171:
825:
32:
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431:, chapter 9 is devoted to Fourier Series; within that chapter §9.6 introduces Riemann's theory, the following section §9.61 treats an associated function, following §9.62 some properties of that function, following §9.621 a related lemma, while §9.63 introduces Riemann's main theorem, and so on. Whittaker and Watson attribute this system of numbering to
480:
The crafting of clear, coherent paragraphs is the subject of considerable stylistic debate. The form varies among different types of writing. For example, newspapers, scientific journals, and fictional essays have somewhat different conventions for the placement of paragraph breaks.
499:. Topic sentences are largely a phenomenon of school-based writing, and the convention does not necessarily obtain in other contexts. This advice is also culturally specific, for example, it differs from stock advice for the construction of paragraphs in Japanese (translated as
383:
at the end of every physical line, and two newlines at the end of a paragraph, creating a blank line. An alternative is to only put newlines at the end of each paragraph, and leave word wrapping up to the application that displays or processes the text.
459:
Many published books use a device to separate certain paragraphs further when there is a change of scene or time. This extra space, especially when co-occurring at a page or section break, may contain a special symbol known as a
244:
The function of a paragraph is to mark a pause, setting the paragraph apart from what precedes it. If a paragraph is preceded by a title or subhead, the indent is superfluous and can therefore be omitted.
425:, where (in books) the integral part of the decimal represents the number of the chapter and the fractional parts are arranged in each chapter in order of magnitude. Thus in Whittaker and Watson's 1921
364:
to automatically re-flow text as it is edited, without losing paragraph breaks. The software may apply vertical white space or indenting at paragraph breaks, depending on the selected style.
495:
or "main idea", preferably first, and multiple "supporting" or "detail" sentences that explain or supply evidence. One technique of this type, intended for essay writing, is known as the
189:
at the beginning of the next paragraph. An initial is an oversized capital letter, sometimes outdented beyond the margin of the text. This style can be seen, for example, in the original
488:
is that a paragraph has three to five sentences; single-word paragraphs can be seen in some professional writing, and journalists often use single-sentence paragraphs.
758:
387:
A line break that is inserted manually, and preserved when re-flowing, may still be distinct from a paragraph break, although this is typically not done in
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occur when the first line of a paragraph is the last in a column or page, or when the last line of a paragraph is the first line of a new column or page.
1415:
205:
from 1787. For additional ornamentation, a hedera leaf or other symbol can be added to the inter-paragraph white space, or put in the indentation space.
208:
A second common modern
English style is to use no indenting, but add vertical white space to create "block paragraphs." On a typewriter, a double
485:
42:
1789:
236:
Professionally printed material in
English typically does not indent the first paragraph, but indents those that follow. For example,
197:. Outdenting is still used in English typography, though not commonly. Modern English typography usually indicates a new paragraph by
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The oldest classical
British and Latin writings had little or no space between words and could be written in
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427:
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In modern usage, paragraph initiation is typically indicated by one or more of a preceding blank line,
255:" should be used to indent paragraphs after the first, noting that that is the "practical minimum". An
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on their "Contents" page, although this attribution does not seem to be widely credited elsewhere.
58:
539:
709:
Braddock, Richard (1974). "The
Frequency and Placement of Topic Sentences in Expository Prose".
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states that we should "Set opening paragraphs flush left." Bringhurst explains as follows:
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129:(alternating directions). Over time, text direction (left to right) became standardized.
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com), Kazumi Kimura and Masako Kondo (timkondo *AT* nifty . com / Kazumikmr *AT* aol .
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recommends using it only to separate lines of verse (where each "paragraph" is a
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became common. The first way to divide sentences into groups was the original
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Ancient manuscripts also divided sentences into paragraphs with line breaks (
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109:. Though not required by the orthographic conventions of any language with a
730:"Effective writing instruction: From Japanese danraku to English paragraphs"
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316:) was used in Latin and western European languages. Other languages have
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files, there are two common formats. The pre-formatted text will have a
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at the end of a line internal to a paragraph. This distinction allows
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English students are sometimes taught that a paragraph should have a
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produces a blank line for this purpose; professional typesetters (or
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is another book using this scheme since its third edition in 1951.
