Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia

1089:... where paramilitaries have a pronounced presence, the army fails to move against them and tolerates their activity, including egregious violations of international humanitarian law; provides some paramilitary groups with intelligence used to carry out operations; and in other cases actively promotes and coordinates with paramilitary units, including joint maneuvers in which atrocities are the frequent result. ... In areas where paramilitaries are present, some police officers have been directly implicated in joint army-paramilitary actions or have supplied information to paramilitaries for their death lists. Police have also stood by while paramilitaries selected and killed their victims. On many occasions, police have publicly described whole communities as guerrillas or sympathetic to them and have withdrawn police protection, a violation of their responsibility under Colombian law to protect civilians from harm. Instead of reinforcing the police after guerrilla attacks, police commanders have withdrawn officers, thus encouraging or allowing paramilitaries to move in unimpeded and kill civilians. 796:(United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia) or AUC was announced, formally inaugurating what has been termed by analysts as the "second generation" of paramilitarism. It is considered to be the result of Carlos Castaño's efforts to achieve a measure of unity between most of the other paramilitary forces in the country. Several paramilitary groups did not join, but the AUC itself claimed to represent about 90% of existing forces at the time. Castaño's ACCU formally became the core of the new umbrella organization, while the other heads of paramilitary groups kept their own leadership positions, becoming part of a federated High Command of the AUC. It has been considered by observers that the FARC's advances as part of a 1996 to 1998 offensive eased the process of this formal paramilitary unification. As a response, the AUC engaged in a renewed series of massacres and assassinations, often with the passive or active aid of elements of the Colombian government's security forces, according to human rights organizations. 208:("EJC-3 Order, Restricted, 1969") stated that the armed forces should organize "self-defense committees" which were defined as "military-type organizations made up of civilian personnel in the combat zone, which are trained and equipped to undertake operations against guerrilla groups that threaten an area or to operate in coordination with combat troops". These committees were to maintain contact with local military officers, keeping a high level awareness about any suspicious communist action in their communities, in particular those of suspected "guerrilla supporters". The manual also allowed military personnel to dress in civilian clothes when necessary to infiltrate areas of suspected guerrilla influence and for civilian helpers to travel alongside military units. Separately, in order to help gain the trust of local citizens, the military was advised to participate in the daily activities of the community where and when applicable. 1387:(a union representing food and beverage workers in Colombia), five individuals who had been tortured or unlawfully detained for union activities, and the estate of murdered union activist Isidro Gil. The plaintiffs alleged that Coca-Cola bottlers "contracted with or otherwise directed paramilitary security forces that utilized extreme violence and murdered, tortured, unlawfully detained, or otherwise silenced trade union leaders." Coca-Cola does not deny that the murders and attacks on unionists took place at their bottling facilities, nor did they deny that the paramilitaries responsible for the killings were being paid by the bottlers, but they claimed that they could not be held liable because they are not in direct control of the bottling plants. In March 2001, district judge 1195:

when the FARC attempted to take over a town, in neighboring Nariño, the military responded within three hours. Some of the villagers traveled to the Colombian Army's Third Brigade an hour away. The Cauca People's Defender, Victor Javier Melendez, notified the military that a massacre was occurring on the morning of April 13. He received no response. The Colombian Public Advocate's office stated: "it is inexplicable how approximately 500 paramilitaries could carry out an operation of this type without being challenged in any way, especially since the area that these men entered is only twenty minutes from the village of Timba, where a base operated by the Colombian Army is located and has been staffed since March 30 of this year."

351:) was created to handle both the logistics and the public relations of the organization and to provide a legal front for various paramilitary groups. ACDEGAM worked to promote anti-labor policies and threatened anyone involved with organizing for labor or peasants' rights. The threats were backed by the MAS, which would come in and attack or assassinate anyone who was suspected of being a "subversive". ACDEGAM also built schools whose stated purpose was the creation of a "patriotic and anti-Communist" educational environment, built roads, bridges, and health clinics. Paramilitary recruiting, weapons storage, communications, propaganda, and medical services were all run out of ACDEGAM headquarters. 7419: 7373: 7406: 585:", ACCU). The ACCU began working with regional military forces, such as the Bomboná battalion, to crush the guerrillas, and murder or intimidate anyone suspected of supporting them. The ACCU helped military commanders by providing intelligence regarding local guerrilla activities. The ACCU began networking with other paramilitary groups such as the MAS, and began to take over large areas of northern Colombia, which was the principal transnational shipping point for illegal drugs. 717:("People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar", Los Pepes) with the purpose of tracking down and killing Pablo Escobar and his associates. The organization was led by Fidel Castaño. The Calí Cartel provided $ 50 million to pay for weapons, informants, and assassins, with the hopes that they could wipe out their primary rival in the cocaine business. Members of both Colombian and U.S. government agencies (including the DEA, CIA and State Department) provided intelligence to Los Pepes. 1191:

Cayetano Cruz, was cut in half with a chainsaw. The paramilitaries lined up the villagers in the middle of the town, and asked people if they knew any guerrillas. If they answered "no", they were hacked to death with machetes. Many of the bodies were dismembered, and strewn piecemeal around the area, making it difficult to gain an accurate body count and identify victims. Between 4,000 and 6,000 people were displaced as they fled the area during and following the violence.

767:—who would later become President of Colombia—was one of the primary proponents of the CONVIVIR program. Statistics regarding the exact number of CONVIVIR groups differ and have been considered hard to obtain. Estimates indicate that, by the late 1990s, from 414 to over 500 of these groups had been created, with their membership ranging from 10,000 to 120,000. Uribe's department of Antioquia had some 65 CONVIVIR groups, one of the highest figures in the country. 181:

activity. Among other policy recommendations, the US team advised that "in order to shield the interests of both Colombian and US authorities against 'interventionist' charges any special aid given for internal security was to be sterile and covert in nature." It was not until the early part of the 1980s that the Colombian government attempted to move away from the counterinsurgency strategy represented by Plan Lazo and Yarborough's 1962 recommendations.

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under the leadership of the Colombian military and Fidel's group. Between 1988 and 1990, Colombian press sources reported almost 200 political murders and 400 suspected political assassinations in the region and official government figures suggested that a total of 1,200 of them took place in Córdoba during the period. Left-wing politicians received anonymous death threats and were frequently interrogated in army bases by the 11th Brigade.

7192: 7393: 7202: 7121: 514:, where they were based. In 1983, under orders from Fidel, a group of men went through the villages near Segovia, where his father had been held, and killed every man, woman, and child living on the river nearby. They pulled babies out of their mothers arms and shot them, nailing one baby to a plank. They impaled a man on a bamboo pole, and hacked a woman to pieces with a machete. By the time they were done, 22 people were dead. 105: 869:

paramilitary combatants did in fact go through the demobilization process and abandoned their groups for good. However, there is substantial evidence that many others who participated in the demobilization process were stand-ins rather than paramilitaries, and that portions of the groups remained active. There is also evidence that members of the groups who supposedly demobilized continued engaging in illegal activities.

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hacked up with a machete. They then dumped the bodies into the river. An Amnesty International reported on June 4, 2003, that the Colombian army's 18th Brigade's "Navos Pardo Battalion" fully supported the AUC in carrying out the massacre: "... in Betoyes in January 2003, witnesses said that the AUC armband of one attacker slipped to reveal the words 'Navos Pardo Battalion' printed on the uniform beneath."

1034:" mutilated bodies with chainsaws. They chained people to burning vehicles. They decapitated and rolled heads like soccer balls. They killed dozens at one time, including women and children. They buried people alive or hung them on meat hooks, carving them ... the victims ... were civilians accused of supporting the guerrillas by supplying them with food, medical supplies, or transportation." 913:

dependent on the ex-combatants’ participation to reintegration activities. Of the 31,671 demobilized members of the AUC, 20,267 were actively participating in the reintegration program by the end of 2009. The others were either involved in the process of Justice and Peace, imprisoned due to infractions after their demobilization, dead, or had left the program for unknown reasons.

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paramilitaries who had committed serious crimes. The legislation gave AUC combatants broad concessions, such as allowing paramilitaries to keep profits made from criminal activities during their time in the AUC, limiting sentences to a maximum of 8 years which could be served on private farms instead of in prisons, and not obliging them to dismantle their power structures.

193:, which defined the defense of the nation as requiring "the organization and tasking of all of the residents of the country and its natural resources...to guarantee National Independence and institutional stability." This decree temporarily allowed the formation of private security forces used to protect large landowners, cattle ranchers, and government officials. 561:, the Communist FARC-EP expanded its activities in Córdoba and clashes between them, a dissident EPL faction, and the demobilized guerrillas—some of which formed armed "popular commands"—led to almost 200 murders of former fighters and continued violence. Carlos Castaño claimed that this was the reason he decided to reactivate his family's private army. 331:("Death to Kidnappers", MAS). They formed this organization to defend their economic interests, to fight against the guerrillas, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion. By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squads—mostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers. 1025:

During some years of the conflict, the paramilitaries and state agents were responsible for approximately 73 to 85% of all political murders in Colombia. Many of these killings occur in massacres in rural areas, with the paramilitaries claiming they are eliminating alleged supporters of the guerrilla movements. Paramilitaries also engage in the use of

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was supposed to plan ways to cut down on paramilitary violence and oversee the execution of these plans. However, most of the people in the commission had either openly voiced support for the paramilitaries or headed agencies with very strong ties to paramilitary groups, and the commission rarely met over the following decade.

1264:" operations against homeless people, drug addicts, orphaned children, and other people they deem socially "undesirable". In 1993 alone, at least 2,190 street children were murdered, many of whom were killed by agents of the state. An estimated 5 people per day fell victim to social cleansing operations in 1995. 663:

civilian members of paramilitary groups, by incorporating them into several of the local intelligence networks and by cooperating with their activities. In effect, HRW believed that this further consolidated a "secret network that relied on paramilitaries not only for intelligence, but to carry out murder".

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Civilians were taken to the town center where they were tortured by paramilitaries before being killed. After torturing their victims, the paramilitaries decapitated people with chainsaws, hung people from meat hooks, hacked people with machetes, cut people's throats and carved their bodies, and then

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The right-wing paramilitaries have been blamed for many of the human rights violations during the Colombian conflict, particularly killings of civilians. In 2022, the Truth Commission for Colombia concluded that paramilitaries were responsible for 45% of all killings and 52% of forced disappearances.

