20:
48:
675:
525:
The open marine environments of
Paratethys were short-lived, and halfway through the middle Miocene, progressive uplift of the central European mountain ranges and a eustatic drop isolated Paratethys from the global ocean triggering a salinity crisis in Central Paratethys. The
610:, and characterized by salinities generally ranging between 12 and 14%. During its five-million-year lifetime, the megalake was home to many species found nowhere else, including molluscs and ostracods as well as miniature versions of whales, dolphins and seals. In 2023,
618:
the largest in earth's history. Near the end of the
Miocene, an event known as the Khersonian crisis, marked by rapidly fluctuating environmental factors and sea levels, wiped out much of the unique fish fauna of this megalake.
1202:
975:
Bartol, M.; MikuĆŸ, V.; Horvat, A. (15 January 2014). "Palaeontological evidence of communication between the
Central Paratethys and the Mediterranean in the late Badenian/early Serravalian".
295:. In periods in which the Paratethys or parts of it were separated from each other or from other oceans, a separate fauna developed which is found in sedimentary deposits. In this way, the
1029:
De Leeuw, A.; Bukowski, K.; Krijgsman, W.; Kuiper, K.F. (August 1, 2010). "Age of the
Badenian salinity crisis; impact of Miocene climate variability on the circum-Mediterranean region".
334:
or brackish waters, makes the geologic records from
Paratethys particularly difficult to correlate with those from other oceans or seas because their faunas evolved separately at times.
879:
Palcu, D.V.; Popov, S.V.; Golovina, L.; Kuiper, K.F.; Liu, S.; Krijgsman, W. (March 2019). "The shutdown of an anoxic giant: Magnetostratigraphic dating of the end of the Maikop Sea".
635:
epoch (5.33 to 2.58 million years ago) the former
Paratethys was divided into a couple of inland seas that were at times completely separated from each other. An example was the
932:
Sant, K.; Palcu, D.V.; Mandic, O.; Krijgsman, W. (2017). "Changing seas in the EarlyâMiddle
Miocene of Central Europe: a Mediterranean approach to Paratethyan stratigraphy".
299:
development of the
Paratethys can be studied. Laskerev's description of the Paratethys was anticipated much earlier by Sir Roderick Murchison in chapter 13 of his 1845 book.
461:
and salt evaporitic basins formed in the East
Carpathian region during the early Miocene. The Eastern Paratethys basin, holding most of the water of Paratethys, remained
229:
periods, this part of
Eurasia was covered by shallow seas that formed the northern margins of the Tethys Ocean. However, because Anatolia, the southern boundary of the
527:
531:
371:
131:. These basins were connected with each other and the global ocean by narrow and shallow seaways that often limited water exchange and caused widespread long-term
811:
513:
spread throughout Paratethys from the neighbouring Mediterranean region, probably via the Trans-Tethyan Corridor, an ancient sea-strait located in modern
482:
269:
469:
trapping organic matter in its sediments. The Paratethys anoxia was "shut down" during the middle Miocene, some 15 million years ago, when a widespread
438:
along the southern rim of Eurasia were formed. The combination of a drop in sea level and tectonic uplift resulted in the partial disconnection of the
489:, Paratethys was characterized by open-marine environments. Brackish and lacustrine basins turned into ventilated seas. Rich marine fauna containing
1064:
Palcu, Dan Valentin; Patina, Irina Stanislavovna; Èandric, IonuÈ; Lazarev, Sergei; Vasiliev, Iuliana; Stoica, Marius; Krijgsman, Wout (2021).
473:, known as the Badenian Flooding, improved connections with the global ocean and triggered the ventilation of the deep waters of Paratethys.
158:
times, but at the onset of the late Miocene epoch, the tectonically trapped sea turned into a megalake from the eastern Alps to what is now
1232:
606:, the ancient sea transformed into a megalake that covered more than 2.8 million square kilometers, from the eastern Alps to what is now
442:
and Paratethys domains. Due to poor connectivity with the global ocean, the Paratethys realm became stratified and turned into a giant
347:
1291:
631:(about 6 million years ago) there were phases when Paratethys water flowed into the deep Mediterranean basins. During the
1286:
43:, the complete loss of IndianâArctic Ocean connections, and the closure of most of the Eocene seaways in the Oligocene time.
