998:- "Turkish peri masalı is a literal translation of the term 'fairy tale,' the originally Indo–Persian character of the peri or pari constituting the equivalent of the European fairy in modern Persian folktales (Adhami 2010). Probably the character most fascinating for a Western audience in the Persian tales is the peri or pari (Adhami 2010). Although the Persian word is tantalizingly close to the English 'fairy', both words do not appear to be etymologically related. English 'fairy' derives from Latin fatum, 'fate', via the Old French faerie, 'land of fairies'. The modern Persian word, instead, derives from the Avestan pairikā, a term probably denoting a class of pre-Zoroastrian goddesses who were concerned with sexuality and who were closely connected with sexual festivals and ritual orgies. In Persian narratives and folklore of the Muslim period, the peri is usually imagined as a winged character, most often, although not exclusively, of female sex, that is capable of acts of sorcery and magic (Marzolph 2012: 21–2). For the male hero, the peri exercises a powerful sexual attraction, although unions between a peri and a human man are often ill-fated, as the human is not able to respect the laws ruling the peri's world. The peri may at times use a feather coat to turn into a bird and is thus linked to the concept of the swan maiden that is wide-spread in Asian popular belief. If her human husband transgresses one of her taboos, such as questioning her enigmatic actions, the peri will undoubtedly leave him, a feature that is exemplified in the widely known European folktale tale type 400: 'The Man on a Quest for His Lost Wife' (Schmitt 1999)."
727:
31:
193:
228:
3474:
622:
3484:
777:
might soon turn into wrath, when he acted in a way which might offend him. He then prepares for a meeting at a pavilion outside the city. For the special occasion, the Garden was adorned with precious golden and silver vessels, jewellery, and costly furniture. After the sunset he fell asleep. When he
830:) rather than surviving in exile from the disease and the lover. The third gift, the one that gets the peri into heaven, is a "Tear that, warm and meek/Dew'd that repentant sinner's cheek": the tear of an evil old man who repented upon seeing a child praying in the ruins of the
441:
in
Turkish tales fly through the air with cloud-like garments of a green colour, but also in the shape of doves. They also number forty, seven or three, and serve a Fairy-king that can be a human person they abducted from the human world. Like vestals, Kúnos wrote, the
1468:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1149:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1139:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1070:
Marzolph, Ulrich, and
Richard van Leeuwen. "The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: The Survival of Ancient Iranian Ethical Concepts in Persian Popular Narratives of the Islamic Period." The Idea of Iran: Tradition and Innovation in Early Islamic Persia (2012):
1228:
MacDonald, D.B., Massé, H., Boratav, P.N., Nizami, K.A. and
Voorhoeve, P., “Ḏj̲inn”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 31 January 2024
210:
The etymological relation to the
English word "fairy" is disputed. Some argue that there is no relation and that both words derive from different meanings. Others argue that both terms share a common origin: The English term "fairy" deriving from
794:
in 1855. The authors leaves a mark of mockery and used as a sign of the
Persian's gullibility. Whether Gobineau's remark holds true or not, the story reflects the popularity of such belief in Iranian consciousness.
446:
belong to the spiritual realm until love sprouts in their hearts, and they must join with their mortal lovers, being abandoned by their sisters to their own devices. Also, the first meeting between humans and
1282:
Boratav, P.N. and J.T.P. de Bruijn, “Parī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second
Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 31 January 2024
964:
Boratav, P.N. and J.T.P. de Bruijn, “Parī”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second
Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 31 January 2024
910:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43. ISBN 978-1-5013-5420-5
1219:
DAVLETSHİNA, Leyla, and Enzhe SADYKOVA. "ÇAĞDAŞ TATAR HALK BİLİMİNDEKİ KÖTÜ RUHLAR ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA: PERİ BAŞKA, CİN BAŞKA." Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi (TÜRKLAD) 4.2 (2020): 366-374.
1210:
DAVLETSHİNA, Leyla, and Enzhe SADYKOVA. "ÇAĞDAŞ TATAR HALK BİLİMİNDEKİ KÖTÜ RUHLAR ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA: PERİ BAŞKA, CİN BAŞKA." Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi (TÜRKLAD) 4.2 (2020): 366-374.
498:. Alleged abductions can be either physical or psychological, in which case their victims lose consciousness. During the periods of abductions, people claim to be able to see, hear, and interact with
1061:
Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji. "An Account of Comets as given by Mahomedan Historians and as contained in the books of the Pishinigan or the Ancient Persians referred to by Abul Fazl." (1917): 68-105.
1052:
Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji. "An Account of Comets as given by Mahomedan Historians and as contained in the books of the Pishinigan or the Ancient Persians referred to by Abul Fazl." (1917): 68-105.
