249:"Privilege" in this context denotes the legal exemption from some duty, burden, attendance or liability to which others are subject. It has long been accepted that in order to perform their functions, legislative bodies require certain privileges relating to the conduct of their business. It has also long been accepted that these privileges must be held absolutely and constitutionally if they are to be effective; the legislative branch of our government must enjoy a certain autonomy which even the Crown and the courts cannot touch. The privileges attaching to colonial legislatures arose from common law. Modelled on the British Parliament, they were deemed to possess such powers and authority as are necessarily incidental to their proper functioning. These privileges were governed by the principle of necessity rather than by historical incident, and thus may not exactly replicate the powers and privileges found in the United Kingdom.
182:, which defines parliamentary privilege as "the sum of the peculiar rights enjoyed by each House collectively as a constituent part of the High Court of Parliament, and by Members of each house individually, without which they could not discharge their function... the privileges of Parliament are rights which are absolutely necessary for the due execution of its powers. They are enjoyed by individual Members, because the House cannot perform its functions without unimpeded use of the service of its Members, and by each House for the protection of its members and the vindication of its own authority and dignity." Parliamentary privilege can therefore be claimed by Members individually or by the House collectively.
2196:
2208:
491:
a witness to a select committee may not be used against them or any other person in a court of law, whether for civil or criminal proceedings. This privilege only applies, however, if the committee has formally accepted it as evidence and does not apply to materials published before they were given to the committee.
490:
In addition to applying to members' speech within the chamber, parliamentary privilege also applies to select committees. Written and oral evidence given to, and published by these committees is also subject to the same absolute privilege as parliamentary papers. This means that any evidence given by
384:
rules applied against press reporting of violence in the country by asking questions in parliament about the subjects that the press were forbidden from talking about. South
African legislation allowed anything said in parliament to be published in spite of emergency legislation. She commented on the
600:
An unnamed injunction in 2006 granted preventing participants of a case from speaking to individuals including "Members of
Parliament, journalists, lawyers" on toxic chemicals in passenger ship water tanks and resulting illnesses – Right of constituents to speak to their MPs; existence revealed in a
369:
in 1910, provided that the Cape's system of parliamentary privilege would apply to the Union's parliament until such time as it made its own rules. This served as an interim measure until the Powers and
Privileges of Parliament Act 1911 was passed. After the country became a republic in 1961, the
154:
Members of parliament taking part in proceedings in parliament enjoy absolute privilege. They may not be prosecuted if they make defamatory statements of an opponent during the heat of debate, nor can they be prosecuted if they make a statement that would be considered a criminal offence outside of
96:
There is no immunity from arrest on criminal grounds, nor does the civil privilege entirely extend to the devolved administrations in
Scotland or Wales. A consequence of the privilege of free speech is that legislators in Westminster systems are forbidden by conventions of their House from uttering
296:
No member of
Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee thereof, and no person shall be so liable in respect of the publication by or under the authority of either House of Parliament of any report,
313:
Freedom of speech is one of the most important and fundamental privileges enjoyed by Irish parliamentarians. Article 15.12 of the
Constitution provides that — “All official reports and publications of the Oireachtas or of either House thereof and utterances made in either House wherever published
830:
I should also remind the House, as stated in chapter 7 of "Erskine May," that parliamentary privilege has never prevented the operation of the criminal law. Order. The Joint
Committee on Parliamentary Privilege in its authoritative report in 1999 said that the precincts of the House are not and
130:
Parliamentary privilege is controversial because of its potential for abuse; a member can use privilege to make damaging allegations that would ordinarily be discouraged by defamation laws, whether or not those allegations have a strong foundation. A member could, even more seriously, undermine
373:
The 1993 'interim' Constitution expressly protected members of the
National Assembly and the Senate against civil or criminal action for anything which he or she said, produced, submitted or revealed in or before parliament or any of its committees, and gave similar protection to members of
323:
The standing order further states that any utterance that is known to be defamatory must immediately be withdrawn. If the member of parliament does not withdraw the statement it is viewed as an act of disorder and may be referred to the
Committee on Procedure and Privileges for review.