449:
The western and central Paratethys basins experienced intense tectonic activity and anoxia during the Oligocene and early
291:. The existence of a separate water body in these periods was deduced from the fossil fauna, including mollusks, fish and
358:
The Paratethys spread over a large area in Central Europe and western Asia. In the west it included in some stages the
1214:
822:
1241:
1203:"The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain"
1158:"Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time"
1157:
785:
1010:
Rögl, F. "Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene)".
1266:
909:
1271:
628:
863:
1281:
1132:
839:
Laskarev, V. (1924). "Sur les equivalents du Sarmatien superieur en Serbie". In VujeviÄ, P. (ed.).
166:
epoch onward (after 5 million years ago), Paratethys became progressively shallower. Today's
1276:
318:
like those that still exist in recent waters of the Caspian Sea. This distinctive fauna in which
27:âParatethys region during the Paleogene, from a connected Tethys configuration during the early
1245:
818:
611:
578:
in the Southern Carpathians, but evaporites are also present in areas west of the Carpathians:
703: â Theoretical refilling of the Mediterranean Sea between the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs
465:
for almost 20 million years (35â15 Mya), and during this time Paratethys acted as an enormous
694:
288:
284:
64:
302:
One of the key characteristics of the Paratethys realm, that is differentiating it from the
1080:
1038:
984:
941:
888:
745:
530:" spanned between 13.8 and 13.4 Mya. Thick evaporitic beds (salt and gypsum) formed in the
470:
339:
234:
47:
8:
1065:
559:
535:
201:(Peri-Tethys) was separated from the Mediterranean region of the Tethys realm due to the
1084:
1042:
988:
945:
892:
749:
1101:
957:
914:
763:
706:
688:
551:
343:
237:, the last remnant of the Paleo-Tethys might be oceanic crust under the Black Sea. The
230:
547:
1210:
1179:
1106:
961:
918:
844:
767:
709: â Ocean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic
563:
143:
120:
1169:
1096:
1088:
1046:
992:
949:
904:
896:
753:
691: â Low-lying flatland region encompassing the northern part of the Caspian Sea
575:
427:
214:
69:
31:(above) to a fragmented and restricted Paratethys region configuration during the
996:
644:
539:
375:
296:
1092:
700:
640:
435:
411:
315:
250:
202:
128:
116:
101:
697: â Former piece of oceanic crust that is seen as part of the Tethys Ocean
571:
410:) sea level and sudden steep cooling of global climates. At the same time the
1260:
1183:
900:
848:
680:
636:
502:
462:
443:
359:
132:
124:
40:
1110:
603:
543:
510:
506:
439:
367:
335:
331:
303:
238:
198:
147:
139:
109:
36:
24:
841:
Recueil de Travaux Offert Ă M. Jovan Cvijic par ses Amis et Collaborateurs
758:
733:
579:
862:
Murchison, Roderick Impey; de Verneuil, P.E.; von Keyserling, A. (1845).
734:"The dire straits of Paratethys: gateways to the anoxic giant of Eurasia"
656:
648:
567:
466:
419:
383:
311:
206:
171:
1249:
1205:. In Cavazza W.; Roure F.; Spakman W.; Stampfli G.M.; Ziegler P (eds.).
