardines" as opposed to a "can of soup".
3771:
The term "Socred" is no longer common due to its namesake party's decline, but referred to members of the
3156:
during the mid-to-late 1970s that was eventually stalled; this has spawned some colloquial usages such as
2676:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2323:
2319:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1782:
1778:
12023:
11787:
10737:
10727:
10325:
10292:
10288:
9177:
8543:
5557:
4460:
4258:, especially when the meaning is clear from context; another slang variant of this term is the shortened
3634:
2608:, in particular is a sub-zone on the lexical level. Phonetically, Western Canadian English has much more
1490:
in the sense of "make or become weary" is universal.) Some other differences like Canadian and American
687:
530:
10094:
6406:
3015:, unless the speaker or context clarifies the specific level of post-secondary education that is meant.
1435:
are all common). In American English, this consonant is only doubled when stressed; thus, for instance,
12395:
12199:
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
11321:
11036:
10894:
10305:
10031:
9312:
6258:
4984:
in the Maritimes and the United States). In Newfoundland, this is almost exclusively referred to as a "
4795:: underwear (usually men's or boys' underwear, more specifically briefs; whereas women's underwear are
4375:
Terms common in Canada, Britain and Ireland but less frequent or nonexistent in the United States are:
4238:
in the 20th century. Generally used only as a technical or commercial term outside of Canada. The word
4084:
3789:
3349:
3203:
are sometimes given using miles, because the country roads generally follow the mile-based grid of the
2209:
1623:
in such words was also considered a labour-saving technique during the early days of printing in which
1603:
Throughout part of the 20th century, some Canadian newspapers adopted American spellings, for example,
1585:
1554:
393:
10257:
9763:
9558:"A Perceptual Dialectology of Anglophone Canada from the Perspective of Young Albertans and Ontarians"
9517:"Dynamique des langues en quelques chiffres : Tableaux – Secrétariat à la politique linguistique"
8618:
5357:
is someone from Newfoundland and Labrador; sometimes considered derogatory. In Newfoundland, the term
5115:: a fancy cookie, pastry, or square served at a social event (usually plural). Used in western Canada.
5109:: A frozen flavoured sugar water snack common worldwide, but known by this name exclusively in Canada.
4294:
mean different things. The territory of the particular band nation is usually referred to on a map as
3690:
is less commonly used, and refers to more strict fiscal (rather than social) conservatism. The use of
12876:
11447:
11301:
10827:
10785:
10756:
10688:
10656:
10265:
8053:
4821:
Most Canadians as well as Americans in the Northwest, North Central, Prairie and Inland North prefer
3828:
3788:
are referred to by the title "Senator" preceding their name, as in the United States. Members of the
3263:
3105:
and so on. The year of school before grade 1 is usually called "Kindergarten", with the exception of
2782:
2629:
2434:, two common elements of mainstream Canadian English. This accent is quite rare in the region today.
2029:
1907:
1902:
1844:
1828:
1794:
1786:
948:
814:
798:
316:
279:
268:
12493:
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
5613:
3651:, but is now falling into disuse. The title is still used for the leader of a rural municipality in
927:
the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, have also played a role in promoting and defining Canadian English.
12781:
12372:
11026:
10980:
10879:
10852:
10817:
10712:
10583:
5562:
4450:
3845:
3381:
3267:
2989:
might denote someone obtaining a diploma in business management, an equivalent of this would be an
2191:
1875:
1657:
1546:
853:
842:
535:
10160:
8716:
8023:"The past, present, and future of Canadian English: What our accent tells us about being Canadian"
4021:
3804:, while serving members are styled "The Honourable", but are not entitled to post-nominal letters.
12657:
11861:
11797:
11238:
11071:
10889:
10864:
7994:
6962:
Dollinger, Stefan; Clarke, Sandra (2012). "On the autonomy and homogeneity of Canadian English".
6483:
5128:
5014:
and a 1.75 L (59 US fl oz; 62 imp fl oz) bottle is known as a
4959:: a cup of coffee with two measures of cream and two of sugar, most commonly associated with the
4013:
3908:
3702:
2832:
2777:
only recommends writing all-numeric dates in the form of YYYY-MM-DD (e.g. 2017-07-01), following
2294:
The north and northwestern parts of Southwestern Ontario, the area consisting of the Counties of
2225:
1976:
1846:
1805:
178:
88:
78:
68:
11555:
6835:
Dollinger, Stefan (2012). "Varieties of English: Canadian English in real-time perspective." In
6548:. 16th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Pécs, Hungary. Archived from
5829:
Dollinger, Stefan (2012). "Varieties of English: Canadian English in real-time perspective." In
3046:
them (standard British usage). Those who supervise students during an exam are sometimes called
1773:(words such as "like" and "about" pronounced with a higher first vowel in the diphthong) and no
12271:
12131:
12029:
12008:
11744:
11153:
11131:
10935:
10632:
10601:
10479:
9818:
9405:"University of Toronto Press - Authorization of Textbooks for the Schools of Ontario 1846–1950"
9255:
8987:
8981:
7622:
6757:
Charles Boberg. 2021. Accent in North American Film and Television. Cambridge University Press.
5343:
5326:
4113:
4057:
3222:
of 8.5 inches × 11 inches is used instead of the international and metric equivalent
2400:
1860:
912:
833:
660:
645:
367:
103:
11049:
10184:
9693:
6729:"Creating Canadian English: the Professor, the Mountaineer, and a National Variety of English"
6151:
4453:(which is also used, but much more widely than ABM by financial organizations in the country).
963:
country, ready to accept linguistic change from around the world during the current period of
12709:
12330:
11351:
11136:
11031:
10744:
10678:
10432:
10422:
10417:
5362:
5132:
5099:
or "KD": for any packaged dry macaroni and cheese mix, even when it is not produced by Kraft.
5090:
5074:
4489:
couch or sofa in Canada (and, to some extent, Northern California). Once a hallmark of CanE,
4109:
3368:
3352:, that is, divided highways with access only at grade-separated interchanges (for example, a
3329:
3238:
3153:
2431:
2307:
2299:
2295:
1887:
1817:
1809:
1766:
919:
and linguistic homogenization through education and exposure to Canadian and American media.
857:
759:
655:
540:
302:
20:
11610:
11344:
9962:
9919:
9871:
9839:
9661:
9642:
Creating Canadian English: the Professor, the Mountaineer, and a National Variety of English
8183:"Can you speak Prairies? Here is your guide to deciphering the dialect | Globalnews.ca"
3625:
3042:
exams (in the US, students generally "take" exams while teachers "write" them); they rarely
1863:
sound system. The mainstream Canadian accent ("Standard Canadian") is often compared to the
12439:
12013:
11825:
11714:
11537:
11502:
11464:
10773:
10666:
10606:
10484:
10457:
10374:
10173:
9153:
8335:
6310:
5953:
5389:
5131:
refer to small tart powdered disc sold in rolls; in Canada these tart candies are sold as "
4977:
4717:
4670:
3749:
3721:
3630:
3402:
3313:
3204:
3000:
2774:
2365:
2334:
2303:
2284:
2178:
2059:
1762:
1642:
1569:
818:
771:
334:
148:
11570:
10240:
7094:
6927:
Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English".
5162:
is used to confirm the attention of the listener and to invite a supportive noise such as
4611:, a line of electricity transmission towers, usually in groups cutting across a city, and
4501:, is now largely in decline among younger generations in the western and central regions.
4323:
or pithouse. Groups of them are called "quiggly hole towns". Used in the BC Interior only.
2751:
2460:
region. A person whose mother tongue is English and who still speaks English is called an
1545:
Canada's political history has also had an influence on Canadian spelling. Canada's first
809:), plus in many other provinces among urban middle- or upper-class speakers from natively
8:
12838:
12410:
12366:
12243:
12208:
12018:
11982:
11658:
11527:
11428:
11371:
11201:
11193:
11091:
11054:
10940:
10925:
10800:
10790:
10717:
10556:
10187:– comparisons of Canadian English, American English, British English, French, and Spanish
8676:
8446:
4989:
4616:
4333:(gas station) with a central island, having pumps under a fixed metal or concrete awning.
4101:
3739:
3364:
3321:
3216:
3019:
although the former is not unknown. This usage is identical to that in Northern Ireland.
2588:
Western Canadian English describes the English spoken in the four most western provinces—
2427:
1059:
1047:
956:
944:
940:
870:
615:
510:
485:
480:
475:
398:
5627:
5239:(commonly used in Atlantic Canada and among older people in Ontario and to the west) or
4731:
The following are common in Canada, but not in the United States or the United Kingdom.
4161:
refers to a second floor in a condo unit or bungalow usually with second floor bedrooms
915:
ancestry, or some mixture of these. Throughout the 20th century, the prairies underwent
11992:
11927:
11769:
11706:
11691:
11560:
11482:
11477:
11261:
11228:
11163:
11146:
11001:
10822:
10369:
10359:
9619:
9386:
8894:"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more"
8746:
8369:
8305:
7932:
7640:
7615:
7510:
7286:
7251:
6944:
6678:
5728:
5377:
4937:
is the term used for the date when a perishable product will go bad (similar to the UK
4743:
4350:
4234:
in Britain. In the United States (where it originated) the word was mostly replaced by
4105:
4040:
3991:
3643:
was at one time common for the equivalent of a mayor in some smaller municipalities in
3481:
3372:
2949:
2208:
Another phonetic feature more unique to Newfoundland English is TH-stopping. Here, the
1928:
West (B.C., Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba; with B.C. a sub-zone on the lexical level)
1637:
1631:
In the 1990s, Canadian newspapers began to adopt the British spelling variants such as
1612:
875:
680:
665:
630:
470:
377:
83:
73:
10207:
10078:
New-Dialect Formation in Canada: Evidence from the English Modal Auxiliaries 1776–1849
4953:
also sees common use, where although not spoiled, the product may not taste "as good".
1062:
are examples of men raised in Canada, but who spoke with a British-influenced accent.
210:
12641:
11972:
11922:
11777:
11759:
11754:
11734:
11729:
11681:
11615:
11266:
11251:
11223:
11183:
10975:
10912:
10661:
10437:
10401:
10125:
10109:
10036:
9991:
9925:
9907:
9877:
9845:
9827:
9796:
9748:
9729:
9699:
9667:
9623:
9573:
9436:
9390:
9378:
9237:
8991:
8511:
8486:
8295:
8208:
8127:
7936:
7842:
7626:
7514:
7502:
7290:
7255:
7243:
7195:
6975:
6948:
6780:
6606:
6507:
6487:
6324:
6187:
6166:
6119:
6035:
6006:
5915:
5736:
5732:
5322:
5191:
4925:
4596:
4589:: milk containing 3.25% milk fat, typically called "whole milk" in the United States.
4464:
4125:
4097:
3949:
is often used to refer to any Canadian lawyer in general (much like the way the word
3881:
3579:
for the federal first minister and referring to provincial or territorial leaders as
3200:
3187:
2755:
2739:
finished all the coffee". This is not exactly the same as the standard construction "
2449:
2273:
2075:
1840:
1788:
1758:
1708:
1550:
904:
650:
625:
590:
520:
495:
460:
455:
429:
327:
218:
10957:
9018:
8910:
8874:
8022:
6639:
MacPherson, William (31 March 1990). "Practical concerns spelled the end for -our".
5676:
5650:
5174:. This usage is also common in Queensland, Australia and New Zealand. Other uses of
4061:(R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46) or by today's Canadian legal system. As noted throughout the
3885:, meaning the barrister representing the state in criminal proceedings, is called a
3416:
is often used to describe a freeway, expressway or major urban street (for example,
1054:, when it became stigmatized as pretentious, and is now rare. The governor general
238:
12792:
12760:
12650:
12465:
12295:
11967:
11957:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11856:
11851:
11841:
11807:
11749:
11696:
11643:
11605:
11550:
11512:
11472:
11386:
11339:
11291:
11218:
11126:
11116:
11111:
11101:
10947:
10920:
10778:
10698:
10541:
10523:
10510:
10347:
10342:
9611:
9565:
9370:
9256:"Why Do Canadians Say 'Eh'?: The story behind Canada's most distinctive verbal tic"
8717:""washroom" in Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, Second Edition"
8309:
8289:
8065:
7924:
7878:
7838:
7768:
7528:
7494:
7278:
7235:
7191:
7133:
6971:
6936:
6904:
6772:
6316:
6163:
The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume VI: English in North America.
5819:. Vol. Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
5397:
5393:
5361:
refers to any Canadian (sometimes American, occasionally Labradorian) not from the
4600:
4576:
4078:
4008:
Judges of provincial or inferior courts are traditionally referred to in person as
3924:
3857:
3785:
3644:
3441:
3433:
3275:
2990:
2972:
2759:
2605:
2589:
2498:
2388:
2330:
2202:
2152:
2063:
1864:
1770:
1558:
1351:
Canadian spelling sometimes retains the British practice of doubling the consonant
960:
829:
810:
806:
763:
640:
620:
610:
585:
580:
570:
555:
550:
490:
450:
353:
173:
98:
93:
7456:
12802:
11962:
11952:
11947:
11906:
11815:
11782:
11739:
11686:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11625:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11565:
11517:
11507:
11256:
11158:
11096:
11066:
10874:
10749:
10570:
10546:
10518:
10489:
10462:
10427:
10314:
10214:
10098:
10084:
10069:
9971:
9822:
9784:
9770:
9160:
9128:
9105:
9085:
9080:
8917:
8881:
8680:
7727:
7563:
7535:
6514:
6443:
6437:"Some Canadians used to speak with a quasi-British accent called Canadian Dainty"
6410:
6402:
Dollinger, Stefan (ed.-in-chief), Laurel J. Brinton and Margery Fee (eds). 2013.
6369:
6358:
6158:
6113:
5982:
5881:
5874:
5547:
5514:
4666:
4544:
4330:
4201:
4044:
3584:
3425:
3074:
3054:
as in the US; usage may depend on the region or even the individual institution.
2906:
2891:
2887:
2412:
2384:
2277:
1960:
1774:
1092:
1043:
908:
837:
801:, spoken in all the western and central provinces of Canada (varying little from
779:
670:
600:
565:
545:
525:
500:
60:
11575:
7395:
Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association
7138:
7121:
5144:
One of the most distinctive Canadian phrases is the spoken interrogation or tag
3835:(MHAs). Each abbreviation is used as a post-nominal during terms of office only.
3212:
3152:
units within a majority of industries is standard in Canada, as a result of the
2886:
Northern Ontario English has several distinct qualities stemming from its large
778:
of 19.4 million Canadians or 58.1% of the total population; the remainder spoke
12732:
12458:
12429:
12346:
12283:
12141:
11896:
11846:
11820:
11719:
11580:
11522:
11331:
11246:
11206:
11106:
10930:
10683:
10588:
10578:
10494:
10296:
9430:
9230:
Double Double: How Tim Hortons Became a Canadian Way of Life, One Cup at a Time
8566:"Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census"
8264:"'Sobeys bag' and 'scribbler' are uniquely Maritime terms, says new dictionary"
7165:
7068:"14.12 Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping, Identification of Groups"
6695:
6641:
6506:
The Grammarist, "Aluminium vs. aluminum". Retrieved 2 June 2018. available at:
4973:
4914:
4739:
4246:
4215:
4211:
4096:
in race or non-white in colour." The term is used as a demographic category by
4093:
3887:
3639:
3568:
3505:
3498:
3485:
3437:
3417:
3386:
3168:
2443:
2356:
is elided altogether, resulting in "Do you want this one er'iss one?" The word
2261:
1993:
1836:
1564:
A contemporary reference for formal Canadian spelling is the spelling used for
1055:
900:
896:
822:
802:
775:
575:
560:
505:
403:
295:
162:
143:
9615:
9374:
8897:
8237:
The rough food mystique: The evolution of Newfoundland food culture, 1945-1975
8070:
7928:
7282:
7239:
4055:, which are still used in the United States, are not used in Canada's current
2535:(compare French /pi.nœf/). On the other hand, Anglophones pronounce the final
1823:
1379:(more often than not in Canadian while always doubled in British) to American
12870:
12378:
12324:
12228:
11886:
11492:
11487:
11381:
11296:
10952:
10869:
10810:
10722:
10673:
10551:
10533:
9816:
Organizing Our Marvellous Neighbours: How to Feel Good About Canadian English
9382:
9233:
8128:"the Written Questionnaire in Social Dialectology: History, Theory, Practice"
7772:
7506:
7438:"Notes on The Pronunciation of Canadian English as Spoken in Vancouver, B.C."