630:
used parliamentary privilege to name Ryan Giggs. No prosecutions against
Twitter users were pursued, firstly because of the impracticality of pursuing things and secondly because of the public outcry about celebrities using super-injunctions to evade accountability for sleazy
147:
Freedom of speech is considered one of the most important privileges. Article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1689 states: "That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any Court or place out of Parliament."
291:
The government of India, based largely on the Westminster model, grants limited immunity from legal proceedings to members of Parliament and State Legislature under Articles 105 and 194 respectively, of the Indian Constitution. Article 105(2) reads as follows:
85:—for example, as a question to the Prime Minister in the House of Commons. This allows Members to raise questions or debate issues which could slander an individual, interfere with an ongoing court case or threaten to reveal state secrets, such as in the
108:. If a member of the House is in breach of the rules then he/she can be suspended or even expelled from the House. Such past breaches have included giving false evidence before a committee of the House and the taking of bribes by members.
913:
1882:
320:(1) "A member shall not make an utterance in the nature of being defamatory and where a member makes such an utterance it may be prima facie an abuse of privilege, subject to the provisions of this Standing Order."
241:
1546:
332:
The New Zealand Parliament accords its members parliamentary privilege like its British counterpart, preventing members for being sued or prosecuted for anything that was said on the floor while in session.
345:
accords parliamentary privilege to its members, preventing them from being sued or prosecuted for anything said on the floor while parliament is in session, or during any parliamentary committee meetings.
914:
https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Brief_Guides_to_Senate_Procedure/No_20#:~:text=That%20the%20freedom%20of%20speech,the%20Parliamentary%20Privileges%20Act%201987
617:
contestant, sought an injunction to prevent the media talking about the issue. He took legal action against Twitter, given that a Twitter user had named him among several celebrities as having taken out
185:
The rule for when parliamentary privilege applies is that it cannot exceed the powers, privileges and immunities of the imperial parliament as it stood in 1867, when the first constitution was written.
1256:
370:
Act was replaced with the Powers and Privileges of Parliament Act 1963, which, in turn, was replaced with the Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and Provincial Legislatures Act 2003.
1024:
1010:
996:
982:
37:, in which legislators are granted protection against civil or criminal liability for actions done or statements made in the course of their legislative duties. It is common in countries whose
158:
The privilege of freedom of speech is also granted to those taking part in ‘proceedings in parliament’ such as witnesses who give evidence to properly constituted parliamentary committees.
385:
hypocrisy of anti-apartheid campaigners criticising her for fighting apartheid from the inside in this way, yet publishing information revealed by her by means of parliamentary privilege.
938:
926:
889:
131:
national security and/or the safety of an ongoing military or covert operation or undermine relations with a foreign state by releasing sensitive military or diplomatic information.
597:) – Right of the media to report on anonymised court injunctions; parliamentary privilege used to allow the media to report the existence of injunctions and the parties involved
1760:
1903:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
275:, where the courts held the actions of the provincial legislative assembly were immune from review by other government bodies including the Human Rights Commission.
144:
Like in other countries, Parliamentary privilege in Australia is granted to those who participate in “proceedings in Parliament” from outside interference or suit.
2062:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1541:
1521:
1095:
1675:
746:
950:
1254:
151:
Freedom from prosecution is incorporated in Australian law by section 49 of the Constitution and by section 16 of the Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987.
409:
and the House itself is the only judge of its own privileges. Most of those specifically claimed are practically obsolete, but others remain very real:
354:
Parliamentary privilege has existed in South Africa since the first legislatures were established in the 1850s. Early laws on the subject included the
310:, Irish parliament, are granted privileges to perform their constitutional functions. These privileges are enshrined in Article 15 of the Constitution.
