House sparrow - Knowledge

2111:, favoured for their warmth; and the old open-topped nests of other songbirds, which are then domed over. Usually the couples repeat copulation many times. Every copulation is followed by some break of 3 to 4 seconds, and in that time both pair change their position by some distance. The nest is usually domed, though it may lack a roof in enclosed sites. It has an outer layer of stems and roots, a middle layer of dead grass and leaves, and a lining of feathers, as well as of paper and other soft materials. Nests typically have external dimensions of 20 × 30 cm (8 × 12 in), but their size varies greatly. The building of the nest is initiated by the unmated male while displaying to females. The female assists in building, but is less active than the male. Some nest building occurs throughout the year, especially after moult in autumn. In colder areas house sparrows build specially created roost nests, or roost in street lights, to avoid losing heat during the winter. House sparrows do not hold territories, but they defend their nests aggressively against intruders of the same sex. 529: 2057: 620: 2439: 42: 1518: 2615:; electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones; and diseases such as avian malaria. A shortage of nesting sites caused by changes in urban building design is probably a factor, and conservation organisations have encouraged the use of special nest boxes for sparrows. A primary cause of the decline seems to be an insufficient supply of insect food for nestling sparrows. Declines in insect populations result from an increase of monoculture crops, the heavy use of pesticides, the replacement of native plants in cities with introduced plants and parking areas, and possibly the introduction of 1502: 1720: 56: 1980: 1005: 227: 2149:, though numbers from one to 10 have been recorded. At least two clutches are usually laid, and up to seven a year may be laid in the tropics or four a year in temperate latitudes. When fewer clutches are laid in a year, especially at higher latitudes, the number of eggs per clutch is greater. Central Asian house sparrows, which migrate and have only one clutch a year, average 6.5 eggs in a clutch. Clutch size is also affected by environmental and seasonal conditions, female age, and breeding density. 2068: 1798: 1020: 105: 2153: 2463: 2640:

their association with the European homeland of many immigrants. Birds usually described later as sparrows are referred to in many works of ancient literature and religious texts in Europe and western Asia. These references may not always refer specifically to the house sparrow, or even to small, seed-eating birds, but later writers who were inspired by these texts often had the house sparrow in mind. In particular, sparrows were associated by the ancient Greeks with

2176: 538: 2135: 80: 904: 1813:, but it is opportunistic and adaptable, and eats whatever foods are available. In towns and cities, it often scavenges for food in garbage containers and congregates in the outdoors of restaurants and other eating establishments to feed on leftover food and crumbs. It can perform complex tasks to obtain food, such as opening automatic doors to enter supermarkets, clinging to hotel walls to watch vacationers on their balconies, and 2261: 588:, this note is made as a contact call by flocking or resting birds; or by males to proclaim nest ownership and invite pairing. In the breeding season, the male gives this call repetitively, with emphasis and speed, but not much rhythm, forming what is described either as a song or an "ecstatic call" similar to a song. Young birds also give a true song, especially in captivity, a warbling similar to that of the 2223:. If both parents perish, the ensuing intensive begging sounds of the young often attract replacement parents which feed them until they can sustain themselves. All the young in the nest leave it during the same period of a few hours. At this stage, they are normally able to fly. They start feeding themselves partly after 1 or 2 days, and sustain themselves completely after 7 to 10 days, 14 at the latest. 2717: 1847:. Rural birds tend to eat more waste seed from animal dung and seed from fields while urban birds tend to eat more commercial bird seed and weed seed. In urban areas, the house sparrow also feeds largely on food provided directly or indirectly by humans, such as bread, though it prefers raw seeds. The house sparrow also eats some plant matter besides seeds, including 2028:, so about 15% of house sparrow fledglings are unrelated to their mother's mate. Males guard their mates carefully to avoid being cuckolded, and most extra-pair copulation occurs away from nest sites. Males may sometimes have multiple mates, and bigamy is mostly limited by aggression between females. Many birds do not find a nest and a mate, and instead may serve as 2521:

localised impact on numbers. Sparrows were also persecuted in Germany from at least 1650 until 1970. House sparrows have been kept as pets at many times in history, though they have no bright plumage or attractive songs, and raising them is difficult. The house sparrow has an extremely large range and population, so it is assessed as