7247:
6940:
6908:
6039:
5712:
5500:
5318:
5313:
5221:
in the US and Canada is slang for a condom. In Canada, it sometimes means an
4877:
4868:
4789:: a hooded sweatshirt, with or without a zipper. Used mainly in Saskatchewan.
4747:
3937:
3714:
3532:
3421:
2914:
2793:
2789:
2719:); Canadian English differs from American English in tending to eschew plain
2423:
2377:
2249:
2187:
2067:
2055:
1997:
1871:
1716:
1593:, and, where necessary (depending on context), one or more other references.
1515:
975:
964:
947:—as such, Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have derived from
916:
791:
675:
10193:, and compare side by side with other English accents from around the world.
10063:
The Written Questionnaire in Social Dialectology: History, Theory, Practice.
9435:. Varieties of English Around the World. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
8453:. Government of Canada, Transport Canada, Safety and Security, Rail Safety.
7656:"Tory MP's bill seeks to clarify how dates are written in legal proceedings"
7153:
6855:"Academic and public attitudes to the notion of 'standard' Canadian English"
6315:. IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society. Vol. 24. 26 September 2008.
5833:(HSK 34.2), Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton (ed.), 1858-1880. Berlin:
3686:
is also used to denote the more socially liberal wings of the Tory parties.
3623:
Several political terms are more in use in Canada than elsewhere, including
3132:(more common in the US) to refer to their results. Usage is mixed, although
2272:
was found to be more advanced for women in Ontario than for people from the
2034:
849:
inventories, though their exact phonetic realizations may sometimes differ.
12738:
12583:
12573:
12353:
11987:
11891:
11648:
10884:
10732:
10611:
9778:
Sounding Canadian from Coast to Coast: Regional accents in Canadian English
6712:
6661:
6404:
DCHP-1 Online: A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles Online
6000:
5720:
5542:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5199:
5096:
5086:
4886:
4833:
is understood to mean the same thing, in contrast to British English where
4807:
are primarily used in Saskatchewan and Manitoba while the variants with an
4705:
as a term for a poorhouse. Not used for welfare, in which case the term is
4697:: term referring to unemployment insurance, which is now officially called
4620:
4309:
4191:
4052:
3652:
3394:
2909:, Arabic and Somali were incorporated into the local variety of English by
2597:
2043:
1879:
1671:
1647:
1624:
1616:
1051:
991:
979:
595:
169:
11792:
9557:
7498:
6776:
5601:
3223:
2898:
for a summer home where Southern Ontario speakers would idiomatically use
2646:, and this retraction may become a regional marker of West Coast English.
1699:(1967) were milestones in Canadian English lexicography. In November 1967
1615:
perhaps since that news agency's inception, but visibly the norm prior to
1518:") and American terminology for automobiles and their parts (for example,
12680:
12630:
12588:
12452:
12416:
12335:
12248:
12151:
12057:
11633:
9569:
8235:
5124:
4960:
4933:
4640:
4540:
4426:
4153:
apartment; some Canadians, especially in Prince Edward Island, call it a
3543:
3376:
3106:
2265:
2089:
2051:
2017:
1816:
monophthong does sound stereotypically "Canadian" (listen to for example
1046:
pronunciation, resulting in an accent similar, but not identical, to the
952:
138:
10220:
10155:
9695:
The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis
6413:. Based on Walter S. Avis et al. (1967). University of British Columbia.
5914:
Dollinger, Stefan (2008). "New-Dialect Formation in Canada". Benjamins,
4363:, a side-stream channel that rejoins a larger river, creating an island.
4339:: an after-hours establishment where alcohol is served, often illegally.
3003:, typically at a post-secondary university institution. Hence, the term
2201:
A well-known phonetic feature many Newfoundland speakers possess is the
1118:
are usually or more commonly spelled as in American English rather than
12578:
12523:
12317:
11724:
10795:
10287:
10231:
Second Edition of A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
10046:
Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making," in
9806:
Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making," in
7212:". Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh UP, 2010. 19-66. Print.
6840:
6462:
Canadian spelling. An empirical and historical survey of selected words
5834:
5606:
4858:
3929:
3219:
3192:
1661:
in their defence. Controversy around this issue was frequent. When the
787:
11397:
8403:
7882:
7487:
The Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique
6839:(HSK 34.2), Alexander Bergs & Laurel J. Brinton (eds), 1858–1880.
6320:
5272:
is sometimes also used in the US, especially in the northern states).
3620:, whereas in the US committees are appointed, formed, or created, etc.
1683:
The first series of dictionaries of Canadian English was published by
1050:
known in the United States. This accent faded in prominence following
263:
12702:
12685:
12664:
12553:
12447:
11638:
10352:
10169:
5724:
5552:
5330:
5211:
5207:
5187:
4985:
4549:
4301:
3945:
3912:
3853:
3849:
3793:
3687:
3477:
3456:
2828:
2700:, in the sense of "in addition"; this construction is a Canadianism.
2635:
2369:
1856:
1035:
203:
191:
10092:
DCHP-1 Online: A Dictionary of Canadiansims on Historical Principles
7409:
6728:
6575:
5759:
4565:: toilet, used primarily by older speakers throughout the Maritimes.
3807:
Members of provincial/territorial legislative assemblies are called
2950:
Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick & Nova Scotia, PEI, Newfoundland)
12755:
12675:
12613:
12598:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12404:
12289:
12253:
12237:
10379:
9203:
7872:
7794:
6854:
6447:
6165:, Algeo, John, ed., pp. 422–440. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
5976:
Why It's Difficult to Tell a Canadian Accent from a Californian One
5533:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, Second Edition
5508:
5321:" for their fearlessness on the slopes. It is also the name of the
5275:
5241:
5235:
5203:
5119:
5081:
4628:
4476:
4222:
4141:
3683:
3660:
3450:
3445:
3333:
2857:
2778:
2601:
2472:
2453:
1931:
Ontario (with Northwestern Ontario a transition zone with the West)
1882:
US English of the central and eastern Great Lakes region where the
250:
9363:
Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique
7917:
Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique
7748:(1st ed ed.). Gage Education. pp. n/a (online edition).
7441:
Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique
7271:
Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique
7228:
Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique
7122:"Co-Created Learning: Decolonizing Journalism Education in Canada"
6710:
Honderich, John (13 September 1997). "How your Star is changing".
4949:
is seen mostly on the packaging of Asian food products). The term
4631:. Also in slang usage can refer to hydroponically grown marijuana.
4463:) in provinces where that company does business; compare to other
4305:: the residential area of a First Nation reserve, used in BC only.
3207:. Motor vehicle speed limits are measured in kilometres per hour.
1655:
had always avoided using recognized Canadian spelling, citing the
1561:
directing that government papers be written in the British style.
53:
about 15 million, c. 7 million of which with French as the L1
12819:
12808:
12563:
12558:
12543:
12538:
12311:
12301:
12264:
11316:
11311:
11121:
10467:
10394:
10389:
7311:
5292:
5105:
5070:: a snack of french fries topped with cheese curds and hot gravy.
5066:
4468:
4168:
3892:
3844:
Lawyers in all parts of Canada, except Quebec, which has its own
3812:
3671:
3656:
3648:
3572:
3472:
3462:
3429:
3409:
3196:
2979:
is a community college, not a university. It may also refer to a
2910:
2899:
2643:
2593:
2245:
1937:
Maritimes (PEI, NS, NB, with PEI a subgroup on the lexical level)
1867:
accent, a middle ground lacking in noticeable regional features.
1565:
846:
605:
246:
7383:
Erin Hall "Regional variation in Canadian English vowel backing"
6161:." Brinton, Laurel J., and Fee, Marjery, ed. (2005). Ch. 12. in
6081:
Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914
5123:: a bean-sized, small candy-covered chocolate, similar to plain
2940:
2913:
youth, especially in immigrant communities, thus giving rise to
782:(20.8%) or other languages (21.1%). In the Canadian province of
12814:
12608:
12603:
12568:
12548:
12423:
12306:
12277:
12258:
10384:
10364:
10191:'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a standard Canadian accent
6659:
Sellar, Don (8 March 1997). "Let's hear what the readers say".
5222:
4762:
4645:
4635:
4349:, is often used by English speakers in Quebec. This is because
4319:
4048:
3820:
3531:
In Quebec, English speakers often use the word "metro" to mean
3398:
3390:
2956:
2495:
Boulevard is pronounced as in French: not as "pie nine" but as
2457:
2416:
2195:
1989:
783:
767:
39:
8476:
8474:
8472:
2507:
12797:
12787:
12770:
12715:
12670:
12593:
12533:
12528:
10091:
10090:
Dollinger, Stefan, Laurel J. Brinton and Margery Fee (2013).
6676:
Allemang, John (1 September 1990). "Contemplating a U-turn".
6607:"Testing Canada's 'honour': Does orthography index ideology?"
6403:
5338:
4928:, as in "Would you like white or brown bread for your toast?"
4885:(as in the United Kingdom). In certain areas surrounding the
4472:
2980:
2184:
1980:
1757:
It is quite common for Canadian English speakers to have the
879:
10225:
10203:
Lexical, grammatical, orthographic and phonetic Canadianisms
10185:
Dave VE7CNV's Truly Canadian Dictionary of Canadian Spelling
10005:
The Globe and Mail Style Book: A Guide to Language and Usage
8156:
7553:
I'm done my homework—Case assignment in a stative passive".
4754:
while central Canada (including Quebec and Ontario) prefers
4639:: the Canadian one-dollar coin; derived from the use of the
4515:: cigarette, used primarily by adolescents and young adults.
3065:, and so on. In Quebec, Francophone speakers will often say
2244:
Canadian raising is quite strong throughout the province of
12775:
12749:
12743:
10230:
10180:
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Words: Woe & Wonder
9602:
Lilles, Jaan (April 2000). "The myth of Canadian English".
8469:
7913:"Speech Differences along the Ontario-United States Border"
7540:
Yale Grammatical Diversity Project English in North America
6063:
6061:
4981:
4862:
in Canada, or, if it is coated in cornmeal or ground peas,
4390:, especially among older speakers. Among younger speakers,
3961:, Canadian court documents would contain a phrase such as "
3705:
or a provincial Liberal party are sometimes referred to as
1769:(with the vowel in words such as "trap" moving backwards),
10226:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles Online
9870:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon & Boberg, Charles (2006).
8933:; Oxford English Dictionary; American Heritage Dictionary.
7820:
7818:
7816:
4669:, particularly when discussing the exchange rate with the
4270:, which in the context of universities refers strictly to
3587:
does not have separate terms for the two positions, using
2727:), which is a common third option in informal US English.
2516:
2411:, the accent spoken is nearly identical to that spoken in
2391:
is not as strong as it is in the rest of the province. In
1500:(See below for an explanation of the Canadian spelling of
1451:
are universal. (But both Canadian and British English use
249:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10119:
9917:
9663:
Grammar to go: the portable A-Zed guide to Canadian usage
9555:
7743:
7730:" Review of Barber, Katherine by Stefan Dollinger. 2007.
7451:
7449:
6837:
English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook
6005:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
5886:
Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World
5831:
English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook
4774:): a knitted winter hat. A similar hat would be called a
4555:
1886:
is sending front vowels in the opposite direction to the
16:
Set of varieties of the English language native to Canada
10122:
American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast
9921:
American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast
9791:
Courtney, Rosemary, and others., senior editors (1998).
9458:"Canada's Secret Province: 2.8 Million Canadians Abroad"
6693:"Herald's move to Canadian spellings a labour of love".
6389:
Scargill, Matthew H. 1957. Sources of Canadian English.
6058:
5093:
based on a brand of crunchy cheese snack sold in Canada.
2151:
Like most varieties of CanE, Maritimer English contains
1719:. On 17 March 2017 a second edition of DCHP, the online
12173:
List of countries where English is an official language
9564:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 279–296,
8510:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1580.
7813:
7732:
Only in Canada You Say: A Treasury of Canadian Language
5849:"Southwestern Ontario accent to be documented in study"
5146:
4438:
The following are more or less distinctively Canadian:
3682:
or provincial Progressive Conservative Party. The term
3149:
2659:
was questionable, but nowadays they tend to raise both
2650:
raising (found in words such as beg, leg, and peg) and
1253:
While the United States uses the Anglo-French spelling
1172:
French-derived words that in American English end with
1137:
French-derived words that in American English end with
790:, as most of Quebec's residents are native speakers of
9964:
Editing Canadian English: The Essential Canadian Guide
9429:
Pratt, T. K. (4 November 1993). Clarke, Sandra (ed.).
7995:"Variable BAN-laxing in Multicultural Toronto English"
7446:
7363:
English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives
7348:
Henry, Alison. 1992. Infinitives in a For-To Dialect.
3748:. At the purely provincial level, members of Quebec's
3089:(which is used in Canada, yet is rare), English/Welsh
3057:
Successive years of school are usually referred to as
3010:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2842:
2836:
2812:
1728:
ITP Nelson Dictionary of the Canadian English Language
1034:
Historically, Canadian English included a class-based
8408:
Nova Scotia Education and Early Childhood Development
7746:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
7305:"2006 Census Highlights – Mother tongue and Language"
6879:
6032:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
4799:), probably of Eastern European or Ukrainian origin.
4176:: in Northern Ontario, it refers to what is called a
3984:
is still employed to denote the same specialization.
3943:
Within the Canadian legal community itself, the word
3274:
can be heard fairly frequently in some regions; most
2820:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
2806:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2501:
1730:
was another product, but has not been updated since.
1721:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles 2
1701:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
1348:, which have distinct pronunciations, are universal.)
813:
families. Standard Canadian English is distinct from
10035:, second edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
10007:, 9th ed. (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1998).
9974:, 2nd ed. (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2000).
9841:
Talk units: the structure of spoken Canadian English
9815:
9728:, second edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
8792:. Financial Consumer Agency of Canada. 8 June 2018.
8705:
Webster's New World College Dictionary, Wiley, 2004.
8616:
8485:(2. ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford Univ. Pr.
7964:"Looking for true Canadian English, there? Go north"
5490:
4088:, which defines such people as "persons, other than
3226:
size of 210 mm × 297 mm. Beer cans are 355
3140:
often refers to the cumulative score in that class.
2504:
2380:
has distinctly more variability than Inland Canada.
2360:
is often pronounced with . In the area north of the
1777:. Canadian raising is when the onsets of diphthongs
1645:
newspaper chain's conversion in September 1998. The
10101:. 1st Edition. Ed. by Walter S. Avis et al. (1967).
