445:
703:
1661:
1681:
2091:
27:
1671:
132:
124:
715:
457:
could have model-specific, nonstandard-shape headlamps, using any of a wide variety of replaceable light bulbs. Between 1940 and 1956, all U.S. cars had to have two 7-inch (178 mm) round headlamps with dual filaments, so each lamp provided both a high and a low beam light distribution. In 1957, a system of four sealed-beam headlamps—two per side, of
606:
PAR38 lamps, with an E22 base and with ratings up to 150W, were often used for domestic outdoor floodlight illumination for patios, backyards, and often combined with a PIR sensor switch as a security/convenience light, for example, in a driveway. Coloured versions were popular with discos and mobile
350:
Depending on the parabolic reflector geometry, the configuration of the filament and its placement within the paraboloid, PAR lamps can achieve a wide range of beams, from narrow spot to wide flood. The following suffixes are commonly used with PAR lamps to indicate their beam width: PAR lamps are
456:
In the United States of
America, sealed-beam headlamps were introduced in 1939, becoming standard equipment across all American-market vehicles starting in 1940 and remaining the only type allowed for almost four and a half decades, until the 1984 model year. Before and after those years, vehicles
670:
High-power, mains-voltage, theatrical PARs usually use the bi-pin GX16d "Mogul" lamp connector; G9.5 and variants are common too. Theater metal-halide lamps use G12. In addition to being used on light bulbs themselves, the G38 connectors are also found as a part of the
Raylite reflector assembly,
230:
PAR lamps come in a variety of standardized sizes. The size of a round PAR lamp is expressed as the nominal diameter of the mouth of the reflector, in eighths of an inch—so the approximate nominal lamp bell diameter in inches can be found by dividing the PAR size by 8. A PAR56, for example, is 56
475:
inches (146 mm) diameter, was allowed in some U.S. states. The following year in 1958, all states allowed the new system. Two of the lamps contained two filaments and served as low and high beam, while the other two lamps contained only one filament and were active only during high-beam
206:
231:
eighths of an inch (7 inches) in diameter; a PAR36 is 36 eighths (4.5 inches) in diameter, and so on. Similarly, the diameter in millimeters can be found by multiplying the PAR designation by 3.175. For example, a PAR16 lamp is approximately 2 inches or 50.8 mm in diameter.
213:
A PAR lamp consists of a light source, with lens and a parabolic reflector with a smooth aluminium surface determining the spread of the beam. The most common sealed beam type combines these three elements into an integral unit. The light source usually approximates a
234:
The size of rectangular PAR lamps is expressed as the letters REC followed by the reflector's mouth height, the letter "X", and the reflector's mouth width—with both dimensions in millimeters. For example, REC142X200 lamps are 142 high and 200 mm wide.
734:, LED PAR lamps generally use an array of individual LED elements that are unsuitable for reflector operation. Nevertheless, some degree of beam control can be obtained with aperture or lens, and LED PAR 38 replacements with a 40° spread is common.
607:
DJs, however were usually only available up to 100w in coloured form and were considerably more expensive than standard PAR38 globes. In domestic applications, halogen and later on LED largely replaced the incandescent PAR38.
582:
s. Due to their affordability, they are ideal for colour washes in several different colours. However, because of the lack of dynamic control over the beam diameter, shape and sharpness, PARs are rarely used as
591:
lighting such as lighting from directly above or from extreme angles as well as general wash lights overhead/above stage. If used cleverly, par cans can provide low budget productions with good effects.
501: in) wide and 100 mm (4 in) tall. For 1978, a rectangular version of the two-lamp system became legal; these measured 200 mm (8 in) wide and 142 mm (
671:
although some
Raylite reflectors have "tails" which then require connection to the mains flex with the use of a ceramic connector block (ideally fixed to the can's body).