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remained partial, as some stayed outside the process or went on to rearm, strongly contributing to the emergence of successor groups known as New Illegal Armed Groups (NAIGs). Their number has fallen from 32 in 2006 to three, but they still muster some 3,000 members often concentrated in regions with

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where: "In partnership with MAS, the navy intelligence network set up in Barrancabermeja adopted as its goal not only the elimination of anyone perceived as supporting the guerrillas, but also members of the political opposition, journalists, trade unionists, and human rights workers, particularly if

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Visit to Colombia, South America, by a Team from Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Warfare School, 26 Feb. 1962, Kennedy Library, Box 319, National Security Files, Special Group; Fort Bragg Team; Visit to Colombia; 3/62, "Secret Supplement, Colombian

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Since it started operating in the early 1990s, Drummond's 215-mile railway has been repeatedly attacked by the FARC-EP. There is evidence that right-wing paramilitaries were hired by Drummond to guard the rail lines. In 2001, union activists working at Drummond's Colombian operations began receiving

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in early May 2003. Several people belonging to the indigenous Guahibo community were killed and over 300 people fled. Three girls, aged 11, 12, and 15, were raped. Another 16-year-old pregnant mother, Omaira Fernández was raped, and then had her womb cut open and the fetus ripped out which they then

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The first victim was a 17-year-old girl named Gladys Ipia whose head and hands were cut off with a chain saw. Next, six people were shot while eating at a local restaurant. Another man was chopped into pieces and burned. A woman had her abdomen ripped open with a chainsaw. An indigenous leader named

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Until 2011 Colombia remained the world's largest cocaine producer, and since 2003, Human Rights Watch stated that according to their Colombian intelligence sources, "40 percent of the country's total cocaine exports" were controlled by these paramilitaries. In 2011 an independent investigation, made

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Media reports suggest that over 30,000 paramilitaries have demobilized. However, paramilitaries in supposedly demobilized areas continue to operate, often under new names, and to commit violations. There is also strong evidence of continued links between paramilitaries and the security forces. There

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reviewed Law 975 of 2005, modifying and striking down several of its original articles and correcting some of the problems critics had identified. The revision requires full confessions, turning over illegally acquired assets, provides that reduced sentences may be revoked for lying and removes time

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Under the Colombian government's interpretation of Law 782 of 2002 and Decree 128 of 2003, the majority of the paramilitaries who submitted to the process were pardoned through the cessation of judicial procedures for charges related to their membership in the group. Only 3,700 of the paramilitaries

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groups. The CONVIVIR groups were intended to maintain control over high risk areas where guerrillas did not have a strong presence after having been expelled and where there was no need for a large military force or illegal paramilitary presence anymore. Many illegal paramilitary groups transitioned

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HRW stated that while "not all paramilitaries are intimate partners with the military", the existing partnership between paramilitaries and the Colombian military was "a sophisticated mechanism--in part supported by years of advice, training, weaponry, and official silence by the United States--that

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The second decree, Decree 814, established a 1,000 member anti-paramilitary police force that was made up of active-duty officers from the National Police. The police force was mostly assigned to raiding drug laboratories and the offices of drug trafficking organizations, rather than confronting the

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learned of Chiquita's relationship with the AUC in 2003. They told Chiquita executives that the payments were illegal and ordered them to stop. After receiving the order, Chiquita made at least 19 more payments. Chiquita representatives said that they were only financing terrorist organizations "in

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Paramilitary forces in Colombia have additionally been charged with the illegal recruitment of children into the armed ranks. Though this is an offense punishable by national law, the prosecution rate for these crimes is less than 2% as of 2008. Many of these abuses have occurred with the knowledge

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BACRIMs continue to be involved in the drug trade, commit widespread human rights abuses, engage in forced displacement, and undermine democratic legitimacy in other ways—both in collusion with and opposition to FARC-EP guerrillas. Their targets have included human rights defenders, labor unionists

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meant to hold these talks. The FARC-EP leadership expressed initial interest in the administration's plan, but ultimately refused to accept any preconditions. The Samper administration was also seriously undermined it in the eyes of the guerillas after the scandal concerning the receipt of over $ 6

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The third decree, Decree 815, suspended the Armed Forces's privilege to distribute weapons to armed civilian groups (a power which had been granted under Law 48 in 1968), and required any new armed civilian groups to be approved by the President and Ministers of Defense and Government. However, the

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and other Communist guerrillas under the threat of kidnapping or having their ranches burned and their animals killed. Widespread local mobilizations against the central government's peace initiatives, the guerrillas, and political movements thought to have their consent or approval, were organized

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Paramilitary groups have been held responsible for the largest portion of displacement. In the years 2000 and 2001, paramilitaries were blamed for 48 percent and 53 percent of forced displacement, respectively. The displacement is not only a side-effect of the civil conflict, but also a deliberate

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Despite repeated warnings over the preceding two weeks that such an attack was about to occur, the Colombian military refused to provide protection for the villagers. And although the massacre went on for more than three days, the nearby Third Brigade did not show up until after it was over. Yet,

1154:, an estimated 30 people were killed between July 14 to 20 1997. At least 100 heavily armed AUC members arrived in the town searching for people who were suspected leftist guerrilla supporters. They went from house to house referring to a list of names that had been prepared by informants earlier. 601:

The first of the decrees, Decree 813, called for the creation of a commission to oversee the government's anti-paramilitary efforts. The commission was to include the Ministers of Government, Justice, and National Defense, along with the chiefs of the Army, National Police, and DAS. The commission

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in 2007. The indictment alleges that the payments "were reviewed and approved by senior executives of the corporation" and that by no later than September 2000, they were aware "that the AUC was a violent, paramilitary organization". Separate charges were also filed alleging that in 2001, using a

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In 2007 and 2008, paramilitary commanders provided useful information to prosecutors about their activities and associates. However, of some 1,800 individuals who began confessing their crimes to prosecutors in 2005, just 5 had completed their hearings by 2009. A limited number of assets worth an

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Amnesty International claims that the CONVIVIR groups committed numerous human rights abuses against civilians, working in coordination with the Colombian government and paramilitaries. In 1998, Human Rights Watch stated that "we have received credible information that indicated that the CONVIVIR

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The local judge of Mapiripan, Leonardo Ivan Cortes, called the police and the army eight times during the 5-day massacre, but they did not arrive until the AUC paramilitaries had left. In March 1999, Colombian prosecutors accused Colonel Lino Sánchez of planning the massacre with Carlos Castaño.

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Since 2006, the Office of the High Counselor for Reintegration (ACR) has been in charge of the reintegration policy for demobilized AUC members. The ACR assists ex-combatants with education, vocational training, grants for micro-businesses, psychosocial support, healthcare and a monthly stipend

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The successor groups, though different in important respects from the paramilitary United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ... have taken on many of the same roles, often with some of the same personnel, in some cases with the same counterinsurgency objectives of the AUC ... It is clear that many

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In November 1997, due to mounting concerns over human rights violations committed by CONVIVIR groups and the relations between illegal paramilitaries and CONVIVIR, the Constitutional Court of Colombia stated that the issue of military weaponry to civilians and specifically to CONVIVIR groups was

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in order to give advice on the reshaping of several of the Colombian military's local intelligence networks, ostensibly to aid the Colombian military in counter-narcotics efforts. Advice was also solicited from the British and Israeli military intelligence, but the U.S. proposals were ultimately

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These successor groups are often made up of mid-level paramilitary commanders and criminal structures that either did not demobilize in the first place or were re-activated after the demobilizations had concluded. Many demobilized paramilitaries received recruitment offers, were threatened into

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Los Pepes have their torture chambers in Fidel Castaño's house , located ... near the country club ... There they torture trade unionists and lawyers. No one has searched their house or confiscated their assets ... The government offers rewards for the leaders of the Medellín Cartel and for the

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links or responsibility for paramilitary human rights abuses. HRW stated that the military intelligence networks created by the U.S. reorganization appeared to have dramatically increased violence, stating that the "recommendations were given despite the fact that some of the U.S. officials who

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Human Rights Watch (HRW) concluded that these intelligence networks subsequently laid the groundwork for continuing an illegal, covert partnership between the military and paramilitaries. HRW argued that the restructuring process solidified linkages between members of the Colombian military and

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through drug-funded private sales. The organization had computers and ran a communications center that worked in coordination with the state telecommunications office. They had thirty pilots and an assortment of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. U.S., Israeli, British and Australian military

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in violent areas. Following Yarborough's recommendations, the Colombian military recruited civilians into paramilitary "civil defense" groups which worked alongside the military in its counter-insurgency campaign, as well as in civilian intelligence networks to gather information on guerrilla

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The vast majority of paramilitaries responsible for human rights violations were demobilized without investigation, and many were effectively granted amnesties. Today, the failure in accountability is clear from the dramatic rise in killings by illegal armed groups composed largely of former

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A concerted country team effort should be made now to select civilian and military personnel for clandestine training in resistance operations in case they are needed later. This should be done with a view toward development of a civil and military structure for exploitation in the event the

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At times the security forces collaborated with paramilitary groups that committed abuses; in some instances, individual members of the security forces actively collaborated with members of paramilitary groups by passing them through roadblocks, sharing intelligence, and providing them with

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Serious flaws during the demobilization phase, such as the Colombian government's failure to interrogate and verify the identities of those involved in the process, allowed many paramilitaries to remain active, form new successor groups, and continue to engage in human rights violations.

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In July 2003, the Uribe administration began formal negotiations with the AUC with the stated aim of seeking its demobilization. Law 975 of 2005, also known as the "Justice and Peace" law, was approved by the Colombian Congress and constituted the main legal framework applicable to those

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trade took off and became a major source of profit. By 1982, cocaine surpassed coffee as a national export, making up 30% of all Colombian exports. Many members of the new class of wealthy drug barons began purchasing enormous quantities of land for a number of reasons: in order to

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estimated US$ 5 million had been surrendered to the official reparations fund, but procedures for the return of stolen land to its original owners remained stagnant and paramilitary leaders extradited to the United States mostly ceased collaborations with authorities.

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soldiers on Barrancón Island on the Guaviare River. The training was finished very close to the time of the massacre. The evidence showed that the paramilitaries landed unhampered at the San Jose del Guaviare airport, which was heavily guarded by military personnel.

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In 1989, the administration issued Decree 1194 which outlawed "the armed groups, misnamed paramilitary groups, that have been formed into death squads, bands of hired assassins, self-defense groups, or groups that carry out their own justice" after the

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Decree 3398 was later succeeded by Law 48 of 1968, a piece of permanent legislation that gave the Colombian executive the power to establish civil patrols by decree and allowed the Defense Ministry to supply their members with military-grade weaponry.

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By the end of the 1980s, the MAS had a significant presence in 8 of Colombia's 32 departments—Antioquia, Boyacá, Caquetá, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Meta, Putumayo, and Santander. During this period, a stated goal of the groups was to kill members of the

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During the 1990s, the FARC-EP and other guerrilla groups experienced significant growth and achieved a series of military successes against government forces, increasing the amount of territory under their control. The administration of President

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groups of the Middle Magdalena and of the southern Cesar regions were directed by known paramilitaries and had threatened to assassinate Colombians that were considered as guerrilla sympathizers or which rejected joining the cooperative groups".

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to combat leftist political activists and armed guerrilla groups. The development of more modern paramilitary groups has also involved elite landowners, drug traffickers, members of the security forces, politicians, civilians, and multinational

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The security forces have tried to improve their human rights image by letting their paramilitary allies commit human rights violations and then denying that the paramilitaries are operating with their acquiescence, support or sometimes direct

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Paramilitary violence is overwhelmingly targeted towards peasants, unionists, teachers, human rights workers, journalists and liberal or left-wing political activists. Paramilitary abuses in Colombia are often classified as

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good faith", for the protection of their employees. To date, none of the Chiquita executives have been indicted for terrorism, however the company did receive a fine of $ 25 million. The plea deal was negotiated by

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frequent death threats. In February of that year, AUC paramilitaries broke into the home of union organizer Cándido Méndez and killed him in front of his family. This was followed by a series of killings in March.

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Colombian internal security system deteriorates further. This structure should be used to pressure toward reforms known to be needed, perform counter-agent and counter-propaganda functions and as necessary execute

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began funneling large amounts of cash into the organization to pay for weaponry, equipment and training. Funding for social projects was cut and put towards strengthening the MAS. Modern battle rifles such as the

1125:"Each night they kill groups of five to six defenseless people, who are cruelly and monstrously massacred after being tortured. The screams of humble people are audible, begging for mercy and asking for help." 593:

In 1987, government statistics revealed that paramilitaries had been responsible for more civilian deaths than guerrillas deaths. Two years later, in 1989, the Colombian government under the administration of

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their drug money and to gain social status among the traditional Colombian elite. By the late 1980s, drug traffickers were the largest landholders in Colombia and wielded immense political power. They raised

271:"That they try to present me as an associate of the guerrilla ... hurts my personal dignity ... I am a man of investments and therefore I cannot sympathize with the guerrillas who fight against property." 2091: 739:(1994–1998) carried out ineffective operations against the insurgency and attempted to enter into peace negotiations. Colombian military commanders resisted Samper's offer of a demilitarized zone in 189:

The first legal framework for the training of civilians by military or police forces for security purposes was formally established by the Colombian presidential decree 3398 of 1965, issued during a

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has pointed out that "although few civil patrols were ever formally created by the president, the military frequently cited Law 48 as the legal foundation for their support for all paramilitaries."

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unconstitutional, and that CONVIVIR members could no longer be used to gather intelligence information. Many of the CONVIVIR groups simply joined up with the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC).