9460:. Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. Archived from
9288:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
7074:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2017
3230:
mL (12 US oz), while beer bottles are typically 341
2510:
1478:(of a wheel), which in British English are spelled
1017:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
797:The most widespread variety of Canadian English is
12098:
9556:McKinnie, Meghan; Dailey-O'Cain, Jennifer (2002),
8986:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.
8653:
8651:
7866:
7864:
7617:The Canadian style: A guide to writing and editing
7614:
6611:Strathy Student Working Papers on Canadian English
6508:http://grammarist.com/spelling/aluminium-aluminum/
6477:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6132:
5415:
4904:are used by Canadians, some speakers use the word
4418:, especially in Eastern Canada, for a paper table
4016:and of the federal-level courts prefer the use of
3484:, USA or the Saint John Throughway (Highway 1) in
1498:elsewhere correspond to different pronunciations.
9977:Canadian usage: Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine,
9952:Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction
9743:", in David Vallechinsky and Amy Wallace (2005).
9176:. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Archived from
8979:
7906:
7904:
7269:Chambers, J. K. (Fall 1973). "Canadian raising".
6538:
6473:
6471:
5910:
5908:
5538:American and British English spelling differences
4104:(English vs. French) and certain distinctions in
3674:, denotes a supporter of the present-day federal
2975:within some Canadian universities. Most often, a
1973:are capitalized when used in a Canadian context.
1820:), but not all Canadians use this pronunciation.
1267:(noun), most Canadians use the British spellings
12868:
12168:List of countries by English-speaking population
9987:Canadianisms and their treatment in dictionaries
8240:(masters). Memorial University of Newfoundland.
7788:
7786:
7784:
7782:
6184:Concise Oxford companion to the English language
2124:are not merged; that is, the beginning sound of
1665:finally adopted standard Canadian spelling, the
836:, Canadian English also possesses elements from
786:, only 7.5% of the population are mother tongue
10124:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 140, 234–236.
9924:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 140, 234–236.
9795:, second edition. Toronto: Gage Learning Corp.
9455:
8648:
8384:
7861:
7485:: Canadian English Entering the 21st Century".
7457:https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/handle/1828/9545
6961:
6251:"Factors which shaped the varieties of English"
6214:
6099:The Administration of Dominion Lands, 1870-1930
3709:. Historically, the term comes from the phrase
3371:junctions, railway crossings (for example, the
3278:in Canada follows American usage (for example,
3085:. These terms are comparable with the American
2841:, for a police officer of the lowest rank, and
10000:Canadian newspaper and magazine style guides:
9869:
8588:"2006 Census : Languages Reference Guide"
8336:"Stuff you'll only ever hear in the Maritimes"
7901:
7621:(Rev. ed.). Dundurn Press. 1997. p.
7424:
6634:
6632:
6468:
6182:"Canadian English." McArthur, T., ed. (2005).
6034:. Gage Ltd. pp. s.v. "Canadian English".
5905:
4226:: the general term for what is normally named
4002:In British Columbia, masters are addressed as
3154:partial national adoption of the metric system
3136:more commonly refer to a single score whereas
2085:merger in effect, but toward a central vowel .
1589:, often along with the chapter on spelling in
12073:
11413:
10273:
9481:
9479:
7779:
7678:
7568:
5815:Chambers, J. K. (1998). Edwards, John (ed.).
5307:was used by Anglophone women's rights writer
4980:) bottle of hard liquor (informally called a
4701:Insurance in Canada. Derived from the use of
4627:are also standard in the Australian state of
3872:) predominate in everyday contexts; the word
3512:A railway or highway crossing overhead is an
2941:Prairies (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta)
2062: – have an accent that sounds more like
1334:are the respective corresponding verbs. (But
724:
12361:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
12218:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
10631:
9635:
9633:
8714:
7870:
7166:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511676529.005
6654:
6652:
6464:(Thesis). York University. pp. 140–145.
5523:Bibliography of Canada#Canadian style guides
4366:slough: pond – usually a pond on a farm
3776:
3763:
3753:
3743:
3588:
3496:A railway at-grade junction can be called a
3009:in Canada does not have the same meaning as
2638:, speakers exhibit more vowel retraction of
2422:A linguistic enclave has also formed in the
2326:to , with "were" sounding more like "wear".
828:While Canadian English tends to be close to
51:21 million in Canada (2021 census)
10199:(Oxford University Press – sales only)
9950:Canadian Raising: O'Grady and Dobrovolsky,
9286:"The Crazy Canucks: Canada's Skiing Heroes"
7792:
7637:Public Works and Government Services Canada
7480:
7224:"The Origin of Canadian Raising in Ontario"
6629:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
4945:is more common in the United States (where
4912:). (Chips is always used when referring to
4849:is also extremely common throughout Canada.
4811:are common in Alberta and British Columbia.
3637:, this term is unique to Canada). The term
3348:are often used interchangeably to refer to
2905:In the mid to late 90s, certain words from
1295:are universal across all forms of English.)
1204:). This rule is much more relaxed than the
19:"CanE" redirects here. For other uses, see
12087:
12080:
12066:
11420:
11406:
11307:Comparison of American and British English
10280:
10266:
10087:. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins.
9644:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
9597:
9595:
9476:
9432:The hobgoblin of Canadian English spelling
9356:
9346:. Microtext Publishing. pp. 6, 7, 17.
9310:
8617:Government of Canada (17 September 2021).
8429:
8427:
8425:
8291:Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English
8151:
8149:
8098:"Opinion: The revolution of Toronto slang"
7827:"English as a minority language in Quebec"
6638:
4032:is also the correct form of address for a
2823:, which is currently being revised at the
2811:(British) often used interchangeably with
2788:The government also recommends use of the
2711:to denote possession or obligation (as in
2372:tends to be fronted (as a result the word
1831:speaker in Toronto on a vowel chart, from
1752:
832:in most regards, classifiable together as
731:
717:
10108:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9981:(Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001).
9906:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9639:
9630:
9200:"'Double-double'? Now you can look it up"
9174:"Decisions: Chocolate and Cocoa Products"
8069:
7684:
7574:
7180:"Phonetic change in Newfoundland English"
7154:https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200802221620
7137:
7016:"4.11 Races, languages and peoples, 4.12"
6852:
6726:
6709:
6703:
6649:
6573:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6391:Journal of English and Germanic Philology
6352:Canadian English in real-time perspective
6096:
6051:
6049:
5998:
5952:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
5943:
5792:. Statistics Canada. 2007. Archived from
5757:
4317:: the depression in the ground left by a
4073:, a term used instead in civil lawsuits.
4043:, while a less-serious crime is called a
3811:in all provinces and territories except:
3466:for a toll road are not common. The term
2805:nuances in meaning; a classic example is
2746:
1675:, continue to prefer American spellings.
1583:. Many Canadian editors, though, use the
1001:
11000:
9313:"Where Does the Word 'Hoser' Come From?"
9253:
9064:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
8715:Dollinger, Stefan; Fee, Margery (2017).
7350:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
7268:
7119:
6675:
6478:Oxford Press; Barber, Katherine (2001).
6111:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5814:
5742:
5369:is also occasionally used derogatorily.
5274:
5268:is said to describe inebriation (though
5225:(as in the United Kingdom and Ireland).
5127:. This is also seen in British English.
4065:, a person accused of a crime is called
3250:Although Canadian lexicon features both
3077:, and so on; while Anglophones will say
2917:. These examples included words such as
2750:
2033:
1822:
1298:Some nouns, as in British English, take
982:provided vocabulary, with words such as
11427:
10120:Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, ed. (2006).
9990:, Thesis (M.A.), University of Ottawa,
9918:Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, ed. (2006).
9837:
9741:11 Favourite Regionalisms Within Canada
9592:
9012:"Pogey: What Does it Mean? Bonny, 2006"
8422:
8146:
7992:
7871:Gold, Elaine; McAlpine, Janice (2010).
7551:Fruehwald, Josef; Myler, Neil (2015). "
6459:
6186:, pp. 96–102. Oxford University Press.
6079:Gagnon, Erica, Collections Researcher "
5400:, or the numerous islands along it). A
4988:". In the United States, "mickey", or "
4829:to refer to a carbonated beverage, but
3781:, the French term, was used in English.
3758:, and members of the Quebec provincial
3143:
2850:
2616:than further east, and Canadian raised
2116:Especially among the older generation,
243:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
12869:
12147:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
10208:Varieties of English: Canadian English
9691:
9601:
9042:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary,
8975:
8973:
8963:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary,
8929:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary,
8775:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary,
8505:
8480:
8233:
7824:
7758:
7653:
7221:
7177:
6926:
6894:
6766:
6760:
6658:
6425:
6138:
6067:
6046:
5931:
5846:
5782:
5620:
5154:exclusive to Canada, according to the
5034:: a case of 24 beers, also known as a
4992:", refers to a drink laced with drugs.
3401:, freeways and expressways are called
2679:, Wilson /wɪltsən/ also /'ɒltsoʊ/ ".
2563:for "apprenticeship" or "internship",
2050:Many in the Maritime provinces –
1619:. The practice of dropping the letter
12113:
12061:
11401:
10261:
10239:
10024:(both Toronto: Canadian Press, 2004).
9497:from the original on 15 February 2020
9449:
9428:
8294:. University of Toronto Press. 1988.
8078:from the original on 13 December 2022
8058:Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics
8051:
8002:(CLA) Canadian Linguistic Association
7961:
7874:Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader
7092:
7086:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6529:, Random House Canada, 2007, pp. 3–4.
5891:
5888:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
5528:List of Canadian English dictionaries
3907:, on account of Canada's status as a
3262:is the usual term in naming (witness
2551:is pronounced as an English word and
2098:is sometimes (though rarely) deleted.
1914:
1855:In terms of the major sound systems (
1669:followed suit. Some publishers, e.g.
705:Teaching English as a second language
11377:Non-native pronunciations of English
10106:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
10003:J.A. McFarlane and Warren Clements,
9904:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
9341:
9266:from the original on 12 January 2017
8757:from the original on 11 October 2017
8643:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
8457:from the original on 29 January 2017
8163:from the original on 18 October 2019
7974:from the original on 13 October 2014
7910:
7392:
7113:
7101:from the original on 25 October 2016
7034:
7008:
6982:
6861:from the original on 21 October 2017
6769:A Dictionary of Varieties of English
6604:
6539:Dollinger, Stefan (26 August 2010).
6029:
4815:
3932:provinces and territories, the word
3148:Unlike in the United States, use of
2268:found in Ontario. The retraction of
1804:Some young Canadians may show Goose-
1596:
1578:
10176:terminology and linguistic databank
10138:
9873:The Atlas of North American English
9562:Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology
9210:from the original on 31 August 2013
9144:American Speech 80.1 (2005), p. 36.
8970:
7793:Dollinger, Stefan; Clarke, Sandra.
6882:The Atlas of North American English
6767:Hickey, Raymond (9 December 2013).
6291:from the original on 21 August 2017
6229:The Atlas of North American English
6112:Chambers, J. K. (3 December 2008).
5770:from the original on 14 August 2021
5638:from the original on 3 January 2017
5595:
5469:Jaan Lilles argues in an essay for
5404:refers to someone from the city of
5376:or "Cape Bretoner" is someone from
4778:in the western United States and a
4296:(Band name here) First Nations I.R.
4167:: small group of trees isolated by
3509:, which is commonly used in the US.
3367:that has control of access but has
3167:are still used in many situations.
2993:in the United States. In contrast,
2623:
1832:
13:
12097:
10221:Dictionary of Newfoundland English
10029:Barber, Katherine, editor (2004).
10017:and its quick-reference companion
9938:from the original on 11 April 2023
9890:from the original on 11 April 2023
9858:from the original on 11 April 2023
9724:Barber, Katherine, editor (2004).
9712:from the original on 11 April 2023
9680:from the original on 11 April 2023
9652:
9359:"Attitudes and Language Behaviour"
8727:from the original on 11 April 2023
8108:from the original on 11 April 2023
8011:from the original on 29 July 2021.
7962:Stone, Laura (27 September 2011).
7943:from the original on 11 April 2023
7889:from the original on 11 April 2023
7591:from the original on 8 August 2018
7365:. Cambridge University Press, 134.
7321:from the original on 26 March 2009
6915:
6884:. de Gruyter. pp. Chapter 20.
6617:from the original on 26 March 2016
6273:
5999:Dollinger, Stefan (24 June 2019).
5456:Canadian Oxford English Dictionary
5178: – for instance, in place of
5139:
4966:Canadianisms relating to alcohol:
3567:While in standard usage the terms
3492:is generally or exclusively used.
2999:is the term for someone earning a
2046:for speakers from N.S., N.B., N.L.
1843:towards a rounded open back vowel
1029:
845:share identical or near-identical
14:
12903:
12114:
10249:Links related to Canadian English
10149:
9323:from the original on 4 April 2023
9254:Nosowitz, Dan (10 January 2017).
8856:from the original on 19 July 2019
8826:from the original on 29 July 2018
8796:from the original on 29 July 2018
8687:from the original on 2 April 2019
8342:from the original on 8 April 2023
8316:from the original on 7 April 2023
8270:from the original on 9 April 2023
8244:from the original on 6 April 2023
8215:from the original on 6 April 2023
8189:from the original on 8 April 2023
8134:from the original on 6 April 2023
7849:from the original on 8 April 2023
7801:from the original on 6 April 2023
7701:from the original on 14 July 2018
7687:"FAQs on Writing the Time of Day"
7666:from the original on 7 April 2017
7126:Canadian Journal of Communication
6739:from the original on 5 April 2023
6586:from the original on 4 April 2023
5855:from the original on 6 April 2023
5766:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
4430:, conspicuously more common than
3297:A two-way ticket can be either a
3073:as a direct translation from the
12341:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10242:
10154:
9549:
9539:
9509:
9422:
9397:
9350:
9335:
9311:Hutchinson, Sean (1 July 2016).
9304:
9278:
9247:
9222:
9192:
9166:
9147:
9138:
9115:
9092:
9074:Sometimes the gym doesn't fix it
9067:
9058:
9049:
9036:
9004:
8957:
8936:
8923:
8904:
8886:
8868:
8838:
8816:"ATM and Banking Centre Network"
8808:
8782:
8769:
8739:
8708:
8699:
8669:
8660:
8636:
8610:
8580:
8558:
8528:
8499:
8439:
8396:
8354:
8328:
8282:
8256:
8227:
8201:
8175:
8120:
8090:
8045:
8015:
7986:
7955:
7911:Avis, Walter S. (October 1954).
7843:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2012.01776.x
7654:Hannay, Chris (1 January 2016).
7407:
7196:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2012.01777.x
6976:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2012.01773.x
5847:Butler, Colin (24 August 2016).
5612:
5575:
5507:
5493:
4149:. In Quebec, this is known as a
3833:Members of the House of Assembly
3825:Members of the National Assembly
3817:Members of Provincial Parliament
3798:Executive Council of Nova Scotia
3454:is not used. The American terms
3195:, while the weather is given in
3034:as in the US. Canadian students
2890:population. As a result several
2768:Date and time notation in Canada
2497:
2289:Inland Northern American English
1890:heard in Canada and California.
1607:as opposed to the British-based
882:, s.v. "Canadian English", Avis
817:, its most notable subset being
262:
12137:History of the English language
9979:Guide to Canadian English Usage
8980:Barber, Katherine, ed. (1998).
8846:"TD Green Machine ATM Machines"
8506:Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004).
8481:Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004).
8052:Denis, Derek (5 October 2016).
