38:
237:
165:
587:
202:
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the individual in the role of a parent. More than one female may have such connections with an individual. Because of the complexity and differences of a mother's social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a mother to suit a universally accepted definition. The
402:
Most countries and states have laws that provide that the parents of a minor child are the legal guardians of that child, and that the parents can designate who shall become the child's legal guardian in the event of death, subject to the approval of the court. Some jurisdictions allow a parent of a
135:. A mother is "a woman in relation to a child or children to whom she has given birth." The extent to which it is socially acceptable for a parent to be involved in their offspring's life varies from culture to culture, however one that exhibits too little involvement is sometimes said to exhibit
491:
suffer any developmental disadvantages compared with those with two opposite-sex parents. The professionals and the major associations now agree there is a well-established and accepted consensus in the field that there is no optimal gender combination of parents. The family studies literature
492:
indicates that it is family processes (such as the quality of parenting and relationships within the family) that contribute to determining children's well-being and "outcomes", rather than family structures, per se, such as the number, gender, sexuality and co-habitation status of parents.
394:
A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward. Guardians are typically used in three situations: guardianship for an incapacitated senior (due to old age or infirmity),
594:
In Europe, parents are generally happier than non-parents. In women, happiness increases after the first child, but having higher-order children is not associated with further increased well-being. Happiness seems to increase most in the year before and after the first childbirth.
320:
is. However, it is used in a number of events such as legal battles where a person's maternity is challenged, where the mother is uncertain because she has not seen her child for an extended period of time, or where deceased persons need to be identified.
573:
and thus make a larger supply of blood sugar available to the fetus. The mother responds by increasing the level of insulin in her bloodstream, the placenta has insulin receptors that stimulate the production of insulin-degrading
544:
species, although parents often lay two eggs and attempt to raise two or more young, the strongest fledgling takes a greater share of the food brought by parents and will often kill the weaker sibling, an act known as
179:. The term is generally only used if there is a need to distinguish an individual's parents from their biological parents, For example, an individual whose father has remarried may call the father's new wife their
511:
An offspring who hates their father is called a misopater, one that hates their mother is a misomater, while a parent that hates their offspring is a misopedist. Parent–offspring conflict describes the
403:
child to exercise the authority of a legal guardian without a formal court appointment. In such circumstances the parent acting in that capacity is called the natural guardian of that parent's child.
1204:– free online resources for parent education, curriculum. They also have a parent blog with information about child care, after-school, trends in education, tutoring, college, grants, etc.
1086:
37:
995:
116:
include instances involving surrogacy or a third person who has provided DNA samples during an assisted reproductive procedure that has altered the recipients' genetic material.
561:
genes would be selected to draw more resources from the mother than it would be optimal for the mother to give, a hypothesis that has received empirical support. The
1034:
Davies, Jon. "Imagining intergenerationality: Representation and rhetoric in the pedophile movie." GLQ: A Journal of
Lesbian and Gay Studies 13.2 (2007): 369-385.
236:
813:
244:
A father is a male parent of any type of offspring. It may be the person who shares in the raising of a child or who has provided the biological material, the
964:
296:
A paternity test is conducted to prove paternity, that is, whether a male is the biological father of another individual. This may be relevant in view of
2864:
1133:
183:
and continue to refer to their mother normally, though someone who has had little or no contact with their biological mother may address their
262:
Grandparents are the parents of a person's own parent, whether that be a father or a mother. Every sexually reproducing creature who is not a
3484:
2674:
965:"Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society"
3293:
1002:
487:
The social science literature rejects the notion that there is an optimal gender mix of parents or that children and adolescents with
372:
524:. While parents tend to maximize the number of offspring, the offspring can increase their fitness by getting a greater share of
2765:
2462:
3211:
1311:
932:
2982:
2857:
3238:
3150:
2031:
821:
73:
of a parent result in a child, a male through the sperm, and a female through the ovum. Parents who are progenitors are
2831:
325:
300:
and duties of the father. Similarly, a maternity test can be carried out. This is less common, because at least during
2801:
2515:
1251:
719:
3547:
2917:
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2505:
1834:
537:
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1895:
1555:
669:
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506:
274:, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents and so on. Rarely, such as in the case of sibling or half-sibling
375:. For the most part, however, genetic fingerprinting has all but taken over all the other forms of testing.