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joining the new organizations, or have simultaneously rearmed and remained in government reintegration programs. New recruits have also come from traditional areas for paramilitary recruitment.

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in May 1991. The order itself made no mention of drugs or counter-narcotics operations at all, but instead focused exclusively on creating covert intelligence networks to combat the insurgency.

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In 2001. Colombian government sources estimated that at least 40% of all cocaine exports from Colombia were controlled by far-right paramilitary groups, while only 2.5% were controlled by the

6715:– (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive) 1391:

decided in Miami that Coca-Cola could not be held liable, claiming they did not directly control the bottling plants, but allowed the case against the bottling companies to proceed forward.

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The United States vs. Rito Alejo del Río: Ambassador Cited Accused Colombian General's Reliance on Death Squads, "Systematic" Support of Paramilitaries "Pivotal to his Military Success"

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Colombian port owned and operated by Banadex (a subsidiary of Chiquita), the company transported 3,400 AK-47 rifles and 4 million rounds of ammunition, which were destined for the AUC.

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or any political groups that opposed drug trafficking. At the same time, they began to intensively involve themselves in municipal, regional, and national politics. In August 1989, the

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This article is Left Leaning and should be taken with a grain of salt because most of the cites are decades old and with new information that is being presented today, is outdated.

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There were originally over 30 BACRIM, but by late 2017, the number had been reduced to a handful as smaller groups have been absorbed by more powerful networks or dismantled by the

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in the 1990s created an opening for paramilitary groups, which controlled northern Colombia (the key transnational smuggling route), to take over the international cocaine trade.

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leaders of the guerrillas, but doesn't offer rewards for the leaders of the paramilitaries, nor for those of the Calí Cartel, authors of various car bombs in the city of Medellín.

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experts, to investigate Colombia's internal security situation. This was due to the increased prevalence of armed communist groups in rural Colombia which formed during and after

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limits on investigations. The Court also ruled against the option for paramilitaries to serve their sentences outside of prison or to deduct time spent during negotiations.

622:. The decree established criminal penalties for both civilians and members of the armed forces involved in the promotion, financing, training and membership of said groups. 1322:, Colombia's attorney general in 2007, said that he would seek extradition for several Chiquita executives as part of the weapons smuggling investigation. Lawyers from the 812:

The demobilization process was heavily criticized by national and international human rights organizations as well as by international entities, such as the Office of the

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into legal CONVIVIR groups after this. These CONVIVIR groups worked alongside both the Colombian military and illegal paramilitary groups in counterinsurgency operations.

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began to expand into new markets, due to the deregulation of global capital. As part of this expansion, they purchased the Pribbenow coal mine in Colombia, as well as a

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Nazih Richani (2007). "Caudillos and the Crisis of the Colombian State: fragmented sovereignty, the war system and the privatisation of counterinsurgency in Colombia".

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to train teams of assassins at remote training camps in Colombia. Yair Klein, a retired Israeli lieutenant colonel, acknowledged having led a team of instructors in

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were also fears that government policies designed to reintegrate members of illegal armed groups into civilian life risked "recycling" them into the conflict.

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Pablo Escobar complained about how the government targeted the Medellín Cartel, but did not go after paramilitaries or members of the Calí Cartel, saying:

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Critics of the MORENA experiment either saw it as an attempt at legitimizing paramilitarism and its abuses, as an extension of ACDEGAM, or as a copycat of

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was the head of a counterinsurgency team sent to Colombia in 1962 by the US Special Warfare Center. Yarborough was one of the earliest proponents of "

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A series of Colombian military manuals from the 1960s encouraged the creation of paramilitary organizations to help fight guerrillas. In 1969, the

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government did not outlaw the already existing paramilitary groups or require that they be re-certified through the more stringent new standards.

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War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S. Colombia Policy, 1988-2002: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69

921:

New paramilitary groups and related drug trafficking gangs that have continued operating after the AUC demobilization process are referred to as

71:

are responsible for 16.8%, 10.1% by the Colombian Security Forces and 27.7% by non-identified armed groups, although the chief prosecutor of the

3390: 6223: 3456: 2047: 6529: 4711: 4434:, "Colombia: Activities of a Colombian social cleansing group known as 'Jóvenes del Bien' and any state efforts to deal with it", 2 April 2004 2117: 506:

While Carlos was in Israel, Fidel hired a group of over 100 armed men, which began to terrorize the local populace. The thugs became known as

7972: 5444: 5075: 4550: 2147: 301:

to fight off guerrillas who were trying to either redistribute their lands to local peasants, kidnap members of their family, or extract the

1523: 8544: 6462: 2912:

Capítulo IV continuado 5. Violencia y la Violación del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario

6495: 3675: 3254:

http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/colombia/053-the-day-after-tomorrow-colombia-s-farc-and-the-end-of-the-conflict.pdf

671:

collaborated with the team knew of the Colombian military's record of human rights abuses and its ongoing relations with paramilitaries".

7977: 6753: 6416: 6213: 6036: 4744: 4506: 4176: 3022: 2866: 2767: 2239: 1559: 1244:. Over 3 million people have been displaced after President Álvaro Uribe took office in 2002, with over 300,000 displaced in 2005 alone. 1183:

on April 12, 2001, in which an estimated 40-130 civilians were killed and thousands displaced. Approximately 100 paramilitaries from the

1176: 1102:

ammunition. Paramilitary forces find a ready support base within the military and police, as well as local civilian elites in many areas.

6361: 3812: 3809:"Findings and Recommendations from the Colombian Truth Commission (Hallazgos y Recomendaciones de la Comisión de la Verdad de Colombia)" 1954: 7335: 4473: 3503: 3484: 2601: 1494: 17: 6020:

Documents Implicate Colombian Government in Chiquita Terror Scandal: Company's Paramilitary Payoffs made through Military's 'Convivir'

4590: 4400: 4378:

Elizabeth F. Schwartz (Winter 1995–1996). "Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States".

3937:

Restrepo, Jorge, and Michael Spagat. "Civilian casualties in the Colombian conflict: a new approach to human security." (2004), pg. 4.

2903: 2837:

Documents Implicate Colombian Government in Chiquita Terror Scandal: Company's Paramilitary Payoffs made through Military's 'Convivir'

151:, Yarborough encouraged the creation and deployment of a paramilitary force to commit sabotage and terrorist acts against communists: 55:

guerrilla forces and their allies among the civilian population. These right-wing paramilitary groups control a large majority of the

7967: 7544: 7205: 6930: 6233: 2976: 2915: 2839: 2626: 1260:

Paramilitary groups, often with the support of local merchants, the Colombian military, and local police, have engaged in extensive "

1204: 817: 348: 2324: 1432:

suggested another term, "parauribismo", indicating that the scandal was mainly affecting officials or political allies of President

8290: 8260: 7798: 4097: 2857: 2813: 1797: 1436:'s administration. By April 17, 2012, 139 members of Congress were under investigation. Five governors and 32 lawmakers, including 1428:(AUC), a paramilitary group which is responsible for killing thousands of Colombian civilians. In February 2007, Colombian Senator 389: 4990: 1631: 1590: 8237: 7045: 6868: 6837: 4529: 2549: 1736: 4346: 4311: 4288: 4268: 4116: 4071: 2313: 682:

As an example of increased violence and "dirty war" tactics, HRW cited a partnership between the Colombian Navy and the MAS, in

7461: 7158: 4198: 3066: 1454: 1425: 1289: 793: 787: 6619: 1309:

gave over $ 1.7 million to the AUC, over $ 825,000 of which was given after the U.S. State Department had listed the AUC as a

7916: 7618: 7613: 7224: 5426: 5384: 5365: 5317: 5298: 5271: 5252: 5214: 5195: 5156: 5133: 5064: 5045: 4950: 4931: 4863: 4844: 4825: 4677: 4639: 4467: 3577: 3016: 2948: 2761: 2734: 2688: 2485: 2447: 2266: 2220: 2002: 1916: 1818:

U.S. Ambassador Diego Asencio (February 1979). "Document number: 1979Bogota01410". United States Embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.

1689: 1355:

port to ship the coal. They increased production at the mine by 20 million tons annually, turning it into one of the largest

813: 64: 6568:

Mitchell, Chip (May 2005). "Along for the Ride: Colombia's paramilitaries are getting a pass, with a wink from Washington".

6287: 6214:"The Other Half of the Truth: Searching for Truth, Justice, and Reparations for Colombia's Victims of Paramilitary Violence" 2169: 7855: 7793: 7778: 7750: 7072: 6974: 4149: 1474: 1314: 5526: 2568: 2527: 7114: 7067: 6659: 5188:

Los crímenes de estado y su gestión. Dos experiencias postraumáticas y una aproximación a la Justicia Penal Internacional

140:. In February 1962, a Fort Bragg top-level U.S. Special Warfare team, headed by Special Warfare Center commander General 6579:""We Don't Negotiate with Terrorists?": United States Officials Had Brunch with the Colombian Paramilitaries Last Month" 4904: 3734: 3519: 3426: 3304:

Nussio, Enzo (2011). "How ex-combatants talk about personal security. Narratives of former paramilitaries in Colombia".

3101: 321:, the Colombian legislature, small industrialists, and wealthy cattle ranchers came together in a series of meetings in 8494: 8135: 7770: 7665: 7557: 7163: 6786: 5403: 2500: 78:

The first paramilitary groups were organized by the Colombian military following recommendations made by U.S. military

6605:"Stop Killer Coke!: Death squads have assassinated eight trade union leaders in Coca-Cola bottling plants in Colombia" 6504: 6378: 6304: 6255: 4877: 4735:"Stop Killer Coke!: Death squads have assassinated eight trade union leaders in Coca-Cola bottling plants in Colombia" 4016: 3835: 494:. He later worked as an assassin for the MAS, and was supplied with weapons by army officers. In 1983, Carlos went to 8539: 8534: 7982: 5233: 3877: 3645: 2029: 7276: 6668: 4042: 751:

In 1994, Decree 356 of Colombia's Ministry of Defense authorized the creation of legal paramilitary groups known as

521:

were now supporting Fidel Castaño. Many of them had been forced to pay increasing amounts of extortion money to the

7994: 7788: 7185: 6894: 5749:

Jasmin Hristov (July–August 2009). "Legalizing the Illegal: Paramilitarism in Colombia's 'Post-Paramilitary' Era".

832: 217: 3146:"The Best-Laid Plans of Presidents and War Criminals: The Unintended Outcome of Colombia's Demobilization Process" 392:("DAS", Colombia's Administrative Security Department), between December 1987 and May 1988, Rodríguez Gacha hired 91:. Paramilitary violence today is principally targeted towards supposed left-wing insurgents and their supporters. 8454: 8367: 8090: 7999: 7890: 7608: 7466: 7087: 6746: 1449: 1380: 1376: 821: 436: 257:. Contemporary accusations and declassified U.S. Embassy documents have linked the creation and operation to the 225: 68: 67:

has estimated that between 1981 and 2012 paramilitary groups have caused 38.4% of the civilian deaths, while the

7841: 6047:

The Truth about Triple-A: U.S. Document Implicates Current, Former Colombian Army Commanders in Terror Operation

5345:

Mauricio Romero (2003). "Paramilitary Groups in Contemporary Colombia". In Diane Davis; Anthony Pereira (eds.).

3947: 3912: 3782: 479:

in the world, and had purchased large tracts of lands in northern Colombia. By 1988, he and his younger brother

8437: 8227: 8140: 7959: 7873: 7629: 7588: 7578: 7507: 7210: 7001: 6884: 5621:

Nazih Richani (Autumn 2005). "Multinational Corporations, Rentier Capitalism, and the War System in Colombia".