8033:from the original on 5 May 2022
7752:
7737:
7713:
7647:
7603:
7545:
7521:
7474:
7461:
7430:
7418:
7401:
7386:
7377:
7368:
7355:
7342:
7333:
7297:
7262:
7215:
7202:
7171:
7158:
7146:
7060:
6955:
6888:
6873:
6846:
6829:
6820:
6811:
6802:
6793:
6751:
6720:
6699:. 2 September 1998. p. A2.
6686:
6669:
6598:
6567:
6532:
6519:
6500:
6453:
6416:
6396:
6383:
6374:
6344:
6303:
6243:
6234:
6205:
6176:
6144:
6105:
6090:
6073:
6023:
5992:
5968:
5937:
5925:
5867:
5840:
5416:Survey and research methodology
4738:: running shoes, especially in
3973:solicitor" for Mr. Tom Jones."
3728:(a clipped and altered form of
3385:is also used (for example, the
3124:Canadian students use the term
2703:North American English prefers
2682:
2642:before nasals than people from
2475:distinguish between words like
2172:
2088:No Canadian Shift of the short
1922:Atlas of North American English
1678:
1302:while corresponding verbs take
1222:) being quite acceptable while
11327:English-based creole languages
10217:from the University of Arizona
10048:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
9984:Hamilton, Sandra A. M. (1997)
9959:Editors' Association of Canada
9808:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
9698:. Cambridge University Press.
9112: – Saturday 22 March 2008
8983:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
8508:The Canadian Oxford dictionary
7993:Elango, Vidhya; Denis, Derek.
7095:"Briefing Note on Terminology"
6929:Journal of English Linguistics
6880:Labov, Ash and Boberg (2005).
6480:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
5823:
5808:
5702:
4136:Distinctive Canadianisms are:
4085:Canadian Employment Equity Act
4018:"Mister/Madam (Chief) Justice"
3879:The equivalent of an American
3823:, where they have been called
3815:, where they have been called
3724:(NDP) are sometimes nicknamed
3022:Canadian universities publish
2825:University of British Columbia
2762:, showing the date 8 June 2014
2730:The grammatical construction "
1878:, sharply differentiated from
1839:from towards as well as the
1739:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1735:The Oxford Canadian Dictionary
1:
11367:List of English-based pidgins
10159:The dictionary definition of
10055:Language Variation and Change
7425:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
7414:(PhD). University of Chicago.
7361:Cheshire, Jenny. (ed.) 1991.
7222:Thomas, Erik R. (June 1991).
7093:McKay, Celeste (April 2015).
5989:. The Week Publications, Inc.
5688:IANA language subtag registry
5662:IANA language subtag registry
5588:
5129:Smarties in the United States
4889:, it is sometimes known as a
4665:is also used to refer to the
4617:electrical transmission lines
4505:is now the most common term;
4370:
4039:A serious crime is called an
3915:is the locus of state power.
3760:Action démocratique du Québec
3742:are sometimes referred to as
2872:Société des alcools du Québec
2799:
2575:for a convenience store, and
2362:Regional Municipality of York
2101:The flapping of intervocalic
1957:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
1944:
1737:. A second edition, retitled
854:Western United States English
12385:United States Virgin Islands
11902:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
11362:Linguistic purism in English
10197:Canadian Oxford Dictionaries
10013:The Canadian Press Stylebook
9838:Halford, Brigitte K (1996),
9793:The Gage Canadian Dictionary
9055:American Speech 80.1 (2005).
8619:"Visible minority of person"
8234:Alford, Norma (March 2019).
6527:John A.: The Man Who Made Us
5440:
4837:refers specifically to soda
4286:). Therefore, the sentences
4278:(compare to the US American
3802:Executive Council of Ontario
3676:Conservative Party of Canada
3442:Mark Messier/St.Albert Trail
3244:
3128:(more common in England) or
3050:as in Britain, or sometimes
2962:
2877:
2023:
1951:Aboriginal English in Canada
1190:, retain British spellings (
1155:, retain British spellings (
972:Aboriginal peoples in Canada
7:
12024:Plains Indian Sign Language
10463:London & Thames Estuary
9747:, Canadian Edition. Knopf.
9523:(in French). Archived from
9409:University of Toronto Press
8054:"A note on mans in Toronto"
7685:Collishaw, Barbara (2002).
7575:Collishaw, Barbara (2002).
7481:Tagliamonte, Sali (2006). "
7139:10.22230/cjc.2016v41n4a2970
6227:"Labov, Ash, Boberg. 2006.
5764:Handbook of World Englishes
5558:Regional accents of English
5486:
4972:: a 375 mL (12.7
4875:What most Americans call a
4722:multistorey parking garage.
4461:Waste Connections of Canada
3561:
3320:(Central Canada, as in the
2864:
2667:. The "o" in such words as
2113:is pronounced instead of .
1896:
1594:
1572:
1499:
1065:
688:List of dialects of English
10:
12908:
12887:English language in Canada
12102:English speaking countries
11875:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
11322:English as a lingua franca
10143:, University of Pittsburgh
10076:Dollinger, Stefan (2008).
10061:Dollinger, Stefan (2015).
10032:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
9954:, 3rd ed., pp. 67–68.
9726:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
9660:Adams, Rob Colter (2005),
9640:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
9357:Warkentyne, H. J. (1983).
9099:Machismo ... or masochism?
8944:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
8483:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
7734:. Oxford University Press.
7577:"FAQs on Writing the Date"
7120:Todorova, Miglena (2016).
7097:. University of Manitoba.
6853:Dollinger, Stefan (2011).
6799:Labov, Ash and Boberg 2006
6733:Cambridge University Press
6727:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
6574:Dollinger, Stefan (2010).
6097:Lambrecht, Kirk N (1991).
5944:Dollinger, Stefan (2011).
5758:Dollinger, Stefan (2020).
5628:"History of Braille (UEB)"
5392:(the same term is used in
5156:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
4750:. Atlantic Canada prefers
4726:
4661:) is the two-dollar coin.
4266:. Not to be confused with
4252:federal Indian reservation
4250:, rather than the US term
4121:county in British Columbia
4045:summary conviction offence
3790:House of Commons of Canada
3616:In Canada, a committee is
3350:controlled-access highways
3093:, Scottish/Northern Irish
2765:
2734:something" means roughly "
2691:
2627:
2441:
2239:
2210:voiceless dental fricative
2176:
2136:is different from that of
2078:has some unique features:
2027:
1954:
1948:
1900:
1586:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1555:Governor General of Canada
1250:) may not even be noticed.
863:
394:English as a lingua franca
18:
12836:
12724:
12694:
12640:
12622:
12501:
12488:
12479:
12438:
12394:
12227:
12207:
12194:
12185:
12181:
12160:
12124:
12120:
12109:
12095:
12039:
12001:
11915:
11874:
11834:
11806:
11768:
11705:
11657:
11624:
11536:
11463:
11456:
11435:
11302:Broad and general accents
11284:
11237:
11212:regional and occupational
11192:
11179:
11172:
11084:
11045:
10993:
10971:
10911:
10843:
10708:
10697:
10642:
10624:
10597:
10569:
10532:
10509:
10448:
10410:
10333:
10324:
10313:
10304:
10255:
10097:23 September 2015 at the
9821:10 September 2008 at the
9666:, House of Anansi Press,
9616:10.1017/S0266078400011548
9375:10.1017/S0008413100010069
9089:, Tuesday, 6 January 2009
8916:12 September 2007 at the
8747:"Definition of SERVIETTE"
8071:10.33137/twpl.v37i0.26973
7929:10.1017/S0319573200025145
7283:10.1017/S0008413100007350
7240:10.1017/S0008413100014304
6409:23 September 2015 at the
6350:Dollinger, Stefan. 2012.
6285:Oxford English Dictionary
6002:Creating Canadian English
5875:Standard Canadian English
4345:, or the diminutive form
4131:
3829:Newfoundland and Labrador
3752:are often referred to as
3629:(as a general term for a
3550:in American English or a
3524:is sometimes used, as is
3264:Canadian National Railway
3103:First Class, Second Class
3087:first grade, second grade
3011:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2843:
2837:
2813:
2807:
2630:Pacific Northwest English
2437:
2409:Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry
2397:Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry
2256:sound in "right" and the
2220:are pronounced more like
2030:Canadian Maritime English
1908:Standard Canadian English
1903:Standard Canadian English
1829:Standard Canadian English
1695:(1964) and, finally, the
949:northern American English
815:Atlantic Canadian English
799:Standard Canadian English
261:
229:
217:
201:
189:
184:
159:
131:
57:
45:
35:
30:
12782:Northern Mariana Islands
12373:Turks and Caicos Islands
11882:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
9970:28 December 2016 at the
9692:Boberg, Charles (2010).
9456:Don J. DeVoretz (2011).
9159:22 November 2008 at the
9135:, Tuesday 7 October 2008
9127:12 November 2011 at the
9104:12 November 2011 at the
9079:12 November 2011 at the
7825:Boberg, Charles (2012).
7773:10.1215/00031283-80-1-22
7542:. Yale University. 2017.
7443:3.1 (1957): 20–26.
6941:10.1177/0075424208316648
6909:10.1215/00031283-80-1-22
6460:Ireland, Robert (1979).
6030:Avis, Walter S. (1967).
5568:
5563:Canadian Language Museum
5038:in Eastern Canada, or a
3831:, where they are called
3268:Canadian Pacific Railway
2283:In the southern part of
1713:Gage Canadian Dictionary
1658:Gage Canadian Dictionary
1591:Editing Canadian English
1091:are usually given their
843:General American English
12658:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
9783:11 October 2017 at the
9487:"Census Data Navigator"
8880:30 January 2010 at the
8683:, Inc. 13 August 2010.
8447:"Grade Crossing Safety"
7557:, 15(2), Section 3.1.1.
7210:Phonetics and Phonology
7178:Clarke, Sandra (2012).
6484:Oxford University Press
5974:Harbeck, James (2014) "
5873:Boberg, Charles (2004)
5632:Braille Literacy Canada
5344:Bob & Doug McKenzie
4793:ginch/gonch/gitch/gotch
4711:"he's on the dole, eh?"
4649:(less commonly spelled
4595:: a common synonym for
4014:Supreme Court of Canada
3909:constitutional monarchy
3899:(in British Columbia),
3827:(MNAs) since 1968; and
3703:Liberal Party of Canada
3670:used in Britain with a
2833:Commonwealth of Nations
2669:holy, goal, load, know,
2583:
2226:voiced dental fricative
1753:Phonology and phonetics
1693:Intermediate Dictionary
856:have been undergoing a
348:Part of a series on the
179:Unified English Braille
12892:North American English
12272:British Virgin Islands
12132:English-speaking world
12103:
12089:English-speaking world
12047:Canadian dictionaries
12030:Maritime Sign Language
12009:American Sign Language
11498:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
10480:Received Pronunciation
9163:, reference for gonch.
7721:Uniquely Canadian, Eh?
6115:Sociolinguistic Theory
5884:." In Raymond Hickey.
5363:island of Newfoundland
5327:National Hockey League
5280:
5075:genericized trademarks
4963:chain of coffee shops.
4896:Even though the terms
4881:is usually known as a
4204:. Originally American.
4157:. In other provinces
3858:fused legal profession
3839:
3777:
3764:
3754:
3744:
3589:
3542:refers to the type of
3379:.) Sometimes the term
3239:concrete masonry units
2983:in Quebec. In Canada,
2783:Private members' bills
2763:
2747:Date and time notation
2612:raising and much less
2047:
1861:North American English
1852:
1635:endings, notably with
1134:as in British English.
1002:Historical linguistics
834:North American English
636:San Andrés–Providencia
368:English-speaking world
231:This article contains
104:North American English
12710:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
12331:Saint Kitts and Nevis
12101:
12043:Canadian style guides
10674:Multicultural Toronto
10213:24 March 2013 at the
9876:. Mouton de Gruyter.
8404:"Pre-Primary Program"
7562:11 April 2023 at the
7499:10.1353/cjl.2008.0018
7471:(4th edition), p. 76.
7469:International English
7467:Trudgill and Hannah,
7314:Ministry of Finance.
6777:10.1002/9781118602607
6605:Grue, Dustin (2013).
5880:11 April 2023 at the
5311:in the 1920s and the
5278:
5091:genericized trademark
5060:: a case of six beers
4908:(and its diminutive,
4394:is more common, with
4254:. Often shortened to
4022:Justices of The Peace
3330:Sherwood Park Freeway
3301:(American term) or a
3101:, and Southern Irish
2754:
2468:, or French speaker.
2403:, Western Ottawa and
2066:and, in some places,
2037:
1955:Further information:
1888:Low-Back-Merger Shift
1884:Northern Cities Shift
1826:
1818:Bob and Doug McKenzie
1810:Low-Back-Merger Shift
1767:Low-Back-Merger Shift
1689:Beginner's Dictionary
1306: – for example,
1026:corpus from Ontario.
466:Antiguan and Barbudan
21:Cane (disambiguation)
12014:Quebec Sign Language
11457:Indigenous languages
10835:Western Pennsylvania
10174:Government of Canada
10139:Tse, Holman (2018),
10104:Peters, Pam (2004).
10083:4 April 2023 at the
10020:CP Caps and Spelling
10010:The Canadian Press,
9902:Peters, Pam (2004).
9788:, McGill University.
9769:26 July 2011 at the
9739:Barber, Katherine. "
9570:10.1075/z.hpd2.20mck
9464:on 27 September 2013
9122:Stars in the running
8954:is "North American."
8900:on 18 February 2007.
8576:on 11 December 2008.
7555:Linguistic Variation
7534:4 April 2023 at the
7408:Swan, Julia Thomas.
7046:University of Guelph
7042:"Indigenous Peoples"
6990:"The Canadian Style"
6513:20 June 2018 at the
6368:4 April 2023 at the
6357:16 June 2017 at the
6240:Chambers, p. xi–xii.
5390:Prince Edward Island
5372:In the Maritimes, a
5333:, British Columbia.
5150:. The only usage of
4852:What Americans call
4643:on the reverse. The
3848:system, are called "
3722:New Democratic Party
3593:for both, the title
3503:as well as the term
3448:). The British term
3363:may also refer to a
3314:Trans-Canada Highway
3205:Dominion Land Survey
3199:. Directions in the
3144:Units of measurement
3095:Primary 1, Primary 2
2844:chartered accountant
2775:Government of Canada
2655:Canadian raising of
2393:Prescott and Russell
2335:Greater Toronto Area
2285:Southwestern Ontario
2248:, except within the
2179:Newfoundland English
2060:Prince Edward Island
2044:averaged F1/F2 means
1835::141). It shows the
1763:father-bother merger
1570:Parliament of Canada
990:, to the English of
819:Newfoundland English
373:As a second language
149:Early Modern English
12882:Dialects of English
12367:Trinidad and Tobago
12244:Antigua and Barbuda
11983:Pennsylvania German
11429:Languages of Canada
11372:Mid-Atlantic accent
10963:Trinidad and Tobago
10068:18 May 2016 at the
9813:Clark, Joe (2008).
9342:Glen, Gray (2014).
9292:on 29 December 2012
8666:Boberg 2005, p. 38.
8436:80.1 (2005), p. 48.
8393:80.1 (2005), p. 47.
8366:Oxford Dictionaries
8310:10.3138/j.ctt2ttx17
6442:5 July 2017 at the
5760:"English in Canada"
5252:Similarly the word
4978:imp fl oz
4357:in Canadian French.
4292:when I lived in res
4288:when I lived on rez
4262:or (more commonly)
4034:Lieutenant Governor
3819:(MPPs) since 1938;
3773:Social Credit Party
3554:in British English.