3095:
2992:
2740:
2586:
2482:
2457:
2228:
340:, may serve as tentative indicators of (non-) parenthood as they are readily observable and inherited via
3398:
2679:
2402:
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679:
297:
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2601:
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368:
112:. With recent medical advances, it is possible to have more than two biological parents. Examples of
42:
3479:
3002:
2178:
699:
429:
396:
222:
utilization of a surrogate mother may result in explication of there being two biological mothers.
113:
17:
2997:
2634:
2024:
1958:
1846:
364:
240:
Timothy L. Pesto and
Kaitlyn E. Pesto play football as their father watches, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
209:
A mother is a female who has a maternal connection with another individual, whether arising from
31:
3228:
2467:
2306:
610:
348:
341:
922:
2987:
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1953:
1912:
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444:. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship.
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Short, Elizabeth; Riggs, Damien W.; Perlesz, Amaryll; Brown, Rhonda & Kane, Graeme.
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2017:
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and has been used to explain many observed biological phenomena. For example, in some
175:
A person's biological parents are the persons from whom the individual inherits their
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as their mother, and their biological mother as such, or perhaps by her first name.
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parents, who nurture and raise an offspring, but are not related to the child.
58:
1167:
852:
Evidence in the
Psychological Therapies: A Critical Guidance for Practitioners
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625:
313:
168:
132:
128:
1121:
949:
Affidavit – United States
District Court for the District of Massachusetts
901:
347:
A more reliable way to ascertain parenthood is via DNA analysis (known as
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3434:
3408:
3298:
3283:
3264:
3223:
3191:
3186:
3024:
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257:
94:
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109:
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521:
417:
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305:
218:
210:
82:
1025:
Francis, Darryl. "Iatrologs and
Iatronyms." Word Ways 4.2 (1971): 8.
144:
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3393:
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3135:
3060:
2730:
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2071:
1746:
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105:
86:
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570:
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or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the
324:
Although not constituting completely reliable evidence, several
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2061:
1983:
1803:
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196:
90:
78:
1209:
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1391:
1336:
1150:
Nicoletta Balbo; Francesco C. Billari; Melinda Mills (2013).
558:
441:
433:
245:
54:
2009:
3029:
2198:
1718:
1458:
1395:
541:
267:
176:
2472:
1341:
1229:
367:. The current techniques for paternity testing are using
139:, while one that is too involved is sometimes said to be
1152:"Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research"
351:
of individuals), although older methods have included
1201:
785:Papa's Baby: Paternity and Artificial Insemination
3514:
797:
581:
93:without adoptive parents can be raised by their
849:
834:
782:
569:that decrease the sensitivity of the mother to
395:guardianship for a minor, and guardianship for
308:, except in the case of a pregnancy involving
3368:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
2858:
2025:
1245:
1043:
888:Philosophical Ethics in Reproductive Medicine
378:
500:
1732:
248:, which results in the birth of the child.
53:is either the progenitor of a child or, in
27:Caregiver of offspring in their own species
2872:
2865:
2851:
2032:
2018:
1252:
1238:
1207:
996:"In The Supreme Court of Iowa No. 07–1499"
837:Racial Disproportionality in Child Welfare
1202:National Educational Network, Inc. (NENI)
1175:
1143:
1061:
924:The Blackwell encyclopedia of social work
738:
484:, over which there has been controversy.
1084:
585:
447:
373:restriction fragment length polymorphism
235:
200:
163:
36:
958:
956:
885:
768:; Beth Anne Wolfson; Carla M. Palumbo.
14:
3515:
1087:"Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy"
920:
914:
741:"UK government backs three-person IVF"
104:A parent can also be elaborated as an
2846:
2013:
1233:
820:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
536:in 1974 and extends the more general
119:The most common types of parents are
2983:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
1220:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
953:
516:arising from differences in optimal
452:A child has at least one biological
1050:Integrative and Comparative Biology
468:. There are many variants, such as
285:
24:
2832:Parents Against Child Exploitation
565:, for example, secretes allocrine
25:
3559:
2802:Mothers Apart from Their Children
1208:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1195:
557:David Haig has argued that human
81:can also become a parent through
57:, it can refer to a caregiver or
1226:view of the position of parents.
927:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 245.
720:Honour thy father and thy mother
2918:Breastfeeding and mental health
2660:Management of domestic violence
2506:Corporal punishment in the home
1094:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1078:
1037:
1028:
1019:
988:
941:
894:
739:Gallagher, James (2013-06-28).