1489: 1479: 1400: 1310: 56: 8300: 8097: 8016: 7573: 7537: 7062: 6899: 3615: 1306: 1240:

since 1985, making it the country with the second highest internally displaced population in the world after

1015: 630:

In 1990, the United States formed a team that included representatives of the U.S. Embassy's Military Group,

354:

By the mid-1980s, ACDEGAM and MAS had experienced significant growth. In 1985, the powerful drug traffickers

3229: 8345: 8174: 8117: 8102: 7989: 7755: 7675: 6649: 6328: 3285:

La vida después de la desmovilización. Percepciones, emociones y estrategias de exparamilitares en Colombia

1970: 1162:

Sánchez was the operations chief of the Colombian Army's 12th Brigade. He had received special training by

1019: 72: 5870:

Hanson, Heather; Penna, Rogers Romero (May–June 2005). "The Failure of Colombia's "Democratic Security"".

8529: 8464: 8400: 8362: 8041: 8031: 7808: 7783: 7655: 7500: 7317: 7288: 4079: 3267: 987: 635: 7836: 4233:

Scott Wilson, "Colombian Massacre Large, Brutal: Chain Saws Used By Paramilitaries In Village Killing",

3358: 3344: 8009: 7884: 7868: 7831: 7760: 7598: 6873: 6739: 6728:

Little Voices (Pequeñas Voces) – An animated movie about the vision of children in the war in Colombia.

4991:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: U.S. Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959-1965" 4886: 3697: 3202: 3044: 1410: 1323: 778:

By the end of the decade, there had been a tenfold increase in the number of Colombian paramilitaries.

651: 417: 4960:

Nussio, Enzo (2011). "Learning from Shortcomings – the Demobilization of Paramilitaries in Colombia".

3387: 1359:

operations in the world. It made up the largest share of Drummond's $ 1.7 billion in annual revenues.

1232:. Paramilitary violence is responsible for most of the displacement in the country's ongoing conflict. 960: 363: 8054: 8049: 7687: 7645: 7295: 6817: 6124: 6110: 6096: 6082: 6068: 6054: 6027: 6013: 5999: 4217: 3869: 3163:

Nussio, Enzo (2011). "Learning from Shortcomings: The Demobilisation of Paramilitaries in Colombia".

2851: 2613: 1591:"Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959–1965" 1499: 1424:

scandal in which several congressmen and other politicians have been indicted for colluding with the

1249: 926: 542:

and the Colombian military, the guerrillas demobilized over 2,000 illegal combatants and founded the

173: 1236:

More than 5 million people out of Colombia's total population of approximately 40 million have been

8417: 8395: 8350: 8280: 8265: 8207: 8150: 7934: 7826: 7723: 7530: 7310: 6979: 6539: 6454: 4701: 4249: 2121: 1484: 1464: 1163: 972: 543: 5459: 5090: 4547: 2143: 8412: 8405: 8232: 8130: 8107: 7863: 7697: 7640: 7635: 7124: 7040: 6925: 6827: 5204: 1248:

policy to remove people from their territories, so that the land can be taken by wealthy elites,

976: 936:

estimated 6,000 active combatants.. Others estimate their ranks may include up to 10,000 people.

535: 522: 388:

instructors were hired to teach at paramilitary training centers. According to the report by the

334: 327: 254: 6689: 6470: 6006:

Paramilitaries as Proxies: Declassified evidence on the Colombian army's anti-guerrilla "allies"

8442: 7951: 7929: 7593: 7256: 7175: 7093: 6920: 6442: 6131: 5961: 2477: 2471: 1681: 1332: 1002:

and victims of the former AUC. Members of government security forces have also been accused of

980: 551: 6604: 6426: 6034: 6032:

Más sospechas de nexos entre 'paras' y militares revelan reportes de la CIA y Embajada de E.U.

5178: 4923: 4917: 4734: 4669: 4631: 4612: 4496: 4173: 3006: 2864: 2751: 2584: 2236: 2210: 2044: 1842:

The Politics of Organized Crime and the Organized Crime of Politics: a study in criminal power

1252:, and criminal syndicates, as well as to attack the civilian support base for the guerrillas. 8447: 8310: 8217: 8212: 8160: 8021: 8004: 7939: 7921: 7821: 7816: 7707: 7670: 7660: 6842: 6653: 6203: 5560:

Novelli, Mario (2010). "Education, conflict and social (in)justice: insights from Colombia".

5290: 4569: 4457: 4331: 4053: 3808: 3500: 3481: 2993: 2938: 2656: 2439: 2256: 1951: 1908: 1429: 1372: 1094: 848: 631: 148: 141: 109: 6848: 6698: 6163: 3858: 2678: 1459: 1141: 518: 480: 8315: 8295: 8222: 8190: 8145: 8112: 8026: 7904: 7583: 6984: 6832: 6812: 5354:

Mauricio Romero; León Valencia; Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris (2007). Mauricio Romero (ed.).

4772: 4397: 2973: 2900: 1421: 1237: 619: 177: 52: 7229: 6116: 6102: 6088: 6074: 6060: 6046: 6019: 6005: 5991: 5659: 2836: 2726: 2634: 2598: 2321: 8: 8487: 8427: 8422: 8340: 8252: 8155: 8085: 8073: 7745: 7740: 7565: 7495: 7300: 6959: 6193: 5393: 5245:

Chronicle of a failure foretold: the peace process of Colombian president Andrés Pastrana

2810: 2788: 1794: 1437: 615: 168:

activities against known communist proponents. It should be backed by the United States."

6915: 6031: 5592:(Summer 2001). "Better lead than bread? A critical analysis of the US's plan Colombia". 4094: 2855: 944:, estimated that 50% of all Colombian cocaine was controlled by the same BACRIM groups. 8305: 8275: 8200: 7692: 7603: 7330: 7023: 6889: 6878: 6762: 6609: 6447: 6404:"Money Laundering & Murder in Colombia: Official Documents Point to DEA Complicity" 5957: 5945: 5916: 5887: 5858: 5829: 5766: 5737: 5708: 5646: 5638: 5609: 5577: 5513: 5505: 5415: 5353: 5166: 5010: 4977: 4973: 4875:

Colombia's Killer Networks: The Military-Paramilitary Partnership and the United States

4739: 4665:

Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class

4627:

Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class

4453: 3865: 3764: 3726: 3418: 3382: 3321: 3180: 3176: 3093: 2379: 2306: 1674: 1627: 1610: 1040: 1029:

and sexual violence against civilians, along with kidnappings for extortion purposes.

861: 598:(1986–1990), passed a series of decrees that promised to reduce paramilitary violence. 454: 198: 190: 48: 6863: 6207: 5678:

Sam Goffman (September–October 2005). "Colombia: Paramilitaries Get Sweetheart Deal".

4068: 3125:

Sam Goffman (September–October 2005). "Colombia: Paramilitaries Get Sweetheart Deal".

2546: 1733: 1278: 1085:

and support of the Colombian security forces. A 1998 Human Rights Watch report stated:

896: 314: 8503: 8432: 8377: 8335: 8320: 8285: 8242: 7733: 7728: 7011: 6935: 5949: 5920: 5891: 5862: 5841:

Lesley Gill (July–August 2009). "Durable Disorder: Parapolitics in Barrancabermeja".

5833: 5770: 5741: 5712: 5650: 5613: 5581: 5517: 5422: 5399: 5380: 5361: 5313: 5294: 5283: 5267: 5248: 5229: 5210: 5191: 5152: 5129: 5123: 5060: 5041: 4981: 4946: 4927: 4859: 4840: 4821: 4673: 4663: 4635: 4625: 4463: 4343: 4308: 4285: 4265: 4113: 3873: 3325: 3184: 3012: 2944: 2757: 2730: 2684: 2481: 2443: 2432: 2383: 2310: 2262: 2216: 2025: 1998: 1912: 1901: 1685: 1208: 729: 131: 79: 6731: 6556: 5145: 4195: 3997:

William Avilés (May 2006). "Paramilitarism and Colombia's Low-Intensity Democracy".

3063: 2753:

Cocaine Quagmire: Implementing the U.S. Anti-Drug Policy in the North Andes-Colombia

2404:

William Avilés (May 2006). "Paramilitarism and Colombia's Low-Intensity Democracy".

1829:

Michael Evans (July 1, 2007). "The Truth about Triple-A". National Security Archive.

498:

where he spent a year taking courses in paramilitary and counterinsurgency tactics.

8355: 8325: 7437: 7266: 7239: 6627: 6591: 6136: 5937: 5912: 5908: 5883: 5879: 5854: 5850: 5825: 5821: 5804: 5800: 5791:

Marc Chernick (March–April 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".

5762: 5758: 5733: 5729: 5704: 5700: 5630: 5601: 5569: 5497: 5002: 4969: 3313: 3172: 2375: 2371: 1873: 1869: 1860:

Marc Chernick (March–April 1998). "The paramilitarization of the war in Colombia".

1602: 1406: 1388: 1261: 1229: 1180: 828:

claimed that Law 975 gave "benefits to people who have committed the worst crimes"

667: 495: 359: 293: 36: 7490: 7271: 6853: 6061:

Colombian Paramilitaries and the United States: "Unraveling the Pepes Tangled Web"

3585: 2599:

Colombian Paramilitaries and the United States: "Unraveling the Pepes Tangled Web"

1319: 1225: 1220: 486:

As a teenager, Carlos Castaño had worked as an informant for the Colombian army's

472: 404: 322: 8508: 8330: 7244: 7134: 6909: 6904: 6672: 6240: 6075:

Conspiracy of Silence?: Colombia, the United States and the Massacre at El Salado

6040: 5573: 5355: 4908: 4893: 4881: 4554: 4404: 4350: 4315: 4292: 4272: 4235: 4202: 4180: 4153: 4120: 4101: 4075: 4049: 3738: 3507: 3488: 3430: 3394: 3362: 3351: 3317: 3291: 3271: 3260: 3236: 3209: 3105: 3070: 3051: 2980: 2907: 2870: 2861: 2843: 2817: 2719: 2605: 2572: 2553: 2531: 2328: 2317: 2243: 2173: 2051: 1958: 1801: 1740: 1151: 744: 683: 449: 318: 280: 6403: 4837:

Revolutionary Social Change in Colombia: The Origin and Direction of the FARC-EP

4146: 1433: 1120:

Hundreds of massacres have been perpetrated by paramilitary groups in Colombia.

991: 956: 764: 666:

HRW argued that this situation allowed the Colombian government and military to

546:

party. Fidel surrendered some weapons to government authorities and created the

8122: 8059: 7447: 7398: 7378: 7305: 7249: 7018: 6578: 6455:

Oil-Palm Plantations on Afro-Colombian Lands: An Exchange | Dollars & Sense

5541: 3230:

Colombia takes steps on killings but security forces still culpable – UN expert

3225: 2565: 2524: 1081:

of dozens of their victims at a time, affecting civilians, women and children.

1026: 964: 887: 736: 595: 558: 397: 6677: 5941: 5605: 5501: 5483:"Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: The US War of Terror in Colombia" 5394:

Rebeca Toledo; Teresa Gutierrez; Sara Flounders; Andy McInerney, eds. (2003).

5205:

Jennifer S. Holmes; Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres; Kevin M. Curtin (2008).

5038:

Drugs, oil, and war: the United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina

5006: 3731: 3423: 3098: 2045:

Who Is Israel's Yair Klein and What Was He Doing in Colombia and Sierra Leone?

1606: 483:

purchased over 1.2 million hectares of land in Antioquia, Córdoba, and Chocó.

8523: 8387: 8372: 8270: 7625: 7442: 7411: 6969: 6964: 6280:"'Conmigo extraditaron la verdad': Salvatore Mancuso en entrevista exclusiva" 6153: 6143: 5778:

Gary Leech (September–October 2004). "U.S./Colombia: Demobilizing the AUC?".

4901: 3811:. Truth Commission (Comisión de la Verdad). July 26, 2022. pp. 127–128. 1469: 1440:, President Uribe's cousin and former President of Congress, were convicted. 1348: 952: 355: 276: 250: 127: 6665: 6557:"Leaked Memo: Corrupt DEA Agents in Colombia Help Narcos and Paramilitaries" 6164:

Breaking the Grip?: Obstacles to Justice for Paramilitary Mafias in Colombia

6154:

The "Sixth Division": Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia

5992:"Body count mentalities": Colombia's "False Positives" Scandal, Declassified 5899:

Forrest Hylton (May–June 2006). "Politics as Organized Crime in Colombia?".