3365:limited-access road
3322:Gardiner Expressway
3012:going to university
2428:Ottawa Valley twang
1568:transcripts of the
1553:, once advised the
1060:Christopher Plummer
1048:Mid-Atlantic accent
998:distinct identity.
957:governors of Canada
945:Mid-Atlantic States
943:, chiefly from the
941:American Revolution
858:similar vowel shift
770:. According to the
290:Aboriginal Canadian
12104:
12019:Inuk Sign Language
11978:Newfoundland Irish
11943:Tagalog (Filipino)
11916:Minority languages
11788:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
11546:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
11436:Official languages
10895:Pennsylvania Dutch
9957:Canadian English:
9527:on 7 December 2016
8950:is "Canadian" and
8946:(second edition),
7726:2017-10-21 at the
7691:Terminology Update
7660:The Globe and Mail
7641:Translation Bureau
7581:Terminology Update
7339:Labov pp. 214–215.
7072:Translation Bureau
7048:. 14 November 2019
6679:The Globe and Mail
6287:. 17 August 2012.
6281:"Canadian English"
6157:2016-06-10 at the
6070:, pp. 55–105.
5981:2015-12-02 at the
5946:"Canadian English"
5733:Internet standards
5729:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
5378:Cape Breton Island
5281:
4974:US fl oz
4744:Australian English
4687:: coloured pencil.
4623:. These usages of
4597:electrical service
4465:generic trademarks
4449:: synonymous with
4434:in everyday usage.
4351:convenience stores
4276:halls of residence
4047:. The older words
4041:indictable offence
3635:electoral district
3482:Blaine, Washington
3373:Harbour Expressway
3354:400-Series Highway
3186:For example, most
3183:mL respectively).
3117:(often reduced to
2996:university student
2851:Regional variation
2764:
2553:Rue Lambert-Closse
2228:/ð/ in words like
2212:/θ/ in words like
2048:
1915:Regional variation
1876:Western US English
1853:
1705:Senior Dictionary,
1638:The Globe and Mail
1613:the Canadian Press
1575:The Canadian Style
876:Canadian Institute
774:, English was the
758:) encompasses the
84:North Sea Germanic
12864:
12863:
12858:
12857:
12854:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12832:
12831:
12828:
12827:
12475:
12474:
12055:
12054:
11973:Doukhobor Russian
11870:
11869:
11395:
11394:
11280:
11279:
11080:
11079:
10989:
10988:
10907:
10906:
10903:
10902:
10828:Pacific Northwest
10689:Standard Canadian
10620:
10619:
10565:
10564:
10505:
10504:
10131:978-1-4051-2108-8
10050:, 2nd ed., p. xi.
9996:978-0-612-19968-2
9931:978-1-4051-2108-8
9883:978-3-11-016746-7
9851:978-3-8233-4577-0
9844:, Tübingen Narr,
9832:978-0-9809525-0-6
9810:, 2nd ed., p. xi.
9775:Boberg, Charles,
9753:978-0-676-97720-2
9745:The Book of Lists
9705:978-0-511-78981-6
9673:978-0-88784-723-3
9579:978-90-272-2185-8
9442:978-90-272-4869-5
9154:Doubletongued.org
9024:on 12 August 2011
8997:978-0-19-541120-1
8942:According to the
8850:tdcanadatrust.com
8721:www.dchp.ca/dchp2
8623:Statistics Canada
8598:on 26 August 2016
8592:Statistics Canada
8209:"Atlantic Canada"
7632:978-1-55002-276-6
7208:Clarke, Sandra. "
6493:978-0-19-541731-9
6393:56: 611–614
6330:978-90-272-1863-6
6321:10.1075/impact.24
6231:. Mouton, ch. 15.
6171:978-0-521-26479-2
6125:978-1-4051-5246-4
6012:978-1-108-59686-2
5817:English in Canada
5737:IETF language tag
5690:. 16 October 2005
5664:. 16 October 2005
5610:(27th ed., 2024)
5342:, popularized by
5323:Vancouver Canucks
5192:Prairie provinces
4926:whole-wheat bread
4816:Food and beverage
4667:Canadian currency
4613:hydro lines/poles
4126:Regional District
4098:Statistics Canada
4090:Aboriginal people
4024:are addressed as
3994:are addressed as
3967:for the Plaintiff
3936:means strictly a
3882:district attorney
3201:Prairie provinces
3188:English Canadians
3001:bachelor's degree
2973:federated schools
2756:Canadian passport
2736:have/has finished
2620:is further back.
2450:Eastern Townships
2432:cot–caught merger
2339:merge the second
2329:Residents of the
2264:is also a common
2076:Maritimer English
2074:The phonology of
1841:cot-caught merger
1827:Pure vowels of a
1759:cot-caught merger
1709:Robert John Gregg
1697:Senior Dictionary
1551:John A. Macdonald
970:The languages of
860:since the 1980s.
741:
740:
414:Linguistic purism
399:European language
320:ATLANTIC CANADIAN
272:STANDARD CANADIAN
257:
256:
239:rendering support
235:phonetic symbols.
12899:
12877:Canadian English
12793:Papua New Guinea
12761:Marshall Islands
12651:Christmas Island
12486:
12485:
12482:
12466:Pitcairn Islands
12296:Falkland Islands
12192:
12191:
12188:
12183:
12182:
12122:
12121:
12111:
12110:
12100:
12082:
12075:
12068:
12059:
12058:
11968:Hutterite German
11461:
11460:
11422:
11415:
11408:
11399:
11398:
11292:English language
11177:
11176:
10998:
10997:
10981:Falkland Islands
10880:General American
10853:African-American
10706:
10705:
10640:
10639:
10629:
10628:
10331:
10330:
10322:
10321:
10311:
10310:
10282:
10275:
10268:
10259:
10258:
10250:
10247:
10246:
10245:
10237:
10236:
10162:Canadian English
10158:
10144:
10135:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9764:Dukejournals.org
9721:
9719:
9717:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9646:
9645:
9637:
9628:
9627:
9599:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9553:
9547:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9532:
9513:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9483:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9354:
9348:
9347:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9251:
9245:
9228:Douglas Hunter,
9226:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9206:. 30 June 2004.
9196:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9180:on 27 April 2010
9170:
9164:
9151:
9145:
9142:
9136:
9119:
9113:
9096:
9090:
9071:
9065:
9062:
9056:
9053:
9047:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9023:
9017:. Archived from
9016:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8977:
8968:
8961:
8955:
8952:garbage disposal
8940:
8934:
8927:
8921:
8908:
8902:
8901:
8896:. Archived from
8890:
8884:
8872:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8812:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8786:
8780:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8712:
8706:
8703:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8673:
8667:
8664:
8658:
8655:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8594:. Archived from
8584:
8578:
8577:
8572:. Archived from
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8542:. Archived from
8532:
8526:
8525:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8478:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8410:. 13 August 2019
8400:
8394:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8377:
8368:. Archived from
8358:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8347:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8153:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8104:. 8 March 2020.
8094:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8073:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8029:. 17 July 2020.
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
7999:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7908:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7868:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7822:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7790:
7777:
7776:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7741:
7735:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7620:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7572:
7566:
7549:
7543:
7529:Done My Homework
7525:
7519:
7518:
7478:
7472:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7444:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7390:
7384:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7366:
7359:
7353:
7346:
7340:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7309:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7175:
7169:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7022:. 8 October 2009
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6996:. 8 October 2009
6986:
6980:
6979:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6924:
6913:
6912:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6850:
6844:
6843:. pp. 1859–1860.
6833:
6827:
6824:
6818:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6800:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6554:
6547:
6536:
6530:
6523:
6517:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6457:
6451:
6434:
6423:
6420:
6414:
6400:
6394:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6372:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6257:. Archived from
6247:
6241:
6238:
6232:
6225:
6212:
6209:
6203:
6200:American English
6180:
6174:
6152:Canadian English
6148:
6142:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6088:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6056:
6055:Chambers, p. xi.
6053:
6044:
6043:
6027:
6021:
6020:
5996:
5990:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5912:
5903:
5900:
5889:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5844:
5838:
5837:. pp. 1859-1860.
5827:
5821:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5796:on 10 March 2009
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5755:
5740:
5719:, as defined by
5717:Canadian English
5710:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5602:English (Canada)
5599:
5582:
5579:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5398:Vancouver Island
5396:for people from
5394:British Columbia
5388:is someone from
5089:. The name is a
5077:used in Canada:
4941:date). The term
4918:, as elsewhere.)
4601:hydroelectricity
4583:homogenized milk
4577:garbage disposal
4214:, especially in
4079:visible minority
4012:. Judges of the
3901:crown prosecutor
3780:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3645:British Columbia
3633:constituency or
3592:
3590:premier ministre
3434:Yellowhead Trail
3276:rail terminology
3233:
3229:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:Imperial volumes
3014:
3008:
3006:going to college
2998:
2991:associate degree
2988:
2846:
2840:
2816:
2810:
2760:Queenston Bridge
2678:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2624:British Columbia
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:British Columbia
2590:British Columbia
2567:for a notebook,
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2407:and the rest of
2389:Canadian raising
2355:
2346:
2342:
2331:Golden Horseshoe
2325:
2321:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2203:kit-dress merger
2153:Canadian raising
2123:
2119:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:Pre-consonantal
2064:Scottish English
2015:
2011:
2007:
1865:General American
1850:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1771:Canadian raising
1600:
1582:
1559:order-in-council
1505:
1320:are nouns while
1093:Oxford spellings
1023:Dollinger (2008)
1013:
830:American English
811:English-speaking
807:British Columbia
744:Canadian English
733:
726:
719:
536:Falkland Islands
354:English language
345:
344:
337:
330:
323:
322:
312:
305:
298:
291:
284:
275:
274:
266:
225:
213:
194:
174:English alphabet
165:
109:Canadian English
63:
31:Canadian English
28:
27:
12907:
12906:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12898:
12897:
12896:
12867:
12866:
12865:
12860:
12859:
12846:
12824:
12803:Solomon Islands
12720:
12690:
12636:
12618:
12497:
12480:
12471:
12434:
12390:
12223:
12203:
12186:
12177:
12156:
12116:
12105:
12091:
12086:
12056:
12051:
12035:
11997:
11963:Canadian Gaelic
11911:
11866:
11862:Coast Tsimshian
11830:
11802:
11764:
11701:
11653:
11620:
11532:
11452:
11431:
11426:
11396:
11391:
11276:
11233:
11188:
11168:
11076:
11072:Solomon Islands
11041:
10985:
10967:
10899:
10890:New York Latino
10865:American Indian
10845:
10839:
10700:
10693:
10634:
10616:
10602:Channel Islands
10593:
10561:
10528:
10501:
10444:
10406:
10316:
10300:
10286:
10251:
10248:
10243:
10241:
10215:Wayback Machine
10152:
10147:
10132:
10099:Wayback Machine
10085:Wayback Machine
10070:Wayback Machine
9972:Wayback Machine
9941:
9939:
9932:
9893:
9891:
9884:
9861:
9859:
9852:
9823:Wayback Machine
9785:Wayback Machine
9771:Wayback Machine
9760:American Speech
9715:
9713:
9706:
9683:
9681:
9674:
9659:
9655:
9653:Further reading
9650:
9649:
9638:
9631:
9600:
9593:
9584:
9582:
9580:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9540:
9530:
9528:
9515:
9514:
9510:
9500:
9498:
9485:
9484:
9477:
9467:
9465:
9454:
9450:
9443:
9427:
9423:
9413:
9411:
9403:
9402:
9398:
9355:
9351:
9340:
9336:
9326:
9324:
9309:
9305:
9295:
9293:
9284:
9283:
9279:
9269:
9267:
9252:
9248:
9227:
9223:
9213:
9211:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9183:
9181:
9172:
9171:
9167:
9161:Wayback Machine
9152:
9148:
9143:
9139:
9133:The Irish Times
9129:Wayback Machine
9120:
9116:
9110:The Irish Times
9106:Wayback Machine
9097:
9093:
9086:The Irish Times
9081:Wayback Machine
9072:
9068:
9063:
9059:
9054:
9050:
9041:
9037:
9027:
9025:
9021:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8978:
8971:
8962:
8958:
8941:
8937:
8928:
8924:
8918:Wayback Machine
8909:
8905:
8892:
8891:
8887:
8882:Wayback Machine
8873:
8869:
8859:
8857:
8844:
8843:
8839:
8829:
8827:
8814:
8813:
8809:
8799:
8797:
8788:
8787:
8783:
8774:
8770:
8760:
8758:
8751:Merriam-Webster
8745:
8744:
8740:
8730:
8728:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8700:
8690:
8688:
8681:Merriam-Webster
8675:
8674:
8670:
8665:
8661:
8656:
8649:
8641:
8637:
8627:
8625:
8615:
8611:
8601:
8599:
8586:
8585:
8581:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8518:
8504:
8500:
8493:
8479:
8470:
8460:
8458:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8434:American Speech
8432:
8423:
8413:
8411:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8391:American Speech
8389:
8385:
8375:
8373:
8372:on 5 March 2018
8360:
8359:
8355:
8345:
8343:
8334:
8333:
8329:
8319:
8317:
8302:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8273:
8271:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8247:
8245:
8232:
8228:
8218:
8216:
8207:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8190:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8166:
8164:
8155:
8154:
8147:
8137:
8135:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8111:
8109:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8081:
8079:
8050:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8008:
7997:
7991:
7987:
7977:
7975:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7944:
7909:
7902:
7892:
7890:
7869:
7862:
7852:
7850:
7831:World Englishes
7823:
7814:
7804:
7802:
7791:
7780:
7761:American Speech
7757:
7753:
7742:
7738:
7728:Wayback Machine
7718:
7714:
7704:
7702:
7683:
7679:
7669:
7667:
7652:
7648:
7633:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7594:
7592:
7573:
7569:
7564:Wayback Machine
7550:
7546:
7536:Wayback Machine
7526:
7522:
7483:So cool, right?
7479:
7475:
7466:
7462:
7454:
7447:
7435:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7406:
7402:
7391:
7387:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7360:
7356:
7347:
7343:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7307:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7267:
7263:
7220:
7216:
7207:
7203:
7184:World Englishes
7176:
7172:
7163:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7051:
7049:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7025:
7023:
7014:
7013:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6964:World Englishes
6960:
6956:
6925:
6916:
6897:American Speech
6893:
6889:
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6851:
6847:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6740:
6725:
6721:
6708:
6704:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6674:
6670:
6657:
6650:
6637:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6603:
6599:
6589:
6587:
6572:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6524:
6520:
6515:Wayback Machine
6505:
6501:
6494:
6476:
6469:
6458:
6454:
6444:Wayback Machine
6435:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6411:Wayback Machine
6401:
6397:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6370:Wayback Machine
6359:Wayback Machine
6349:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6226:
6215:
6210:
6206:
6181:
6177:
6159:Wayback Machine
6149:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6110:
6106:
6095:
6091:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6059:
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6047:
6028:
6024:
6013:
5997:
5993:
5983:Wayback Machine
5973:
5969:
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5892:
5882:Wayback Machine
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5625:
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5600:
5596:
5591:
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5585:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5548:Canadian Gaelic
5515:Language portal
5513:
5506:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5443:
5418:
5142:
5140:Informal speech
5073:There are also
5022:in Nova Scotia.
