Paragraph 175 - Knowledge

70: 3670:

job to advise the Ministry of Justice and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer about the new form this law should take. While they all agreed homosexual activity was immoral, they were divided when it came to whether or not it should be allowed to be practiced between consenting adults in private. Due to their belief that homosexuals were not born that way, but rather, they fell victim to seduction, the Justice Ministry officials remained concerned that if freed from criminal penalty, adult homosexuals would intensify their "propaganda and activity in public" and put male youth at risk. During the administration of

3836:

was setting aside €30 million to cover claims. The law comprises both individual pardons and a collective pardon and the documenting of suffering caused by the law, with the full process expected to take up to five years. Those affected by the pardon can apply for a "vindication certificate", and relatives can apply for a posthumous pardon. Each person convicted will receive €3,000 compensation, plus €1,500 for each year spent in custody as a result of a conviction under Paragraph 175 – on average, a conviction carried a two-year sentence.

3666:. These "Catholic maximalists" faced increasing opposition from Protestants and the more liberal elements within their own party. Similar to the thinking during the Nazi Regime, the government argued that there was a difference between a homosexual man and a homosexual woman, and that because all men were assumed to be more aggressive and predatory than women, lesbianism would not be criminalized. Therefore, it was argued, while lesbianism violated nature, it did not present the same threat to society as did male homosexuality. 32: 2884: 3022:) decided for all of East Germany to reinstate the validity of the old, pre-1935 form of Paragraph 175. However, in contrast to the earlier action of the OLG Halle, the new Paragraph 175a remained unchanged, because it was said to protect society against "socially harmful homosexual acts of qualified character". In 1954, the same court decided that Paragraph 175a, in contrast to Paragraph 175, did not presuppose acts tantamount to sexual intercourse. Lewdness ( 1780: 3748: 3702:, Paragraph 175 was reformed, in that only the "qualified cases" that were previously handled in §175a – sex with a man less than 21 years old, homosexual prostitution, and the exploitation of a relationship of dependency (such as employing or supervising a person in a work situation) – were retained. Paragraph 175b (concerning bestiality) also was removed. Three days later, on June 28, 1969, the 3781:, a concept in German law according to which certain acts are treated as crimes only if the victim chooses to become a complainant. Further, § 182 (3) StGB allows the public prosecutor's office to pursue a case on the basis of the belief that there is a special public interest. Finally, § 182 (4) StGB allows the court to refrain from punishment if the wrongness of the accused's behavior appears small. 1598: 559: 3691:

key appointments in the Ministry of Justice and start implementing reform. In addition, demographic anxieties such as fear of declining birth rate no longer controlled the 1960s and homosexual men were no longer seen as a threat for not being able to reproduce. The role of the state was seen as protecting society from harm, and should only intervene in cases that involved force or the abuse of minors.

2972: 3844:, who was a key figure in establishing a compensation fund for victims of Nazism, suggested that other losses suffered as a result of conviction under Paragraph 175, such as the loss of a job and resulting reduction in pension, should also be taken into account when deciding how much compensation to offer. In June 2017, the law was passed in the Bundestag by an overwhelming majority in all parties. 5507: 2839:

substantial proof of intercourse was given). A criminal offense would now exist if "objectively the general sense of shame was offended" and subjectively "the debauched intention was present to excite sexual desire in one of the two men, or a third". Mutual physical contact was no longer necessary. This formulation was fundamentally different from traditional

3784:§ 182 StGB contains numerous terms without precise legal definitions; critics have raised concerns that families can misuse this law to criminalize socially disapproved sexual relationships (e.g. a family disapproving of a young person's homosexual relationship might be able to prosecute their partner). 3049:(the parliament of the GDR), in its fifth revision of the criminal code, brought the written law in line with what the court had ruled, striking Paragraph 151 without replacement. The act passed into law May 30, 1989. This removed all specific reference to homosexuality from East German criminal law. 1725:

to abolish Paragraph 175 foundered in 1898. In 1907, a Reichstag Committee decided to broaden the paragraph to make lesbian sexual acts punishable as well, but debates about how to define female sexuality meant the proposal languished and was abandoned. In 1929, another Reichstag Committee decided to

3767:

had to decide whether Paragraph 175 should be abolished entirely (as in the former East Germany) or whether the remaining West German form of the law should be extended to what had now become the eastern portion of the Federal Republic. In 1994, at the end of the period of reconciliation of laws, it

3690:

With new national Bundestag (West Germany's parliament) elections coming up, the Social Democratic Party was coming into power, first in 1966 as part of a broad coalition, and by 1969, with a parliamentary majority. With the Social Democrats holding the power, they were finally in a position to make

3669:

First convening in 1954, the legal experts in the criminal code commission (Strafrechtskommission) continued to debate the future of Paragraph 175; while the constitutional court ruled it was not unconstitutional, this did not mean it should forever remain in force. It was therefore the commission's

3044:

On 11 August 1987, the Supreme Court of the GDR struck down a conviction under Paragraph 151 on the basis that "homosexuality, just like heterosexuality, represents a variant of sexual behavior. Homosexual people do therefore not stand outside socialist society, and the civil rights are warranted to

2654:

at first managed to mobilize a majority of 15 to 13 votes against Paragraph 296. This would have constituted legalization of consensual homosexuality between adult men. At the same time, a vast majority – with only three KPD votes dissenting – supported the introduction

2597:

regime in 1925 to increase the penalties of Paragraph 175 came closer to fruition; but they, too, failed. In addition to paragraph 296 (which corresponded to the old paragraph 175), their proposed reform draft provided for a paragraph 297 to be included. The plan was that so-called "qualified cases"

1704:

reverted to the pre-Nazi version. In 1987, the law was ruled unconstitutional in East Germany, and was repealed there in 1989. In West Germany, the law was revised in 1969, whereby the criminal liability of homosexual adults (then aged 21 and over) was abolished but remained applicable to sex with a

3650:

of 1950/51 marked an early climax in the persecution of homosexual men in the Federal Republic of Germany, which showed clear continuities from the Nazi era, but took place under the auspices of the new Adenauer era. They were largely initiated by the Frankfurt public prosecutor's office, using the

3835:

and compensating all gay men convicted under Paragraph 175. In cases where victims had died still bearing a conviction, the government will instead make payments to gay rights groups. This was confirmed on 8 October 2016, when Maas laid out the compensation scheme and announced that the government

1770:

of 21. The age of consent was lowered to 18 in 1973, and finally, in 1994, the paragraph was repealed and the age of consent lowered to 16, the same that is in force for heterosexual acts. East Germany had already reformed its more lenient version of the paragraph in 1968, and repealed it in 1988.

3645:

Between 1945 and 1969, about 100,000 men were indicted and about 50,000 men sentenced to prison. The rate of convictions for violation of Paragraph 175 rose by 44 percent, and in the 1960s, the number remained as much as four times higher than it had been in the last years of the Weimar Republic.

3040:

On 1 July 1968, the GDR adopted its own code of criminal law. In it § 151 StGB-DDR provided for a sentence up to three years' imprisonment or probation for an adult (18 and over) who engaged in sexual acts with a youth (under 18) of the same sex. This law applied not only to men who have sex

3787:

In Austria, an analogous situation exists: Like the German § 175 StGB, the Austrian § 209 StGB was stricken from the legal code; like the German § 182 StGB, the Austrian § 207b StGB is perceived by critics as having potential to be abused as a surrogate for the stricken law.