1202:
865:
939:
https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/house_of_representatives/powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_infosheets/infosheet_5_-_parliamentary_privilege
927:
https://www.aph.gov.au/about_parliament/house_of_representatives/powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_infosheets/infosheet_5_-_parliamentary_privilege
701:
1287:
400:
1175:
774:
the Constitutional Court has recognized privilege also to a text – the inadmissible written question – never published on the parliamentary acts:
1898:
1198:
1121:
380:
used parliamentary privilege in her anti-apartheid campaigning. Helen Suzman reported during a 1994 interview that she was able to get around
1025:"Information note on Parliamentary Privilege and Utterances in the nature of being Defamatory – 4 Jun 2015, 11:04 – Houses of the Oireachtas"
1011:"Information note on Parliamentary Privilege and Utterances in the nature of being Defamatory – 4 Jun 2015, 11:04 – Houses of the Oireachtas"
997:"Information note on Parliamentary Privilege and Utterances in the nature of being Defamatory – 4 Jun 2015, 11:04 – Houses of the Oireachtas"
983:"Information note on Parliamentary Privilege and Utterances in the nature of being Defamatory – 4 Jun 2015, 11:04 – Houses of the Oireachtas"
394:
116:
1038:
1930:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1503:
1498:
572:
451:
317:
However, an Appendix to Article 15, Standing Order 59, places limits on freedom of speech with regards to potential defamation. It states:
1493:
1373:
809:
341:
In Singapore, parliamentary privileges are statutorily accorded under the Parliament (Privileges, Immunities and Powers) Act 1962. The
732:
362:'s Law to Secure Freedom of Speech and Debates or Proceedings in the Legislative Council (1857) and Privileges of Parliament Act 1895.
1470:
1465:
1307:
1866:
1312:
282:, where the Supreme Court of Canada analyzed the scope of parliamentary privilege and the role of courts in deciding its existence.
2249:
1667:
777:
1951:
1460:
1170:
778:"E la 140/03 (per la parte superstite) entra per la prima volta in una decisione di merito sull'insindacabilità delle opinioni"
58:
1978:
105:
2092:
1280:
474:(1667) 1 Saunders 131). This is extended to all papers published under the House's authority, and to correct copies by the
444:
Right of the House to regulate its own composition; (although election petitions are now determined by the ordinary Courts)
2175:
405:
1084:
120:
1946:
1488:
1247:
1219:
1192:
124:
2234:
1332:
750:
111:
Similar rights apply in other Westminster system countries such as Canada and Australia. In the United States, the
2212:
2031:
1353:
1273:
1185:
Democracy's Privileged Few: Legislative Privilege and Democratic Norms in the British and American Constitutions
77:
cannot be arrested on civil matters for statements made or acts undertaken as an MP within the grounds of the
2254:
651:
475:
578:
2127:
1941:
2244:
2081:
1603:
1348:
708:
589:
61:
to speak freely during ordinary parliamentary proceedings without fear of legal action on the grounds of
1638:
1582:
1358:
676:
560:
171:
2000:
1983:
1432:
627:
30:
535:
1437:
1415:
98:
2165:
2107:
1420:
1368:
1317:
672:
614:
457:
Right of freedom from interference (although members are no longer immune from all civil actions)
342:
236:
178:
follow the definition of parliamentary privilege offered by the British parliamentary authority,
112:
2239:
2170:
2122:
1956:
1658:
1447:
1404:
1296:
623:
541:
447:
Right of the House to regulate its own internal proceedings, both as to matters and procedures;
20:
650:. After O'Brien had sought an injunction preventing RTÉ broadcasting his banking details, TDs
268:, where the courts held parliament could restrict who could enter the parliamentary precincts.
261:, where the courts held parliament could restrict who could enter the parliamentary precincts.
366:
78:
1085:"Guide for witnesses giving written or oral evidence to a House of Commons select committee"
2117:
2112:
2052:
639:
519:
175:
74:
70:
1648:
968:
8:
2057:
1455:
1138:
681:
479:
435:
the most favourable construction should be placed upon the deliberations of the Commons.
2137:
2132:
2097:
1966:
1588:
1425:
1343:
843:
381:
42:
1226:
785:
2047:
2010:
1385:
1243:
1215:
1188:
726:
659:
619:
529:
413:
253:
Recent cases of parliamentary privilege in Canada adjudicated by the courts include:
66:
1961:
1643:
1608:
1598:
635:
506:
167:
399:
The ancient and undoubted rights and privileges of the Commons are claimed by the
273:
Ontario (Speaker of the Legislative Assembly) v. Ontario (Human Rights Commission)
180:
Erskine May's Treatise on The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament
2042:
1988:
1260:
1074:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 : sections 58, 71 and 117.