383:
2817:National Fatherhood Initiative
1757:Genealogical numbering systems
1156:European Journal of Population
879:
858:
843:
828:
806:
791:
776:
758:
732:
578:which counteract this effect.
528:often by competing with their
251:
13:
1:
2913:Breastfeeding and medications
2822:National Parents Organization
2547:Adverse childhood experiences
2039:
1896:International Day of Families
1556:Australian Aboriginal kinship
770:The Law of Sex Discrimination
726:
670:Parental bullying of children
665:Parental age (disambiguation)
582:Having children and happiness
532:. The theory was proposed by
159:
77:and have 50% genetic meet. A
3475:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
3096:Infant cognitive development
2993:Neonatal intensive care unit
2587:Effects of domestic violence
2229:Social emotional development
456:and at least one biological
406:
355:, analysis of various other
270:grandparents, eight genetic
7:
3399:Supplemental nursing system
2403:Identification (psychology)
1046:"Parent–offspring conflict"
680:Parental narcissistic abuse
598:
495:
10:
3564:
3151:Prenatal development table
3091:Irritant diaper dermatitis
2827:Parent–teacher association
2602:Parental abuse by children
2483:Positive Parenting Program
2433:Parent management training
2428:Normative social influence
1259:
868:. Allwords.com. 2007-09-14
818:www.oxforddictionaries.com
660:Parental abuse by children
552:
504:
410:
387:
379:Roles and responsibilities
289:
255:
229:
194:
29:
3470:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3427:
3258:Infant care and equipment
3257:
3175:Socialization and Culture
3174:
3086:Infant visual development
3038:
2953:Infant and toddler safety
2881:
2812:National Childbirth Trust
2789:
2698:
2615:
2607:Stress in early childhood
2539:
2491:
2350:
2327:Taking children seriously
2247:
2159:Applied behavior analysis
2142:
2047:
1921:
1857:National Grandparents Day
1822:
1781:
1649:
1541:
1501:
1444:
1409:
1374:
1310:
1267:
1168:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y
800:Reproductive Technologies
798:Louise I. Gerdes (2009).
715:Teachers bullying parents
685:Parents bullying teachers
507:Parent–offspring conflict
501:Parent–offspring conflict
428:, social, financial, and
369:polymerase chain reaction
225:
190:
43:Brazilian imperial family
3480:Parental child abduction
3003:Oral rehydration therapy
2468:The talk (sex education)
2179:Developmental psychology
850:Bernard Roberts (2005).
835:Marian S Harris (2014).
783:Browne C. Lewis (2012).
700:Reciprocal socialization
430:intellectual development
397:developmentally disabled
365:human leukocyte antigens
316:, it is obvious who the
154:
114:third biological parents
3485:Parental responsibility
2998:Newborn care and safety
2675:Parental responsibility
2635:Cost of raising a child
1959:Sociology of the family
1799:Philia (brotherly love)
1375:Second-degree relatives
921:Davies, Martin (2000).
886:Bromham, David (1990).
32:Parent (disambiguation)
3548:Positions of authority
3229:Grandparent visitation
1804:Storge (familial love)
1410:Third-degree relatives
1312:First-degree relatives
1044:Trivers, R.L. (1974).
947:Lamb, Michael (2009).
591:
353:ABO blood group typing
349:genetic fingerprinting
266:has a maximum of four
241:
206:
172:
85:. Some parents may be
75:first-degree relatives
61:, generally called an
46:
2988:Infant sleep training
2797:Families Need Fathers
2358:After-school activity
2282:Concerted cultivation
2277:Buddha-like parenting
2209:Nature versus nurture
2174:Cognitive development
1954:Middle child syndrome
1913:National Adoption Day
1789:Agape (parental love)
1217:Catholic Encyclopedia
589:
520:of parents and their
514:evolutionary conflict
448:Gender and gender mix
292:DNA paternity testing
239:
204:
167:
40:
3146:Prenatal development
3046:Attachment parenting
3020:Shaken baby syndrome
2655:Right to family life
2582:Dysfunctional family
2292:Free-range parenting
2267:Attachment parenting
2257:Achievement ideology
1994:Sibling estrangement
1974:Dysfunctional family
1964:Museum of Motherhood
1901:National Family Week
1767:Quarters of nobility
1063:10.1093/icb/14.1.249
824:on October 10, 2012.