2246:

On 1 January 1872, exactly one year after it had first taken effect, the penal code of the North German Confederation became the penal code of the entire German Empire. By this change, sexual intercourse between men became again a punishable offence in Bavaria as well. Almost verbatim from its

3709:

With the 1969 reform in place, the acceptance of homosexual acts or homosexual identities for West Germans was far from in place. Most reformers agreed that decriminalizing sexual relations between adult men was not the same as advocating an acceptance of homosexual men. While the old view of

2838:

strengthened Paragraph 175 by redefining the crime as a felony and thus increasing the maximum penalty from six months' to five years' imprisonment. Further, they removed the longtime tradition that the law applied only to 'intercourse-like' acts (meaning the police could not prosecute unless

1761:

While the Nazi persecution of homosexuals is reasonably well known today, far less attention has been given to the continuation of this persecution in post-war Germany. In 1945, after the concentration camps were liberated, some homosexual prisoners were recalled to custody to serve out their

3733:

and the first openly gay member of the German parliament tried to remove Paragraph 175 together with Paragraph 182. This would have meant a general age of consent of 14 years. This was opposed by the CDU, SPD, and FDP, and Paragraph 175 remained a part of German law for eight more years.

3810: 3801: 4699:"damit sollte nicht ausgeschlossen sein, daß diese ihrerseits zu der Auffassung kamen, gewisse Vorschriften seien so stark von nationalsozialistischem Geist geprägt, daß sie mit dem Rechtssystem eines demokratischen Staates unvereinbar und daher nicht mehr anzuwenden seien." 2911:

We – a large part of the artists' block at Barnayweg – ask you urgently to observe B., living with Mrs. F as a subtenant, who has remarkable daily visits from young men. This must not continue. We ask you cordially to give the matter further

3037:) decided that all punishments deriving from the old form of Paragraph 175 should be suspended due to the insignificance of the acts to which it had been applied. On this basis, homosexual acts between consenting adults ceased to be punished, beginning in the late 1950s. 4225:"Straff der vnkeusch, so wider die Natur beschicht. cxvj. ITem so eyn mensch mit eynem vihe, mann mit mann, weib mit weib, vnkeusch treiben, die haben auch das leben verwürckt, vnd man soll sie der gemeynen gewonheyt nach mit dem fewer vom leben zum todt richten." - 1829:

The punishment for fornication that goes against nature. When a human commits fornication with a beast, a man with a man, a woman with a woman, they have also forfeited life. And they should be, according to the common custom, banished by fire from life into

2637:

It is to be assumed that it is the German view that sexual relationships between men are an aberration liable to wreck the character and to destroy moral feeling. Clinging to this aberration leads to the degeneration of the people and to the decay of its

2288:

The danger to family life and to youth is the same. The fact that there are more such cases in recent times is reliably testified. It lies therefore in the interest of morality as in that of the general welfare that penal provisions be expanded also to

3710:"militarized" masculinity may have phased out, "family-centered" masculinity was now grounded in the traditional male, and being a proper man meant being a proper father, which was believed at the time to be a role a homosexual male could not fulfill. 2283:

brought the petition into the Reichstag, but failed to achieve the desired effect. On the contrary, ten years later the government laid plans to extend Paragraph 175 to women as well. Part of their "Scheme for a German Penal Code" (E 1909) reads:

1766:. About 100,000 men were implicated in legal proceedings from 1945 to 1969, and about 50,000 were convicted. Some individuals accused under Paragraph 175 committed suicide. In 1969, the government eased Paragraph 175 by providing for an 2898:

This aggravation of the severity of Paragraph 175 in 1935 increased the number of convictions tenfold, to 8,000 annually. Only about half of the prosecutions resulted from police work; about 40 percent resulted from private accusations

4581:

Angelika von Wahl: How Sexuality Changes Agency: Gay Men, Jews, and Transitional Justice. In: Susanne Buckley-Zistel, Ruth Stanley (Editors): Gender in Transitional Justice (Governance and Limited Statehood). Palgrave Macmillan, 2011,

3917:, p. 714: "We oppose the disgraceful paragraph 175 wherever we can; therefore, we may not join voices with the chorus that would condemn a man because he is a homosexual." The essay was originally published (in German) in 3806: 1884:

The 1851 Prussian criminal code justified the criminalization of homosexuality with reference to Christian morality, even though the prohibited act did not endanger any legal interest. Two years before the 1871 founding of the

5502: 4795:

Schwartz, Michael (2021). "Homosexuelle im modernen Deutschland: Eine Langzeitperspektive auf historische Transformationen" [Homosexuals in Modern Germany: A Long-Term Perspective on Historical Transformations].

3819:

were annulled. Louder criticism came from the lesbian and gay movement, because the Bundestag left post-1945 judgments untouched, although the legal basis from the end of the war to 1969 was the same as in the Nazi era.

3768:

was decided – especially in view of the social changes that had occurred in the meantime – to strike Paragraph 175 entirely from the legal code. Paragraph 175 was repealed on 10 March 1994.

1753:

without any legal justification at all (even if they had been acquitted or already served their sentence in jail). Thus, over 10,000 homosexual men were forced into concentration camps, where they were identified by the

3685:

Concerning male homosexuality, the legal system must, more than in other areas, erect a bulwark against the spreading of this vice, which otherwise would represent a serious danger for a healthy and natural life of the

1705:

man less than 21 years old, homosexual prostitution, and the exploitation of a relationship of dependency. The law was again revised in 1973 by lowering the age of consent to 18 years, and finally repealed in 1994.

2263:

had unsuccessfully raised their voices against the Prussian paragraph 143. In the Empire, more organized opposition began with the 1897 founding of the sexual-reformist Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee (WhK,

3641:

upheld the decision to retain the 1935 version, claiming that the paragraph was "not influenced by National Socialist politics to such a degree that it would have to be abolished in a free democratic state".

3717:

passed a complete reform of the laws concerning sex and sexuality. The paragraph was renamed from "Crimes and misdemeanors against morality" into "Offenses against sexual self-determination", and the word

2880: – the German people – because "according to experience" homosexuality "inclines toward plague-like propagation" and exerts "a ruinous influence" on the "circles concerned". 3658:. The retention of the Nazis' legal basis for the charges, however, was due to a conservative Christian political realignment; criminalization was strongly defended by some CDU/CSU politicians such as 1848:

Unnatural fornication, whether between persons of the male sex or of humans with beasts, is punished with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil

5101: 1891: 5125: 5337: 5241: 4470: 5042: 1713:

Paragraph 175 was adopted in 1871, shortly after Germany was unified. Beginning in the 1890s, sexual reformers fought against the "disgraceful paragraph", and soon won the support of

2251:

Unnatural fornication, whether between persons of the male sex or of humans with beasts, is punished with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.

4146: 473: 2662:, by a vote of 23 to 21, placed back Paragraph 296 in the reform package. But the latter was never passed, because during the last years of the Weimar Republic, the years of the 3771:

According to § 176 StGB the absolute minimum age of consent is now 14 years for all sexual acts irrespective of the sex of the participants; in special cases, covered in

1762:

two-year sentence under Paragraph 175. In 1950, East Germany abolished Nazi amendments to Paragraph 175, whereas West Germany kept them and even had them confirmed by its

2658:

However, this partial success – which the WhK characterized as "one step forward and two steps back" – came to nought. In March 1930, the

5594: 3654:

The strong continuities between the Nazi era and postwar West Germany are partly due to the continuity in staffing of the police and judiciary, which was disrupted in

1139: 5475: 333: 5234: 5068: 1183: 3637:

to decide whether or not the expansion of laws regulating male homosexual relationships falling under Paragraph 175 should be left in place. On May 10, 1957, the

3033:

society because of lack of consequence. This removed Paragraph 175 from the effective body of the law, because at the same time the East Berlin Court of Appeal (

4075: 368: 1889:, the Prussian kingdom, worried over the future of the paragraph, sought a scientific basis for this piece of legislation. The Ministry of Justice assigned a 2602:, sex with young men under the age of 21, and sexual coercion of a man in a service or work situation would be classified as "severe cases", reclassified as 1910:, distinguishing them from the many other sexual acts that were not even considered as matters of penal law. Nevertheless, the draft penal law submitted by 5227: 5097: 4204: 3824: 2850:

Beyond that – much as had already been planned in 1925 – a new Paragraph 175a was created, punishing "qualified cases" as

2954:

prisoners – whose numbers amounted to an estimated 10,000 – survived the camps. Some of them, after their release by the

2942:). This was often the fate of so-called "repeat offenders": at the end of their sentences, they were not freed but sent for additional "re-education" ( 1906:, who, however, stated in their appraisal of 24 March 1869, that they were unable to give a scientific grounding for a law that outlawed zoophilia and 328: 209: 3015:

juridical development had been broken off and even been reversed. Homosexual acts were to be tried only according to the laws of the Weimar Republic.