500:
359:
245:. In that case, the Court made these observations about parliamentary privilege:
1212:
Parliamentary Practice: The Law, Privileges, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament
1053:"Parliament (Privileges, Immunities and Powers) Act – Singapore Statutes Online"
643:
259:
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)
242:
New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speaker of the House of Assembly)
1973:
655:
566:
547:
512:
54:
581:– Right of the media to report proceedings covered by parliamentary privilege
2228:
2200:
2102:
2005:
1379:
1065:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1993 : sections 55 and 135.
610:
554:
403:
at the beginning of each new Parliament. The privileges are only codified in
374:
provincial legislatures. The 1996 Constitution contains similar provisions.
86:
1201:, 'Parliamentary Immunity: Protecting Democracy or Protecting Corruption?,'
969:"Parliamentary & State Legislative Privileges under Indian Constitution"
1572:
1180:
377:
38:
1593:
1265:
355:
90:
34:
1627:
1363:
1052:
606:
594:
467:
307:
1239:
622:. Large numbers of people retweeted the comments and eventually, the
427:
239:
has previously dealt with the question of parliamentary privilege in
53:
In the United Kingdom, parliamentary privilege allows members of the
1228:
Reports of the Joint Committee on Parliamentary Privilege in Session
1143:
225:
Right to institute inquiries and to call witnesses and demand papers
205:
Freedom from obstruction, interference, intimidation and molestation
81:, on the condition that such statements or acts occur as part of a
104:
The rights and privileges of members are overseen by the powerful
1231:
HL 43-I/ HC 214-I. (London: The Stationery Office Limited, 1999).
1039:"Parliamentary Privilege in New Zealand – New Zealand Parliament"
817:
470:
privilege for papers circulated among MPs by order of the House (
62:
420:
416:; (members speaking in the House are not liable for defamation)
1331:
647:
97:
certain words, or implying that another member is lying. (See
1253:
Centre for Constitutional Studies, 'Parliamentary Privilege'
771:
222:
Authority to maintain the attendance and service of Members
609:, a footballer, was suspected of committing adultery with
1214:, W.R. Mackay et al. (eds) (London: Butterworths, 2004) (
1139:"Denis O'Brien loses legal action against Dáil and State"
16:
Legal immunity enjoyed by members of certain legislatures
19:
For a similar mechanism in non-Westminster systems, see
1573:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
1171:
Theme article comparing British and Indian perspectives
2155:
2080:
231:
Right to publish papers containing defamatory material
1657:
1446:
1860:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
804:
802:
1094:. United Kingdom House of Commons. February 2016.
306:In Ireland, as in other countries, members of the
365:The South Africa Act 1909, which established the
358:'s Freedom of Speech in Parliament Act 1854, and
2226:
1876:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
1668:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
799:
585:Fred Goodwin v News Group Newspapers Ltd and VBN
1380:Report on the Affairs of British North America
1281:
1176:Australia's Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987
395:Parliamentary privilege in the United Kingdom
209:Collective parliamentary privileges include:
189:Individual parliamentary privileges include:
117:Article One of the United States Constitution
1133:
1131:
1122:"'Hyper-injunction' stops you talking to MP"
601:parliamentary question several years later.
89:or several cases mentioned by the Labour MP
1374:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
119:provides for a similar privilege, and many
1333:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
1295:
1288:
1274:
216:Regulation of the House's internal affairs
2030:
1128:
1119:
423:in civil matters (practically obsolete);
1649:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
1542:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
890:"Infosheet 5 - Parliamentary privilege"
775:
461:
454:" for breach of privilege and contempt;
440:Privileges not specifically mentioned:
2227:
731:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
228:Right to administer oaths to witnesses
2154:
2079:
2029:
1979:Individual ministerial responsibility
1928:
1625:
1571:
1402:
1330:
1269:
1068:
1059:
831:should not be "a haven from the law".
782:Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online
662:speeches which were broadcast by RTÉ.
202:Exemption from appearing as a witness
106:Committee on Standards and Privileges
1547:Matters of a local or private nature
1169:British Council India's LEGAL eNEWS
485:
2176:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
406:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
196:Freedom from arrest in civil action
13:
2156:Provincial constitutions of Canada
2082:Interpretation of the Constitution
1120:Swinford, Steven (21 March 2011).
866:"No. 20 - Parliamentary privilege"
123:provide similar clauses for their
14:
2266:
1947:Cabinet collective responsibility
1489:Peace, order, and good government
1403:
1163:
388:
280:Canada (House of Commons) v. Vaid
2207:
2206:
2194:
1308:List of constitutional documents
1207:, Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 23–40.
1124:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
1101:from the original on 2 June 2022
494:
1929:
1204:Journal of Political Philosophy
1113:
1077:
1045:
1031:
1017:
1003:
989:
975:
961:
943:
931:
349:
2250:Politics of the United Kingdom
1626:
1416:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
1313:Amendments to the Constitution
919:
906:
882:
858:
836:
814:House of Commons Daily Debates
764:
739:
694:
642:case seeking to reprimand two
509:(Privilege of Parliament Act)
327:
33:enjoyed by members of certain
1:
2063:Other unsuccessful amendments
687:
579:The Guardian–Trafigura affair
573:"Superinjunction" controversy
476:Parliamentary Papers Act 1840
450:Right to punish members and "
134:
2128:Interjurisdictional immunity
1952:Disallowance and reservation
1604:Statute of Westminster, 1931
955:ualawccsprod.srv.ualberta.ca
634:In the Republic of Ireland,
336:
297:paper, votes or proceedings.
139:
7:
1504:Matters excepted from s. 92
776:Buonomo, Giampiero (2004).
666:
590:CTB v News Group Newspapers
155:the parliamentary chamber.
10:
2271:
2093:Indigenous self-government
1583:British North America Acts
1369:Constitutional Act of 1791
1359:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1354:Constitution of New France
677:United States Constitution
392:
301:
48:
18:
2188:
2161:
2150:
2088:
2075:
2038:
2025:
2001:Parliamentary sovereignty
1942:At His Majesty's pleasure
1937:
1924:
1891:
1875:
1859:
1666:
1634:
1621:
1578:
1567:
1537:Administration of justice
1532:Property and civil rights
1512:
1479:
1411:
1398:
1339:
1326:
1303:
1240:Inter-Parliamentary Union
1236:The Parliamentary Mandate
1187:(Yale Univ. Press 2007) (
951:"Parliamentary Privilege"
658:disclosed the details in
426:Access of the Commons to
266:Zundel v. Boudria, et al.
161:
1438:Fathers of Confederation
1318:Quasi-constitutional law
937:Parliament of Australia
925:Parliament of Australia
912:Parliament of Australia
286:
199:Exemption from jury duty
99:unparliamentary language
83:proceeding in Parliament
2235:Parliamentary procedure
2166:Constitution of Alberta
2108:Equal authenticity rule
1996:Parliamentary privilege
1433:London Conference, 1866
1421:Quebec Conference, 1864
673:Speech or Debate Clause
478:. The Act also extends
343:Parliament of Singapore
237:Supreme Court of Canada
219:Management of employees
113:Speech or Debate Clause
27:Parliamentary privilege
2171:Constitution of Quebec
2123:Implied Bill of Rights
1957:Responsible government
1659:Constitution Act, 1982
1639:Fulton–Favreau formula
1609:Newfoundland Act, 1949
1599:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
1527:Works and undertakings
1448:Constitution Act, 1867
1297:Constitution of Canada
844:"How Parliament works"
542:Archibald Maule Ramsay
430:(via the Speaker); and
314:shall be privileged”.