30:For other uses, see
3460:Infant ear piercing
2670:Parental alienation
2597:Narcissistic parent
2521:Positive discipline
2342:Work at home parent
2322:Strict father model
2307:Nurturant parenting
2214:Parental investment
2049:Kinship terminology
1934:Wedding anniversary
1891:American Family Day
1847:Father–Daughter Day
1794:Eros (marital love)
1543:Kinship terminology
902:"TheFreeDictionary"
814:"mother definition"
675:Parental investment
655:Non-paternity event
650:Narcissistic parent
611:Bateman's principle
590:Sinatra family 1949
538:selfish gene theory
526:parental investment
2968:Infant food safety
2716:T. Berry Brazelton
2453:Social integration
2189:Identity formation
1699:collateral descent
592:
342:autosomal-dominant
272:great-grandparents
242:
207:
173:
47:
3510:
3509:
3370:
3207:Children's rights
3121:Object permanence
2943:Failure to thrive
2840:
2839:
2650:Family disruption
2572:Cinderella effect
2552:Child abandonment
2526:Tactical ignoring
2423:Moral development
2302:Helicopter parent
2297:Gatekeeper parent
2262:Atlas personality
2239:Social psychology
2184:Human development
2169:Child development
2154:Attachment theory
2007:
2006:
1979:Domestic violence
1777:
1776:
1694:Lineal descendant
1664:Bilateral descent
1417:Great-grandparent
1302:Matrifocal family
1085:Haig, D. (1993).
934:978-0-631-21451-9
866:"Definition from"
621:Cinderella effect
464:is a traditional
328:such as attached
326:congenital traits
280:numbers are lower
16:(Redirected from
3555:
3366:
3051:Baby-led weaning
2867:
2860:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2690:Shared parenting
2501:Blanket training
2493:Child discipline
2133:In loco parentis
2112:Shared parenting
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2010:
1969:Astronaut family
1730:
1729:
1631:Iroquois kinship
1621:Sudanese kinship
1616:Hawaiian kinship
1591:Family of choice
1422:Great-grandchild
1297:Immediate family
1254:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1132:. Archived from
1091:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1001:. Archived from
1000:
992:
986:
985:
983:
982:
976:
970:. Archived from
969:
960:
951:
945:
939:
938:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
898:
892:
891:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
862:
856:
855:
847:
841:
840:
832:
826:
825:
810:
804:
803:
795:
789:
788:
780:
774:
773:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
736:
710:Surrogate mother
489:same-sex parents
474:shared parenting
460:, but not every
286:Paternity issues
21:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3500:Paternity fraud
3450:Closed adoption
3423:
3379:Infant clothing
3354:Haberman Feeder
3324:Car seat safety
3253:
3234:Infant swimming
3212:UN Child rights
3170:
3081:Gestational age
3034:
2877:
2871:
2841:
2836:
2785:
2766:Matthew Sanders
2721:Rudolf Dreikurs
2694:
2680:Parents' rights
2640:Deadbeat parent
2617:
2611:
2535:
2487:
2463:The talk (race)
2346:
2337:Tiger parenting
2243:
2138:
2087:Extended family
2043:
2038:
2008:
2003:
1999:Sibling rivalry
1917:
1818:
1773:
1762:Seize quartiers
1728:
1669:Common ancestor
1653:
1645:
1611:Chinese kinship
1606:Nurture kinship
1596:Fictive kinship
1537:
1497:
1486:daughter-in-law
1440:
1405:
1370:
1306:
1292:Conjugal family
1287:Extended family
1263:
1258:
1211:"Parents"
1198:
1193:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
993:
989:
980:
978:
974:
967:
961:
954:
946:
942:
935:
919:
915:
906:
904:
900:
899:
895:
884:
880:
871:
869:
864:
863:
859:
848:
844:
833:
829:
812:
811:
807:
796:
792:
781:
777:
763:
759:
749:
747:
737:
733:
729:
724:
695:Paternity (law)
601:
584:
555:
509:
503:
498:
450:
415:
409:
392:
386:
381:
310:embryo transfer
294:
288:
264:genetic chimera
260:
254:
234:
228:
205:Postpartum baby
199:
193:
162:
157:
63:adoptive parent
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3490:Parenting plan
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:Infant carrier
3371:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:Baby transport
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Infant massage
2975:
2973:Infant formula
2970:
2965:
2963:Infant feeding
2960:
2958:Infant bathing
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Bottle feeding
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2876:and their care
2870:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Mothers' Union
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2781:Benjamin Spock
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:Penelope Leach
2758:
2756:Annette Lareau
2753:
2748:
2746:Alan E. Kazdin
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Mary Ainsworth
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2618:social aspects
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2383:Dishabituation
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Slow parenting
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2143:Theories
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2122:Blended family
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Nuclear family
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1867:Children's Day
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1742:Pedigree chart
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Patrilineality
1706:
1704:Matrilineality
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Eskimo kinship
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1476:Sibling-in-law
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1282:Nuclear family
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:Roman Catholic
1205:
1197:
1196:External links
1194:
1192:
1191:
1142:
1139:on 2013-07-19.