578:. The cans are arranged into rows of different colours and identical rows placed on different sides of the stage; such assemblies made from aluminum bars are known as
749:
Intelligent, moving PARs allow for the ability to pan and tilt the instruments through a lighting control console. These have been generally superseded by dedicated
595:
PAR64 sealed beam lamps are often used for these purposes; they are typically available with 250, 500 or 1000 watt power ratings. Beam spreads are designated as FL (
857:
151:) is a type of electric lamp that is widely used in commercial, residential, and transportation illumination. It produces a highly directional beam. Usage includes
741:
for color-tuning abilities, though some higher-end fixtures use a 5-primary colour system (with cool and warm white LEDs) instead for better color reproduction.
2294:
2125:
522:
With only two round and two rectangular lamp sizes allowed, the sealed-beam headlamp mandate greatly restricted styling possibilities for automobiles.
218:
that can be focused on; tungsten filaments and halogen lamps are common, but some theatrical usage that requires a higher color temperature may use
1027:
2722:
44:
815:
91:
63:
70:
529:
532:
without unreasonably high lamp wattage. Eventually, halogen sealed-beam lights came to dominate the (U.S.) automotive lamps market.
550:
spread. They typically have a size of PAR36 or PAR64, and run on 28 V DC. They have found some use in stage lighting as well.
1067:
77:
2118:
425:
The suffixes given are for 1000-Watt PAR64 lamps only. The focused beam can be oval and is sometimes specified in two numbers.
2864:
351:
also manufactured to produce beam patterns specific to the needs of particular applications, such as low-beam and high-beam
1978:
1717:
59:
3163:
2832:
1539:
989:
849:
674:
In residential and office use, the usual connector for the lamp's voltage is often used. This includes Edison screw or a
2587:
963:
622:
is often used to accomplish the same effect as a PAR array. PAR cans are being replaced in some stage applications by
3158:
2111:
1805:
920:
110:
2886:
2627:
2869:
2272:
3130:
3027:
3002:
2765:
2632:
1963:
934:
596:
882:
600:
630:
and produce a wide array of saturated colors without the use of color filters, when white light is not needed.
48:
528:
sealed-beam headlamps appeared on U.S. cars in 1979, to enable greater high beam intensity newly permitted by
2852:
2652:
2559:
1642:
1559:
1476:
219:
731:
185:, and a glass or plastic lens sealed permanently together as a unit. Originally introduced for road vehicle
84:
3022:
2183:
1993:
1674:
753:
fixtures, which use a different light source and offer more control over the colour and shape of the beam.
2914:
2682:
1423:
1060:
730:
retrofit equipment that match PAR lamp dimensions is made by some manufacturers. As with the case of LED
449:
2316:
452:: right with US-spec sealed-beam headlamps; left with European-spec composite replaceable-bulb headlamps
444:
1998:
1625:
1017:
767:
2891:
3168:
3034:
2595:
2582:
2178:
1950:
1769:
762:
807:
3095:
2310:
2284:
1940:
1915:
1710:
603:), NSP (narrow spot), and VNSP (very narrow spot), as stamped on the back of the lamp's reflector.
3153:
2955:
2239:
1380:
935:"GE Lamp & Ballast Products Catalog – Section 8: Miniature, Sealed Beam and Automotive Lamps"
786:
Bars are named according to the number of cans they hold: a four-bar holds 4 cans and vice versa.
619:
541:
37:
2712:
2637:
1784:
1597:
1243:
1053:
483:, a rectangular version of the four-lamp system was legalized. The new lamps were 165 mm (
3125:
2094:
1779:
1118:
209:
Sealed beam PAR lamp. When the lamp burns out or breaks, the whole assembly must be replaced.
2837:
2340:
1973:
1890:
1544:
750:
727:
8:
2965:
2824:
2289:
2267:
1930:
1905:
1864:
1703:
1637:
1531:
1506:
1486:
1438:
1206:
356:
182:
156:
152:
3115:
2787:
2572:
2515:
2507:
1935:
1869:
1820:
1747:
1443:
1317:
623:
2657:
2605:
2577:
2497:
2335:
2323:
2279:
2207:
2153:
2073:
1680:
1345:
1076:
916:
675:
643:
574:
s, which can be used to generate colours by fitting them with colored sheets called
2940:
2874:
2804:
2755:
2487:
2306:
2195:
2190:
2027:
2022:
2012:
1800:
1764:
1609:
1592:
1385:
1350:
1160:
1150:
1113:
737:
Models built for stage lighting may use less similar dimensions. They often use a
678:
for mains-supplied PARs, or small bi-pin connectors for low voltage applications.