5823: 5740: 3722:("lewdness") was replaced by the equivalent of the term "sexual acts". Paragraph 175 only retained sex with minors as a qualifying attribute; the 5936: 5470: 5122: 353: 4179: 3772: 1741:

In 1935, the Nazis broadened the law so that the courts could pursue any "lewd act" whatsoever, even one involving no physical contact, such as

5921: 5587: 4377: 1232: 5034: 4467: 5700: 586: 1067: 3759:

icon of a raised fist and calls on the reader to fight against discrimination in the family, in the workplace, and in search for housing.

1369: 4130: 1844:, a major reform of laws that replaced the death penalty for this offense with a term of imprisonment. Paragraph 143 of that code says: 5781: 5760: 5250: 2677: 1693: 4564:(Because of the Severe Punishment that Can Be Expected: The pursuit of homosexuals in Berlin 1933 – 1945) Berlin 2000. 2903:) by non-participating observers, and about 10 percent were denouncements by employers and institutions. So, for example, in 1938 the 1738:

prevented the implementation of the repeal. Although modified at various times, the paragraph remained part of German law until 1994.

69: 5580: 5497: 4730:

Moeller, Robert G. (Fall 2010). "Private Acts, Public Anxieties, and the Fight to Decriminalize Male Homosexuality in West Germany".

3029:

A revision of the criminal code in 1957 made it possible to put aside prosecution of an illegal action that represented no danger to

2268:), an organization of notables rather than a mass movement, which tried to proceed against Paragraph 175 based on the thesis of the 5718: 3671: 1478: 363: 238: 3633:, the victorious Allies demanded the abolition of all laws with specifically National Socialist content; however, they left it to 5788: 5753: 5746: 4896: 3638: 1763: 1735: 1625: 1225: 478: 443: 139: 4798: 2578: 5881: 3796:

On 17 May 2002 – a date chosen symbolically as "17.5" – the Bundestag passed a supplement to the

1545: 1483: 1433: 378: 5013: 5155: 4113: 3695: 1305: 5941: 5711: 5611: 4704: 338: 288: 127: 3026:) was defined as any act that is performed to arouse sexual excitement and "violates the moral sentiment of our workers". 2958:, were placed back in prison, because they had not yet finished court-mandated terms of imprisonment for homosexual acts. 5926: 1585: 1500: 1149: 1107: 388: 383: 107: 59: 5966: 5840: 5309: 5064: 4876: 4631: 4504: 4451: 4423: 4287: 3972: 3947: 2643: 1718: 1192: 1124: 782: 725: 720: 348: 172: 147: 5264: 4781:

Daniel Speier. "Die Frankfurter Homosexuellenprozesse zu Beginn der Ära Adenauer – eine chronologische Darstellung."

3874: 5916: 5911: 5201: 5187: 5173: 4769: 4686: 4569: 4361: 4339: 4328: 4140: 4071: 4029: 3914: 2265: 1172: 579: 358: 278: 182: 5724: 5603: 3714: 1673:. Overall, around 140,000 men were convicted under the law. The law had always been controversial and inspired the 1658: 1364: 957: 283: 199: 1818: 1817:. Christian condemnation of homosexuality reinforced these sentiments as Germany became baptised. In 1532, the 1325: 1277: 974: 4995: 2622:

would have pertained not only to homosexual intercourse but also to other homosexual acts such as, for example,

2586:

the parties of the left failed to achieve the abolition of Paragraph 175, because they lacked a majority in the

2570:

There was a vigorous grassroots campaign against Paragraph 175 between 1919 and 1929, led by an alliance of the

5951: 5774: 5556: 4977: 4851: 4606: 4541: 4054: 3755:

Since 1973 the gay movement had openly been demanding the deletion of Paragraph 175. This 1973 poster uses the

2871:"Unnatural fornication with a beast" was moved to Paragraph 175b (this section applied to both men and women). 2854:("severe lewdness") with no less than one year and no more than ten years in the penitentiary. These included: 2293:

Allowing time for the refinement of the draft, it was set to appear before the Reichstag no earlier than 1917.

1745:

next to each other. Convictions multiplied by a factor of ten to over 8,000 per year by 1937. Furthermore, the

1406: 1310: 1267: 1018: 703: 4196: 4944: 1903: 1565: 852: 529: 506: 496: 187: 4562:"Wegen der zu erwartenden hohen Strafe" : Homosexuellenverfolgung in Berlin 1933 – 1945. 5931: 5896: 5886: 5648: 5403: 5289: 4468:

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/paragraph-175-and-the-nazi-campaign-against-homosexuality

1784: 1495: 1463: 572: 501: 310: 36: 2874:

According to the official rationale, Paragraph 175 was amended in the interest of the moral health of the

1865:

act), which had the effect of the complete legalization of homosexuality. In the course of his conquests,

5639: 5449: 3647: 2587: 1907: 1861:

of 1791 punished acts of this nature only when someone's rights were injured (i.e., in the case of a non-

1618: 996: 979: 152: 3018:

In 1950, one year after being reconstituted as the German Democratic Republic, the Berlin Appeal Court (

5619: 3730: 2647: 1915: 1727: 1359: 1273: 1262: 1047: 874: 792: 418: 3011:

in 1948 that Paragraphs 175 and 175a were to be seen as injustice perpetrated by the Nazis, because a

5634: 5368: 5347: 4760:("The 'Frankfurt Trials' and the continuity of § 175 in the Fifties") In Elmar Kraushaar (ed.): 4176: 3881: 1881:

adopted the French model and removed from their lawbooks all prohibitions of consensual sexual acts.

1858: 1722: 1674: 1570: 1520: 1342: 1179: 1006: 847: 463: 263: 122: 4624:

Die letzte Fahrt mit dem Fahrrad: 19 Gespräche mit Matteo über Mut, Glück und Aufbegehren in der DDR

2279:, urging the deletion of Paragraph 175; it gathered 6,000 signatories. One year later, SPD chairman 5819: 5304: 5274: 3841: 2572: 1750: 1451: 1446: 1207: 902: 859: 204: 3646:

Many arrests, lawsuits, and proceedings in Frankfurt in 1950–1951 had serious consequences. These

5906: 5677: 5299: 3863: 2651: 1731: 1202: 603: 5168:(Homosexuals under the Swastika: the pursuit of homosexuals in the Third Reich) Paderborn 1990. 3823:

The issue of pardoning men convicted in the postwar era remained controversial. On 12 May 2016,

5901: 5801: 5454: 5373: 3858: 3659: 2992: 2955: 1611: 1257: 907: 295: 4661: 4103: 2660:

Inter-Parliamentary Committee for the Coordination of Criminal Law Between Germany and Austria

5946: 5683: 5644: 5624: 5219: 3815:). By this supplement to the act, Nazi-era convictions of homosexuals and deserters from the 2275:

This case was argued, for example, in an 1897 petition drafted by physician and WhK chairman

2256: 1840: 1670: 1159: 1129: 1052: 897: 775: 546: 343: 300: 233: 134: 117: 2664: 1866: 1807:. Germany is notable for having anti-sodomy regulation before Christianity; Roman historian 5961: 5956: 5891: 5876: 5654: 5342: 5166:

Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz : Die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Dritten Reich.