1106:10.1086/418300
1100:(4): 495–532.
1077:
1056:(1): 249–264.
1036:
1027:
1018:
987:
952:
940:
933:
913:
893:
878:
857:
854:. p. 149.
842:
827:
805:
790:
787:. p. 136.
775:
772:. p. 374.
757:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
630:sperm donation
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
600:
597:
583:
580:
554:
551:
534:Robert Trivers
505:Main article:
502:
499:
497:
494:
482:LGBT parenting
466:nuclear family
449:
446:
411:Main article:
408:
405:
390:Legal guardian
388:Main article:
385:
382:
380:
377:
290:Main article:
287:
284:
256:Main article:
253:
250:
230:Main article:
227:
224:
195:Main article:
192:
189:
171:portrait, 2011
161:
158:
156:
153:
141:overprotective
99:family members
59:legal guardian
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3560:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Open adoption
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Child neglect
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Hidden camera
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Child custody
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Nursery rhyme
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Kangaroo care
3104:
3102:
3101:Infant crying
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Preterm birth
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Breastfeeding
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:Organizations
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:B. F. Skinner
2774:
2772:
2771:William Sears
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Thomas Gordon
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Child support
2628:
2626:
2625:Child custody
2623:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Child neglect
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Homeschooling
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Socialization
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Paternal bond
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Maternal bond
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Single parent
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Alloparenting
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Sibling abuse
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Single parent
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:Relationships
1780:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1724:Royal descent
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:Omaha kinship
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Consanguinity
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Parent-in-law
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
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3428:Other topics
3367:
3334:Cradle board
3329:Cloth diaper
3289:Baby shampoo
3275:Baby monitor
3265:Baby bouncer
3219:Circumcision
3125:
3066:Birth defect
2948:Immunization
2898:Birth weight
2726:David Elkind
2577:Codependency
2562:Child labour
2418:Latchkey kid
2408:Introjection
2194:Introjection
2144:
2131:
2097:Noncustodial
2056:
1862:Parents' Day
1852:Siblings Day
1842:Father's Day
1830:Mother's Day
1814:Polyfidelity
1809:Filial piety
1734:Family trees
1636:Crow kinship
1586:Estrangement
1481:Child-in-law
1401:Niece/Nephew
1319:
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1159:
1155:
1145:
1134:the original
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1010:. Retrieved
1003:the original
990:
979:. Retrieved
972:the original
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896:
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870:. Retrieved
860:
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839:. p. 2.
836:
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822:the original
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748:. Retrieved
744:
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593:
556:
510:
486:
478:stepfamilies
451:
416:
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393:
384:Guardianship
346:
334:widow's peak
323:
314:egg donation
295:
261:
243:
213:, by giving
208:
174:
169:Obama family
133:grandparents
129:step-parents
118:
108:removed one
103:
95:grandparents
66:
62:
50:
48:
3440:Babywearing
3435:Baby shower
3409:Swim diaper
3299:Baby walker
3284:Baby powder
3224:Foster care
3192:Child abuse
3187:Babysitting
3039:Development
3025:Soy formula
2903:Breast pump
2736:Haim Ginott
2711:John Bowlby
2557:Child abuse
2477:educational
2393:Habituation
2378:Co-sleeping
2164:Behaviorism
2092:Foster care
2082:Coparenting
1944:Birth order
1689:Inheritance
1674:Family name
1533:Stepsibling
1427:Great-uncle
1382:Grandparent
1162:(1): 1–38.