3100:
3059:
3017:
3012:
2847:
2667:
2444:
2173:
2148:
1983:
1968:
1910:
1859:
1554:
1481:
1297:
1226:
738:
563:
2988:
2879:
2770:
2734:
2707:
2677:
2544:
2163:
2158:
2053:
1958:
1900:
1844:
1810:
1501:
1403:
1307:
1302:
647:
627:
588:
584:
160:
3147:
3069:
2799:
2702:
2697:
2619:
2520:
2427:
2405:
2231:
2212:
2168:
2032:
1825:
1774:
1695:
1664:
1453:
1418:
1413:
1365:
1337:
1312:
1238:
1221:
1170:
1133:
1123:
1105:
546:
Aircraft landing (ACL) lights are often sealed beams that have a very narrow
3079:
2975:
2970:
2945:
2935:
2896:
2717:
2672:
2549:
2400:
2365:
2301:
2259:
2244:
2200:
2078:
2063:
2058:
1830:
1630:
1587:
1569:
1360:
1355:
1322:
1216:
1211:
1192:
1177:
1165:
1155:
1140:
1128:
1096:
639:
567:
525:
215:
194:
3120:
3074:
2950:
2809:
2537:
2532:
2492:
2464:
2459:
2390:
2385:
2370:
2328:
2249:
2037:
1730:
1684:
1496:
1491:
1428:
1408:
1279:
1022:
2729:
3064:
2930:
2925:
2814:
2777:
2760:
2692:
2687:
2662:
2357:
1988:
1885:
1815:
1739:
1726:
1458:
1375:
1327:
1274:
1187:
1182:
702:
659:
547:
480:
360:
3110:
3007:
2960:
2525:
2454:
2434:
1895:
1604:
1258:
1231:
1201:
890:
575:
1045:
26:
2842:
2782:
2479:
2449:
2410:
2375:
2345:
2134:
1549:
1433:
1289:
1248:
990:"GE Lighting Q20A/PAR56/C 20A Halogen Sealed Beam Lamp, PAR56,300W"
692:
615:
611:
559:
439:
352:
186:
175:
2794:
2739:
2439:
2417:
1920:
1370:
1253:
1145:
2422:
2380:
178:
131:
205:
3105:
2469:
2395:
1925:
566:
when a substantial amount of flat lighting is required for a
2103:
2068:
1448:
638:
Smaller sealed beam PAR lamps (PAR 38 and smaller) with an
714:
159:, aircraft landing lights, and residential and commercial
1087:
720:
An LED stage lighting device designed to replace PAR cans
642:
base are common in indoor lighting. They can be found in
570:. They are often mounted in can-shaped fixtures known as
558:
PAR lamps and their fixtures are widely used in theatre,
189:
service, sealed beams have since been applied elsewhere.
123:
587:
lights other than for front washes but can be used for
708:
A PAR16 lamp with E27 screw for indoor retrofitting
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
658:Sealed beam lamp arrays are also in use by modern
1018:"OPTIMA LIGHTING PAR 64 & PAR 56 Lamp Holder"
3145:
877:
875:
1725:
2119:
1711:
1061:
872:
553:
1010:
2126:
2112:
1718:
1704:
1068:
1054:
127:A parabolic aluminized reflector luminaire
530:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
808:"LED Pool Light Bulbs: A Complete Guide"
443:
204:
197:within a quartz or hard glass envelope.