299:
251:
176:legislative assemblies
21:Parliamentary immunity
2032:Constitutional debate
1344:Iroquois constitution
810:"Speaker's Statement"
563:– cash for questions
553:Duncan Campbell (the
532:– Oath of Allegiance
466:There is an absolute
367:Union of South Africa
294:
247:
79:Palace of Westminster
75:members of Parliament
73:. It also means that
2255:Government in Canada
2053:Charlottetown Accord
1349:Mi'kmaq constitution
1234:Marc Van der Hulst,
520:Stockdale v. Hansard
462:Parliamentary papers
71:Official Secrets Act
2058:Calgary Declaration
1456:Canadian federalism
846:. www.parliament.uk
682:Executive privilege
480:qualified privilege
213:Power to discipline
121:state constitutions
2245:Westminster system
2138:Dialogue principle
2098:Pith and substance
1967:King-in-Parliament
1892:Part VII – General
1589:Manitoba Act, 1870
1494:Trade and commerce
1426:Quebec Resolutions
1364:Quebec Act of 1774
1259:2016-03-04 at the
1041:. 30 January 2024.
971:. 16 January 2020.
382:state of emergency
125:state legislatures
43:Westminster system
2222:
2221:
2201:Canada portal
2184:
2183:
2146:
2145:
2071:
2070:
2048:Meech Lake Accord
2021:
2020:
2011:Royal prerogative
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1617:
1616:
1594:Alberta Act, 1905
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1394:
1393:
1386:Act of Union 1840
820:. 3 December 2008
620:super-injunctions
530:Charles Bradlaugh
486:Select committees
414:Freedom of speech
193:Freedom of speech
69:or breaching the
67:contempt of court
41:are based on the
2262:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2152:
2151:
2133:Purposive theory
2077:
2076:
2027:
2026:
1962:Fusion of powers
1926:
1925:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1644:Victoria Charter
1623:
1622:
1569:
1568:
1477:
1476:
1444:
1443:
1400:
1399:
1328:
1327:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1001:
1000:
993:
987:
986:
979:
973:
972:
965:
959:
958:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
886:
880:
879:
877:
876:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
840:
834:
833:
827:
825:
806:
797:
796:
794:
793:
784:. Archived from
768:
762:
761:
759:
758:
749:. Archived from
743:
737:
736:
730:
722:
720:
719:
713:
707:. Archived from
706:
698:
652:Catherine Murphy
624:Liberal Democrat
557:) – free speech
523:– defamation by
501:Sir Thomas Haxey
172:House of Commons
59:House of Commons
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2225:
2224:
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1149:. Retrieved
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1103:. Retrieved
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786:the original
781:
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755:. Retrieved
751:the original
741:
716:. Retrieved
709:the original
696:
660:Dáil Éireann
638:lost a 2017
628:John Hemming
588:
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472:Lake v. King
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35:legislatures
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2118:Living tree
2113:Paramountcy
1931:Conventions
1585:, 1867–1982
1471:Section 125
1466:Section 121
1238:. (Geneva:
1105:13 February
615:Big Brother
356:Cape Colony
328:New Zealand
91:Tam Dalyell
2229:Categories
1628:Patriation
1515:Section 92
1482:Section 91
899:2024-03-12
875:2024-03-12
824:5 December
792:2016-04-05
757:2010-07-05
718:2011-05-10
688:References
640:High Court
631:behaviour.
607:Ryan Giggs
595:Ryan Giggs
544:– treason
468:common law
308:Oireachtas
135:By country
1522:Licensing
1242:, 2001) (
452:strangers
428:the Crown
337:Singapore
140:Australia
2213:Category
1676:Preamble
1461:Preamble
1257:Archived
1151:31 March
1096:Archived
727:cite web
667:See also
818:Hansard
770:But in
675:of the
525:Hansard
401:Speaker
302:Ireland
63:slander
49:Origins
1382:(1839)
1376:(1838)
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1218:
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1144:RTÉ.ie
850:10 May
421:arrest
278:2005:
271:2001:
264:1999:
257:1993:
168:Senate
162:Canada
1099:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
772:Italy
712:(PDF)
705:(PDF)
433:That
360:Natal
287:India
29:is a
1761:16.1
1244:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1153:2017
1107:2023
852:2011
826:2008
733:link
654:and
646:and
613:, a
587:and
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170:and
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648:RTÉ
644:TDs
626:MP
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