766:Nadine Taub
645:Infanticide
635:Foster care
616:Child abuse
363:, or using
258:Grandparent
252:Grandparent
67:step-parent
3533:Fatherhood
3528:Motherhood
3517:Categories
3419:Travel cot
3364:Infant bed
3359:High chair
3349:Baby wipes
3344:Diaper bag
3309:Baby swing
3197:Child care
3182:Attachment
3071:Childbirth
2933:Cradle cap
2884:Pediatrics
2751:Truby King
2645:Disownment
2458:Television
2448:Role model
2373:Child care
2351:Techniques
2317:Soccer mom
2287:Enmeshment
2224:Pediatrics
1949:Only child
1879:Family Day
1752:Ahnentafel
1714:Progenitor
1576:Disownment
1521:stepmother
1516:stepfather
1511:Stepparent
1503:Stepfamily
1491:son-in-law
1431:Great-aunt
1387:Grandchild
1012:2011-11-04
981:2011-11-04
907:2014-10-07
872:2011-11-04
727:References
705:Stepparent
338:cleft chin
302:childbirth
211:conception
181:stepmother
160:Biological
110:generation
3543:Parenting
3495:Paternity
3404:Swaddling
3270:Baby gate
3249:Wet nurse
3239:Milk bank
3131:Parenting
3056:Baby talk
3008:Pedialyte
2938:Esotropia
2893:Baby food
2685:Paternity
2616:Legal and
2516:Grounding
2413:Kommune 1
2388:Education
2363:Allowance
2272:Baby talk
2127:Surrogacy
2041:Parenting
1939:Godparent
1651:Genealogy
1528:Stepchild
1277:Household
547:siblicide
522:offspring
442:adulthood
426:emotional
418:Parenting
413:Parenting
407:Parenting
336:, or the
306:pregnancy
149:intrusive
97:or other
83:surrogacy
3455:Cry room
3394:Stroller
3384:Pacifier
3319:Bassinet
3294:Baby toy
3156:Teething
3136:Peekaboo
3076:Crawling
3061:Babbling
2882:Health (
2731:Jo Frost
2665:Marriage
2531:Time-out
2107:Orphaned
2072:Adoptive
1823:Holidays
1747:Genogram
1684:Heredity
1679:Heirloom
1601:Marriage
1566:Affinity
1561:Adoption
1347:daughter
1186:23440941
1130:38641716
745:BBC News
606:Adoption
599:See also
567:hormones
563:placenta
530:siblings
496:Genetics
470:adoption
422:physical
399:adults.
357:proteins
330:earlobes
278:, these
106:ancestor
87:adoptive
18:Parental
3538:Infancy
3414:Teether
3389:Playpen
3166:Weaning
3161:Walking
2874:Infants
2699:Experts
2475: (
2440: (
2368:Bedtime
2332:Theybie
1922:Related
1656:lineage
1581:Divorce
1551:Kinship
1464:husband
1359:brother
1354:Sibling
1272:History
1177:3576563
1122:8115596
1114:3037249
1072:3881986
750:30 June
576:enzymes
571:insulin
553:Empathy
518:fitness
438:infancy
361:enzymes
344:genes.
268:genetic
219:raising
217:to, or
125:fathers
121:mothers
91:Orphans
71:gametes
3523:Family
3339:Diaper
3126:Parent
3111:Mother
2592:Incest
2511:Curfew
2249:Styles
2067:Father
2062:Mother
2057:Parent
1984:Incest
1884:Canada
1454:Spouse
1436:Cousin
1364:sister
1330:father
1325:mother
1320:Parent
1261:Family
1184:
1174:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1070:
931:
640:Infant
480:, and
462:family
458:mother
454:father
318:mother
298:rights
276:incest
232:Father
226:Father
197:Mother
191:Mother
131:, and
79:female
69:. The
55:humans
51:parent
45:, 1857
3244:Nanny
2928:Colic
2540:Abuse
2147:Areas
1872:Japan
1392:Uncle
1337:Child
1137:(PDF)
1126:S2CID
1110:JSTOR
1090:(PDF)
1068:JSTOR
1006:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
975:(PDF)
968:(PDF)
559:fetal
436:from
434:child
432:of a
246:sperm
215:birth
177:genes
155:Types
147:, or
145:nosey
3141:Play
3030:SIDS
2442:date
2438:Play
2199:Love
1835:U.S.
1719:Clan
1654:and
1459:wife
1396:Aunt
1222:– A
1182:PMID
1118:PMID
929:ISBN
752:2013
628:and
542:bird
371:and
359:and
332:, a
304:and
41:The
3304:Bib
2473:Toy
1342:son
1172:PMC
1164:doi
1102:doi
1058:doi
626:Egg
440:to
312:or
65:or
3519::
1906:UK
1214:.
1180:.
1170:.
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1158:.
1154:.
1124:.
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743:.
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34:.
20:)
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