3699: 3000: 2931: 1680:

The statute drew legal influence from previous measures, including those undertaken by the

969: 51: 20: 8: 5629: 5388: 5332: 5011:

Stenographic report of the Bundestag, 14th legislative period, 237th sitting (2002-05-17)

4072:"Pink triangle: Even after World War II, gay victims of Nazis continued to be persecuted" 2623: 2594: 2260: 1869:

exported the French Penal Code beyond France into a sequence of other states such as the

1580: 1320: 942: 912: 305: 4758:"Die 'Frankfurter Prozesse' und die Kontinuität des § 175 in den fünfziger Jahren." 4280:

Wie öffentliche Moral gemacht wird: Die Einführung des § 175 in das Strafgesetzbuch 1871

3663: 5704: 5491: 4815: 4739: 4371: 2947: 2642:

When this draft was discussed in 1929 by the judiciary committee of the Reichstag, the

2269: 1540: 1426: 1154: 675: 423: 268: 228: 4892: 3763:

In the course of reconciling the legal codes of the two German states after 1990, the

2975:

Invalidated ("ungültig") OdF identity card: The Magistrate of East Berlin refused any

2247:

Prussian model from 1794, the new Paragraph 175 of the imperial penal code specified:

5480: 5197: 5183: 5169: 5151: 4973: 4872: 4847: 4819: 4765: 4682: 4627: 4602: 4565: 4537: 4500: 4447: 4419: 4357: 4335: 4324: 4317: 4283: 4167:

Gade, Kari Ellen. “HOMOSEXUALITY AND RAPE OF MALES IN OLD NORSE LAW AND LITERATURE.”

4136: 4109: 4050: 4025: 3968: 3943: 3910: 3868: 2619: 2276: 1918:

retained the relevant Prussian penal provisions, justifying this out of concern for "

1911: 1822: 1792: 1681: 1287: 1252: 1197: 1134: 1062: 917: 765: 458: 448: 413: 221: 177: 5148:

States of Liberation: Gay Men between Dictatorship and Democracy in Cold War Germany

5815: 5572: 5533: 5413: 5327: 5010: 4996:

Entwurf des Änderungsgesetzes zum NS-Aufhebungsgesetz - Bundestagdrucksache 14/8276

4807: 4411: 1650: 1535: 1530: 1411: 1384: 1282: 1242: 1001: 760: 453: 4956: 3802:

law on the annulment of national socialist unjust verdicts in the criminal justice

5423: 5378: 5182:(§ 175. (abolished). : ... and the lack of compensation) Hamburg 1998. 5129: 5017: 4708: 4474: 4183: 3703: 3674: 2917: 2844: 2583: 1813: 1800: 1654: 1550: 1389: 1379: 1237: 952: 879: 864: 787: 745: 735: 730: 696: 539: 433: 408: 273: 112: 31: 5393: 5269: 4701: 2966: 5542: 5279: 3902: 3775:, an age of 16 years applies. § 182 (2) StGB allows for prosecution as an 3747: 3723: 1919: 1899: 1825:

until the end of the 18th century. In the words of Paragraph 116 of that code:

1804: 1767: 1685: 1525: 1458: 1247: 1144: 869: 524: 438: 216: 194: 5352: 4020:, Luchterhand, Darmstadt 1968, collected in: Hans-Georg Stümke, Rudi Finkler: 5870: 5408: 5383: 5294: 4560:("Going into combat as a homosexual") In Kulturring in Berlin e. V. (Hrsg.): 3777: 3012: 3008: 2976: 2951: 2684:

Table 3: Convictions under §§ 175, 175a and b (1933–1943)

2630: 1886: 1821:

produced a foundation for this principle of law, which remained valid in the

1755: 1575: 1555: 1488: 1394: 1337: 1114: 1072: 1013: 991: 935: 830: 750: 468: 428: 3995:

Male Homosexuality in West Germany: Between Persecution and Freedom, 1945-69

1089: 5855: 5549: 5485: 5418: 5123:

Guardian: Germany to quash convictions of 50,000 gay men under Nazi-era law

4919: 4811: 4665: 3853: 3655: 3634: 3630: 2996: 2599: 2280: 1742: 1714: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1666: 1601: 1560: 1416: 1374: 1212: 1094: 1035: 713: 686: 562: 534: 40: 16:

Provision of the German Criminal Code regarding homosexual acts (1871–1994)

4869:

Handbuch Sexualstraftaten: Die Delikte gegen die sexuelle Selbstbestimmung

4844:

Bound and Unbound: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Genders and Sexualities

4409: 4229:, ed. and comm. by Friedrich-Christian Schroeder (Suttgart: Reclam, 2000). 1895:("Deputation for medical knowledge"), including, among others, the famous 1084: 5850: 5808: 5795: 5671: 5525: 5428: 5398: 5180:§ 175. (abgewickelt). : ... und die versäumte Wiedergutmachung. 3056: 3046: 2891: 2883: 2681: 2655:

of the new Paragraph 297 (dealing with the so-called "qualified cases").

2611: 2304: 2294: 1929: 1870: 1473: 1438: 1401: 1315: 1119: 1057: 1030: 1025: 986: 812: 807: 802: 740: 708: 658: 653: 245: 89: 85: 4743: 3965:

Desiring Emancipation: New Women and Homosexuality in Germany, 1890–1933

2999:, the development of law was not uniform. The Provincial High Court in 5845: 5433: 4764:. (One Hundred years of Homosexuality: a revue) Berlin 1997. S. 60–69. 3828: 2840: 1779: 1696:. It was one of the few Nazi-era laws retained in its original form in 1662: 1421: 1077: 964: 947: 817: 691: 4534:

Ethik und Herrschaftsordnung: ein Beitrag zum Problem der Legitimation

4047:

We are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics

3681:; it was never adopted) justified retaining paragraph 175 as follows: 3837: 3816: 3764: 3713:

On 23 November 1973, the social-liberal coalition of the SPD and the

3030: 2939: 1896: 1874: 1468: 1042: 797: 5338:

Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion

3698:(CDU) – SPD Grand Coalition headed by CDU Chancellor 2971: 2894:

about arranging preventive detention of an "incorrigible homosexual"

2861:

sexual relations with a subordinate or employee in a work situation,

2668:, the parliamentary legislative process generally ground to a halt. 1788: 3756: 3619: 1347: 1332: 755: 39:, and dropoff after partial repeal in 1969. Note: "BRD" refers to 1642: 4841: 4599:

NS-Opfer unter Vorbehalt: homosexuelle Männer in Berlin nach 1945

3901:

For this expression ("disgraceful paragraph") see, among others,

2927: 2922: 2904: 2888: 2297:

and the defeat of the German Empire consigned it to the dustbin.

1878: 1862: 1835: 1808: 1746: 1726:

repeal Paragraph 175 with the votes of the Social Democrats, the

648: 643: 81: 77: 5213: 2938:) of arbitrary duration without an accusation (or even after an 3832: 2858:

homosexual acts forced through violence or threats (male rape),

2835: 2603: 1854: 1352: 679: 5249: 4677:

Rainer Hoffschildt: "140.000 Verurteilungen nach '§ 175'," in

3831:, announced that Germany was investigating the possibility of 1597: 558: 35:

Graph of convictions under Paragraph 175. Spike occurs during

4354:

Homosexuelle in Deutschland : Eine politische Geschichte

3677:'s government, a draft penal code for West Germany (known as 2967:

Development in the Soviet occupation zone and in East Germany

770: 663: 611: 93: 4314: 3045:

them exactly as to all other citizens." One year later, the

4256: 2876: 4246: 4244: 4044: 3726:

was lowered to 18 (compared to 14 for heterosexual sex).