130:
122:
987:
665:
433:
3146:
850:"LED bulb is by consuming Danish home"
646:fixtures mounted in the ceiling or on
2107:
1699:
1075:
1049:
913:Bosch Automotive Handbook 4th Edition
818:from the original on October 27, 2023
1979:Parabolic aluminized reflector light
1670:
744:
359:for vehicles, and warning lamps for
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1643:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1005:With a mogul end prong (GX16d) base
860:from the original on April 22, 2016
141:parabolic aluminized reflector lamp
13:
1030:from the original on July 27, 2013
915:Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart 1996
633:
14:
3180:
618:light is available, a white foam
2089:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1086:Part of a series of articles on
713:
701:
60:"Parabolic aluminized reflector"
25:
2643:Parabolic aluminized reflector
2090:
1964:Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight
981:
200:
163:("cans" in the United States).
36:needs additional citations for
2588:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
956:
932:
926:
905:
842:
836:
830:
800:
780:
653:
345:
1:
1477:Approach and departure angles
793:
681:
220:hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
2133:
968:photographers-resource.co.uk
7:
2833:Automotive light bulb types
2683:Intelligent street lighting
1540:Automotive light bulb types
964:"The lights in Lighthouses"
756:
535:
10:
3185:
3164:Stage lighting instruments
2596:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
768:Stage lighting accessories
690:
554:Outdoor and stage lighting
539:
437:
3088:
3043:
3035:Stage lighting instrument
2984:
2907:
2823:
2748:
2618:
2558:
2506:
2478:
2356:
2258:
2230:
2221:
2141:
2087:
2046:
2011:
1949:
1878:
1852:
1843:
1793:
1757:
1746:
1737:
1655:
1618:
1580:
1530:
1519:
1469:
1396:
1336:
1288:
1267:
1104:
1095:
1083:
763:Stage lighting instrument
3159:Incandescent light bulbs
3096:Battlefield illumination
2853:high-intensity discharge
2285:Electrochemiluminescence
1941:Theatrical smoke and fog
1916:Lighting control console
1560:high-intensity discharge
773:
380:Very Narrow Spot (VNSP)
225:
2956:Electroluminescent wire
542:Aircraft landing lights
428:
2638:Multifaceted reflector
1244:Stressed member engine
686:
453:
357:fog and driving lights
210:
136:
128:
3028:ellipsoidal reflector
2633:Ellipsoidal reflector
2317:Fluorescent induction
2295:field-induced polymer
1376:Windshield/windscreen
447:
208:
134:
126:
16:Type of electric lamp
2865:Rear position lights
2838:Daytime running lamp
2766:Mechanically powered
2653:Aviation obstruction
1974:Intelligent lighting
1545:Daytime running lamp
751:intelligent lighting
666:Electrical connector
610:In situations where
434:Automotive headlamps
193:lamps incorporate a
157:locomotive headlamps
45:improve this article
2273:Electron-stimulated
1931:Stage pin connector
1865:Lighting technician
1785:Technical direction
1507:Weight distribution
1439:Omniview technology
562:and motion picture
402:Medium Flood (MFL)
191:Halogen sealed beam
153:theatrical lighting
3116:Luminous gemstones
2290:Electroluminescent
2268:Cathodoluminescent
1870:Master electrician
1626:Registration plate
893:on October 1, 2018
624:LED stage lighting
454:
391:Narrow Spot (NSP)
211:
137:
129:
3141:
3140:
2658:Balanced-arm lamp
2614:
2613:
2498:Yablochkov candle
2366:Acetylene/Carbide
2336:Radioluminescence
2208:Luminous efficacy
2154:Color temperature
2101:
2100:
2074:Theatrical makeup
2007:
2006:
1921:Socapex connector
1839:
1838:
1693:
1692:
1651:
1650:
1515:
1514:
1346:Glass run channel
1280:Trunk/boot/dickie
1077:Automotive design
745:PAR moving lights
676:bayonet connector
626:, which use less
450:Mercedes-Benz SLs
423:
422:
413:Wide Flood (WFL)
343:
342:
170:lamps are of the
121:
120:
113:
95:
3176:
3169:Automotive lamps
2941:Christmas lights
2875:Safety reflector
2870:Reversing lights
2805:Navigation light
2756:Bicycle lighting
2646:
2599:
2591:
2565:
2324:Photoluminescent
2307:Fluorescent lamp
2280:Chemiluminescent
2228:
2227:
2196:Bi-pin lamp base
2191:Lightbulb socket
2128:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2092:
1850:
1849:
1765:Set construction
1755:
1754:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1610:Window deflector
1593:Side-view mirror
1528:
1527:
1151:Continental tire
1114:Backbone chassis
1102:
1101:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
939:
930:
924:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
889:. Archived from
879:
870:
869:
867:
865:
846:
840:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
804:
787:
784:
717:
705:
519: in) tall.