1016:
Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji. "An Account of Comets as given by Mahomedan Historians and as contained in the books of the Pishinigan or the Ancient Persians referred to by Abul Fazl." (1917): 68-105.
1443:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43.
1427:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43.
1411:
Abedinifard, Mostafa; Azadibougar, Omid; Vafa, Amirhossein, eds. (2021). Persian Literature as World Literature. Literatures as World Literature. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 37–43.
279:. Comets and planets were associated with evil, while the Sun, the Moon, and the fixed stars, with good. Such negative associations of the planets, however, are not supported in
290:
are non-human beings with wings and magical powers. They are often, though not necessarily female and employ an erotic appeal to mortal men. As early as the tenth century,
91:
and distributed into wider Asian folklore. They are often described as winged creatures of immense beauty who are structured in societies similar to that of humans. Unlike
118:
already developed into morally complex beings with a generally positive connotation of immense beauty, and at latest in the tenth century, being integrated into the Arab
3770:
3513:
1089:
Shahbazi, Mohammad Reza, Somayeh Avarand, and Maryam Jamali. "An Anthropological study of Melmedas in Iran and Siren in Greece." The Anthropologist 18.3 (2014): 981-989.
366:
features in the latter, when Prince Ahmad meets the beautiful princess Pari Banu. Ahmad has to deal with difficult tasks he manages to comply by aid of his fairy-wife.
1459:
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, and Mehdi Aminrazavi, eds. An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 2: From Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. pp. 320-323
726:
814:
the gift most dear to God. The first attempt is "The last libation Liberty draws/From the heart that bleeds and breaks in her cause", to wit, a drop of
3799:
30:
1250:
Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World. (2017). Vereinigtes Königreich: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 148
822:. Next is a "Precious sigh/of pure, self-sacrificing love": a sigh stolen from the dying lips of a maiden who died with her lover of
1383:
Pantologia. A new (cabinet) cyclopædia, by J.M. Good, O. Gregory, and N. Bosworth assisted by other gentlemen of eminence, Band 8
3782:
3764:
3699:
2737:
2682:
3899:
3520:
3487:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1369:
1336:
1296:
1238:
1189:
1168:
974:
898:
253:
refers to a person who lost reason because they fell in love, as the beloved steals the lover's reason. In this regard, the
3889:
1396:
694:
3894:
3854:
3681:
3436:
666:
1927:
1534:
1124:
928:
713:
538:
651:
2677:
3728:
3722:
1308:
Basilov, Vladimir N. "Shamanism in central Asia." The Realm of Extra-human. Agents and Audiences (1976): 149-157.
673:
347:
also form part of the mythological army that Keyumars eventually draws up to defeat Ahriman and his demonic son.
3884:
2907:
2443:
2246:
1201:
Claus, Peter, Sarah Diamond, and Margaret Mills. South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2020. p. 463
647:
1080:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1043:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1034:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1025:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
1007:
Seyed‐Gohrab, Ali Asghar. "Magic in classical Persian amatory literature." Iranian Studies 32.1 (1999): 71-97.
3776:
1817:
1717:
3826:
3409:
1483:
680:
192:
351:
514:(دیو), who persecuted them by locking them in iron cages. This persecution was brought about by, as the
406:
is attested in Turkish sources from the 11th century onward and was probably associated with the Arabic
3914:
3904:
3879:
3693:
1553:
1362:
South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
734:
662:
3909:
2727:
2561:
2518:
1317:
ZARCONE, EDITED BY THIERRY, and ANGELA HOBART. "AND ISLAM." The Sufi orders in northern Central Asia.