2979:

the right to receive a pension as a "victim of fascism" (

2629:

Both new paragraphs grounded themselves in protection of

2582:. But, much as during the time of the Empire, during the 1661:, and in early revisions the provision also criminalized 1187: 5098:"Verurteilte Homosexuelle sollen Entschädigung erhalten" 5065:"Germany to pay convicted gays 30 million euros - media" 3059:

Table 4: Convictions under §§ 175, 175a (1946–1994)

3041:

with boys but equally to women who have sex with girls.

1694:

the most severe persecution of homosexual men in history

4241: 4227:

Die Peinliche Gerichtsordnung Kaiser Karls V (Carolina)

5192:

Andreas Sternweiler: Und alles wegen der Jungs :

4649: 5602: 5035:"Germany to quash historical convictions of gay men" 4513: 4128: 3992: 4970:Sexueller Mißbrauch von Jugendlichen: (§ 182 StGB) 4391: 4389: 4387: 4316: 3940:Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom 2307:Table 2: Prosecutions under § 175 (1919–1933) 1932:Table 1: Prosecutions under § 175 (1902–1918) 1803:originated from the growth of Christianity during 4621: 4446:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 121–122. 4437: 4435: 5868: 5028: 5026: 4866: 4826: 4711:, on SchwulenCity.de. Accessed 3 September 2006. 4494: 4441: 4319:The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864–1935) 5194:Pfadfinderführer und KZ-Häftling: Heinz Dörmer. 4783:Mitteilungen der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft 4646:1968, Basic Law of the GDR, § 151 StGB-DDR 4596: 4384: 4132:Gaylaw: Challenging the Apartheid of the Closet 4108:. University of California Press. p. 584. 3962: 3694:On 25 June 1969, shortly before the end of the 3651:sex worker Otto Blankenstein as a key witness. 4967: 4842:Zowie Davy; Julia Downes; Lena Eckert (2002). 4750: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4601:(in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 191. 4531: 4432: 4040: 4038: 3052: 1233:2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States 5588: 5235: 5032: 5023: 2864:homosexual acts with men under the age of 21, 1811:records execution of homosexuals in his book 1619: 580: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4558:"Als Homosexueller in Erscheinung getreten." 4550: 3742: 4714: 4671: 4345: 4310: 4308: 4277: 4035: 4016:"Statistisches Reichsamt", Jürgen Baumann: 1659:made sexual relations between males a crime 5595: 5581: 5251:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 5242: 5228: 4917: 4499:. Columbia University Press. p. 215. 4405: 4403: 4401: 4376:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3937: 3737: 2678:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 1626: 1612: 587: 573: 5083: 4585: 4135:. Harvard University Press. p. 161. 3988: 3986: 3984: 2907:received the following anonymous letter: 2563:Middle column: Homosexuality / Bestiality 2239:Middle column: Homosexuality / Bestiality 5100:(in German). Die Zeit. 21 October 2016. 4846:. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 141–142. 4794: 4497:Queer Identities and Politics in Germany 4490: 4488: 4305: 4262: 4250: 4097: 4095: 4093: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3791: 3746: 2970: 2882: 2821: 2695: 2692: 2318: 2315: 1943: 1940: 1787:and Anton Mätzler, outside the walls of 1778: 30: 4729: 4575: 4398: 4315:John Lauritsen; David Thorstad (1974), 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 2689: 2255:Even in the 1860s, individuals such as 1749:could transport suspected offenders to 5937:Persecution of LGBTQ people in Germany 5869: 5145: 4775: 4756:Elmar Kraushaar: Unzucht vor Gericht: 4615: 4519: 4351: 4273: 4271: 4238:1794, Allgemeines Landrecht of Prussia 4105:A History of Modern Germany Since 1815 4101: 4069: 3981: 3909:University of California Press, 1994, 3610:based on the course around World War I 1708: 1657:from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. It 1546:LGBT conservatism in the United States 5922:Criminalization of male homosexuality 5576: 5223: 4835: 4485: 4207:from the original on 28 November 2020 4171:, vol. 58, no. 2, 1986, pp. 124–141. 4122: 4090: 3924: 3616:(in prior sources never considered!). 3005:Oberlandesgericht Halle, or OLG Halle 2961: 1692:broadened the law in 1935 as part of 5104:from the original on 24 October 2016 5071:from the original on 12 January 2023 4986: 4799:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 4418:. Waxmann Verlag. pp. 697–702. 4302:1872, Imperial Penal Code of Prussia 4149:from the original on 12 January 2023 4001: 2579:Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee 1688:. It was amended several times. The 4920:"What was Germany's Paragraph 175?" 4918:Highleyman, Liz (11 January 2006). 4334:. Revised edition published 1995, 4282:(in German). Männerschwarm Verlag. 4268: 4045:Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan (1997). 3612:* West Berlin and Saarland included 1758:. The majority of them died there. 479:Political ideologies regarding LGBT 13: 5841:Decriminalization of homosexuality 5310:Transgender people in Nazi Germany 5067:. Deutsche Welle. 8 October 2016. 2847:in the United Kingdom since 1885. 2825:Sources: "Statistisches Reichsamt" 2300: 1783:Burning of the accused sodomites, 1721:(SPD). However, a petition in the 14: 5978: 5207: 4972:. Tectum Verlag DE. p. 134. 4945:Ages of consent in Europe#Germany 4899:from the original on 7 March 2016 4416:Ablehnung – Duldung – Anerkennung 4070:Taffet, David (20 January 2011). 4049:. Psychology Press. p. 134. 3614:before 1962 and 1961 respectively 2950:. Only about 40 percent of these 2843:, but similar to the law against 2266:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee 1892:Deputation für das Medizinalwesen 5604:Criminalization of homosexuality 5045:from the original on 12 May 2016 4762:Hundert Jahre schwul: Eine Revue 4323:, New York: Times Change Press, 4078:from the original on 3 June 2021 3967:. SUNY Press. pp. 110–115. 1925: 1734:(DDP); however, the rise of the 1596: 557: 284:Criminalization of homosexuality 68: 5265:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft 5150:. University of Toronto Press. 5116: 5057: 5001: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4911: 4885: 4860: 4788: 4692: 4640: 4525: 4479: 4460: 4296: 4232: 4219: 4189: 4161: 3875:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft 3606:Source: Rainer Hoffschildt 2002 2693: Adults 2671: 2316: Charge 1941: Charge 1819:Constitutio Criminalis Carolina 1677:, which called for its repeal. 5557:The Men With the Pink Triangle 5146:Huneke, Samuel Clowes (2022). 4895:(in German). 4 February 1991. 4063: 3956: 3921:, No. 17 (April 26, 1932) 641. 3907:The Weimar Republic Sourcebook 3895: 3608:* 1946–1949 complete estimate, 2270:innate nature of homosexuality 1150:Rights by country or territory 1: 5882:19th century in LGBTQ history 5139: 5033:Kate Connelly (12 May 2016). 4702:BVerfGE 6, 389 - Homosexuelle 4177:www.jstor.org/stable/40918734 4129:Eskridge, William N. (2009). 2827:and Baumann 1968, p. 61. 2823:* 1943: 1st half-year doubled 1904:Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben 1774: 1566:Social construction of gender 1515:Academic fields and discourse 43:(Bundesrepublik Deutschland). 5649:Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023 5404:Friedrich-Paul von Groszheim 5290:Malicious Practices Act 1933 4955:See German-language article 4024:, Rowohlt TB-V., Juli 1985, 3993:Clayton J. Whisnant (2012). 3639:Federal Constitutional Court 3599: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3545: 3534: 3525: 3514: 3505: 3494: 3485: 3474: 3465: 3454: 3445: 3434: 3425: 3414: 3405: 3394: 3385: 3374: 3365: 3354: 3345: 3334: 3325: 3314: 3305: 3294: 3285: 3274: 3265: 3254: 3245: 3234: 3225: 3214: 3205: 3194: 3185: 3174: 3163: 3152: 3141: 3130: 3119: 3108: 3097: 2816: 2813: 2805: 2802: 2794: 2791: 2783: 2780: 2772: 2769: 2761: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2739: 2736: 2728: 2725: 2717: 2714: 2706: 2703: 2650:, and the left-wing liberal 2556: 2539: 2522: 2505: 2488: 2471: 2454: 2437: 2420: 2403: 2386: 2369: 2352: 2335: 2232: 2215: 2198: 2181: 2164: 2147: 2130: 2113: 2096: 2079: 2062: 2045: 2028: 2011: 1994: 1977: 1960: 1799:Most sodomy-related laws in 1785:Richard Puller von Hohenburg 474:Political parties affiliates 7: 5942:Repealed German legislation 4444:Sex and the Weimar Republic 4352:Stümke, Hans-Georg (1989). 