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
506:
500:
499:
498:
495:
492:
488:
474:
473:
472:
469:
466:
462:
366:
365:
238:
237:
174:variety, with a
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3101:Bioluminescence
3084:
3053:
3039:
2996:
2980:
2919:
2903:
2819:
2744:
2668:Emergency light
2644:
2610:
2597:
2589:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2502:
2474:
2445:Magnesium torch
2352:
2254:
2223:
2217:
2174:Light pollution
2149:Accent lighting
2137:
2132:
2102:
2097:
2083:
2042:
2014:
2003:
1969:Fresnel lantern
1945:
1874:
1860:Lighting design
1835:
1789:
1770:Scenic painting
1749:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1694:
1689:
1647:
1614:
1576:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1482:Breakover angle
1465:
1392:
1332:
1284:
1263:
1091:
1079:
1074:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1016:
1015:
1011:
998:
996:
986:
982:
972:
970:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
942:Reynolds Online
937:
931:
927:
910:
906:
896:
894:
881:
880:
873:
863:
861:
848:
847:
843:
837:
831:
821:
819:
812:WAKING Lighting
806:
805:
801:
796:
791:
790:
785:
781:
776:
759:
747:
739:RGB color model
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
718:
710:
709:
706:
695:
689:
684:
668:
656:
636:
634:Indoor lighting
556:
544:
538:
514:
511:
508:
507:
504:
502:
496:
493:
490:
489:
486:
484:
470:
467:
464:
463:
460:
458:
442:
436:
431:
348:
250:
245:
228:
222:(HMI) instead.
203:
161:recessed lights
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Cinematography
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3089:Related topics
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:retroreflector
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:Track lighting
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2708:Recessed light
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Gooseneck lamp
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2560:High-intensity
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2329:Laser headlamp
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Electric light
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:Costume design
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Beam projector
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Color scroller
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1845:Stage lighting
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:Scenery wagons
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1581:Other elements
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:Turning radius
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:Bumper sticker
1400:
1398:
1397:Other elements
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1009:
994:Google Express
980:
955:
925:
904:
871:
841:
835:
829:
798:
797:
795:
792:
789:
788:
778:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
765:
758:
755:
746:
743:
719:
712:
711:
707:
700:
699:
698:
697:
696:
691:Main article:
688:
685:
683:
680:
667:
664:
655:
652:
635:
632:
628:electric power
589:special effect
585:Front of House
555:
552:
540:Main article:
537:
534:
479:From the 1975
438:Main article:
435:
432:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
403:
399:
398:
395:
392:
388:
387:
384:
381:
377:
376:
373:
370:
347:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
290:
286:
285:
282:
279:
275:
274:
271:
268:
264:
263:
260:
257:
253:
252:
247:
242:
227:
224:
202:
199:
181:, one or more
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3181:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Infrared lamp
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Laser pointer
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Pendant light
2701:
2699:
2698:Neon lighting
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Mercury-vapor
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Deuterium arc
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2508:Gas discharge
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2213:Task lighting
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Light fixture
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Prompt corner
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Scenic design
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Hood ornament
1417:
1415:
1414:Front-end bra
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Quarter glass
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Quarter panel
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Body-on-frame
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1006:
995:
991:
988:BulbAmerica.