272:
3919:
3364:
3247:
2835:
632:
643:
3838:
3232:
995:
987:
738:
636:
510:
3657:
3399:
1812:
494:
would take interest in the life of humans and abduct them to invite them to weddings of fellow
2712:
2662:
1777:
1527:
1114:
844:
227:
3506:
3106:
204:
110:
were probably a class of evil spirits and only later received a positive reception. In the
1161:
The Self Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature and Civilization
786:
was gone. The author of the tale was probably familarized with the tale on his travels to
200:
8:
3608:
2453:
2115:
1607:
1567:
748:
398:, local traditions variously acknowledge the existence of a supernatural creature called
3171:
3705:
3633:
2145:
2110:
1892:
1807:
827:
744:
687:
530:
295:
50:
2075:
1230:
966:
3580:
3374:
3296:
3126:
2667:
2398:
1444:
1428:
1412:
1365:
1342:
1332:
1292:
1288:
1234:
1185:
1164:
1120:
970:
924:
894:
88:
60:
3620:
3874:
3586:
3477:
3342:
3141:
2697:
2692:
2581:
2281:
2276:
2221:
2170:
2120:
1947:
1897:
1520:
1284:
819:
434:
2105:
1329:
Health and religious rituals in South Asia : disease, possession, and healing
3820:
3752:
3262:
2952:
2917:
2418:
2321:
2241:
2216:
1802:
1624:
1582:
849:
839:
534:
124:
3383:
3151:
2180:
3758:
3332:
3237:
3212:
2840:
2773:
2473:
2266:
2085:
2070:
2040:
1922:
1639:
1592:
1504:
1479:
823:
554:. They ruled the world until it was given to a tribe of angels called al-jinn (
163:
2788:
921:
The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality: Studies in Anthropological History
135:
are also feared because they are said to abduct people and take them to their
3868:
3352:
3161:
3156:
3040:
2652:
2468:
2226:
2175:
2160:
1634:
1346:
944:
747:
tells in his travel report about his 'three years in Asia' a story involving
581:
577:
567:
1952:
1852:
1099:
3602:
3379:
3316:
2980:
2932:
2860:
2845:
2763:
2707:
2383:
2251:
2190:
2125:
2090:
2050:
1847:
1767:
1737:
1727:
1644:
1629:
1597:
799:
791:
571:
543:
487:, sometimes used by a spiritual master referred to as "Master of Faries".
391:
74:
1942:
570:, they are still present during the time of Keyumar. It is only after the
3687:
3543:
3529:
3404:
2922:
2438:
2423:
2413:
2306:
2256:
2130:
2015:
1975:
1757:
1712:
1619:
831:
807:
522:
lack of sufficient self-esteem to join the rebellion against perversion.
472:
430:
are morally ambivalent creatures, and can be either Muslims or infidels.
383:
172:
106:
was subject to change and reconsideration. In early Persian beliefs, the
3065:
3045:
2995:
1857:
1842:
3614:
3590:
3136:
3060:
2768:
2672:
2632:
2433:
2378:
2346:
2301:
2286:
2261:
2185:
2080:
2030:
1985:
1980:
1912:
1872:
1862:
1752:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1602:
1587:
1572:
484:
476:
456:
64:
2351:
2331:
2100:
1512:
566:
lose their rank as representatives of the earth after the creation of
3832:
3416:
3281:
3075:
2825:
2778:
2722:
2702:
2606:
2586:
2566:
2556:
2458:
2140:
2095:
2035:
2010:
1990:
1882:
1832:
1665:
756:
422:
is more frequently used in supernatural tales. According to the book
315:
122:-tale tradition. They are often contrasted by their nemesis the ugly
3010:
1722:
810:, a peri gains entrance to heaven after three attempts at giving an
621:
362:. The tale is a combination of originally two separate stories; the
178:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3639:
3626:
3446:
3347:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3091:
3070:
3055:
3050:
3000:
2947:
2912:
2876:
2830:
2820:
2758:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2513:
2504:
2393:
2373:
2271:
2231:
2165:
2055:
2045:
2025:
2020:
2000:
1902:
1867:
1837:
1747:
1614:
866:
410:
when entering the Turkic beliefs through Islamic sources. Although
379:
328:
310:
294:
feature as a template for the exquisite beauty of "the beloved" in
136:
3274:
2886:
2881:
1762:
778:
woke up again, he found that there was that not only there was no
759:
and had hold high respect for experts in the supernatural such as
755:. Shah Qajar is said to have had a strong inclination towards the
3567:
3441:
3369:
3306:
3291:
3242:
3192:
3121:
3116:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
2985:
2937:
2793:
2717:
2637:
2611:
2591:
2528:
2523:
2509:
2341:
2150:
2065:
1995:
1937:
1932:
1827:
1822:
1797:
1787:
1772:
1742:
1577:
761:
464:
455:
are usually considered benevolent in Turkish sources. Shamans in
340:
280:
16:
A fairy-like spirit in Middle Eastern Folk-lore of Persian origin
3644:
2316:
588:
in his explanation of angels, jinn, and devils. He asserts that
3651:
3574:
3561:
3426:
3337:
3311:
3301:
3257:
3227:
3111:
3096:
2975:
2902:
2872:
2867:
2798:
2783:
2732:
2551:
2533:
2428:
2388:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2336:
2296:
2291:
2236:
2200:
2155:
2135:
1970:
1907:
1782:
1707:
1702:
1477:
1261:
861:
787:
395:
336:
320:
298:
folklore and poetry, echoing an identification with the Arabic
232:
3498:
996:
https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315108407-4
3431:
3421:
3286:
3269:
3252:
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3146:
3131:
3015:
3005:
2942:
2927:
2855:
2810:
2805:
2753:
2687:
2601:
2596:
2576:
2571:
2448:
2408:
2403:
2311:
2195:
2005:
1887:
1877:
1792:
1732:
1543:
994:. Routledge, 2019. pp. 46, 52, 53. Accessed on: 16 Dec 2021.