3847: 3825:Federal Minister of Justice 3648:Frankfurt Homosexual Trials 3053:Development in West Germany 2547: 2530: 2513: 2496: 2479: 2462: 2445: 2428: 2411: 2394: 2377: 2360: 2343: 2326: 2223: 2206: 2189: 2172: 2155: 2138: 2121: 2104: 2087: 2070: 2053: 2036: 2019: 2002: 1985: 1968: 1951: 1908:male homosexual intercourse 1184:Blood donation restrictions 10: 5983: 5927:Law of the Weimar Republic 4622:Wilfried Bergholz (2016). 4414:; Simon Groenveld (2015). 3696:Christian Democratic Union 3075: 2675: 2312: 1937: 1916:North German Confederation 1326:Grooming conspiracy theory 1263:Mixed-orientation marriage 1193:LGBT medical organizations 18: 5967:LGBTQ-related legislation 5833: 5733: 5693: 5663: 5610: 5518: 5463: 5442: 5369:First homosexual movement 5361: 5348:Johannes Heinrich Schultz 5320: 5257: 4867:Klaus Laubenthal (2012). 4657:"Widernatürliche Unzucht" 4495:Clayton Whisnant (2016). 4442:Laurie Marhoefer (2015). 4201:facultystaff.richmond.edu 4102:Tipton, Frank B. (2003). 3882:Different from the Others 3743:Deletion of Paragraph 175 3604: 3076: 2561: 2237: 1675:first homosexual movement 1653:) was a provision of the 1571:Socialism and LGBT rights 1521:Communism and LGBT rights 5917:LGBTQ history in Germany 5912:Legal history of Germany 5305:Lesbians in Nazi Germany 5275:Night of the Long Knives 4832:Stümke 1989: p. 183 4597:Andreas Pretzel (2002). 4466:Holocaust Encyclopedia: 4022:Rosa Winkel, rosa Listen 3963:Marti M. Lybeck (2014). 3888: 2926:were authorized to take 2916:In contradistinction to 2573:Gemeinschaft der Eigenen 1859:Revolutionary Penal Code 5450:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor 5300:LGBT history in Germany 4968:Thomas Stephan (2002). 4532:Georg Geismann (1974). 4473:12 January 2023 at the 4395:Stümke 1989, p. 65 4356:. München. p. 50. 3864:LGBT history in Germany 3738:Developments after 1990 3706:broke out in New York. 2652:German Democratic Party 2644:Social Democratic Party 1732:German Democratic Party 1719:Social Democratic Party 1434:Intersex discrimination 1203:Transgender health care 5804:(1832–1917, 1933–1993) 5374:Joseph Friedrich Abert 4893:"Lebensbund besiegelt" 4812:10.1515/vfzg-2021-0028 3859:LGBT rights in Germany 3760: 3688: 3679:Strafgesetzbuch E 1962 3660:Franz-Josef Wuermeling 2993:Soviet occupation zone 2988: 2981:"Opfer des Faschismus" 2977:pink-triangle prisoner 2914: 2895: 2696: Youths under 18 2640: 2593:The plans of a center- 2291: 2253: 1851: 1832: 1796: 1258:LGBT rights opposition 793:Sex–gender distinction 44: 5952:Sex crimes in Germany 5455:Silence=Death Project 5362:Victims and survivors 4659:(2006), S. 253 ( 4182:20 April 2022 at the 3792:Pardon of the victims 3750: 3715:Free Democratic Party 3683: 2974: 2909: 2886: 2635: 2286: 2257:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs 2249: 1846: 1841:Allgemeines Landrecht 1827: 1782: 1671:underage sexual abuse 1160:Yogyakarta Principles 1130:Intersex human rights 1053:Same-sex relationship 776:Queer heterosexuality 547:LGBT people in prison 34: 5680:(1860–, with caning) 5343:Carl-Heinz Rodenberg 5214:Gay Museum in Berlin 5164:Burkhard Jellonnek: 5128:16 June 2018 at the 5016:13 June 2010 at the 4707:6 March 2006 at the 4278:Jens Dobler (2014). 4169:Scandinavian Studies 3700:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 3020:Kammergericht Berlin 2932:preventive detention 1801:Western civilization 1764:Constitutional Court 1665:as well as forms of 1655:German Criminal Code 1536:Lavender linguistics 354:Military and Veteran 5932:Law of Nazi Germany 5897:German criminal law 5887:Law of East Germany 5389:Gottfried von Cramm 5333:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 4785:61/62 (2018): 47–72 4689:, pp. 140–149. 4655:Christian Schäfer: 4265:, pp. 402–403. 4197:"Tacitus' Germania" 3938:E. Mancini (2010). 3798:NS-Aufhebungsgesetz 3061: 2686: 2624:mutual masturbation 2598:such as homosexual 2309: 2261:Karl Maria Kertbeny 1934: 1751:concentration camps 1709:Historical overview 1641:(known formally as 1581:Transgender studies 1321:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 144:Transgender rights 5773:New Zealand (1840– 5670:British colonies ( 5492:Pink Triangle Park 5178:Christian Schulz: 3761: 3057: 2995:that later became 2989: 2962:After World War II 2948:concentration camp 2896: 2867:male prostitution. 2682: 2665:Präsidialkabinette 2305: 1930: 1797: 1541:LGBTQ conservatism 1155:Transgender rights 676:Sexual orientation 269:Conversion therapy 123:Germany (pre-1933) 45: 19:For the film, see 5864: 5863: 5798:, 1968–1996/2001) 5784:, 1938–2007/2022) 5770:, 1871–1969/1994) 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5481:Frankfurter Engel 5157:978-1-4875-4213-9 4924:Bay Area Reporter 4556:Andreas Pretzel: 4115:978-0-520-24049-0 3869:Heteronormativity 3627: 3626: 3623: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2277:Magnus Hirschfeld 2244: 2243: 2240: 1823:Holy Roman Empire 1793:Spiezer Schilling 1682:Holy Roman Empire 1636: 1635: 1479:Non-binary people 1370:Domestic violence 1253:Heteronormativity 1125:Decriminalization 975:Awareness periods 926: 925: 853:Same-sex marriage 766:Non-binary gender 597: 596: 459:Sexual revolution 414:Bisexual politics 173:Decriminalization 5974: 5834:Related articles 5814:United Kingdom ( 5597: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5511: 5461: 5460: 5414:Wilhelm Heckmann 5379:Albrecht Becker 5328:Heinrich Himmler 5244: 5237: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5161: 5133: 5132:, June 22, 2017. 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5094: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5030: 5021: 5020:, page 23741 (C) 5009: 5005: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4732:Feminist Studies 4727: 4712: 4696: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4594: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4412:Horst Lademacher 4407: 4396: 4393: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4367: 4349: 4343: 4333: 4322: 4312: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4193: 4187: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4099: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4074:. Dallas Voice. 4067: 4061: 4060: 4042: 4033: 4014: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3935: 3922: 3899: 3814: 3752:"Down with §175" 3664:Adolf Süsterhenn 3605: 3062: 2822: 2687: 2562: 2310: 2238: 1935: 1645:; also known as 1628: 1621: 1614: 1600: 1531:Lesbian feminism 1412:Heteropatriarchy 1283:Sexual diversity 1243:Amatonormativity 1226:Social attitudes 1140:Military service 1019:in New York City 1002:New queer cinema 958:African-American 836: 835: 761:Non-heterosexual 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 599: 598: 589: 582: 575: 561: 344:Community centre 200:Military service 140:Social attitudes 72: 62: 47: 46: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5829: 5729: 5689: 5659: 5606: 5601: 5571: 5562: 5514: 5505: 5494:(San Francisco) 5459: 5438: 5424:Kurt von Ruffin 5357: 5316: 5253: 5248: 5210: 5158: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5130:Wayback Machine 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5031: 5024: 5018:Wayback Machine 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4966: 4962: 4957:§ 182 StGB 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4755: 4751: 4728: 4715: 4709:Wayback Machine 4697: 4693: 4676: 4672: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4595: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4493: 4486: 4480: 4475:Wayback Machine 4465: 4461: 4454: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4408: 4399: 4394: 4385: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4350: 4346: 4331: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4184:Wayback Machine 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4100: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4043: 4036: 4015: 4002: 3991: 3982: 3975: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3936: 3925: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3850: 3804: 3794: 3773:§ 182 StGB 3754: 3745: 3740: 3704:Stonewall riots 3675:Konrad Adenauer 3622:estimated (~59) 3617: 3615: 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5914: 5909: 5907:Law of Prussia 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5812: 5807:South Africa ( 5805: 5799: 5792: 5791:, ?