984:
969:
965:
959:
943:
936:
929:
922:
921:0-8376-0333-1
918:
914:
908:
897:September 30,
892:
888:
884:
878:
876:
859:
855:
851:
845:
839:
833:
817:
813:
809:
803:
799:
783:
779:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
754:
752:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
716:
704:
694:
679:
677:
672:
663:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
604:
602:
598:
593:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
543:
533:
531:
527:
523:
520:
482:
477:
451:
446:
441:
426:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
368:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
338:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
299:
298:
294:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
266:
265:
261:
258:
255:
254:
248:
243:
240:
239:
236:
232:
223:
221:
217:
207:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
133:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2976:Strobe light
2971:Plasma globe
2946:Crackle tube
2936:Bubble light
2897:trafficators
2892:Turn signals
2857:
2718:Street light
2673:Gas lighting
2642:
2606:Sodium vapor
2578:Metal-halide
2480:Electric arc
2232:Incandescent
2201:Edison screw
2079:Video design
2064:Sound design
2059:Running crew
2047:Other fields
1631:vanity plate
1570:trafficators
1564:
1381:washer fluid
1361:Power window
1356:Opera window
1268:Compartments
1156:Crumple zone
1141:Cabrio coach
1085:
1032:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1004:
999:December 19,
997:. Retrieved
993:
983:
971:. Retrieved
967:
958:
948:December 19,
946:. Retrieved
944:. p. 31
941:
928:
912:
911:Horst Bauer
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
886:
862:. Retrieved
853:
844:
838:
832:
822:December 20,
820:. Retrieved
811:
802:
782:
748:
736:
726:
673:
669:
657:
640:Edison screw
637:
609:
605:
594:
579:
571:
557:
545:
524:
521:
478:
455:
424:
369:Description
361:school buses
349:
249:Nominal Dia.
244:Nominal Dia.
241:Designation
233:
229:
216:point source
212:
201:Construction
195:halogen lamp
190:
171:
167:
165:
148:
144:
140:
138:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
3121:Signal lamp
3075:Stroboscope
2951:DJ lighting
2887:Stop lights
2858:sealed beam
2810:Searchlight
2550:Xenon flash
2493:Klieg light
2341:Solid-state
2302:Fluorescent
2260:Luminescent
2038:Prompt book
1999:Accessories
1951:Instruments
1731:scenography
1565:sealed beam
1497:Roll center
1492:Ride height
1429:Japan black
1424:Instruments
1409:Curb feeler
1275:Hood/bonnet
1023:BulbAmerica
660:lighthouses
654:Lighthouses
476:operation.
375:Beam angle
346:Light beams
172:sealed beam
135:20 PAR cans
3148:Categories
3065:Grow light
3060:Germicidal
3050:Scientific
3047:Industrial
3003:Floodlight
2989:Theatrical
2931:Blacklight
2926:Aroma lamp
2915:Decorative
2825:Automotive
2815:Solar lamp
2778:Glow stick
2761:Flashlight
2693:Nightlight
2688:Light tube
2663:Chandelier
2620:Stationary
2562:discharge
2488:Carbon arc
2358:Combustion
2224:generation
2222:Methods of
2015:management
1989:Striplight
1886:Barn doors
1816:Fly system
1748:Theatrical
1740:Scene shop
1727:Stagecraft
1351:Greenhouse
973:January 9,
794:References
682:Variations
564:production
481:model year
147:or simply
71:newspapers
3131:Reflected