988:
The Middle Eastern World’s Contribution to Fairy-Tale History
835:
815:
811:
559:
375:
299:
245:
119:
111:
2326:
219:(enchant). However, there is no consensus on either theory.
166:
3771:
The Beautiful Palace East of the Sun and North of the Earth
3596:
3222:
3101:
2990:
2850:
2815:
2627:
2463:
387:
332:
259:
183:. The word may stem from the same root as the Persian word
92:
818:
from a young soldier killed for an attempt on the life of
99:
usually feature in tales involving supernatural elements.
3359:
2060:
1917:
769:
warned him that the prince needs precautions to meet the
584:(1004 – between 1072–1088) elaborates on the concept of
525:
502:, and sometimes even report their words and appearance.
302:. However, the term has also been used as a synonym for
235:, riding camels. From a 15th-century Persian manuscript.
1233:> First published online: 2012 First print edition:
969:> First published online: 2012 First print edition:
891:
Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore
604:
would be both a potential angel and a potential devil (
600:
are divided into two categories: angel and devil. Each
3857:
where the swan maiden (or other type of bird) appears.
3853:"Tale types" refer to narratives of the international
1291:. First published online: 2012. First print edition:
574:
that they became hidden from the sight of humankind.
184:
157:
189:'wing', although other proposed etymologies exist.
1360:Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills
1231:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0191
967:http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0886
271:, do not have connotations of beauty however. In
3866:
1113:Hughes, Patrick; Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1995).
199:, flying, with cup and wine flask. Miniature by
3800:Go I Know Not Whither and Fetch I Know Not What
2491:
1508:by Ferdowsi, translated by Helen Zimmern (1883)
1398:Nelson's New Dictionary of the English Language
1385:Oxford University 1819 digitalized 2006 sec. 17
475:, and protect from evil jinn. According to the
143:) or punish people for social transgressions.
3514:
1528:
286:In popular literature of the Islamic period,
152:
1112:
29:
650:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
608:), depending on obedience or disobedience.
3521:
3507:
3483:
1535:
1521:
1478:Ferdowsi; Zimmern, Helen (trans.) (1883).
842:set Moore's tale to music as an oratorio,
611:
87:is a supernatural entity originating from
714:Learn how and when to remove this message
508:were the target of a lower level of evil
451:occurs during the latter's bathtime. The
418:are sometimes used as synonyms, the term
1401:. Thomas Nelson & Sons. p. 234.
725:
339:of the threats posed by the destructive
226:
191:
1542:
1326:
3867:
3783:The Heavenly Maiden and the Woodcutter
3765:The Nine Peahens and the Golden Apples
3700:The Prince Who Wanted to See the World
1394:
1262:"Osmanische Volksmärchen I. (Schluss)"
3502:
3488:List of beings referred to as fairies
2490:
1688:
1516:
1259:
526:Islamic scripture and interpretations
222:
1689:
960:
958:
939:
937:
648:adding citations to reliable sources
615:
319:, "The Book of Kings", the divinity
215:(enchant) and the Persian term from
41:, 19th century, Rajput Bhopal museum
275:, comets have been identified with
153:
13:
3682:The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise
1388:
1100:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14:
3931:
1498:
1184:University of Chicago Press 1993
980:
955:
934:
539:History of the Prophets and Kings
3482:
3473:
3472:
1289:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0886
986:Marzolph, Ulrich (08 Apr 2019)."
620:
550:at some point after the vicious
331:(the mythological first man and
243:have been considered a class of
3729:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
3723:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
3528:
1462:
1453:
1437:
1421:
1405:
1375:
1354:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1276:
1253:
1244:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1174:
1163:Columbia University Press 2012
1153:
1143:
1133:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
826:in the Mountains of the Moon (
257:features similar to the Arabic
1119:. Asian Educational Services.
1019:
1010:
1001:
913:
904:
883:
463:for aid in spiritual rituals.
1:
1327:Ferrari, Fabrizio M. (2011).
923:. BRILL, 28.10.2014. p. 118.
876:
731:Peri at the Gates of Paradise
596:. Then, he proceeds that the
358:appears only in the story of
3900:Armenian legendary creatures
1484:Internet Sacred Text Archive
893:. Sharpe Reference. p. 361.
179:
167:
146:
102:Over time, the depiction of
61:Pre-Islamic Persian folklore
7:
3890:Persian legendary creatures
3617:(Transcarpathian Ukrainian)
2492:Fairy-like beings worldwide
1364:Taylor & Francis, 2003
855:
369:
352:One Thousand and One Nights
185:
158:
10:
3936:
3855:Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index
3694:The Green Man of Knowledge
1554:Classifications of fairies
990:". In: Teverseon, Andrew.
335:of the world) and his son
131:Despite their beauty, the
3895:Persian words and phrases
3848:
3827:The King of Ireland's Son
3813:
3792:
3715:
3674:
3667:
3552:
3536:
3463:
3392:
3325:
3180:
3084:
2968:
2961:
2895:
2746:
2620:
2544:
2497:
2486:
2209:
1963:
1695:
1684:
1653:
1560:
1551:
1381:Olinthus Gilbert Gregory
889:Sherman, Josepha (2008).
533:'s interpretation of the
433:According to Turkologist
323:appears in the form of a
273:Middle Persian literature
70:
56:
46:
28:
592:is the Persian term for
3839:The Tale of Tsar Saltan
1928:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
1395:Nelson, Thomas (1922).
739:Corcoran Gallery of Art
612:Western representations
3400:Christmas gift-bringer
1813:Brown Man of the Muirs
741:
236:
207:
34:
3885:Azerbaijani mythology
2272:Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling
1778:Blue men of the Minch
1654:Abodes and structures
1331:. London: Routledge.
1260:Kúnos, Ignác (1888).
871:The Peer and the Peri
845:Paradise and the Peri
804:Paradise and the Peri
729:
230:
195:
33:
2678:Hopkinsville Goblins
992:The Fairy Tale World
848:, using an abridged
644:improve this section
558:), those leader was
205:Freer Gallery of Art
2399:Sprite/Water sprite
1568:Celtic sacred trees
1480:"The Epic of Kings"
1159:Frederick M. Smith
1116:Dictionary of Islam
773:. The affection of
749:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
471:to heal women from
360:Ahmad and Pari Bānu
25:
3706:Lady Featherflight
3654:(Norse and Celtic)
1723:Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe)
782:but also that the
745:Arthur de Gobineau
742:
518:perceived it, the
459:sometimes consult
378:, across Northern
350:In the stories of
237:
223:Persian literature
208:
35:
21:
3915:Kurdish mythology
3905:Islamic mythology
3880:Persian mythology
3862:
3861:
3809:
3808:
3496:
3495:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3127:Headless Horseman
2668:Fearsome critters
2482:
2481:
1449:978-1-5013-5420-5
1433:978-1-5013-5420-5
1417:978-1-5013-5420-5
1370:978-0-415-93919-5
1338:978-0-203-83386-5
1297:978-90-04-16121-4
1239:978-90-04-16121-4
1190:978-0-226-06456-7
1182:Asian Mythologies
1169:978-0-231-51065-3
975:978-90-04-16121-4
949:Iranicaonline.org
899:978-0-7656-8047-1
832:Temple of the Sun
724:
723:
716:
698:
483:are able to cast
424:People of the Air
281:Avestan languages
151:The Persian word
80:
79:
51:Mythical creature
3927:
3910:Turkish folklore
3749:(Southeast Asia)
3672:
3671:
3587:Peacock Princess
3523:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3469:
3172:Tuatha Dé Danann
3142:Jimmy Squarefoot
2966:
2965:
2693:Little green men
2488:
2487:
2454:Will-o'-the-wisp
2222:Margot the fairy
2171:Lady of the Lake
2121:Jenny Greenteeth
2116:Jack o' the bowl
1948:Queen of Elphame
1690:Attested fairies
1686:
1685:
1561:Related articles
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:Ungarische Revue
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
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1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
984:
978:
962:
953:
952:
941:
932:
917:
911:
908:
902:
887:
820:Mahmud of Ghazni
719:
712:
708:
705:
699:
697:
656:
624:
616:
535:Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ
309:At the start of
239:Originally, the
188:
182:
170:
161:
156:
155:
65:Islamic folklore
26:
20:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3920:Avian humanoids
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3844:
3805:
3788:
3753:Hassan of Basra
3711:
3708:(North America)
3663:
3554:
3548:
3532:
3527:
3497:
3492:
3467:
3451:
3388:
3321:
3263:Enchanted Moura
3176:
3080:
2957:
2953:Yara-ma-yha-who
2891:
2742:
2616:
2540:
2493:
2478:
2242:Mooinjer veggey
2205:
2111:Jack-o'-lantern
2076:Heinzelmännchen
1959:
1691:
1680:
1649:
1625:Household deity
1583:Fairy godmother
1556:
1547:
1541:
1501:
1488:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
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1355:
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1002:
985:
981:
963:
956:
943:
942:
935:
919:Aigle, Denise.