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267:, concluded that indenting the first line of paragraphs increases
220:. This style is very common in electronic formats, such as on the
101: 'to write beside') is a self-contained unit of discourse in
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software) may put in an arbitrary vertical space by adjusting
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the first line. This style can be seen in the (handwritten)
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The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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indicates a new paragraph, to be distinguished from the
367:
How such documents are actually stored depends on the
304:" ("drop cap") or other indication. Historically, the
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uses the <p> tag as a paragraph container. In
791:
Master the AP English
Language and Composition Test
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617:. Iowa: Iowa State University Press. p. 127.
583:
581:
274:When referencing a paragraph, typographic symbol
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555:
553:
551:
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167:can be seen inserted inline between sentences.
231:
578:
1790:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
853:
690:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
682:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
546:
151:at the beginning of the new group. The Greek
39:The examples and perspective in this article
1332:
592:. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 40.
564:. Vancouver: Hartley and Marks. p. 39.
259:is the most commonly used paragraph indent.
421:Paragraphs are commonly numbered using the
16:Self-contained unit of discourse in writing
860:
846:
587:
559:
1816:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
775:Lives of the Poets: Addison, Savage, etc.
662:
163:(¶), which in English manuscripts in the
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
708:
228:. Knowledge itself employs this format.
174:Indented paragraphs demonstrated in the
169:
538:. University of Chicago Press. p.
1847:
612:
841:
318:their own marks with similar function
639:"<br>: The Line Break element"
535:The History of the English Paragraph
25:
711:Research in the Teaching of English
293:) may be used: "See § Background".
105:dealing with a particular point or
13:
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486:common English usage misconception
14:
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817:
590:The Elements of Typographic Style
562:The Elements of Typographic Style
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249:The Elements of Typographic Style
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1:
1785:History of Western typography
828:The dictionary definition of
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663:Kowwalski, E. (3 June 2008).
513:Inverted pyramid (journalism)
1632:traditional point-size names
532:Edwin Herbert Lewis (1894).
410:
232:Typographical considerations
154:
140:
7:
885:Canons of page construction
588:Bringhurst, Robert (2005).
560:Bringhurst, Robert (2005).
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428:A Course of Modern Analysis
53:, discuss the issue on the
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613:Tinker, Miles A. (1963).
1800:Vox-ATypI classification
930:Intentionally blank page
518:
99:παράγραφος (parágraphos)
684:"Paragraph Development"
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793:. Lawrenceville, NJ:
762:. 4th ed. New York:
246:
178:
437:Gradshteyn and Ryzhik
242:
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19:For the journal, see
1670:Typographic features
789:Rozakis, Laurie E.
665:"Peano paragraphing"
455:Section (typography)
417:Dot-decimal notation
135:terminal punctuation
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
41:may not represent a
1795:Technical lettering
1694:Typography in other
1435:Hanging punctuation
615:Legibility of Print
271:by 7%, on average.
265:Legibility of Print
21:Paragraph (journal)
1758:Handwriting script
1685:Desktop publishing
1655:Character encoding
1648:Digital typography
1162:Horizontal aspects
1115:Visual distinction
973:Widows and orphans
688:The Writing Center
497:Schaffer paragraph
346:desktop publishing
324:Widows and orphans
179:
1842:
1841:
1589:Typographic units
1507:For position only
1406:
1405:
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811:978-0-7645-6184-9
782:, November 2003.
780:Project Gutenberg
468:, or a stylistic
238:Robert Bringhurst
185:) followed by an
159:evolved into the
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61:, as appropriate.
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1832:
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1809:Related template
1741:Related articles
1542:Phototypesetting
1396:reverse-contrast
1381:Display typeface
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1315:Blackletter type
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1208:Vertical aspects
1189:Sentence spacing
999:Typeface anatomy
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1527:Microtypography
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1266:classifications
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1123:Blackboard bold
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371:. For example,
354:paragraph break
342:word processing
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210:carriage return
176:US Constitution
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433:Giuseppe Peano
423:decimal system
415:Main article:
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405:street address
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263:, in his book
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222:World Wide Web
193:manuscript of
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111:writing system
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