3111:Light art
3023:Spotlight
3008:Footlight
2993:Cinematic
2961:Lava lamp
2723:in the US
2628:Reflector
2545:Xenon arc
2526:Neon lamp
2455:Rushlight
2435:Limelight
2184:Hong Kong
1994:Spotlight
1906:Cyclorama
1896:Color gel
1821:Platforms
1605:Tow hitch
1523:equipment
1449:Tire/tyre
1308:Gull-wing
1298:Butterfly
1259:Trunk lid
1202:Monocoque
1106:Framework
1034:April 26,
887:Blue Room
620:reflector
614:or other
353:headlamps
183:filaments
179:reflector
176:parabolic
2843:Headlamp
2783:Headlamp
2771:Tactical
2749:Portable
2730:Torchère
2411:Petromax
2406:Kerosene
2376:Campfire
2346:LED lamp
2142:Concepts
2135:Lighting
2023:Blocking
1879:Hardware
1806:Curtains
1794:Hardware
1665:Category
1550:Headlamp
1532:Lighting
1521:Exterior
1487:Overhang
1470:Geometry
1454:run-flat
1434:Nerf bar
1249:Subframe
1217:Platform
1207:Overhang
1119:Beltline
1028:Archived
923:page 710
883:"Par 64"
864:April 7,
858:Archived
816:Archived
757:See also
732:MR lamps
693:LED lamp
644:recessed
616:specular
612:sunlight
560:concerts
536:Aircraft
440:Headlamp
187:headlamp
145:PAR lamp
101:May 2012
3126:Sources
3080:Tanning
2966:Marquee
2911:Display
2795:Lantern
2788:outdoor
2740:Troffer
2583:ceramic
2440:Luchina
2418:Lantern
2311:compact
2309: (
2245:Halogen
2240:Regular
2095:Outline
1936:Top hat
1891:C-clamp
1831:Weights
1780:Rigging
1750:scenery
1675:Commons
1371:Sunroof
1323:Suicide
1318:Sliding
1313:Scissor
1254:Tonneau
1239:Spoiler
1146:Chassis
599:), SP (
526:Halogen
372:Suffix
295:120.65
284:146.05
246:(inch)
85:scholar
2848:hidden
2713:Sconce
2538:Sulfur
2533:Plasma
2465:Tilley
2460:Safety
2423:Fanous
2386:Carcel
2381:Candle
2371:Argand
2250:Nernst
2179:Hawaii
1853:Fields
1801:Batten
1758:Fields
1685:Portal
1555:hidden
1303:Canopy
1212:Pillar
1193:shaker
1178:Grille
1171:skirts
1166:ponton
1161:Fender
1134:Dagmar
1129:Bumper
919:
854:avisen
648:tracks
580:PARbar
572:PARCAN
333:PAR16
322:PAR20
317:95.25
311:PAR30
306:114.3
300:PAR36
289:PAR38
278:PAR46
273:177.8
267:PAR56
262:203.2
256:PAR64
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
3106:Laser
3018:Scoop
2645:(PAR)
2598:(HQI)
2590:(HMI)
2564:(HID)
2470:Torch
2428:Paper
2396:Flare
2164:Glare
2013:Stage
1984:Scoop
1926:Snoot
1811:Flats
1638:Theft
1619:Legal
1598:power
1459:spare
1444:Parts
1386:wiper
1338:Glass
1290:Doors
1188:scoop
938:(PDF)
774:Notes
597:flood
568:scene
416:CP95
405:CP62
394:CP61
383:CP60
339:50.8
328:63.5
314:3.75
292:4.75
281:5.75
251:(mm)
226:Sizes
166:Many
92:JSTOR
78:books
3013:Gobo
2521:Neon
2391:Diya
2069:Prop
1911:Gobo
1729:and
1588:Horn
1328:Swan
1232:rack
1227:Roof
1183:Hood
1097:Body
1088:cars
1036:2018
1001:2018
975:2011
950:2018
933:GE.
917:ISBN
899:2018
866:2016
824:2023
601:spot
576:gels
548:beam
448:Two
429:Uses
419:70°
408:24°
397:14°
386:12°
355:and
325:2.5
303:4.5
64:news
2450:Oil
2401:Gas
2028:Cue
728:LED
687:LED
168:PAR
149:PAR
47:by
3150::
1026:.
1020:.
1003:.
992:.
966:.
940:.
885:.
874:^
856:.
852:.
814:.
810:.
662:.
650:.
363:.
336:2
270:7
259:8
155:,
139:A
2313:)
2127:e
2120:t
2113:v
1719:e
1712:t
1705:v
1069:e
1062:t
1055:v
1038:.
977:.
952:.
901:.
868:.
826:.
515:2
512:/
509:1
505:+
503:5
497:2
494:/
491:1
487:+
485:6
471:4
468:/
465:3
461:+
459:5
143:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)