1233:"Freshened seas or inland lakes: eustacy and history of the Paratethys"
607:
555:
330:
are associated with forms of Cardiacae and Mytili, common to partially
319:
226:
183:
179:
159:
93:
953:
674:
19:
1050:
727:
725:
723:
652:
542:
basins. Salt mines extract this middle-Miocene salt in Transylvania:
494:
423:
403:
379:
210:
194:
167:
151:
51:
32:
587:
660:
632:
583:
514:
454:
415:
407:
387:
292:
287:. This definition was later adjusted also to include the Oligocene
257:
246:
242:
222:
175:
163:
105:
59:
55:
1174:
861:
720:
590:) and, to a lesser extent, in the Pannonian depression in central
249:(Africa, India, Antarctica, Australia and South America) when the
1207:
The TRANSMED Atlas: the Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle
591:
486:
450:
307:
281:
277:
253:
155:
190:
1028:
458:
431:
399:
273:
218:
28:
1156:
Braig, Florian; Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T. (2023-12-22).
498:
490:
119:: it consisted of a series of deep basins, formed during the
35:(below). Note the loss of deep-water connections between the
602:
Some 12 million years ago, slightly before the onset of the
615:
363:
97:
1063:
865:
On the Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains
931:
878:
647:. Many of these would disappear before the start of the
1133:"Paratethys: The largest lake the Earth has ever seen"
406:
epochs was characterized by a big drop of the global (
342:
which are still used as alternatives for the official
868:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. pp. 297â323.
338:
of the Paratethys, therefore, have their own sets of
670:
627:
When parts of the Mediterranean fell dry during the
127:
as an extension of the rift that formed the Central
1022:
977:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
974:
843:. Beograd: Drzhavna Shtamparija. pp. 73â85.
1258:
738:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
786:"The rise and fall of the world's largest lake"
378:, and further east to the basin of the current
186:and others are remnants of the Paratethys Sea.
1066:"Late Miocene megalake regressions in Eurasia"
731:
54:diversity of the Paratethys megalake included
1200:
1155:
1012:Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
779:
777:
353:
272:in 1924. Laskarev's definition included only
138:Paratethys was at times reconnected with the
193:(million years ago) at the beginning of the
96:that stretched from the region north of the
1242:"Reconstructions paléotectoniques globales"
910:1871.1/9f40acfe-86d3-44da-bf25-832c79f4c22f
663:remain of what was once a vast inland sea.
774:
1230:
1173:
1100:
1057:
908:
757:
233:, is a part of the original continent of
23:Palaeogeographical reorganization of the
16:Prehistoric shallow inland sea in Eurasia
838:
812:"155 Ma - Late Oxfordian (an. M25)"
476:
46:
18:
1130:
783:
197:epoch, when the northern region of the
1259:
268:The name Paratethys was first used by
1239:
1201:Stampfli, G.M.; Borel, G.D. (2004).
809:
263:
732:Palcu, D.V.; Krijgsman, W. (2023).
622:
306:, is the widespread development of
115:Paratethys was peculiar due to its
13:
1194:
558:; in the Eastern and Carpathians:
386:until the current position of the
14:
1303:
1224:
1009:
673:
245:(Eurasia and North America) and
1149:
1124:
393:
1003:
968:
925:
872:
855:
832:
803:
520:
1:
1292:Seas of the Mediterranean Sea
784:Perkins, Sid (June 4, 2021).
713:
322:of freshwater origin such as
1287:History of the Mediterranean
997:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.009
7:
666:
597:
189:Paratethys formed about 34
10:
1308:
1162:Palaeontologia Electronica
1131:Meulebrouck, Stephan van.
1093:10.1038/s41598-021-91001-z
354:Palaeogeographic evolution
629:Messinian salinity crisis
418:phase by which the Alps,
398:The boundary between the
260:(200 million years ago).
154:and the early and middle
68:went thorough a presumed
1231:Vakarcs, G.; Magyar, I.
901:10.1016/j.gr.2018.09.011
528:Badenian Salinity Crisis
651:. At present, only the
453:and became filled with
142:or its successors (the
1246:University of Lausanne
819:University of Lausanne
612:Guinness World Records
372:Outer Carpathian Basin
221:mountains. During the
73:
44:
759:10.1144/SP523-2021-73
695:Piemont-Liguria Ocean
477:Short-lived open seas
203:formation of the Alps
65:Cetotherium riabinini
50:
22:
471:marine transgression
340:stratigraphic stages
280:from the sea of the
256:broke up during the
92:was a large shallow
1209:. Springer Verlag.