918:
914:
909:
905:
888:
884:
879:
858:
840:Robert Schumann
737:(after Moore),
735:Thomas Crawford
720:
709:
703:
700:
657:
655:
641:
625:
614:
562:. Although the
531:Abu Ali Bal'ami
528:
467:use the aid of
372:
225:
149:
42:
37:Depiction of a
17:
12:
11:
5:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3759:The Swan Queen
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3658:The Goose Wife
3655:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3611:(South Slavic)
3606:
3600:
3594:
3584:
3581:The Crane Wife
3578:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3396:
3394:
3393:Cross-regional
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3333:Dames blanches
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Kallikantzaros
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Doñas de fuera
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Mrenh kongveal
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2474:Yan-gant-y-tan
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
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2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Nelly Longarms
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:The Hedley Kow
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Gwragedd Annwn
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
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1983:
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1973:
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1651:
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1647:
1642:
1640:Tutelary deity
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1593:Fairy painting
1590:
1585:
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1557:
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1549:
1548:
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1500:
1499:External links
1497:
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1374:
1353:
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1194:
1180:Yves Bonnefoy
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857:
854:
806:, part of his
722:
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613:
610:
527:
524:
490:Sometimes the
465:Uyghur shamans
371:
368:
224:
221:
171:, itself from
164:Middle Persian
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112:Islamic period
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3635:
3634:Völundarkviða
3631:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3605:(East Slavic)
3604:
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3410:Companions of
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3353:King Goldemar
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3162:Pictish Beast
3160:
3158:
3157:Morgan Le Fay
3155:
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2176:Lazy Laurence
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2106:Iannic-ann-ôd
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1635:Nature spirit
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1506:Epic of Kings
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1268:(in German).
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929:9789004280649
926:
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872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
853:
852:translation.
851:
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841:
837:
833:
829:
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821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
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790:at orders of
789:
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704:February 2020
696:
693:
689:
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675:
672:
668:
665: –
664:
660:
659:Find sources:
653:
649:
645:
639:
638:
634:
629:This section
627:
623:
618:
617:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Nasir Khusraw
579:
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569:
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367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
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346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
313:'s epic poem
312:
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301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:, unlike the
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
249:and the term
248:
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181:
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109:
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98:
94:
90:
89:Persian tales
86:
85:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
40:
32:
27:
24:
19:
3850:
3632:
3553:Supernatural
3537:Main article
3384:Weiße Frauen
3380:Witte Wieven
3152:Menninkäinen
2933:Patupaiarehe
2861:Hungry ghost
2846:Orang bunian
2764:Fallen angel
2708:Nordic alien
2444:Wicked fairy
2384:Sleih beggey
2191:Lubber fiend
2181:Leanan sídhe
2126:Joan the Wad
2091:Hobbididance
2051:Gwyn ap Nudd
1768:Bloody Bones
1738:Baobhan sith
1728:Arkan Sonney
1645:Water spirit
1630:Hungry grass
1598:Fairy riding
1505:
1487:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1439:
1423:
1407:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1361:
1356:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1181:
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1021:
1012:
1003:
991:
982:
948:
920:
915:
906:
890:
885:
870:
843:
803:
800:Thomas Moore
797:
792:Napoleon III
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
765:. One day a
760:
752:
743:
730:
710:
701:
691:
684:
677:
670:
658:
642:Please help
630:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
563:
555:
551:
547:
537:
529:
519:
515:
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460:
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448:
443:
438:
432:
427:
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415:
411:
407:
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399:
392:Central Asia
373:
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303:
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130:
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115:
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103:
101:
96:
83:
82:
81:
75:Muslim world
38:
22:
18:
3814:Adaptations
3761:(Lithuania)
3688:King Kojata
3629:(Germanic)
3544:Swan maiden
3530:Swan maiden
3405:Santa Claus
3233:Hippocampus
2923:Muldjewangk
2789:Inari Ōkami
2439:Water horse
2424:Tylwyth Teg
2414:Tooth fairy
2307:Pillywiggin
2257:Moss people
2227:Meg Mullach
2131:Joint-eater
2016:Ghillie Dhu
1976:Fairy Queen
1758:Billy Blind
1713:Alp Luachra
1620:Genius loci
1546:in folklore
1489:October 18,
1299:, 1960-2007
1241:, 1960-2007
977:, 1960-2007
834:at Balbec,
808:Lalla-Rookh
485:love spells
473:miscarriage
435:Ignác Kúnos
402:. The term
384:Afghanistan
173:Old Persian
162:comes from
3869:Categories
3823:(Noh play)
3702:(Portugal)
3696:(Scotland)
3668:Tale types
3615:Povitrulya
3591:Dai people
3437:Salamander
3137:Jack Frost
2774:Hồ ly tinh
2769:Fox spirit
2673:Grey alien
2633:Anchimayen
2434:Water bull
2379:Shellycoat
2302:Peg Powler
2287:Nuckelavee
2262:Nain Rouge
2186:Leprechaun
2081:Hinzelmann
1986:Fear gorta
1981:Fear dearg
1953:Svartálfar
1913:Each-uisge
1873:Colt pixie
1863:Clurichaun
1853:Ceffyl Dŵr
1753:Bean nighe
1676:Fairy ring
1671:Fairy path
1661:Fairy fort
1603:Fairy tale
1588:Fairy-lock
1573:Changeling
877:References
674:newspapers
578:Isma'ilite
556:fereštegan
457:Kazakhstan
296:Persianate
231:Houris in
141:Pariyestân
137:home-world
3833:Swan Lake
3829:(fantasy)
3779:(Denmark)
3777:Maid Lena
3417:Elemental
3107:Black dog
2826:Korpokkur
2779:Huli jing
2723:Pukwudgie
2703:Nimerigar
2663:Encantado
2607:Tikoloshe
2587:Mami Wata
2567:Bultungin
2557:Asanbosam
2498:Worldwide
2459:Wirry-cow
2317:Púca/Pwca
2252:Morvarc'h
2141:Kilmoulis
2096:Hobgoblin
2036:Grindylow
2011:Gancanagh
1991:Fenodyree
1943:Huldufólk
1883:Cyhyraeth
1833:Bugul Noz
1666:Fairyland
1347:739388185
945:"PAIRIKĀ"
828:Ruwenzori
762:darvīshes
631:does not
316:Shahnameh
147:Etymology
3835:(ballet)
3821:Hagoromo
3802:(Russia)
3773:(Sweden)
3767:(Serbia)
3755:(Arabic)
3747:Manohara
3741:Chilseok
3735:Tanabata
3690:(Slavic)
3684:(Russia)
3640:Brunhild
3627:Valkyrie
3623:(Greece)
3609:Samodiva
3599:(Persia)
3564:(India)
3478:Category
3468:See also
3447:Wild man
3348:Alberich
3218:Farfadet
3208:Dionysus
3198:Cercopes
3188:Basajaun
3181:Southern
3092:Aitvaras
3085:Northern
3071:Vodyanoy
3066:Vântoase
3056:Vadleany
3051:Ursitory
3046:Spiriduș
3041:Sânziană
3001:Kikimora
2996:Karzełek
2948:Wandjina
2913:Menehune
2877:Yakshini
2831:Mazzikin
2821:Kijimuna
2759:Dokkaebi
2713:Nûñnë'hï
2658:Curupira
2648:Chaneque
2643:Canotila
2621:Americas
2514:Succubus
2505:Bogeyman
2394:Spriggan
2374:Seonaidh
2232:Melusine
2166:Korrigan
2056:Habetrot
2046:Gwyllion
2026:Glashtyn
2021:Glaistig
2001:Finvarra
1903:Dullahan
1868:Coblynau
1858:Clíodhna
1843:Cat sìth
1838:Caoineag
1748:Barghest
1615:Familiar
1372:page 463
1351:p. 35-38
1171:page 570
867:Iolanthe
856:See also
802:'s poem
580:scholar
546:creates
380:Pakistan
370:Folklore
329:Keyumars
327:to warn
311:Ferdowsi
233:paradise
57:Folklore
47:Grouping
3875:Fairies
3793:ATU 465
3785:(Korea)
3743:(Korea)
3737:(Japan)
3731:(China)
3725:(China)
3716:ATU 400
3675:ATU 313
3660:(Inuit)
3621:Neraida
3583:(Japan)
3577:(Japan)
3568:Urvashi
3442:Sandman
3370:Perchta
3365:Lorelei
3326:Western
3307:Thiasus
3292:Silenus
3243:Kobalos
3193:Centaur
3122:Haltija
3117:Gremlin
3036:Rusalka
3031:Psotnik
3026:Polevik
3021:Ovinnik
2986:Domovoy
2981:Căpcăun
2969:Eastern
2938:Taniwha
2896:Oceania
2794:Kitsune
2718:Pombero
2683:Ishigaq
2638:Caipora
2612:Yumboes
2592:Obayifo
2529:Mermaid
2524:Merfolk
2510:Incubus
2352:Skogsrå
2342:Radande
2332:Bergsrå
2151:Knucker
2146:Knocker
2101:Hödekin
2066:Haltija
2031:Groac'h
1996:Finfolk
1938:Erlking
1933:Elegast
1898:Duergar
1848:Cù Sìth
1828:Bugbear
1823:Buggane
1808:Brownie
1798:Boobrie
1788:Boggart
1773:Bluecap
1743:Banshee
1578:Elfshot
1544:Fairies
784:darvīsh
767:darvīsh
688:scholar
652:removed
637:sources
341:Ahriman
251:dīvānah
201:Şahkulu
180:parikā-
71:Country
3851:Notes:
3841:(poem)
3652:Selkie
3575:Tennin
3562:Apsara
3427:Goblin
3375:Vittra
3338:Dusios
3312:Trenti
3302:Squasc
3248:Lamina
3228:Hecate
3112:Gabija
3097:Ajatar
3011:Lidérc
2976:Bannik
2962:Europe
2908:Manaia
2903:Bunyip
2873:Yaksha
2868:Tennin
2836:Mogwai
2799:Kumiho
2784:Huxian
2754:Diwata
2733:Trauco
2552:Abatwa
2545:Africa
2534:Merman
2429:Undine
2389:Sluagh
2369:Selkie
2364:Sebile
2359:Redcap
2337:Hulder
2297:Oberon
2292:Nuggle
2247:Morgen
2237:Merrow
2201:Ly Erg
2156:Kobold
2136:Kelpie
1971:Fachan
1908:Dunnie
1893:Duende
1783:Bodach
1718:Anjana
1708:Aibell
1703:Adhene
1469:16-29.