4943:expiration date
4818:
4742:. Also used in
4729:
4571:: (rhymes with
4545:Herman Melville
4373:
4331:filling station
4202:drainage divide
4134:
3842:
3784:Members of the
3750:Parti Québécois
3738:Members of the
3720:Members of the
3715:Victorian times
3701:Members of the
3678:, the historic
3672:similar meaning
3585:Canadian French
3564:
3426:Crowchild Trail
3305:(British term).
3247:
3231:
3227:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3160:for kilometre.
3146:
2986:college student
2965:
2952:
2943:
2907:Jamaican Patois
2888:Franco-Ontarian
2880:
2867:
2853:
2802:
2770:
2749:
2741:to be done with
2694:
2685:
2632:
2626:
2586:
2530:
2500:
2496:
2471:Many people in
2446:
2440:
2413:Central Ontario
2405:Leeds-Grenville
2385:Eastern Ontario
2378:Toronto English
2337:) are known to
2333:(including the
2278:Atlantic Canada
2242:
2181:
2175:
2038:Based on Labov
2032:
2026:
1990:depidginization
1963:
1961:Inuit languages
1953:
1947:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1880:Inland Northern
1775:Trap-bath split
1755:
1681:
1663:Gage Dictionary
1597:Further reading
1579:Further reading
1068:
1044:British English
1040:Canadian dainty
1032:
1030:Canadian dainty
1011:
1004:
866:
838:British English
737:
386:Advanced topics
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
318:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
280:
277:
270:
269:
237:Without proper
223:
209:
190:
177:
166:
161:
155:
134:
127:
64:
61:Language family
59:
52:
48:
47:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12905:
12895:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12862:
12861:
12856:
12855:
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12851:
12848:
12847:
12837:
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12833:
12830:
12829:
12826:
12825:
12823:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12733:American Samoa
12728:
12726:
12722:
12721:
12719:
12718:
12713:
12706:
12698:
12696:
12692:
12691:
12689:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12661:
12654:
12646:
12644:
12638:
12637:
12635:
12634:
12626:
12624:
12620:
12619:
12617:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
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12576:
12571:
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12556:
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12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12505:
12503:
12499:
12498:
12496:
12495:
12483:
12477:
12476:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12469:
12462:
12459:Norfolk Island
12455:
12450:
12444:
12442:
12436:
12435:
12433:
12432:
12430:United Kingdom
12427:
12420:
12413:
12408:
12400:
12398:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12381:
12376:
12369:
12364:
12357:
12350:
12347:Sint Eustatius
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12321:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12292:
12287:
12284:Cayman Islands
12280:
12275:
12268:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12233:
12231:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12213:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12189:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12175:
12170:
12164:
12162:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12142:British Empire
12139:
12134:
12128:
12126:
12118:
12117:
12107:
12106:
12096:
12093:
12092:
12085:
12084:
12077:
12070:
12062:
12053:
12052:
12040:
12037:
12036:
12034:
12033:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12005:
12003:
12002:Sign languages
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11919:
11917:
11913:
11912:
11910:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11897:Chinook Jargon
11894:
11889:
11884:
11878:
11876:
11872:
11871:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
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11838:
11836:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11812:
11810:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11800:
11798:Nuu-chah-nulth
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11774:
11772:
11766:
11765:
11763:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11711:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
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11651:
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11636:
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11374:
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11349:
11348:
11347:
11342:
11334:
11332:Englishisation
11329:
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11309:
11304:
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11239:Southeast Asia
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11226:
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11154:South Atlantic
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10972:
10969:
10968:
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10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10936:Cayman Islands
10933:
10928:
10923:
10917:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10905:
10904:
10901:
10900:
10898:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10861:
10860:
10849:
10847:
10846:ethno-cultural
10841:
10840:
10838:
10837:
10832:
10831:
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10825:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10808:
10803:
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10783:
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10771:
10770:
10769:
10764:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10742:
10741:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10715:
10709:
10703:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10670:
10669:
10664:
10654:
10648:
10646:
10637:
10626:
10622:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10598:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10575:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10538:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10515:
10513:
10507:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10498:
10497:
10492:
10482:
10477:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10460:
10454:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10440:
10438:Stoke-on-Trent
10435:
10430:
10420:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10345:
10339:
10337:
10328:
10319:
10308:
10302:
10301:
10297:Modern English
10285:
10284:
10277:
10270:
10262:
10256:
10253:
10252:
10234:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10205:
10200:
10194:
10188:
10182:
10177:
10165:at Wiktionary
10151:
10150:External links
10148:
10146:
10145:
10136:
10130:
10117:
10102:
10088:
10059:
10058:
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10044:
10027:
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9882:
9867:
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9722:
9704:
9689:
9672:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9629:
9591:
9578:
9548:
9538:
9521:spl.gouv.qc.ca
9508:
9475:
9448:
9441:
9421:
9396:
9349:
9344:Da Mudder Tung
9334:
9303:
9277:
9246:
9242:978-1443406741
9221:
9191:
9165:
9146:
9137:
9114:
9091:
9066:
9057:
9048:
9035:
9003:
8996:
8969:
8956:
8935:
8922:
8903:
8885:
8867:
8837:
8807:
8781:
8779:; Boberg 2005.
8768:
8738:
8707:
8698:
8668:
8659:
8647:
8635:
8609:
8579:
8557:
8546:on 8 June 2011
8536:"BILL NO. 198"
8527:
8516:
8498:
8491:
8468:
8438:
8421:
8395:
8383:
8353:
8338:. March 2020.
8327:
8300:
8281:
8255:
8226:
8200:
8174:
8145:
8119:
8089:
8044:
8014:
7985:
7954:
7900:
7860:
7837:(4): 493–502.
7812:
7778:
7751:
7736:
7712:
7677:
7646:
7631:
7602:
7567:
7544:
7520:
7493:(2): 309–331.
7473:
7460:
7445:
7429:
7417:
7400:
7385:
7376:
7374:Boberg, p. 36.
7367:
7354:
7341:
7332:
7296:
7277:(2): 113–135.
7261:
7234:(2): 147–170.
7214:
7201:
7190:(4): 503–518.
7170:
7157:
7145:
7112:
7085:
7059:
7033:
7007:
6981:
6970:(4): 449–466.
6954:
6914:
6887:
6872:
6845:
6828:
6819:
6810:
6801:
6792:
6785:
6759:
6750:
6719:
6702:
6696:Calgary Herald
6685:
6668:
6648:
6642:Ottawa Citizen
6628:
6597:
6566:
6555:on 10 May 2017
6531:
6525:Richard Gwyn,
6518:
6499:
6492:
6467:
6452:
6450:, 1 July 2017.
6424:
6415:
6395:
6382:
6373:
6343:
6329:
6302:
6272:
6261:on 14 May 2008
6242:
6233:
6213:
6204:
6175:
6143:
6131:
6124:
6104:
6089:
6085:Pier 21 Museum
6072:
6057:
6045:
6022:
6011:
5991:
5967:
5956:on 26 May 2016
5950:Public OED.com
5936:
5924:
5904:
5902:Labov, p. 222.
5890:
5866:
5839:
5822:
5807:
5781:
5741:
5701:
5675:
5649:
5619:
5593:
5592:
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5525:
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5504:
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5442:
5439:
5417:
5414:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5116:
5110:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5071:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5043:
5029:
5023:
4993:
4964:
4954:
4929:
4919:
4915:fish and chips
4894:
4873:
4864:cornmeal bacon
4854:Canadian bacon
4850:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4790:
4784:
4766:(also spelled
4759:
4740:Western Canada
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4714:
4688:
4682:
4632:
4609:hydro corridor
4590:
4580:
4566:
4560:
4559:], Flask."
4534:
4516:
4510:
4480:
4454:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4413:
4399:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4340:
4334:
4324:
4306:
4298:
4247:Indian reserve
4243:
4219:
4212:parking garage
4205:
4198:height of land
4195:
4185:
4171:
4162:
4151:one-and-a-half
4133:
4130:
4092:, who are non-
4026:"Your Worship"
4004:"Your Honour."
3888:crown attorney
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3805:
3782:
3769:
3740:Bloc Québécois
3736:
3718:
3699:
3664:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3599:prime minister
3595:prime minister
3577:prime minister
3569:prime minister
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3536:
3529:
3510:
3506:grade crossing
3499:level crossing
3486:Saint John, NB
3438:Victoria Trail
3418:Deerfoot Trail
3412:, the generic
3387:Hanlon Parkway
3358:
3357:
3312:(for example,
3306:
3295:
3246:
3243:
3145:
3142:
3091:Year 1, Year 2
2964:
2961:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2879:
2876:
2866:
2863:
2852:
2849:
2801:
2798:
2766:Main article:
2748:
2745:
2713:I've got a car
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2625:
2622:
2585:
2582:
2444:Quebec English
2442:Main article:
2439:
2436:
2262:Canadian Shift
2241:
2238:
2177:Main article:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2114:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2028:Main article:
2025:
2022:
1994:decreolization
1949:Main article:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1916:
1913:
1901:Main article:
1898:
1895:
1837:Canadian Shift
1785:get raised to
1754:
1751:
1711:, was renamed
1680:
1677:
1547:prime minister
1507:
1506:
1468:
1349:
1296:
1251:
1170:
1135:
1102:Words such as
1100:
1075:Words such as
1067:
1064:
1058:and the actor
1056:Vincent Massey
1031:
1028:
1003:
1000:
901:Eastern Europe
871:Walter S. Avis
865:
862:
823:Quebec English
803:Central Canada
776:first language
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
721:
713:
710:
709:
708:
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693:
692:
691:
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661:South Atlantic
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453:
445:
444:
440:
439:
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424:
423:
419:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
404:Modern English
401:
396:
388:
387:
383:
382:
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370:
362:
361:
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349:
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301:
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241:, you may see
227:
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187:
186:
185:Language codes
182:
181:
167:
163:Writing system
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157:
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152:
151:
144:Middle English
137:
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37:
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7611:"5.14: Dates"
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7436:Gregg, R. J.
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7132:(4): 673–92.
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7020:TERMIUM Plus®
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6994:TERMIUM Plus®
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6935:(2): 129–54.
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6826:Labov, p. 214
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6716:. p. A2.
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6682:. p. D6.
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6665:. p. C2.
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6655:
6653:
6645:. p. B3.
6644:
6643:
6635:
6633:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6551:
6544:
6543:
6535:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6503:
6495:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6472:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6419:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6399:
6392:
6386:
6377:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6332:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6260:
6256:
6255:AskOxford.com
6252:
6246:
6237:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6208:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6192:0-19-280637-8
6189:
6185:
6179:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6127:
6121:
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6116:
6108:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5971:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5920:9789027231086
5917:
5911:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5870:
5854:
5850:
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5836:
5832:
5826:
5818:
5811:
5795:
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5785:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5721:ISO standards
5718:
5714:
5713:language code
5705:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5663:
5659:
5653:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5615:
5609:
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5598:
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5526:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5505:
5502:
5501:Canada portal
5491:
5484:
5481:
5480:English Today
5477:
5472:
5471:English Today
5467:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5319:Crazy Canucks
5316:
5315:
5314:Johnny Canuck
5310:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5287:simply means
5286:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5238:
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5231:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
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5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
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5149:
5148:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5121:
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5114:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5103:
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5088:
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5083:
5079:
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5069:
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5064:
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5047:
5044:
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5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
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5013:
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4994:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4957:double-double
4955:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4883:chocolate bar
4880:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:peameal bacon
4865:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4843:seltzer water
4841:(US/Canadian
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:running shoes
4753:
4749:
4748:Irish English
4745:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4685:pencil crayon
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
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4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
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4591:
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4578:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
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4557:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:dressing gown
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:is also used.
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:
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4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:is also used.
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:public toilet
4225:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4071:the defendant
4068:
4064:
4063:Criminal Code
4060:
4059:
4058:Criminal Code
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:"Your Honour"
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:"Your Honour"
4006:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3938:notary public
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:crown counsel
3894:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3860:). The words
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:New Democrats
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3631:parliamentary
3628:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:Macleod Trail
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3163:Nonetheless,
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:Toronto slang
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2797:
2795:
2794:12-hour clock
2791:
2790:24-hour clock
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2621:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:Clossy Street
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:Ottawa Valley
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:Lanark County
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:and south of
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2251:
2250:Ottawa Valley
2247:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:pronunciation
2186:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2115:
2112:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:Irish English
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:New Brunswick
2053:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2001:
1999:
1998:lingua franca
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:First Nations
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:William Labov
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1834:
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1825:
1821:
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1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1726:In 1997, the
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:HarperCollins
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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1576:
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1556:
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1537:
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1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:Canadian Tire
1513:
1503:
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1319:
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1249:
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1242:
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1235:
1234:
1228:
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1207:
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1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
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1125:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1109:
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1080:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1010:
999:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
965:globalization
962:
961:multicultural
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:
917:anglicization
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
888:
885:
881:
880:DCHP-1 Online
878:in 1857 (see
877:
872:
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859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
792:Quebec French
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
734:
729:
727:
722:
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712:
711:
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703:
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695:
690:
689:
684:
682:
679:
677:
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664:
662:
659:
657:
656:South African
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
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622:
619:
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609:
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584:
582:
579:
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547:
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539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
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519:
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514:
512:
509:
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502:
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497:
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492:
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100:
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96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:Anglo-Frisian
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:West Germanic
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:Indo-European
66:
62:
56:
50:
44:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
12842:
12839:Dependencies
12807:
12780:
12748:
12739:Cook Islands
12731:
12708:
12701:
12663:
12656:
12649:
12629:
12584:South Africa
12574:Sierra Leone
12492:
12464:
12457:
12422:
12415:
12403:
12383:
12371:
12359:
12354:Sint Maarten
12352:
12345:
12323:
12316:
12294:
12282:
12270:
12263:
12236:
12216:
12198:
12041:
12028:
11988:Plautdietsch
11649:Inuvialuktun
11442:
11137:South Africa
11132:Sierra Leone
10885:Miami Latino
10774:Philadelphia
10762:Inland North
10667:Newfoundland
10643:
10485:West Country
10299:by continent
10170:Termium Plus
10161:
10153:
10140:
10121:
10105:
10060:
10057:, 7:209–228.
10054:
10047:
10030:
10019:
10012:
10004:
9985:
9978:
9963:
9951:
9940:. Retrieved
9920:
9903:
9892:. Retrieved
9872:
9860:, retrieved
9840:
9814:
9807:
9792:
9776:
9759:
9744:
9725:
9714:. Retrieved
9694:
9682:, retrieved
9662:
9641:
9607:
9603:
9583:, retrieved
9561:
9551:
9541:
9529:. Retrieved
9525:the original
9520:
9511:
9499:. Retrieved
9490:
9468:23 September
9466:. Retrieved
9462:the original
9451:
9431:
9424:
9412:. Retrieved
9408:
9399:
9369:(1): 71–76.
9366:
9362:
9352:
9343:
9337:
9325:. Retrieved
9317:Mental Floss
9316:
9306:
9296:25 September
9294:. Retrieved
9290:the original
9280:
9268:. Retrieved
9259:
9249:
9229:
9224:
9212:. Retrieved
9194:
9182:. Retrieved
9178:the original
9168:
9149:
9140:
9132:
9117:
9109:
9094:
9084:
9069:
9060:
9051:
9043:
9038:
9026:. Retrieved
9019:the original
9006:
8982:
8964:
8959:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8938:
8930:
8925:
8906:
8898:the original
8888:
8870:
8858:. Retrieved
8849:
8840:
8828:. Retrieved
8819:
8810:
8798:. Retrieved
8784:
8776:
8771:
8759:. Retrieved
8750:
8741:
8729:. Retrieved
8720:
8710:
8701:
8689:. Retrieved
8671:
8662:
8657:Boberg 2005.