5660:"Deadly Ventures? Multinational Corporations and Paramilitaries in Colombia" 5142: 4902:

The "Sixth Division": Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia

4787:"37 Colombian congressmen, 5 governors convicted for ties to paramilitaries" 1050: 7681: 7006: 6807: 6512: 6386: 6312: 6263: 5482: 4874: 3843: 1990: 1384: 1066: 1062: 948: 892: 298: 157: 136: 113: 88: 44: 5634: 5357:

Parapolítica: la ruta de la expansión paramilitar y los acuerdos políticos

3637: 3099:

II. The Successor Groups: A Predictable Outcome of a Flawed Demobilization

1147: 242: 223:

Between 1978 and 1979, a far-right paramilitary organization known as the

6940: 6194:

Colombia: The Paramilitaries in Medellín: Demobilization or Legalization?

5589: 5478: 4919:

More Terrible Than Death: Massacres, drugs, and America's war in Colombia

2811:

Colombia: The Paramilitaries in Medellín: Demobilization or Legalization?

1795:

Colombia: The Paramilitaries in Medellín: Demobilization or Legalization?

1356: 1328: 1282: 968: 925:(BACRIM) or criminal gangs by the Colombian government. According to the 825: 710: 534:

In 1990, Fidel Castaño offered to disband his paramilitary forces if the

432: 400: 104: 6707: 5509: 4017:"Through a New Lens: A Child Sensitive Approach to Transitional Justice" 3768: 1560:"COLOMBIA: International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes" 8195: 7480: 6534: 6421: 5720:

Nazih Richani (September–October 2000). "the Paramilitary Connection".

5642: 5264:

Killing Peace: Colombia's Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Intervention

5020:

Systems of Violence: the political economy of war and peace in Colombia

4706: 4501: 2434:

The "Drug war" in Colombia: the neglected tragedy of political violence

2362:

Nazih Richani (September–October 2000). "the Paramilitary Connection".

1070: 538:

agreed to demobilize. Having previously faced the combined pressure of

246: 7154: 7130: 4818:

Global Capitalism, Democracy, and Civil-Military Relations in Colombia

2789:

Alfredo Rangel; Yezid Arteta; Carlos Lozano y Medófilo Medina (2008).

2078:

Colombian Security Alleges Mercenary Aid to Cartels. August 29, 1989,

253:. It was later revealed that the organization had direct links to the 6683: 5812:

Anastasia Moloney (September–October 2004). "Displaced in Colombia".

2901:

Tercer Informe Sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Colombia

1352: 900: 701: 696: 676: 368: 335:

Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio

238: 165: 117: 7878: 7522: 7181: 6592:"Doing the US's Dirty Work: The Colombian Paramilitaries and Israel" 3345:"After the Presidential Elections: The Challenges Ahead in Colombia" 2505:

Colombia Besieged : Political Violence and State Responsibility

564: 345:

Asociación Campesina de Ganaderos y Agricultores del Magdalena Medio

7650: 7553: 7485: 7351: 7191: 6103:

Trujillo Declassified: Documenting Colombia's 'tragedy without end'

5869: 4769:'Parapolítica' generó enfrentamiento entre congresistas y ministros 3638:"Más de mil militares y policías colombianos en nexos con el narco" 1418: 1414: 1078: 1074: 756: 755:("Special vigilance and private security services"), also known as 740: 161: 83: 7201: 7120: 6184:

Colombia: Fear and Intimidation: The dangers of human rights work

3203:

Colombia: Fear and Intimidation: The dangers of human rights work

730:

Servicios Especiales De Vigilancia y Seguriadad Privada (CONVIVIR)

313:

Between the end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the

259:"Charry Solano" Battalion of Intelligence and Counter-intelligence 7365: 6354:"Mancuso dio una lucha que hemos debido dar todos los cordobeses" 6173: 5280: 5147:

Death Beat: A Colombian Journalist's Life Inside the Cocaine Wars

1344: 1054: 384: 288: 60: 6336: 5285:

Colombia and the United States: war, unrest, and destabilization

2311:

War Without Quarter: Colombia and International Humanitarian Law

1313:. Families of some of the victims filed a class-action lawsuit, 983:

comprised the dominant criminal and paramilitary organizations.

7424: 7261: 7171: 5347:

Irregular Armies and Their Role in Politics and State Formation

3608:"Bandas emergentes, principal factor de desplazamiento forzado" 3551:"Preocupacin en Colombia por nuevas bandas de ex paramilitares" 465:

was kidnapped in 1981, and ultimately died while in captivity.

447:

In the late 1970s, the FARC-EP began gathering intelligence on

410: 393: 376: 7110: 5962:"The Coca Connection: Conflict and Drugs in Colombia and Peru" 5527:"Deciding the fate of complementarity: a Colombian case study" 4344:

Colombia: Government "Peace Process Cements Injustice for IDPs

4266:

Colombia: Government "Peace Process Cements Injustice for IDPs

3836:"International Criminal Court Scrutinises Paramilitary Crimes" 3732:

IV. The Successor Groups’ Human Rights and Humanitarian Impact

6243:, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (Spanish and English) 3449:"Gold Eclipses Cocaine as Rebels Tap Colombian Mining Wealth" 3264: 2066:

State Building and Conflict Resolution in Colombia: 1986-1994

1817: 1241: 372: 258: 6713:

Who are the victims? - The aftermath of violence in Colombia

6144:

The Ties That Bind: Colombia and Military-Paramilitary Links

5417:

Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres

3721: 3719: 3355: 2547:"Appendix A: Colombian Armed Forces Directive No. 200-05/91" 907: 690: 457:, far-right conservative, and influential local politician, 6174:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

5226:

Blood and capital : the paramilitarization of Colombia

5190:. Investigación y debate (in Spanish). Vol. 33. CYAN. 4419:

The Dispossessed: Chronicles of the desterrados of Colombia

3743:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

3435:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

3110:

Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia

3004: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 1058: 899:, the Eastern Plains, the south-western departments or the 882:

A December 2014 International Crisis Group report stated:

6107:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 259

6093:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 327

6079:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 287

6065:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 243

6051:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 223

6024:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 217

6010:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 166

5996:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 266

4377: 4093:

Colombian President Pastrana Visits Washington This Week,

3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 2848:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 217

2610:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 243

261:(BINCI) that employed the Triple A name as a covert name. 5125:

Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia

3716: 3520:"Colombia: Human Rights Watch testifies before US Senate" 2782: 930: 929:, these groups had 3,749 members by July 2010, while the 639: 461:

Jesús was considered an ideal target for kidnapping. The

380: 347:("Association of Middle Magdalena Ranchers and Farmers", 4043:

1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Colombia

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Duzan, Maria Jimena; Peter Eisner (translator) (1994).

4530:"Slap on the Wrist for Corporate Sponsors of Terrorism" 3404: 2680:

Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw

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Servicios Especiales De Vigilancia y Seguriadad Privada

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they investigated or criticized their terror tactics."

625: 5534:

Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law

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The Colombian parapolitics scandal or parapolítica in

1130:

Judge Leonardo Iván Cortés, Mapiripán, Meta, July 1997

709:

In 1992 Pablo Escobar escaped from his luxury prison,

529: 510:

by the villagers after the name of the Castaño ranch,

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Blood and capital: the paramilitarization of Colombia

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Tate, Winifred (2001). "Paramilitaries in Colombia".

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due to the brutality of their methods, including the

916: 616:

murder of two judges and ten government investigators

554:, and local right-wing politicians were established. 317:, the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation 4365:

Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of limpieza in Colombia

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The Alto Naya Massacre: Another Paramilitary Outrage

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threw their corpses into the nearby Guaviare River.

657: 588: 176:

in 1962 and called for both military operations and

172:

The new counter-insurgency policy was instituted as

6869:

Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)

6256:"Paramilitaries Don't Want to Take the Blame Alone" 5458:(PART 1). Brown University: 163–176. Archived from 4459:

Shooting up: counterinsurgency and the war on drugs

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University Press of America. pp. 150–151. 2416: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1728: 1295: 934:Instituto de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Paz 8521: 6502: 6376: 6305:"Same Paramilitary Abuses; New Faces, New Names" 6302: 6253: 5691:"Coercion Incorporated: Paramilitary Colombia". 5412: 5185: 4275:", 30 June 2006, (accessed 23 August 2010), p. 4 4212: 4210: 4130: 3833: 3548: 3440: 3424:III. The Rise and Growth of the Successor Groups 2986: 2749: 2558: 2536: 2016: 2014: 1839: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1676:Rogue states: the rule of force in world affairs 1300: 583:Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá 308: 5667:Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales 5344: 5338:Las Verdaderas Intenciones de los Paramilitares 5266:. Information Network of the Americas (INOTA). 5242: 4546:Chiquita's Board Members: Total Identification 4462:. 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University of Alabama Press. pp. 73–74. 1976: 1898: 1745: 1371:In July 2001 four lawsuits were filed against 1106:In 2006, Amnesty International reported that: 237:) started a terror campaign against Colombian 82:advisers who were sent to Colombia during the 7538: 6747: 6460: 6414: 6351: 6208:Colombia: Barrancabermeja: A city under siege 5985: 5927: 5790: 5719: 5620: 5442: 5121: 4494: 4371: 4303: 4301: 4207: 4089: 4087: 4064: 4062: 2649: 2361: 2011: 1859: 1828: 1705: 1331:, who was then an attorney with the law firm 577:, which officially changed their name to the 471:Jesús had several sons. The oldest of these, 428:", MORENA) was formed by members of ACDEGAM. 6617: 6117:Volume III: Conditioning Security Assistance 5281:Mario A. Murillo; Jesús Rey Avirama (2004). 4775:, February 28, 2007. Accessed March 3, 2007. 3056: 2594: 2592: 1989: 1754: 1671: 411:Movimiento de Restauración Nacional (MORENA) 147:In a secret supplement to his report to the 6554: 6488:"BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers" 6401: 5840: 5677: 5588: 5477: 5307: 4940: 4699: 4580: 4527: 3143: 3137: 3124: 2793:(in Spanish). Intermedio. pp. 222–225. 2676: 1450:Triple A (American Anti-communist Alliance) 565:Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Uraba 7545: 7531: 6754: 6740: 6576: 5777: 5089:(Part 1). Brown University. Archived from 4943:Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War 4309:Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia 4298: 4286:Profile of Internal Displacement: Colombia 4084: 4059: 3165:Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 2721:Drug politics: dirty money and democracies 1495:Militia organizations in the United States 1009: 809:applied for "Justice and Peace" benefits. 748:million in campaign from the Cali Cartel. 579:Autodefensas Campesinas de Córdoba y Uraba 442: 206:Reglamento de EJC 3-10, Reservado, de 1969 130:sent a "Special Survey Team", composed of 33:Right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia 6603:Madeline Baran (November–December 2003). 5374: 5057:America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia 4733:Madeline Baran (November–December 2003). 4564: 4562: 4295:", 26 May 2005, (accessed 23 August 2010) 3827: 3446: 2916:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2589: 1622: 1620: 908:Reintegration of ex-paramilitary fighters 818:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 691:Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar (Los Pepes) 675:allows the Colombian military to fight a 264: 6567: 5326: 5207:Guns, drugs, and development in Colombia 4962:Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 4834: 3850: 3576:Christopher Brauchli (October 4, 2003). 3476: 3474: 2791:Qué, cómo y cúando negociar con las FARC 2725:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 2024:. London: Latin America Bureau. p. 247. 1811: 1524:"Basta Ya! Memoria de Guerra y Dignidad" 1366: 1219: 700: 390:Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad 144:, visited Colombia for a second survey. 103: 6469:. Amnesty International. Archived from 5559: 5029:Paramilitares y autodefensas. 1982-2003 5017: 4853: 4815: 4623: 4548:Jose Alvear Restrepo Lawers' Collective 4432:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 3578:"Letting Colombia's Criminals Off Easy" 1394: 679:and Colombian officialdom to deny it." 14: 8522: 6725:Impunity-The Film – Film about the AUC 6286:(in Spanish). May 2010. Archived from 5054: 5026: 4959: 4885:, Human Rights Watch (Also in Spanish 4559: 4196:"2.3. Villa and Cauca (Third Brigade)" 4023:from the original on December 16, 2014 3700:. insightcrime.org. October 28, 2010. 3648:from the original on December 16, 2014 3530:from the original on December 16, 2014 3303: 3162: 3025:from the original on December 22, 2016 3005:Jo-Marie Burt; Philip Mauceri (2004). 2972:Colombia - The Human Rights Situation 2770:from the original on December 22, 2016 2525:"III: The Intelligence Reorganization" 2150:from the original on December 16, 2014 2098:from the original on December 15, 2014 2020:Pearce, Jenny (May 1, 1990). 1st. ed. 1617: 1455:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 1426:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 1290:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 1215: 788:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 7552: 7526: 7434: 7105: 6946: 6804: 6735: 6620:"U.S. Escalates Colombia's Dirty War" 6303:Constanza Vieira (February 4, 2010). 5261: 5035: 4988: 4714:from the original on October 12, 2012 3704:from the original on December 1, 2017 3471: 2683:. Grove Atlantic Press. p. 239. 1588: 1570:from the original on February 2, 2022 1540:from the original on January 24, 2022 1335:, which represented Chiquita Brands. 1170: 1135: 873:A 2010 United Nations report stated: 814:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 782:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) 383:were purchased from the military and 65:National Centre for Historical Memory 7671:Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident) 6926:Renewed peace process (2012–present) 6352:Gustavo Gómez (September 28, 2008). 5336:Alberto Ramírez Santos, ed. (2002). 5073: 4915: 4407:, MA Thesis, Simon Fraser University 3860:Human Rights Watch World Report 1999 3834:Constanza Vieira (August 27, 2008). 3754: 3306:Conflict, Security & Development 3294:." Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes. 3043:The corridor of the bloody dispute 1973:, Winter 1998/1999, Vol. 21, Issue 1 1822: 1315:Doe v. Chiquita Brands International 1093:A 1999-human rights report from the 643:selected by the Colombian military. 626:Armed Forces Directive No. 200-05/91 453:Jesús Castaño. A wealthy rancher in 63:and other substances. The Colombian 8545:Far-right politics in South America 6838:Patriotic Union Party extermination 6503:Constanza Vieira (April 10, 2006). 6335:. November 18, 2009. Archived from 6247: 5623:Latin American Politics and Society 5436: 5360:(in Spanish). Intermedio Editores. 5312:(in Spanish). Ediciones B-Vergara. 3584:. Boulder, Colorado. Archived from 1634:from the original on March 30, 2010 1255: 1198: 792:In April 1997, the creation of the 705:Man killed in Medellín by Los Pepes 530:Foundation for the Peace of Córdoba 422:Movimiento de Restauración Nacional 24: 6528:Christian Parenti (May 25, 2006). 6377:Constanza Vieira (April 1, 2008). 6254:Constanza Vieira (July 11, 2010). 5340:(in Spanish). Intermedio Editores. 5110: 4974:10.1080/15423166.2011.487780731626 4789:. Colombia Reports. May 16, 2012. 4747:from the original on July 10, 2010 4668:. Duke University Press. pp. 4509:from the original on July 17, 2010 3757:The Brown Journal of World Affairs 3674:. January 23, 2012. Archived from 3177:10.1080/15423166.2011.487780731626 2707:Winter 1998/1999, Vol. 21, Issue 1 2703:Peter Santina; "Army of terror.", 2501:Washington Office on Latin America 1840:Schulte-Bockholt, Alfredo (2006). 917:Post-AUC successor criminal groups 25: 8556: 6931:Peace agreement referendum (2016) 6686:, Center for International Policy 6643: 4793:from the original on May 19, 2012 4630:. Duke University Press. p. 4476:from the original on July 1, 2014 4145:Liam Craig-Best; Rowan Shingler, 3999:Journal of Latin American Studies 3815:from the original on May 11, 2024 2566:"Conclusions and Recommendations" 2473:Colombia: the genocidal democracy 2406:Journal of Latin American Studies 2261:. Random House, Inc. p. 26. 1969:Santina, Peter "Army of terror", 658:Controversy surrounding directive 646:The result of these meetings was 640:Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 636:Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) 589:Anti-Paramilitary Decrees of 1989 184: 7614:Military career of Simón Bolívar 7417: 7404: 7391: 7371: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7170: 7153: 7129: 7119: 7109: 7063:Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001) 6975:Colombia–United States relations 6885:Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007) 6859:Failed peace process (1999–2002) 6590:Jeremy Bigwood (April 8, 2003). 6486:Robert Verkaik (July 22, 2006). 6415:Michael Evans (April 16, 2007). 5331:(in Spanish). Editorial Planeta. 5289:. Seven Stories Press. pp. 4989:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). 4759: 4693: 4655: 4617: 4605: 4574: 4540: 4521: 4495:Michael Evans (April 16, 2007). 4446: 4437: 4425: 4410: 4390: 4356: 4336: 4278: 4258: 4242: 4227: 4106: 4035: 4009: 3954:from the original on May 2, 2024 3940: 3931: 3919:from the original on May 2, 2024 3789:from the original on May 2, 2024 2677:Mark Bowden (December 1, 2007). 2476:. Common Courage Press. p. 1589:Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). 1475:Colombia–United States relations 1338: 833:Constitutional Court of Colombia 800:2003–2006 demobilization process 648:Armed Forces Directive 200-05/91 573:In 1994, Carlos took control of 501: 426:Movement of National Restoration 226:American Anti-Communist Alliance 218:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance 75:would contradict these numbers. 8368:Freedom of religion in Colombia 7693:Current internal armed conflict 7609:United Provinces of New Granada 6900:Andean diplomatic crisis (2008) 6555:Bill Conroy (January 9, 2006). 6379:"Paramilitarism Alive and Well" 6333:Center for International Policy 6329:"Organized crime and the state" 6132:"Arms Trafficking and Colombia" 5490:Review of International Studies 5247:. University of Alabama Press. 4808: 3905: 3801: 3775: 3748: 3690: 3660: 3630: 3600: 3569: 3542: 3512: 3493: 3297: 3277: 3246: 3219: 3156: 3037: 2998: 2966: 2930: 2743: 2710: 2697: 2670: 2619: 2494: 2463: 2438:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 2334: 2248: 2202: 2162: 2136: 2110: 2084: 2080:Washington Post Foreign Service 2072: 2034: 1963: 1833: 1381:United Steel Workers of America 1377:International Labor Rights Fund 1203:Another massacre took place in 1175:Another massacre took place at 794:Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia 548:Fundación por la Paz de Córdoba 287:In the late 1970s, the illegal 7002:Illegal drug trade in Colombia 6828:Palace of Justice siege (1985) 6823:Dominican Embassy siege (1980) 6624:International Socialist Review 6618:Tristan Adie (May–June 2002). 6417:"'Para-politics' Goes Bananas" 5913:10.1080/10714839.2006.11722327 5884:10.1080/10714839.2005.11722371 5855:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725457 5826:10.1080/10714839.2004.11722391 5805:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772 5763:10.1080/10714839.2009.11722227 5734:10.1080/10714839.2000.11722632 5705:10.1080/10714839.2009.11722226 5525:Jennifer S. Easterday (2009). 5452:Brown Journal of World Affairs 5421:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5396:War in Colombia: Made in U.S.A 5122:Steven Dudley (January 2004). 5083:Brown Journal of World Affairs 5031:(in Spanish). IEPRI - Planeta. 4700:Aram Roston (September 2001). 4528:Garry Leech (March 19, 2007). 4497:"'Para-politics' Goes Bananas" 4443:Schwartz, op cit., pp. 387-388 4398:"Social cleansing" in Colombia 2376:10.1080/10714839.2000.11722632 1874:10.1080/10714839.1998.11722772 1665: 1655: 1582: 1552: 1516: 1490:Illegal drug trade in Colombia 1480:Colombian parapolitics scandal 1401:Colombian parapolitics scandal 1311:Foreign Terrorist Organization 1296:Financing by U.S. corporations 13: 1: 6626:. No. 23. Archived from 6505:"New Jobs for Paramilitaries" 6461:Steven Ambrus (Spring 2007). 5375:Bert Ruiz (October 1, 2001). 5349:. Cambridge University Press. 5209:. University of Texas Press. 4702:"It's the Real Thing: Murder" 4069:Mapiripan: A Shortcut to Hell 3950:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 3915:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 3785:. ABColombia. July 15, 2022. 