1447:
1431:
1415:
1368:
1345:
1335:
1295:
1272:: 337.
1237:
1192:p. 322
1188:
1167:
1150:16-29.
1140:16-29.
1123:
1071:16-29.
973:
927:
897:
862:Dakini
850:German
824:plague
788:Tehran
757:Occult
690:
683:
676:
669:
663:"Parī"
661:
437:, the
426:, the
396:Turkey
394:, and
386:, and
337:Siamak
321:Sorush
263:. The
246:dēvatā
114:, the
95:, the
3555:women
3432:Gnome
3422:Fates
3343:Dwarf
3297:Siren
3287:Satyr
3270:Nymph
3258:Mouro
3253:Mairu
3203:Circe
3167:Troll
3147:Lauma
3132:Hiisi
3061:Vâlvă
3016:Likho
3006:Leshy
2943:Tipua
2928:Nawao
2918:Mimis
2887:Yōsei
2882:Yōkai
2856:Preta
2811:Irshi
2806:Hyang
2688:Jogah
2602:Simbi
2597:Rompo
2582:Kishi
2577:Jengu
2572:Eloko
2562:Aziza
2449:Wight
2409:Tomte
2404:Sylph
2347:Sjörå
2312:Pixie
2282:Nixie
2277:Nisse
2196:Lutin
2006:Fuath
1888:Drude
1878:Crone
1818:Bucca
1793:Bogle
1763:Biróg
1733:Asrai
836:Syria
816:blood
812:angel
733:, by
695:JSTOR
681:books
572:flood
560:Iblis
520:parī'
376:India
374:From
345:Parīs
300:Houri
168:parīg
120:houri
3645:Kára
3603:Vila
3597:Peri
3317:Vila
3275:List
3223:Faun
3102:Badb
3076:Zână
2991:Iele
2851:Peri
2816:Jinn
2747:Asia
2728:Saci
2698:Muki
2628:Alux
2464:Xana
2419:Trow
2322:Puck
2217:Mare
1803:Brag
1608:List
1491:2011
1445:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1343:OCLC
1333:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1229:<
1186:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1121:ISBN
971:ISBN
965:<
925:ISBN
895:ISBN
780:parī
775:parī
771:parī
753:parī
751:and
667:news
635:any
633:cite
602:parī
598:parī
594:jinn
590:parī
586:parī
568:Adam
564:parī
552:dīvs
548:parī
516:Dīvs
511:Dīvs
506:Parī
500:parī
496:parī
492:parī
481:parī
469:parī
461:parī
453:parī
449:parī
444:parī
439:parī
428:parī
420:parī
416:parī
414:and
412:jinn
408:jinn
404:parī
400:parī
388:Iran
364:parī
356:parī
354:, a
333:shah
325:parī
304:jinn
292:parī
288:parī
277:parī
269:parī
265:jinn
260:jinn
255:parī
241:parī
213:fier
197:Parī
159:parī
154:پَری
133:parī
125:dīvs
116:parī
108:parī
104:parī
97:Parī
93:jinn
84:Parī
39:Parī
23:Parī
3360:Imp
3282:Pan
2210:M–Z
2086:Hob
2061:Hag
1964:F–L
1923:Alp
1918:Elf
1696:A–E
1285:doi
869:or
798:In
646:by
606:dīv
544:God
477:Kho
390:to
217:par
186:par
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