1085:2021NatSR..1111471P
1043:2010Geo....38..715D
989:2014PPP...394..144B
946:2017TeNov..29..273S
893:2019GondR..67...82P
750:2023GSLSP.523...73P
586:(Solivar mine near
1240:Stampfli, GĂ©rard.
1073:Scientific Reports
810:Stampfli, GĂ©rard.
707:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
689:Caspian Depression
344:geologic timescale
310:fauna, adapted to
278:sedimentary strata
231:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
74:
45:
1267:Historical oceans
954:10.1111/ter.12273
881:Gondwana Research
532:Outer Carpathians
483:Badenian Flooding
297:paleogeographical
270:Vladimir Laskarev
264:Name and research
144:Mediterranean Sea
62:most notably the
1299:
1272:Oligocene Europe
1253:
1248:. Archived from
1236:
1220:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:10.1130/G30982.1
1026:
1020:
1019:
1007:
1001:
1000:
972:
966:
965:
929:
923:
922:
912:
876:
870:
869:
859:
853:
852:
836:
830:
829:
827:
821:. Archived from
816:
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
781:
772:
771:
761:
729:
683:
678:
677:
623:After Paratethys
485:, in the middle
86:Paratethys realm
82:Paratethys ocean
70:insular dwarfism
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1282:Pliocene Europe
1257:
1256:
1227:
1217:
1197:
1195:Further reading
1192:
1191:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1027:
1023:
1008:
1004:
973:
969:
930:
926:
877:
873:
860:
856:
837:
833:
825:
814:
808:
804:
794:
792:
782:
775:
730:
721:
716:
679:
672:
669:
645:Pannonian Basin
625:
600:
523:
479:
436:mountain chains
434:and many other
396:
376:Pannonian Basin
356:
316:brackish waters
266:
241:formed between
39:region and the
17:
12:
11:
5:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:Miocene Europe
1274:
1269:
1255:
1254:
1252:on 2012-01-08.
1237:
1226:
1225:External links
1223:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1148:
1123:
1056:
1037:(8): 715â718.
1021:
1002:
967:
940:(5): 273â281.
924:
871:
854:
831:
828:on 2012-01-13.
802:
790:sciencemag.org
773:
744:(1): 111â139.
718:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
704:
701:Zanclean flood
698:
692:
685:
684:
668:
665:
624:
621:
599:
596:
572:Slanic Prahova
522:
519:
503:marine mammals
478:
475:
412:Alpine orogeny
395:
392:
355:
352:
336:Stratigraphers
265:
262:
251:supercontinent
129:Atlantic Ocean
117:paleogeography
102:Central Europe
78:Paratethys sea
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1304:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1216:3-540-22181-6
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:10.26879/1305
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
867:
866:
858:
850:
846:
842:
835:
824:
820:
813:
806:
791:
787:
780:
778:
769:
765:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
719:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:Oceans portal
676:
671:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Pannonian Sea
634:
630:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Ocna Sibiului
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Transylvanian
533:
529:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:north of the
361:
360:Molasse basin
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
261:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:) during the
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:Late Jurassic
123:stage of the
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
41:Mediterranean
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1250:the original
1206:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1079:(1): 11471.
1076:
1072:
1059:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1005:
980:
976:
970:
937:
933:
927:
884:
880:
874:
864:
857:
840:
834:
823:the original
805:
793:. Retrieved
789:
741:
737:
626:
604:late Miocene
601:
524:
511:nanoplankton
507:foraminifera
480:
448:
397:
394:Anoxic Giant
368:Vienna Basin
357:
327:
323:
304:Tethys Ocean
301:
267:
239:Tethys Ocean
199:Tethys Ocean
188:
148:Indian Ocean
137:
114:
110:Central Asia
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
63:
37:Indian Ocean
1168:(3): 1â23.
983:: 144â157.