3252:International Crisis Group. " 2507:(Washington, DC, 1989), p. 82 2255:Alma Guillermoprieto (2007). 2022:Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth 1505: 1417:) refers to the 2006–present 1307:Chiquita Brands International 1301:Chiquita Brands International 1272: 715:Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar 309:Muerte a Secuestradores (MAS) 27:Political paramilitary groups 7068:Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003) 6874:El Nogal Club bombing (2003) 6708:Colombia Solidarity Campaign 6678:Alto Comisionado para la Paz 6577:Luis Gómez (June 16, 2003). 6402:Bill Conroy (May 18, 2008). 6360:(in Spanish). Archived from 6228:Latin American Working Group 6218:Latin American Working Group 6030:, March 29, 2007 (see also: 5901:NACLA Report on the Americas 5872:NACLA Report on the Americas 5843:NACLA Report on the Americas 5814:NACLA Report on the Americas 5793:NACLA Report on the Americas 5780:NACLA Report on the Americas 5751:NACLA Report on the Americas 5722:NACLA Report on the Americas 5693:NACLA Report on the Americas 5680:NACLA Report on the Americas 5574:10.1080/00131911.2010.503598 5445:"Paramilitaries in Colombia" 5308:Pardo Rueda, Rafael (2004). 5076:"Paramilitaries in Colombia" 4945:. Rutgers University Press. 4581:Gray, Kevin (October 2007). 3318:10.1080/14678802.2011.641725 3144:Garry Leech (May 17, 2007). 3127:NACLA Report on the Americas 2854:, March 29, 2007 (see also: 2705:Harvard International Review 2364:NACLA Report on the Americas 1971:Harvard International Review 1862:NACLA Report on the Americas 1510: 1409:(a combination of the words 1267: 1115: 1020:Anti-communist mass killings 490:, which had strong links to 99: 7: 8465:Colombia in popular culture 8238:Water supply and sanitation 7656:Colombian Civil War of 1895 7289:Military Forces of Colombia 6833:DAS Building bombing (1989) 6652:– (mirror from Archive.org 6130:Kim Cragan, Bruce Hoffman; 5966:Journal of Conflict Studies 5699:(4): 11. July–August 2009. 5658:Olga Martin-Ortega (2008). 5379:. McFarland & Company. 4995:Small Wars and Insurgencies 4941:Livingstone, Grace (2004). 4922:. Public Affairs. pp. 4835:Brittain, James J. (2010). 4080:Center for Public Integrity 3987:Brittain, 2010: pp. 132–135 3388:World Report 2011: Colombia 2215:. SUNY Press. p. 107. 1886:Brittain, 2010: pp. 129–131 1776:Brittain, 2010: pp. 116–119 1680:. South End Press. p. 1595:Small Wars and Insurgencies 1531:Centro de Memoria Historica 1443: 1228:Indian girl in Cazuca near 940:by the Colombian newspaper 763:The governor of Antioquia, 211: 10: 8561: 7599:Viceroyalty of New Granada 7508:Some Colombian politicians 7277:Some Colombian politicians 5986:Government and NGO reports 5310:La Historia de las Guerras 5040:. Rowman and Littlefield. 5036:Scott, Peter Dale (2003). 3064:"II. A Pattern of Support" 2943:. SUNY Press. p. 52. 2885:Avilés, 2006a: pp. 119;135 2824:, August 31, 2005, pp. 8-9 2170:"MOVIMIENTO ANTICOMUNISTA" 1997:. Saqi Books. p. 56. 1995:Colombia: A Brutal History 1808:, August 31, 2005, pp. 3-4 1785:Richani, 2002: pp. 104-105 1398: 1324:U.S. Department of Justice 1250:multinational corporations 1139: 1013: 994:with a national presence. 785: 694: 652:Colombian Defense Ministry 215: 94: 18:Paramilitarism in Colombia 8481: 8460:Right-wing paramilitarism 8386: 8251: 8186: 8182: 8173: 8081: 8072: 8040: 7950: 7912: 7903: 7854: 7807: 7719: 7715: 7706: 7646:United States of Colombia 7564: 7345:Former government program 7283: 7086: 6895:"False positives" scandal 6849:Mapiripán Massacre (1997) 6798: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6719: 6125:National Security Archive 6111:National Security Archive 6097:National Security Archive 6083:National Security Archive 6069:National Security Archive 6055:National Security Archive 6028:National Security Archive 6014:National Security Archive 6000:National Security Archive 5942:10.1080/01436590601153937 5606:10.1080/13698240108402469 5502:10.1017/s0260210503005692 5413:Brenda K. Uekert (1995). 5327:Pastrana, Andrés (2005). 5228:. Ohio University Press. 5186:Alejandro García (2009). 5027:Romero, Mauricio (2003). 5007:10.1080/09592319508423115 4880:December 6, 2021, at the 4858:. Ohio University Press. 4816:Avilés, William (2006a). 4421:. Haymarket. p. 113. 4218:The Massacre at Alto Naya 4114:The Massacre at Mapiripán 3596:– via CommonDreams. 3356:The Brookings Institution 2852:National Security Archive 2750:Sewall H. Menzel (2000). 2614:National Security Archive 2352:Romero, 2003: pp. 149–151 2340:Romero, 2003: pp. 145–149 2284:Romero, 2003: pp. 137-143 1652:Livingstone, 2004: p. 155 1607:10.1080/09592319508423115 1500:Brazilian police militias 927:Colombian National Police 606:paramilitaries directly. 8540:Anti-communist terrorism 8535:Drug cartels in Colombia 7311:Colombian Naval Infantry 6980:Human rights in Colombia 6808:La Violencia (1948–1958) 5243:Harvey F. Kline (2007). 5115: 4854:Hristov, Jasmin (2009). 4363:Michael Taussig (2004). 2717:David C. Jordan (1999). 2064:Harvey F. Kline (1999). 1844:. Lexington. p. 95. 1485:Conservatism in Colombia 1465:Colombian Armed Conflict 1164:U.S. Army Special Forces 1043:investigator in Colombia 973:Libertadores del Vichada 947:In the early 2010s, the 544:Hope, Peace, and Liberty 343:The following year, the 216:Not to be confused with 41:paramilitares de derecha 7698:Colombian peace process 7641:Granadine Confederation 7636:Republic of New Granada 7046:FARC political hostages 7041:Kidnappings in Colombia 6916:Nariño massacres (2009) 5377:The Colombian Civil War 5224:Jasmin Hristov (2009). 5074:Tate, Winifred (2001). 5018:Richani, Nazih (2002). 4892:March 26, 2008, at the 4662:Chomsky, Aviva (2008). 4624:Chomsky, Aviva (2008). 4417:Alfredo Molano (2005). 4250:The Massacre at Betoyes 4048:April 18, 2021, at the 2937:Robert Neville (2001). 2667:Kirk, 2003: pp. 156–158 2470:Javier Giraldo (1996). 2430:Juan E. Méndez (1990). 2209:Robert Neville (2001). 2199:Kirk, 2003: pp. 149-151 1899:Forrest Hylton (2006). 1751:Stokes, 2005: pp. 71-72 1333:Covington & Burling 1010:Human rights violations 443:Castaño family and ACCU 364:Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha 328:Muerte a Secuestradores 255:Colombian National Army 8136:Science and technology 7891:Indigenous territories 7594:Kingdom of New Granada 7491:Colombian drug cartels 7336:Attorney General units 7272:Colombian drug cartels 7094:Government of Colombia 7073:Doe v. Chiquita (2007) 6921:2013 Colombian clashes 6910:Operation Fenix (2008) 6905:Operation Jaque (2008) 6864:Bojayá massacre (2002) 6671:July 17, 2009, at the 6453:(Original in Spanish: 6239:July 28, 2020, at the 6039:July 17, 2010, at the 5443:Winifred Tate (2001). 4907:March 5, 2016, at the 4396:Lovisa Stannow (1996) 3549:El Norte de Castilla. 2146:. September 11, 1989. 1233: 1127: 1113: 1104: 1091: 1036: 981:The Office of Envigado 905: 880: 871: 858: 727: 706: 273: 265:Rise of paramilitaries 170: 123: 40: 7455:Former paramilitaries 7366:DynCorp International 7240:Cuban revolutionaries 6843:Humanitarian exchange 6694:Third World Traveller 6498:on December 16, 2008. 6204:Amnesty International 6198:Amnesty International 6188:Amnesty International 5930:Third World Quarterly 5635:10.1353/lap.2005.0037 5329:La Palabra Bajo Fuego 5262:Leech, Garry (2002). 5055:Stokes, Doug (2005). 4054:U.S. State Department 3644:. February 27, 2011. 3283:Nussio, Enzo. 2012. " 3214:Amnesty International 2822:Amnesty International 2627:"Pacto con el diablo" 2144:""MORENA" SE DESTAPA" 1903:Evil Hour in Colombia 1806:Amnesty International 1672:Noam Chomsky (2000). 1430:Jorge Enrique Robledo 1373:The Coca-Cola Company 1367:The Coca-Cola Company 1223: 1123: 1108: 1099: 1095:U.S. State Department 1087: 1032: 884: 875: 866: 853: 849:Amnesty International 831:On May 18, 2006, the 722: 704: 632:U.S. Southern Command 269: 178:civic action programs 153: 149:Joint Chiefs of Staff 142:William P. Yarborough 126:In October 1959, the 110:William P. Yarborough 107: 8291:World Heritage Sites 8261:Archaeological sites 7995:Council of Ministers 7799:World Heritage Sites 7789:Environmental issues 7766:Valleys and Plateaus 7666:Separation of Panama 7651:Republic of Colombia 7619:Wars of independence 7584:Muisca Confederation 7496:Mexican drug cartels 7164:List of FARC attacks 6985:Politics of Colombia 6879:Neiva bombing (2003) 6813:Marquetalia Republic 6662:, Human Rights Watch 6650:AUC Official Website 6473:on February 20, 2011 6290:on February 27, 2012 6234:Colombia 2005 Report 6099:, September 29, 2010 6085:, September 24, 2009 4916:Kirk, Robin (2003). 4912:, Human Rights Watch 3459:on November 11, 2014 3343:Felbab-Brown, Vanda 2963:Romero, 2003: p. 104 2927:Richani, 2002: p. 52 2637:on February 24, 2010 2124:on December 16, 2014 1395:Political activities 1277:The downfall of the 1238:internally displaced 967:, Nueva Generación, 8455:Guerrilla movements 8000:Government agencies 7973:Comptroller General 7384:Mission in Colombia 6960:Democratic security 6941:Total Peace concept 6610:Dollars & Sense 6542:on October 12, 2012 6509:Inter Press Service 6451:. July–August 2007. 6448:Dollars & Sense 6383:Inter Press Service 6364:on January 19, 2011 6309:Inter Press Service 6260:Inter Press Service 6170:, November 17, 2008 6071:, February 17, 2008 5540:(1). Archived from 4740:Dollars & Sense 4593:on October 11, 2008 4224:, February 23, 2004 4056:, February 25, 2000 3840:Inter Press Service 3557:on 17 December 2014 2940:The human condition 2918:, February 26, 1999 2616:, February 17, 2008 2583:Livingstone, 2004: 2235:Livingstone, 2004: 2212:The human condition 1938:Richani, 2002: p.38 1760:Stokes, 2005: p. 74 1566:. August 27, 2008. 1564:Inter Press Service 1438:Mario Uribe Escobar 1343:In the late 1980s, 1305:From 1997 to 2004, 1216:Forced displacement 847:In September 2006, 8530:Colombian conflict 8228:Race and ethnicity 8141:Telecommunications 7874:Metropolitan areas 7661:Thousand Days' War 7604:Foolish Fatherland 7579:Indigenous peoples 7503:military personnel 7331:Migración Colombia 7024:Catatumbo campaign 6994:Illegal drug trade 6952:Government aspects 6890:Operation Emmanuel 6818:The National Front 6763:Colombian conflict 6463:"Dominion of Evil" 6178:Human Rights Watch 6168:Human Rights Watch 6158:Human Rights Watch 6148:Human Rights Watch 6016:, October 16, 2005 5958:Vanda Felbab-Brown 5562:Educational Review 5177:has generic name ( 5151:. Harper Collins. 5013:on March 30, 2010. 4899:HRW (Sept. 2001); 4587:International News 4553:2008-08-12 at the 4454:Vanda Felbab-Brown 4403:2011-08-18 at the 4349:2011-09-21 at the 4314:2012-10-15 at the 4291:2012-10-15 at the 4271:2011-09-21 at the 4201:2017-04-09 at the 4179:2016-12-22 at the 4152:2005-02-13 at the 4119:2017-09-06 at the 4100:2006-03-31 at the 4095:Human Rights Watch 4074:2006-06-02 at the 4019:. September 2011. 3975:Kirk, 2003: p. 144 3902:Tate, 2001: p. 168 3866:Human Rights Watch 3737:2014-04-07 at the 3727:Human Rights Watch 3526:. April 24, 2002. 3506:2014-07-05 at the 3487:2014-07-01 at the 3429:2014-04-07 at the 3419:Human Rights Watch 3393:2015-02-06 at the 3383:Human Rights Watch 3361:2006-02-10 at the 3350:2010-07-26 at the 3290:2014-04-07 at the 3270:2014-12-15 at the 3259:2014-12-13 at the 3235:2015-10-02 at the 3208:2011-02-18 at the 3104:2013-06-04 at the 3094:Human Rights Watch 3069:2016-03-05 at the 3050:2007-05-22 at the 2979:2010-06-16 at the 2974:Human Rights Watch 2906:2011-06-09 at the 2869:2010-07-17 at the 2860:2012-09-28 at the 2842:2007-07-11 at the 2816:2014-06-13 at the 2604:2013-06-02 at the 2571:2016-03-06 at the 2552:2017-08-25 at the 2530:2017-02-07 at the 2327:2010-10-24 at the 2316:2012-10-15 at the 2307:Human Rights Watch 2242:2016-12-22 at the 2176:on January 7, 2005 2050:2007-03-14 at the 1957:2016-12-22 at the 1907:. Verso. pp. 1800:2014-06-13 at the 1739:2017-10-12 at the 1613:on March 30, 2010. 1234: 1171:Alto Naya massacre 1142:Mapiripán Massacre 1136:Mapiripan Massacre 1041:Human Rights Watch 862:Human Rights Watch 860:In February 2010, 765:Álvaro Uribe Vélez 707: 455:Segovia, Antioquia 199:Human Rights Watch 124: 57:illegal drug trade 8517: 8516: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8169: 8168: 8068: 8067: 8017:Foreign relations 7978:Inspector General 7917:Political parties 7899: 7898: 7850: 7849: 7773:(Protected Areas) 7520: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7230:Foro de São Paulo 7147:Former guerrillas 7012:Operation Snowcap 6936:2022 Huila attack 6200:, August 31, 2005 6113:, October 5, 2008 6002:, January 7, 2009 5428:978-0-275-95165-8 5386:978-0-7864-1084-2 5367:978-958-709-709-2 5319:978-958-97405-5-2 5300:978-1-58322-606-3 5273:978-0-9720384-0-9 5254:978-0-8173-5410-7 5216:978-0-292-71871-5 5197:978-84-8319-430-0 5158:978-0-06-017057-8 5135:978-0-415-93303-2 5066:978-1-84277-547-9 5047:978-0-7425-2522-1 4952:978-0-8135-3443-5 4933:978-1-58648-104-9 4865:978-0-89680-267-4 4846:978-0-7453-2876-8 4827:978-0-7914-6699-5 4679:978-0-8223-4190-1 4641:978-0-8223-4190-1 4469:978-0-8157-0328-0 4194:HRW, Sept. 2001: 3846:on June 10, 2011. 