–1972) 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5543:A Love to Hide 5539: 5531: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5280:Gay Nazis myth 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5209: 5208:External links 5206: 5205: 5204: 5190: 5176: 5162: 5156: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5115: 5082: 5056: 5022: 5000: 4985: 4978: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4910: 4884: 4878:978-3642255564 4877: 4859: 4852: 4834: 4825: 4806:(3): 394–395. 4787: 4774: 4749: 4738:(3): 528–552. 4713: 4691: 4670: 4648: 4639: 4633:978-3734525056 4632: 4614: 4607: 4584: 4574: 4549: 4542: 4536:. p. 77. 4524: 4512: 4506:978-1939594105 4505: 4484: 4478: 4459: 4453:978-1442626577 4452: 4431: 4425:978-3830961611 4424: 4397: 4383: 4362: 4344: 4329: 4304: 4295: 4289:978-3863001865 4288: 4267: 4255: 4253:, p. 403. 4240: 4231: 4218: 4188: 4160: 4141: 4121: 4114: 4089: 4062: 4055: 4034: 4000: 3980: 3974:978-1438452210 3973: 3955: 3949:978-0230114395 3948: 3923: 3903:Kurt Tucholsky 3893: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3793: 3790: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3724:age of consent 3625: 3624: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3054: 3051: 3007:) decided for 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2830: 2829: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2676:Main article: 2673: 2670: 2610:) rather than 2566: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2302: 2299: 2242: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1927: 1924: 1920:public opinion 1900:Rudolf Virchow 1805:Late Antiquity 1776: 1773: 1768:age of consent 1730:(KPD) and the 1717:, head of the 1710: 1707: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1616: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526:Gender studies 1523: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248:Cisnormativity 1245: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 989: 984: 983: 982: 980:Largest events 977: 967: 962: 961: 960: 950: 945: 939: 934: 933: 930: 929: 924: 923: 921: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 894: 891: 890: 886: 885: 883: 882: 877: 872: 870:Gay liberation 867: 862: 857: 856: 855: 844: 841: 840: 834: 829: 828: 825: 824: 821: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 779: 778: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 717: 716: 706: 701: 700: 699: 689: 683: 674: 673: 670: 669: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 640: 637: 636: 615: 614: 608: 607: 595: 594: 592: 591: 584: 577: 569: 566: 565: 554: 553: 550: 549: 544: 543: 542: 532: 527: 525:Discrimination 521: 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 504: 499: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 482: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 444:Libertarianism 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 392: 391: 386: 381: 373: 372: 371: 366: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 292: 291: 281: 279:Discrimination 276: 271: 266: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 242: 241: 231: 226: 225: 224: 214: 213: 212: 202: 197: 192: 191: 190: 185: 175: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 156: 155: 150: 142: 137: 132: 131: 130: 125: 120: 110: 104: 101: 100: 97: 96: 74: 73: 65: 64: 56: 55: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5979: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5902:German Empire 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5768:Paragraph 175 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5725:United States 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5612:Death penalty 5609: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5409:Richard Grune 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Rudolf Brazda 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295:Pink triangle 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5285:Paragraph 175 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5202:3-86149-030-7 5199: 5196:Berlin 1994. 5195: 5191: 5189: 5188:3-928983-24-5 5185: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5174:3-506-77482-4 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4791: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4770:3-87134-307-2 4767: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4687:3-935596-14-6 4684: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4664:, p. 253, at 4663: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4643: 4635: 4629: 4626:. Tredition. 4625: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4578: 4571: 4570:3-86149-095-1 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4522:, p. 31. 4521: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410:Renate Loos; 4406: 4404: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4363:3-406-33130-0 4359: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4340:0-87810-041-5 4337: 4332: 4330:0-87810-027-X 4326: 4321: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4264: 4263:Schwartz 2021 4259: 4252: 4251:Schwartz 2021 4247: 4245: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4148: 4144: 4142:9780674036581 4138: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4030:3-499-14827-7 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018:Paragraph 175 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3997:. p. 29. 3996: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919:Die Weltbühne 3916: 3915:0-520-06775-4 3912: 3908: 3905:, "Röhm", in 3904: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3778:Antragsdelikt 3774: 3769: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3621: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3035:Kammergericht 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3009:Saxony-Anhalt 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2959: 2957: 2956:Allied Forces 2953: 2952:pink triangle 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2918:normal police 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834:In 1935, the 2820: 2810: 2809: 2799: 2798: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2776: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2732: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2710: 2700: 2699: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2631:public health 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1936: 1933: 1926:German Empire 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1887:German Empire 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1757: 1756:pink triangle 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:Paragraph 175 1629: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:Transfeminism 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1556:Queer studies 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452:Vulnerability 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1274:homosexuality 1272:Religion and 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1208:Youth suicide 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1063:Socialization 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014:LGBTQ culture 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 993: 990: 988: 985: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 966: 963: 959: 956: 955: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 937: 932: 931: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 893: 892: 888: 887: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 860:Homosexuality 858: 854: 851: 850: 849: 846: 845: 843: 842: 838: 837: 832: 827: 826: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 777: 774: 773: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 751:Homosexuality 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 715: 712: 711: 710: 707: 705: 702: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 681: 677: 672: 671: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 639: 638: 617: 616: 613: 610: 609: 605: 601: 600: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 570: 568: 567: 564: 560: 556: 555: 548: 545: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 531: 530:Freedom Index 528: 526: 523: 522: 516: 515: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 488: 487: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 469:Transfeminism 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 400: 399: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 374: 370: 369:United States 367: 365: 362: 361: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323:Organizations 320: 319: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 290: 287: 286: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 255: 254: 247: 244: 240: 237: 236: 235: 232: 230: 227: 223: 220: 219: 218: 215: 211: 208: 207: 206: 205:Organizations 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 164: 163: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 129: 128:United States 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 99: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76: 75: 71: 67: 66: 63: 58: 57: 53: 49: 48: 42: 38: 33: 29: 25: 23: 22:Paragraph 175 5947:West Germany 5811:, 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Retrieved 5073:. Retrieved 5059: 5047:. Retrieved 5039:The Guardian 5038: 5003: 4988: 4969: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4927:. Retrieved 4923: 4913: 4901:. Retrieved 4887: 4871:. Springer. 4868: 4862: 4843: 4837: 4828: 4803: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4772:, p. 62 4761: 4757: 4752: 4735: 4731: 4698: 4694: 4678: 4673: 4666:Google Books 4660: 4656: 4651: 4642: 4623: 4617: 4598: 4582:p. 205. 4577: 4572:, p. 23 4561: 4557: 4552: 4533: 4527: 4515: 4496: 4481: 4462: 4443: 4415: 4353: 4347: 4318: 4298: 4279: 4258: 4234: 4226: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4200: 4191: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4151:. Retrieved 4131: 4124: 4104: 4080:. Retrieved 4065: 4046: 4021: 4017: 3994: 3964: 3958: 3942:. Springer. 3939: 3918: 3906: 3897: 3880: 3873: 3854:LGBT history 3822: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3783: 3776: 3770: 3762: 3751: 3729:In 1986 the 3728: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3668: 3656:East Germany 3653: 3644: 3635:West Germany 3631:World War II 3628: 3618:* 1958–1960 3594: 3579: 3564: 3549: 3540: 3529: 3520: 3509: 3500: 3489: 3480: 3469: 3460: 3449: 3440: 3429: 3420: 3409: 3400: 3389: 3380: 3369: 3360: 3349: 3340: 3329: 3320: 3309: 3300: 3289: 3280: 3269: 3260: 3249: 3240: 3229: 3220: 3209: 3200: 3189: 3180: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3147: 3142: 3136: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3085: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3004: 2997:East Germany 2990: 2984: 2980: 2943: 2935: 2921: 2915: 2912:observation. 2910: 2901:Strafanzeige 2900: 2897: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2851: 2849: 2833: 2683: 2672:The Nazi era 2663: 2659: 2657: 2641: 2636: 2628: 2615: 2612:misdemeanors 2607: 2600:prostitution 2592: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2319:Convictions 2306: 2292: 2287: 2281:August Bebel 2274: 2254: 2250: 2245: 1944:Convictions 1931: 1890: 1883: 1852: 1847: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1812: 1798: 1760: 1743:masturbating 1740: 1715:August Bebel 1712: 1702:East Germany 1698:West Germany 1679: 1667:prostitution 1646: 1638: 1637: 1602:LGBTQ portal 1561:Queer theory 1501:Trans people 1417:Heterosexism 1278:trans people 1276: / 1213:Detransition 1198:Reproduction 1186: / 721:Demographics 714:Pansexuality 687:Aromanticism 612:LGBTQ topics 563:LGBTQ portal 535:Human rights 424:Conservatism 234:Relationship 183:Legal status 148:Legal status 61:LGBTQ rights 41:West Germany 28: 21: 5962:1994 in law 5957:1969 in law 5892:Gay history 5877:1871 in law 5851:LGBT rights 5809:Section 20A 5796:Article 200 5789:Section 213 5780:Singapore ( 5761:Section 171 5749:(1533–1830) 5743:(1975/1997) 5719:Article 365 5717:Sri Lanka ( 5712:Section 377 5694:Invalidated 5672:Section 377 5620:Afghanistan 5537:(1997 film) 5506: [ 5488:(Amsterdam) 5429:Pierre Seel 5399:Karl Gorath 5353:Carl Værnet 5216:, in German 5008:(in German) 4993:(in German) 4520:Huneke 2022 3842:Volker Beck 3805: [ 3731:Green Party 3047:Volkskammer 3013:progressive 2944:Umerziehung 2841:sodomy laws 2690:Year 2295:World War I 1871:Netherlands 1700:, although 1647:Section 175 1489:Trans women 1474:Transphobia 1443:LGBT youth 1439:Lesbophobia 1402:Gay bashing 1316:AIDS stigma 1288:Stereotypes 1120:Civil union 1068:Subcultures 1048:QPR and QPP 1031:Pride Month 1007:Periodicals 987:Gay village 913:Transgender 908:Bisexuality 813:Transsexual 808:Transgender 803:Trans woman 783:Questioning 741:Gender role 726:Environment 709:Bisexuality 659:Transgender 449:Nationalism 364:Transgender 239:Recognition 229:Pinkwashing 90:Transgender 5871:Categories 5856:Sharia law 5846:Sodomy law 5752:Canada (?– 5635:Mauritania 5434:Leo Clasen 5140:References 5108:24 October 5075:20 October 4998:(archived) 4979:3828884334 4903:20 October 4853:1443810851 4681:4 (2002), 4608:3825863905 4543:3165358516 4153:2 November 4056:0415908590 3829:Heiko Maas 3672:Chancellor 2936:Schutzhaft 2608:Verbrechen 2446:1126 2429:1225 1897:physicians 1877:and later 1863:consensual 1775:Background 1736:Nazi Party 1663:bestiality 1422:Homophobia 1343:Censorship 1090:Moe aikāne 965:Dyke March 948:Coming out 889:Identities 818:Two-spirit 692:Asexuality 454:Radicalism 439:Liberation 375:Religious 301:Propaganda 296:Opposition 264:Censorship 258:Opposition 5794:Romania ( 5766:Germany ( 5741:Australia 5464:Memorials 4820:235689714 4679:Invertito 4372:cite book 4032:, S. 262. 3838:Bundestag 3833:pardoning 3817:Wehrmacht 3765:Bundestag 3031:socialist 2940:acquittal 2715: 948 2704: 853 2638:strength. 2588:Reichstag 2554: 204 2548:721 2537: 139 2531:618 2520: 221 2514:723 2503: 223 2497:786 2486: 202 2480:731 2469: 118 2463:911 2452: 135 2435: 111 2412:850 2395:503 2378:588 2361:485 2344:237 2327:110 2224:157 2207:131 2196: 120 2190:278 2179: 120 2173:233 2162: 263 2156:490 2145: 341 2139:512 2128: 322 2122:603 2111: 342 2105:526 2094: 331 2088:560 2077: 331 2071:510 2060: 399 2054:282 2043: 367 2037:404 2026: 382 2020:351 2009: 381 2003:379 1992: 376 1986:348 1975: 289 1969:332 1958: 393 1952:364 1875:Rhineland 1834:In 1794, 1723:Reichstag 1643:§175 StGB 1484:Trans men 1469:Sexualism 1459:Migration 1407:Gayphobia 1311:Arophobia 1306:Acephobia 1145:Parenting 1085:Takatāpui 1043:Queer art 953:Community 865:Movements 798:Trans man 464:Socialism 419:Communism 409:Anarchist 379:Christian 289:Execution 217:Parenting 195:Migration 113:Movements 5787:Norway ( 5759:Cyprus ( 5734:Repealed 5721:, 1883–) 5678:Malaysia 5674:, 1860–) 5503:Tel Aviv 5126:Archived 5102:Archived 5069:Archived 5043:Archived 5014:Archived 4929:10 March 4897:Archived 4744:27919120 4705:Archived 4471:Archived 4205:Archived 4180:Archived 4147:Archived 4076:Archived 3848:See also 3757:new left 3620:Saarland 2983:, hence 2618:). 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