8642:
8638:
8628:19 September
8626:. Retrieved
8622:
8612:
8600:. Retrieved
8596:the original
8591:
8582:
8574:the original
8569:
8560:
8548:. Retrieved
8544:the original
8539:
8530:
8521:
8507:
8501:
8482:
8459:. Retrieved
8450:
8441:
8433:
8412:. Retrieved
8407:
8398:
8390:
8386:
8374:. Retrieved
8370:the original
8365:
8356:
8344:. Retrieved
8330:
8318:. Retrieved
8290:
8284:
8272:. Retrieved
8258:
8246:. Retrieved
8236:
8229:
8217:. Retrieved
8203:
8191:. Retrieved
8177:
8165:. Retrieved
8136:. Retrieved
8122:
8110:. Retrieved
8101:
8092:
8080:. Retrieved
8061:
8057:
8047:
8035:. Retrieved
8026:
8017:
8001:
7988:
7976:. Retrieved
7968:Toronto Star
7967:
7957:
7945:. Retrieved
7923:(1): 13–18.
7920:
7916:
7891:. Retrieved
7873:
7851:. Retrieved
7834:
7830:
7803:. Retrieved
7764:
7760:
7754:
7745:
7739:
7731:
7715:
7703:. Retrieved
7694:
7690:
7680:
7668:. Retrieved
7659:
7649:
7635:– via
7616:
7605:
7593:. Retrieved
7584:
7580:
7570:
7554:
7547:
7539:
7523:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7468:
7463:
7440:
7432:
7420:
7410:
7403:
7394:
7388:
7379:
7370:
7362:
7357:
7349:
7344:
7335:
7323:. Retrieved
7299:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7204:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7160:
7148:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7103:. Retrieved
7088:
7076:. Retrieved
7071:
7062:
7050:. Retrieved
7045:
7036:
7024:. Retrieved
7019:
7010:
6998:. Retrieved
6993:
6984:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6932:
6928:
6903:(1): 22–60.
6900:
6896:
6890:
6881:
6875:
6863:. Retrieved
6848:
6836:
6831:
6822:
6813:
6804:
6795:
6768:
6762:
6753:
6741:. Retrieved
6732:
6722:
6713:Toronto Star
6711:
6705:
6694:
6688:
6677:
6671:
6662:Toronto Star
6660:
6640:
6619:. Retrieved
6610:
6600:
6588:. Retrieved
6579:
6569:
6557:. Retrieved
6550:the original
6541:
6534:
6526:
6521:
6502:
6479:
6461:
6455:
6418:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6376:
6346:
6334:. Retrieved
6311:
6305:
6293:. Retrieved
6284:
6275:
6263:. Retrieved
6259:the original
6254:
6245:
6236:
6228:
6207:
6199:
6195:
6183:
6178:
6162:
6146:
6134:
6114:
6107:
6098:
6092:
6084:
6075:
6031:
6025:
6016:
6001:
5994:
5986:
5970:
5958:. Retrieved
5954:the original
5949:
5939:
5932:Boberg (2010
5927:
5885:
5869:
5857:. Retrieved
5842:
5830:
5825:
5816:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5794:the original
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5763:
5716:
5704:
5692:. Retrieved
5687:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5661:
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5631:
5622:
5605:
5597:
5577:
5543:Bungi creole
5479:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5410:
5401:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5337:
5335:
5312:
5309:Emily Murphy
5305:Janey Canuck
5300:
5298:Curtiss JN-4
5288:
5284:
5282:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5229:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5200:North Dakota
5195:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5118:
5112:
5104:
5097:Kraft Dinner
5087:cheese puffs
5080:
5065:
5058:poverty-pack
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5026:Texas mickey
5025:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
5000:twenty-sixer
4999:
4995:
4976:; 13.2
4969:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:French fries
4897:
4890:
4887:Bay of Fundy
4882:
4876:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4761:
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4751:
4735:
4730:
4716:
4710:
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4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4684:
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4674:
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4658:
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4650:
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4634:
4624:
4612:
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4592:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:chesterfield
4490:
4486:
4483:chesterfield
4482:
4456:
4447:bank machine
4446:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4360:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4310:quiggly hole
4308:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4207:
4197:
4194:, firehouse.
4192:fire station
4187:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4135:
4118:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:misdemeanour
4038:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3996:"Mr. Master"
3995:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3963:John Smith,
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3843:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3710:
3706:
3695:
3691:
3667:
3653:Saskatchewan
3638:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3598:
3594:
3580:
3576:
3551:
3548:cattle guard
3547:
3539:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3413:
3407:
3395:Saskatchewan
3380:
3360:
3359:
3356:in Ontario).
3345:
3341:
3337:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3287:
3286:rather than
3283:
3279:
3271:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3236:
3209:
3185:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3048:invigilators
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3017:
2976:
2968:
2966:
2953:
2944:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2904:
2895:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2868:
2854:
2818:
2803:
2787:
2771:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2717:I have a car
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2683:Saskatchewan
2674:
2668:
2633:
2598:Saskatchewan
2587:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:is known as
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2447:
2421:
2382:
2373:
2357:
2349:
2328:
2315:
2314:(probably),
2311:
2293:
2282:
2243:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2182:
2173:Newfoundland
2167:
2163:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2110:
2090:front vowels
2082:
2073:
2049:
2039:
2002:
1986:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1940:Newfoundland
1921:
1918:
1906:
1892:
1869:
1854:
1814:
1803:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1691:(1962), the
1688:
1682:
1679:Dictionaries
1670:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1648:Toronto Star
1646:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1625:movable type
1620:
1617:World War II
1608:
1604:
1602:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1563:
1557:to issue an
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1069:
1052:World War II
1039:
1033:
1015:
1008:
1005:
996:
992:Upper Canada
987:
983:
980:Lower Canada
969:
939:fleeing the
933:
929:
925:
921:
893:
889:
883:
867:
851:
827:
796:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:
685:
646:Sierra Leone
515:
336:Newfoundland
319:
271:
230:
202:
108:
25:
12681:Philippines
12631:Puerto Rico
12589:South Sudan
12453:New Zealand
12417:Isle of Man
12336:Saint Lucia
12249:The Bahamas
12152:Anglosphere
11826:Assiniboine
11715:Bella Coola
11634:Inuinnaqtun
11262:Philippines
11055:New Zealand
10941:Bay Islands
10921:The Bahamas
10844:Social and
10801:New Orleans
10718:New England
10612:Isle of Man
10557:Port Talbot
10458:East Anglia
10375:Northumbria
9028:26 February
8931:eavestrough
8911:Utoronto.ca
8691:19 November
8677:"Fire hall"
8550:26 February
8102:The Varsity
6817:Boberg 2021
6808:Boberg 2021
6265:26 February
6139:Boberg 2010
6068:Boberg 2010
5194:. The word
5020:half gallon
4990:Mickey Finn
4961:Tim Hortons
4951:Best Before
4947:expiry date
4934:expiry date
4922:brown bread
4641:common loon
4541:rain gutter
4537:eavestrough
4475:, and even
4384:tin of tuna
4353:are called
4284:dormitories
4114:Protestants
4076:In Canada,
4067:the accused
3655:, parts of
3605:Parliament.
3552:cattle grid
3377:Thunder Bay
3179:ml, and 250
3107:Nova Scotia
3071:primary two
3067:primary one
2758:stamp from
2725:I got a car
2547:; the word
2466:Francophone
2464:, versus a
2452:and in the
2395:, parts of
2366:Parry Sound
2322:merge with
2266:vowel shift
2160:Nova Scotia
2052:Nova Scotia
2018:Dene Suline
1857:phonologies
1538:instead of
1530:instead of
1522:instead of
1208:rule, with
953:War of 1812
821:, and from
772:2016 census
616:New Zealand
511:Cameroonian
486:Bay Islands
481:Bangladeshi
245:instead of
139:Old English
133:Early forms
12871:Categories
12766:Micronesia
12579:Somaliland
12524:The Gambia
12318:Montserrat
11725:Halkomelem
11538:Athabaskan
11528:Potawatomi
11465:Algonquian
11202:Bangladesh
11194:South Asia
11147:Cape Flats
11097:The Gambia
11022:Aboriginal
10858:vernacular
10823:California
10796:High Tider
10791:Appalachia
10652:Aboriginal
10584:South-West
10428:Birmingham
10385:Sunderland
10370:Manchester
10360:Lancashire
10022:, 16th ed.
10015:, 13th ed.
9826:(e-book).
9610:(2): 3–9.
9531:5 February
9327:3 February
9270:12 January
8948:garburator
8790:"ATM fees"
8461:24 January
8027:The Pigeon
7883:1974/27537
7325:7 February
6865:26 January
6841:De Gruyter
5835:De Gruyter
5800:4 December
5694:11 January
5668:11 January
5607:Ethnologue
5589:References
5402:Haligonian
5367:Mainlander
5359:Mainlander
5270:piss drunk
5262:piss drunk
5258:pissed off
4924:refers to
4859:back bacon
4847:Soft drink
4707:"the dole"
4699:Employment
4605:hydrofield
4573:carburetor
4569:garburator
4493:, as with
4406:silverware
4371:Daily life
4355:dépanneurs
4272:residences
3998:or simply
3930:common law
3918:The words
3870:counsellor
3854:solicitors
3850:barristers
3778:Créditiste
3765:Adéquistes
3745:Bloquistes
3713:, used in
3711:Clear Grit
3583:. Because
3544:metal grid
3540:Texas gate
3468:throughway
3403:autoroutes
3361:Expressway
3342:expressway
3318:expressway
3308:The terms
3299:round-trip
3270:), though
3220:paper size
3193:Fahrenheit
2800:Vocabulary
2628:See also:
2462:Anglophone
2192:morphology
2083:Cot–caught
2004:The stops
1971:Indigenous
1967:Aboriginal
1965:The words
1945:Indigenous
1707:edited by
1176:, such as
1141:, such as
788:anglophone
686:see also:
681:Zimbabwean
666:Sri Lankan
631:Philippine
471:Australian
456:Anguillian
12841:shown in
12703:Gibraltar
12686:Singapore
12665:Hong Kong
12554:Mauritius
12448:Australia
11993:Ukrainian
11928:Cantonese
11793:Kwakʼwala
11692:Tuscarora
11659:Iroquoian
11639:Inuktitut
11611:Tsuutʼina
11561:Chipewyan
11556:Chilcotin
11483:Blackfoot
11478:Algonquin
11267:Singapore
11229:Sri Lanka
11184:Hong Kong
11010:variation
11002:Australia
10913:Caribbean
10779:Baltimore
10662:Lunenburg
10607:Gibraltar
10524:Highlands
10402:Yorkshire
10365:Liverpool
9624:145665089
9501:20 August
9391:149121191
9383:0008-4131
9214:20 August
8761:17 August
8540:Gov.ns.ca
8523:requires.
8362:"proctor"
7937:247198153
7767:(1): 29.
7697:(3): 11.
7587:(2): 12.
7515:143528477
7507:1710-1115
7291:247196050
7256:149218782
7248:0008-4131
6949:146478485
6559:20 August
6295:20 August
6118:. Wiley.
6040:299968792
5725:ISO 639-1
5658:"English"
5642:2 January
5553:Franglais
5446:English.
5441:Attitudes
5382:Bluenoser
5336:The term
5331:Vancouver
5293:demonymic
5283:The term
5266:pissed up
5228:The word
5212:Wisconsin
5208:Minnesota
5188:Maritimes
5125:M&M's
5054:half-case
5050:half-sack
4878:candy bar
4856:is named
4780:watch cap
4671:US dollar
4587:homo milk
4550:Moby-Dick
4523:housecoat
4499:davenport
4416:serviette
4343:dépanneur
4337:booze can
4302:rancherie
4188:fire hall
4110:Catholics
4094:Caucasian
3982:barrister
3978:litigator
3976:The word
3971:I am the
3965:solicitor
3959:solicitor
3955:barrister
3946:solicitor
3913:the Crown
3911:in which
3905:the crown
3846:civil law
3794:Herb Gray
3755:Péquistes
3688:Blue Tory
3666:The term
3546:called a
3538:The term
3518:underpass
3480:, BC, to
3478:Vancouver
3292:carriages
3245:Transport
3213:US gallon
3083:grade two
3079:grade one
3063:grade two
3059:grade one
3028:schedules
3024:calendars
2967:The term
2963:Education
2858:note-pad.
2838:constable
2829:Vancouver
2636:Vancouver
2569:dépanneur
2370:diphthong
2343:with the
2280:and men.
2024:Maritimes
1833:Tse (2018
1687:Ltd. The
1672:Maclean's
1514:(hence, "
1496:aluminium
1038:known as
1036:sociolect
937:Loyalists
923:English.
760:varieties
651:Singapore
626:Pakistani
591:Malaysian
521:Caribbean
496:Bermudian
461:Antarctic
430:Phonology
422:Phonology
409:Loanwords
329:Lunenburg
283:Northwest
204:Glottolog
192:ISO 639-3
12756:Kiribati
12676:Pakistan
12623:Americas
12614:Zimbabwe
12599:Tanzania
12519:Eswatini
12514:Cameroon
12509:Botswana
12405:Guernsey
12290:Dominica
12254:Barbados
12238:Anguilla
12229:Americas
12125:Articles
11923:Mandarin
11778:Ditidaht
11770:Wakashan
11760:Thompson
11755:Squamish
11745:shíshálh
11735:Okanagan
11730:Lillooet
11707:Salishan
11682:Onondaga
11616:Tutchone
11571:Gwichʼin
11387:Standard
11357:Learning
11345:Nerrière
11336:Globish
11252:Malaysia
11224:Pakistan
11164:Zimbabwe
11092:Cameroon
10926:Barbados
10657:Atlantic
10625:Americas
10542:Abercraf
10511:Scotland
10490:Cornwall
10411:Midlands
10395:Teesside
10390:Tyneside
10380:Pitmatic
10343:Cheshire
10289:Dialects
10211:Archived
10095:Archived
10081:Archived
10066:Archived
9968:Archived
9942:11 April
9936:Archived
9894:11 April
9888:Archived
9862:11 April
9856:archived
9819:Archived
9781:Archived
9767:Archived
9716:11 April
9710:Archived
9684:11 April
9678:archived
9585:11 April
9495:Archived
9414:11 April
9321:Archived
9264:Archived
9236:, 2012.
9208:Archived
9204:CBC News
9157:Archived
9125:Archived
9102:Archived
9077:Archived
8914:Archived
8878:Archived
8854:Archived
8824:Archived
8820:cibc.com
8794:Archived
8755:Archived
8725:Archived
8685:Archived
8602:11 March
8570:StatsCan
8455:Archived
8451:tc.gc.ca
8346:11 April
8340:Archived
8320:11 April
8314:Archived
8274:11 April
8268:Archived
8248:11 April
8242:Archived
8219:11 April
8213:Archived
8193:11 April
8187:Archived
8167:11 April
8161:Archived
8157:"DCHP-2"
8138:11 April
8132:Archived
8106:Archived
8082:11 April
8076:Archived
8031:Archived
8006:Archived
7978:5 August
7972:Archived
7947:11 April
7941:Archived
7893:11 April
7887:Archived
7853:11 April
7847:Archived
7805:11 April
7799:Archived
7724:Archived
7705:11 April
7699:Archived
7670:29 March
7664:Archived
7595:11 April
7589:Archived
7560:Archived
7532:Archived
7316:Archived
7099:Archived
6859:Archived
6743:11 April
6737:Archived
6621:17 March
6615:Archived
6590:17 March
6584:Archived
6511:Archived
6448:CBC News
6440:Archived
6407:Archived
6366:Archived
6355:Archived
6336:11 April
6289:Archived
6196:Northern
6155:Archived
5987:The Week
5979:Archived
5922:. p. 25.