3698:"Criminal Groups" 3618:on April 24, 2014 3399:World Report 2011 3062:HRW, Sept. 2001: 3018:978-0-8229-5828-4 2950:978-0-7914-4779-6 2763:978-0-7618-1643-0 2736:978-0-8061-3174-0 2690:978-0-8021-9757-3 2487:978-1-56751-086-7 2449:978-0-929692-48-7 2268:978-0-307-42667-3 2222:978-0-7914-4779-6 2004:978-0-86356-758-2 1918:978-1-84467-551-7 1691:978-0-89608-611-1 1209:Arauca department 923:bandas criminales 488:Bomboná battalion 241:, which included 132:counterinsurgency 80:counterinsurgency 51:to revolutionary 16:(Redirected from 8552: 8497: 8490: 8438:Drug trafficking 8346:National symbols 8326:Muisca mythology 8184: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8126: 8118:Mineral industry 8103:Economic history 8079: 8078: 7910: 7909: 7879:Capital District 7794:Invasive species 7779:Cities and towns 7774: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7589:Spanish conquest 7547: 7540: 7533: 7524: 7523: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7204: 7194: 7184: 7174: 7157: 7133: 7123: 7113: 7058: 7036: 6997: 6955: 6773: 6772: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6733: 6732: 6684:Colombia Program 6666:Colombia Journal 6639: 6637: 6635: 6630:on July 15, 2010 6614: 6599: 6586: 6573: 6564: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6538:. 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Archived from 6248:News / magazines 6224:"The Wrong Road" 6190:, September 2006 6160:, September 2001 6137:RAND Corporation 5981: 5979: 5977: 5953: 5924: 5895: 5866: 5837: 5808: 5787: 5774: 5745: 5716: 5687: 5674: 5664: 5654: 5617: 5585: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5547:on July 24, 2011 5546: 5531: 5521: 5487: 5481:(October 2003). 5474: 5472: 5470: 5465:on April 9, 2011 5464: 5449: 5437:Journal articles 5432: 5420: 5409: 5390: 5371: 5350: 5341: 5332: 5323: 5304: 5288: 5277: 5258: 5239: 5220: 5201: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5150: 5139: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5096:on April 9, 2011 5095: 5080: 5070: 5051: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5009:. Archived from 4985: 4956: 4937: 4869: 4850: 4831: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4782: 4776: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4589:. 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Archived from 2118:"La huella nazi" 2114: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2094:. July 9, 2009. 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2055: 2038: 2032: 2018: 2009: 2008: 1987: 1974: 1967: 1961: 1948: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1906: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1857: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1730: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1679: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1609:. Archived from 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1528: 1520: 1389:Jose E. Martinez 1262:social cleansing 1256:Social cleansing 1230:Bogota, Colombia 1199:Betoyes Massacre 1181:Cauca department 1131: 1044: 650:, issued by the 496:Tel Aviv, Israel 492:MAS death squads 360:Jorge Luis Ochoa 283: 53:Marxist–Leninist 21: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8469: 8382: 8363:Public holidays 8331:Muisca religion 8247: 8165: 8124: 8064: 8050:Aerospace Force 8036: 7968:Auditor General 7946: 7895: 7846: 7809:Natural regions 7803: 7784:Natural hazards 7772: 7771:National parks 7702: 7560: 7551: 7521: 7516: 7502: 7476: 7471: 7457: 7452: 7431: 7429: 7418: 7416: 7405: 7403: 7392: 7390: 7372: 7370: 7361: 7356: 7347: 7342: 7327: 7318:National Police 7281: 7267:Fighters+Lovers 7245:Provisional IRA 7220: 7215: 7149: 7144: 7135:FARC dissidents 7101: 7090: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7059: 7052: 7050: 7037: 7030: 7028: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6956: 6949: 6912: 6881: 6845: 6802: 6766: 6760: 6722: 6673:Wayback Machine 6654:Wayback Machine 6646: 6633: 6631: 6570:The Progressive 6545: 6543: 6518: 6516: 6492:The Independent 6476: 6474: 6441: 6432: 6430: 6392: 6390: 6367: 6365: 6342: 6340: 6339:on May 25, 2011 6327: 6318: 6316: 6293: 6291: 6278: 6269: 6267: 6250: 6241:Wayback Machine 6180:, February 2010 6150:, February 2000 6041:Wayback Machine 5988: 5975: 5973: 5690: 5662: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5529: 5485: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5447: 5439: 5429: 5406: 5387: 5368: 5320: 5301: 5274: 5255: 5236: 5217: 5198: 5174: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5136: 5118: 5113: 5111:Further reading 5108: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5078: 5067: 5048: 4953: 4934: 4909:Wayback Machine 4894:Wayback Machine 4882:Wayback Machine 4866: 4847: 4839:. Pluto Press. 4828: 4811: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4579: 4575: 4568:Hristov, 2009: 4567: 4560: 4555:Wayback Machine 4545: 4541: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4470: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4415: 4411: 4405:Wayback Machine 4395: 4391: 4376: 4372: 4361: 4357: 4351:Wayback Machine 4341: 4337: 4330:Hristov, 2009: 4329: 4322: 4316:Wayback Machine 4306: 4299: 4293:Wayback Machine 4283: 4279: 4273:Wayback Machine 4263: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4236:Washington Post 4232: 4228: 4216:Patricia Dahl, 4215: 4208: 4203:Wayback Machine 4193: 4186: 4181:Wayback Machine 4172:Hristov, 2009: 4171: 4164: 4154:Wayback Machine 4144: 4131: 4127:, April 3, 2000 4121:Wayback Machine 4112:Jo-Marie Burt, 4111: 4107: 4102:Wayback Machine 4092: 4085: 4076:Wayback Machine 4067: 4060: 4050:Wayback Machine 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4015: 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820:(IACHR) of the 802: 790: 784: 745:Meta Department 732: 699: 693: 684:Barrancabermeja 660: 628: 618:at La Rochela, 591: 571: 532: 504: 445: 418:Patriotic Union 413: 407:in early 1988. 341: 319:Texas Petroleum 315:Medellín Cartel 311: 285: 281:Medellin Cartel 275: 267: 221: 214: 187: 102: 97: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8558: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8392: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8257: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8193: 8187: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8161:Transportation 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8131:Stock exchange 8128: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8010:Vice President 8007: 8002: 7997: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7885:Corregimientos 7881: 7876: 7871: 7869:Municipalities 7866: 7860: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7720: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7688:National Front 7685: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7550: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7501:Some Colombian 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7438:Águilas Negras 7433: 7428: 7427: 7414: 7401: 7399:European Union 7388: 7387: 7386: 7379:United Nations 7368: 7355: 7354: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7303: 7298: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7250:Colombia Three 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7214: 7213: 7208: 7198: 7188: 7178: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7127: 7117: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099:Paramilitaries 7096: 7091: 7084: 7083: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7019:Narcoterrorism 7016: 7015: 7014: 7004: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765:(1964–present) 6759: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6710: 6705: 6699:BP in Colombia 6696: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6663: 6657: 6645: 6644:External links 6642: 6641: 6640: 6615: 6600: 6587: 6574: 6565: 6552: 6525: 6500: 6483: 6458: 6439: 6412: 6399: 6374: 6349: 6325: 6300: 6276: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6231: 6221: 6211: 6201: 6191: 6181: 6171: 6161: 6151: 6141: 6128: 6114: 6100: 6086: 6072: 6058: 6057:, July 1, 2007 6044: 6017: 6003: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5954: 5936:(2): 403–417. 5925: 5896: 5867: 5838: 5809: 5788: 5775: 5746: 5717: 5688: 5675: 5655: 5629:(3): 113–144. 5618: 5586: 5568:(3): 271–285. 5557: 5522: 5496:(4): 569–585. 5475: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5410: 5405:978-0965691697 5404: 5391: 5385: 5372: 5366: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5324: 5318: 5305: 5299: 5278: 5272: 5259: 5253: 5240: 5234: 5221: 5215: 5202: 5196: 5183: 5175:|author2= 5157: 5140: 5134: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5071: 5065: 5052: 5046: 5033: 5024: 5015: 5001:(3): 304–327. 4986: 4957: 4951: 4938: 4932: 4913: 4897: 4870: 4864: 4851: 4845: 4832: 4826: 4820:. SUNY Press. 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4777: 4758: 4725: 4692: 4678: 4654: 4640: 4616: 4604: 4573: 4558: 4539: 4520: 4487: 4468: 4445: 4436: 4424: 4409: 4389: 4370: 4355: 4335: 4320: 4297: 4277: 4257: 4241: 4226: 4206: 4184: 4162: 4160:, May 21, 2001 4129: 4105: 4083: 4058: 4034: 4008: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3939: 3930: 3904: 3895: 3878: 3849: 3826: 3800: 3774: 3763:(1): 163–175. 3747: 3715: 3689: 3659: 3629: 3599: 3568: 3541: 3511: 3492: 3470: 3439: 3403: 3367: 3331: 3312:(5): 579–606. 3296: 3276: 3245: 3243:, May 27, 2010 3241:UN News Centre 3226:United Nations 3218: 3190: 3155: 3136: 3114: 3074: 3055: 3045:BBC News Mundo 3036: 3017: 2997: 2985: 2965: 2956: 2949: 2929: 2920: 2887: 2875: 2826: 2796: 2781: 2762: 2742: 2735: 2709: 2696: 2689: 2669: 2660: 2648: 2618: 2588: 2576: 2557: 2535: 2509: 2493: 2486: 2462: 2448: 2415: 2389: 2354: 2342: 2333: 2320:, (en español 2286: 2274: 2267: 2247: 2228: 2221: 2201: 2187: 2161: 2135: 2109: 2083: 2071: 2056: 2041:Democracy Now! 2033: 2010: 2003: 1975: 1962: 1940: 1931: 1917: 1888: 1879: 1847: 1832: 1821: 1810: 1787: 1778: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1704: 1690: 1664: 1654: 1645: 1616: 1601:(3): 304–327. 1581: 1551: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1460:Carlos Castaño 1457: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1396: 1393: 1368: 1365: 1340: 1337: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1217: 1214: 1200: 1197: 1172: 1169: 1140:Main article: 1137: 1134: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1031: 1027:child soldiers 1011: 1008: 1006:their growth. 959:, Los Paisas, 918: 915: 909: 906: 888:Demobilisation 801: 798: 786:Main article: 783: 780: 737:Ernesto Samper 731: 728: 695:Main article: 692: 689: 668:plausibly deny 659: 656: 627: 624: 596:Virgilio Barco 590: 587: 570: 563: 559:demobilization 531: 528: 503: 500: 444: 441: 412: 409: 340: 333: 310: 307: 299:private armies 279:, head of the 268: 266: 263: 251:assassinations 213: 210: 191:state of siege 186: 185:Law 48 of 1968 183: 101: 98: 96: 93: 47:groups acting 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8557: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8373:Miss Colombia 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7843: 7842:Pacific/Chocó 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7630:reunification 7627: 7626:Gran Colombia 7624: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7481:Spearhead Ltd 7479: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443:Los Rastrojos 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7426: 7415: 7413: 7412:United States 7402: 7400: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7296:National Army 7294: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7235:PC de C (M-L) 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6970:Plan Patriota 6968: 6966: 6965:Plan Colombia 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854:El Caguán DMZ 6852: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6782: 6781:Participants 6778: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6656:, in Spanish) 6655: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210:", 1 May 1999 6209: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6127:, May 3, 2002 6126: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6087: 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Routledge. 5127: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059:. Zed Books. 5058: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022:. SUNY Press. 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4611:Leech, 2009: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4386:(2): 381–420. 4385: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4254: 4251: 4248:Eric Fichtl, 4245: 4238: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4197: 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