657:Caspian Sea
649:Pleistocene
643:sea in the
614:named this
576:Ocnele Mari
521:Salt Giants
467:carbon sink
420:Carpathians
384:Caspian Sea
207:Carpathians
172:Caspian Sea
162:. From the
1261:Categories
1142:2023-12-27
1018:: 279â310.
934:Terra Nova
887:: 82â100.
714:References
608:Kazakhstan
582:, eastern
548:Ocna Mures
481:After the
444:anoxic sea
227:Cretaceous
184:Namak Lake
180:Lake Urmia
160:Kazakhstan
94:inland sea
90:Paratethys
52:Megafaunal
1184:1094-8074
962:134172069
919:134737570
849:760139740
768:245054442
653:Black Sea
580:MaramureÈ
560:Wieliczka
540:Pannonian
495:megalodon
455:sediments
424:Dinarides
404:Oligocene
380:Black Sea
328:Neritinex
320:univalves
293:ostracods
211:Dinarides
195:Oligocene
168:Black Sea
152:Oligocene
121:Oxfordian
60:pinnipeds
56:cetaceans
33:Oligocene
1137:phys.org
1111:34075146
667:See also
661:Aral Sea
659:and the
641:brackish
633:Pliocene
598:Megalake
584:Slovakia
515:Slovenia
457:. Local
416:tectonic
408:eustatic
388:Aral Sea
382:and the
258:Triassic
247:Gondwana
243:Laurasia
235:Cimmeria
223:Jurassic
176:Aral Sea
164:Pliocene
106:Aral Sea
88:or just
1102:8169904
1081:Bibcode
1039:Bibcode
1031:Geology
985:Bibcode
942:Bibcode
889:Bibcode
746:Bibcode
592:Hungary
564:Bochnia
493:(e.g.,
487:Miocene
451:Miocene
346:of the
308:endemic
282:Neogene
274:fossils
254:Pangaea
156:Miocene
146:or the
104:to the
1213:
1182:
1116:6 June
1109:
1099:
960:
917:
847:
795:6 June
766:
588:PreĆĄov
574:; and
568:Cacica
499:corals
491:sharks
463:anoxic
459:gypsum
440:Tethys
432:Elburz
428:Taurus
400:Eocene
374:, the
370:, the
366:; the
332:saline
324:Limnex
289:series
285:system
219:Elburz
215:Taurus
140:Tethys
133:anoxia
29:Eocene
25:Tethys
1069:(PDF)
958:S2CID
915:S2CID
826:(PDF)
815:(PDF)
764:S2CID
556:Praid
544:Turda
312:fresh
100:over
1211:ISBN
1180:ISSN
1118:2021
1107:PMID
845:OCLC
797:2021
639:, a
616:lake
570:and
554:and
538:and
509:and
414:, a
402:and
364:Alps
326:and
314:and
276:and
225:and
217:and
98:Alps
76:The
58:and
1170:doi
1097:PMC
1089:doi
1047:doi
993:doi
981:394
950:doi
905:hdl
897:doi
754:doi
742:523
497:),
348:ICS
191:Mya
108:in
1263::
1244:.
1178:.
1166:26
1164:.
1160:.
1135:.
1105:.
1095:.
1087:.
1077:11
1075:.
1071:.
1045:.
1035:38
1033:.
1016:99
1014:.
991:.
979:.
956:.
948:.
938:29
936:.
913:.
903:.
895:.
885:67
883:.
817:.
788:.
776:^
762:.
752:.
740:.
736:.
722:^
655:,
594:.
566:,
562:,
550:,
546:,
534:,
517:.
505:,
501:,
446:.
430:,
426:,
422:,
390:.
350:.
213:,
209:,
205:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
135:.
112:.
84:,
80:,
1235:.
1219:.
1186:.
1172::
1145:.
1120:.
1091::
1083::
1053:.
1049::
1041::
999:.
995::
987::
964:.
952::
944::
921:.
907::
899::
891::
851:.
799:.
770:.
756::
748::
526:"
72:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