5878:Archived
5859:11 April
5853:Archived
5774:19 April
5768:Archived
5684:"Canada"
5636:Archived
5634:. 2016.
5487:See also
5386:Islander
5329:team of
5289:Canadian
5260:, while
5204:Michigan
5190:and the
5120:Smarties
5082:cheezies
5046:six-pack
5032:two-four
4910:chippies
4797:gotchies
4787:bunnyhug
4752:sneakers
4709:, as in
4629:Tasmania
4531:bathrobe
4527:bathrobe
4477:Dumpster
4467:such as
4410:flatware
4240:bathroom
4236:restroom
4232:lavatory
4223:washroom
4216:the West
4142:bachelor
4106:religion
4102:language
4069:and not
3951:attorney
3920:advocate
3874:attorney
3696:Loyalist
3684:Red Tory
3661:Manitoba
3581:premiers
3562:Politics
3514:overpass
3457:turnpike
3451:motorway
3446:Edmonton
3369:at-grade
3334:Edmonton
3288:sleepers
3272:railroad
3256:railroad
3165:US units
3115:freshman
3052:proctors
3032:catalogs
2931:wasteman
2814:vacation
2779:ISO 8601
2705:have got
2602:Manitoba
2565:copybook
2549:Montreal
2545:Bouchard
2473:Montreal
2454:Gatineau
2415:and the
2358:southern
2274:Prairies
1897:Standard
1806:fronting
1528:gasoline
1492:aluminum
1066:Spelling
913:Loyalist
847:phonemic
766:used in
697:Teaching
641:Scottish
621:Nigerian
606:Namibian
586:Malawian
581:Liberian
571:Jamaican
556:Gustavia
551:Ghanaian
516:Canadian
491:Belizean
451:American
443:Dialects
281:Pacific
251:Help:IPA
211:cana1268
74:Germanic
12843:italics
12820:Vanuatu
12809:Tokelau
12725:Oceania
12564:Nigeria
12559:Namibia
12544:Liberia
12539:Lesotho
12440:Oceania
12411:Ireland
12312:Jamaica
12302:Grenada
12265:Bermuda
11958:Italian
11938:Spanish
11933:Punjabi
11857:Tlingit
11852:Kutenai
11842:Beothuk
11750:Shuswap
11740:Saanich
11697:Wyandot
11644:Inupiaq
11606:Tahltan
11551:Carrier
11513:Naskapi
11503:Miꞌkmaq
11473:Abenaki
11443:English
11317:Engrish
11312:E-Prime
11285:Related
11272:Vietnam
11257:Myanmar
11127:Nigeria
11122:Namibia
11112:Liberia
10994:Oceania
10976:Bermuda
10948:Jamaica
10875:Chicano
10713:Midland
10699:United
10635:America
10571:Ireland
10547:Cardiff
10519:Glasgow
10468:Cockney
10348:Cumbria
10326:England
10317:Britain
10293:accents
8875:OUP.com
8860:29 July
8830:29 July
8800:29 July
8731:6 April
8414:26 June
8376:5 March
7352:2, 279.
7312:Ontario
7052:24 July
7026:16 July
7000:16 July
5851:. CBC.
5711:is the
5406:Halifax
5291:in its
5133:Rockets
5106:freezie
5067:poutine
4996:two-six
4891:nut bar
4783:origin.
4736:runners
4727:Apparel
4718:parkade
4659:twoonie
4655:twooney
4479:itself.
4469:Kleenex
4457:BFI bin
4402:cutlery
4386:), for
4382:(as in
4327:gas bar
4315:quiggly
4313:and/or
4256:reserve
4208:parkade
4178:cottage
4169:prairie
3992:Masters
3893:Ontario
3866:counsel
3813:Ontario
3726:dippers
3680:federal
3657:Alberta
3649:Ontario
3573:premier
3522:flyover
3490:highway
3473:thruway
3463:tollway
3430:Calgary
3410:Alberta
3382:Parkway
3346:freeway
3338:highway
3326:freeway
3310:highway
3260:railway
3252:railway
3197:Celsius
3175:ml, 227
2977:college
2969:college
2927:wallahi
2911:Toronto
2900:cottage
2878:Ontario
2808:holiday
2732:be done
2698:As well
2692:Grammar
2677:/sɛnts/
2644:Toronto
2594:Alberta
2577:guichet
2541:Bernard
2487:versus
2479:versus
2350:Toronto
2246:Ontario
2240:Ontario
2224:or the
2111:battery
1643:Southam
1599:below.)
1566:Hansard
1494:versus
1486:. (But
1281:. (But
1217:kilomet
1210:kilomet
1124:sthesia
1108:sthesia
1095:with a
988:portage
955:by the
905:British
897:Central
884:et al.,
864:History
764:English
671:Ugandan
601:Myanmar
546:Gambian
531:England
526:Cornish
501:British
434:History
378:History
247:Unicode
99:English
12815:Tuvalu
12695:Europe
12609:Zambia
12604:Uganda
12569:Rwanda
12549:Malawi
12502:Africa
12481:
12424:Jersey
12396:Europe
12307:Guyana
12278:Canada
12259:Belize
12209:Africa
12187:
11953:German
11948:Arabic
11907:Michif
11892:Bungee
11816:Stoney
11808:Siouan
11783:Haisla
11687:Seneca
11677:Oneida
11672:Mohawk
11667:Cayuga
11601:Tagish
11596:Slavey
11591:Sekani
11586:Nicola
11566:Dogrib
11523:Ottawa
11518:Ojibwe
11508:Munsee
11448:French
11340:Gogate
11247:Brunei
11159:Uganda
11142:accent
11117:Malawi
11085:Africa
11060:accent
11015:accent
10958:Samaná
10931:Bequia
10750:accent
10723:Boston
10701:States
10684:Quebec
10644:Canada
10633:North
10589:Ulster
10579:Dublin
10495:Dorset
10353:Barrow
10315:Great
10306:Europe
10172:: the
10128:
10112:
10039:
9994:
9928:
9910:
9880:
9848:
9830:
9799:
9762:80/1.
9751:
9732:
9702:
9670:
9622:
9576:
9439:
9389:
9381:
9240:
9184:4 June
9044:runner
8994:
8514:
8489:
8308:
8298:
8112:31 May
8037:8 June
7935:
7629:
7513:
7505:
7289:
7254:
7246:
7105:2 July
7078:2 July
6947:
6783:
6735:: 26.
6490:
6327:
6190:
6169:
6122:
6038:
6009:
5960:16 May
5918:
5731:) and
5476:muskeg
5355:Newfie
5325:, the
5285:Canuck
5254:pissed
5247:mitiss
5223:eraser
5219:rubber
5210:, and
5113:dainty
5008:handle
5004:twixer
4970:mickey
4939:Use By
4776:beanie
4763:touque
4679:toonie
4675:loonie
4663:Loonie
4651:tooney
4646:toonie
4636:loonie
4495:settee
4432:faucet
4420:napkin
4404:, for
4320:kekuli
4147:studio
4132:Places
4049:felony
4000:"Sir."
3934:notary
3925:notary
3862:lawyer
3821:Quebec
3786:Senate
3659:, and
3626:riding
3618:struck
3533:subway
3526:subway
3399:Quebec
3393:). In
3391:Guelph
3324:) and
3303:return
3232:
3228:
3217:Letter
3215:. The
3181:
3177:
3173:
3150:metric
3138:grades
3130:grades
3099:P1, P2
3075:French
3030:, not
2957:Sobeys
2933:, and
2919:mandem
2892:French
2865:Quebec
2600:, and
2539:as in
2493:Pie IX
2489:perish
2485:parish
2458:Ottawa
2438:Quebec
2419:area.
2417:Quinte
2312:prolly
2306:, and
2196:syntax
2144:, and
2132:, and
2040:et al.
2012:, and
1765:, the
1761:, the
1743:colour
1609:colour
1581:below)
1532:petrol
1445:enthra
1437:contro
1395:, and
1389:counse
1371:, and
1365:counse
1322:practi
1308:practi
1236:) and
1132:cology
1116:cology
1085:organi
1012:'s
1009:et al.
976:French
784:Quebec
780:French
768:Canada
611:Nepali
576:Kenyan
561:Indian
541:Fijian
506:Brunei
360:Topics
304:Ottawa
297:Quebec
94:Anglic
40:Canada
36:Region
12798:Samoa
12788:Palau
12771:Nauru
12716:Malta
12671:India
12594:Sudan
12534:Kenya
12529:Ghana
12161:Lists
11847:Haida
11835:other
11821:Sioux
11720:Comox
11626:Inuit
11581:Kaska
11382:Plain
11297:Basic
11219:Nepal
11207:India
11107:Kenya
11102:Ghana
11067:Palau
11027:South
10870:Cajun
10811:Texas
10806:Older
10786:South
10757:North
10733:Maine
10552:Gower
10534:Wales
10450:South
10335:North
9620:S2CID
9387:S2CID
9022:(PDF)
9015:(PDF)
8965:hydro
8306:JSTOR
8009:(PDF)
7998:(PDF)
7933:S2CID
7511:S2CID
7427::206)
7319:(PDF)
7308:(PDF)
7287:S2CID
7252:S2CID
6945:S2CID
6553:(PDF)
6546:(PDF)
5735:(see
5723:(see
5709:en-CA
5569:Notes
5374:Caper
5339:hoser
5301:Jenny
5245:, or
5184:what?
5056:, or
5016:sixty
5012:forty
4986:flask
4906:chips
4902:fries
4839:water
4825:over
4805:gotch
4801:Gitch
4772:tuque
4768:toque
4703:pogey
4695:pogey
4691:pogie
4625:hydro
4621:poles
4593:hydro
4563:flush
4503:Couch
4473:Xerox
4280:dorms
4182:cabin
4165:bluff
3868:(not
3732:) or
3730:NDPer
3707:Grits
3668:Tory,
3640:reeve
3610:table
3414:Trail
3158:klick
3134:marks
3126:marks
3119:frosh
3036:write
2981:CEGEP
2923:styll
2561:stage
2481:merry
2477:marry
2374:about
2316:goin'
2308:Perth
2300:Bruce
2296:Huron
2234:these
2218:width
2185:vowel
2138:witch
2134:which
2130:white
1981:Inuit
1849:]
1845:[
1799:]
1795:[
1791:]
1787:[
1747:color
1605:color
1595:(See
1573:(see
1536:trunk
1524:lorry
1520:truck
1461:profi
1453:ballo
1397:trave
1381:cance
1373:trave
1357:cance
1329:licen
1315:licen
1290:offen
1283:defen
1276:offen
1269:defen
1262:offen
1255:defen
1089:ation
1077:reali
1014:1967
984:tuque
911:, or
909:Irish
756:en-CA
676:Welsh
566:Irish
476:Bajan
224:en-CA
170:Latin
12776:Niue
12750:Guam
12744:Fiji
12642:Asia
12325:Saba
11493:Innu
11488:Cree
11173:Asia
11050:Fiji
11037:West
10953:Saba
10818:West
10738:West
10728:East
10291:and
10126:ISBN
10110:ISBN
10037:ISBN
9992:ISBN
9944:2023
9926:ISBN
9908:ISBN
9896:2023
9878:ISBN
9864:2023
9846:ISBN
9828:ISBN
9797:ISBN
9749:ISBN
9730:ISBN
9718:2023
9700:ISBN
9686:2023
9668:ISBN
9587:2023
9574:ISBN
9533:2017
9503:2017
9470:2013
9437:ISBN
9416:2023
9379:ISSN
9329:2020
9298:2012
9272:2017
9238:ISBN
9216:2017
9186:2012
9030:2011
8992:ISBN
8988:1075
8862:2018
8832:2018
8802:2018
8763:2017
8733:2023
8693:2019
8630:2023
8604:2018
8552:2011
8512:ISBN
8487:ISBN
8463:2017
8416:2023
8378:2018
8348:2023
8322:2023
8296:ISBN
8276:2023
8250:2023
8221:2023
8195:2023
8169:2023
8140:2023
8114:2022
8084:2023
8039:2022
7980:2014
7949:2023
7895:2023
7855:2023
7807:2023
7707:2023
7672:2018
7627:ISBN
7597:2023
7503:ISSN
7327:2017
7244:ISSN
7107:2020
7080:2020
7054:2024
7028:2024
7002:2024
6867:2018
6781:ISBN
6745:2023
6623:2016
6592:2016
6561:2017
6488:ISBN
6338:2023
6325:ISBN
6297:2017
6267:2011
6188:ISBN
6167:ISBN
6120:ISBN
6036:OCLC
6007:ISBN
5962:2016
5934::49)
5916:ISBN
5861:2023
5802:2007
5776:2023
5727:and
5715:for
5696:2019
5670:2019
5644:2017
5380:, a
5351:Newf
5236:arse
5180:huh?
5172:okay
5040:flat
5036:case
4982:pint
4900:and
4835:soda
4831:soda
4827:soda
4803:and
4746:and
4677:and
4575:) a
4513:dart
4507:sofa
4497:and
4361:snye
4329:: a
4290:and
4210:: a
4200:: a
4174:camp
4159:loft
4155:loft
4112:vs.
4051:and
3957:and
3922:and
3891:(in
3864:and
3852:and
3809:MLAs
3692:Tory
3647:and
3571:and
3460:and
3344:and
3290:and
3284:cars
3282:and
3280:ties
3266:and
3254:and
3040:take
2935:yute
2896:camp
2715:vs.
2709:have
2665:/aʊ/
2663:and
2661:/aɪ/
2657:/aɪ/
2652:/æɡ/
2648:/ɛɡ/
2618:/aʊ/
2614:/æn/
2610:/æɡ/
2584:West
2543:and
2531:NUUF
2529:pee-
2483:and
2324:/ɛr/
2320:/ɜr/
2304:Grey
2258:/aʊ/
2254:/aɪ/
2232:and
2216:and
2214:myth
2146:wear
2142:with
2122:/hw/
2120:and
2105:and
2058:and
1992:and
1979:and
1969:and
1959:and
1783:/aʊ/
1781:and
1779:/aɪ/
1685:Gage
1667:Star
1653:Star
1633:-our
1540:boot
1512:tire
1502:tire
1488:tire
1484:tyre
1482:and
1480:kerb
1476:tire
1474:and
1472:curb
1459:and
1443:and
1441:able
1427:and
1343:advi
1341:and
1336:advi
1327:and
1313:and
1292:sive
1288:and
1285:sive
1274:and
1260:and
1245:somb
1238:somb
1231:meag
1224:meag
1206:-our
1199:cent
1197:and
1185:cent
1162:and
1126:and
1110:and
1083:and
986:and
899:and
748:CanE
596:Manx
219:IETF
11576:Hän
10295:of
9612:doi
9566:doi
9546:60.
9371:doi
8777:ABM
8066:doi
7925:doi
7879:hdl
7839:doi
7769:doi
7538:".
7495:doi
7279:doi
7236:doi
7192:doi
7134:doi
6972:doi
6937:doi
6905:doi
6773:doi
6317:doi
6083:".
5985:".
5604:at
5353:or
5264:or
5242:ass
5230:bum
5182:or
5170:or
5166:or
5160:eh?
5018:or
4931:An
4866:or
4845:).
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