1729: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2468: 2577:", was killed after knocking down dominoes arranged as part of an attempt to set a world record. These declines are not unprecedented, as similar reductions in population occurred when the internal combustion engine replaced horses in the 1920s and a major source of food in the form of grain spillage was lost. 2349:, which most commonly infect insects and mammals, survive winters in temperate areas by going dormant in birds such as the house sparrow. A few records indicate disease extirpating house sparrow populations, especially from Scottish islands, but this seems to be rare. House sparrows are also infected by 2009:

by the male. The male displays in front of her, attracting other males, which also pursue and display to the female. This group display usually does not immediately result in copulations. Other males usually do not copulate with the female. Copulation is typically initiated by the female giving a soft

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in abundance (although the quelea is, unlike the sparrow, restricted to a single continent and has never been subject to human introductions). However, populations have been declining in many parts of the world, especially near its Eurasian places of origin. These declines were first noticed in North

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the eggs. The male helps, but can only cover the eggs rather than truly incubate them. The female spends the night incubating during this period, while the male roosts near the nest. Eggs hatch at the same time, after a short incubation period lasting 11–14 days, and exceptionally for as many as

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feathers. Outside of the reproductive season, they often roost communally in trees or shrubs. Much communal chirping occurs before and after the birds settle in the roost in the evening, as well as before the birds leave the roost in the morning. Some congregating sites separate from the roost may be

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The taxonomy of the house sparrow and its Mediterranean relatives is complicated. The common type of "willow sparrow" is the Spanish sparrow, which resembles the house sparrow in many respects. It frequently prefers wetter habitats than the house sparrow, and it is often colonial and nomadic. In most

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Juveniles are similar to the adult female, but deeper brown below and paler above, with paler and less defined supercilia. Juveniles have broader buff feather edges, and tend to have looser, scruffier plumage, like moulting adults. Juvenile males tend to have darker throats and white postoculars like

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In adult house sparrows, annual survival is 45–65%. After fledging and leaving the care of their parents, young sparrows have a high mortality rate, which lessens as they grow older and more experienced. Only about 20–25% of birds hatched survive to their first breeding season. The oldest known wild

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by moving up and down while drooping and shivering his wings, pushing up his head, raising and spreading his tail, and showing his bib. Males may try to mate with females while calling or displaying. In response, a female will adopt a threatening posture and attack a male before flying away, pursued

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House sparrows can breed in the breeding season immediately following their hatching, and sometimes attempt to do so. Some birds breeding for the first time in tropical areas are only a few months old and still have juvenile plumage. Birds breeding for the first time are rarely successful in raising

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The house sparrow's flight is direct (not undulating) and flapping, averaging 45.5 km/h (28.3 mph) and about 15 wingbeats per second. On the ground, the house sparrow typically hops rather than walks. It can swim when pressed to do so by pursuit from predators. Captive birds have been

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Status: Abundant naturalized species. Introduced in 1870 in belief that they would control flies in towns. A major threat to the breeding success of bluebirds. Local Habitat: Widespread in both built-up and in less developed areas. Habits: Nests February to July in roofs, cliffs, trees and bluebird

2200:. Eggs laid later in a clutch are larger, as are those laid by larger females, and egg size is hereditary. Eggs decrease slightly in size from laying to hatching. The yolk comprises 25% of the egg, the egg white 68%, and the shell 7%. Eggs are watery, being 79% liquid, and otherwise mostly protein. 1763:

or water bathing and "social singing", in which birds call together in bushes. The house sparrow feeds mostly on the ground, but it flocks in trees and bushes. At feeding stations and nests, female house sparrows are dominant despite their smaller size, and they can fight over males in the breeding

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The male is duller in fresh nonbreeding plumage, with whitish tips on many feathers. Wear and preening expose many of the bright brown and black markings, including most of the black throat and chest patch, called the "bib" or "badge". The badge is variable in width and general size, and may signal

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To many people across the world, the house sparrow is the most familiar wild animal and, because of its association with humans and familiarity, it is frequently used to represent the common and vulgar, or the lewd. One of the reasons for the introduction of house sparrows throughout the world was

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The house sparrow is host to a huge number of parasites and diseases, and the effect of most is unknown. Ornithologist Ted R. Anderson listed thousands, noting that his list was incomplete. The commonly recorded bacterial pathogens of the house sparrow are often those common in humans, and include

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The eggs are white, bluish white, or greenish white, spotted with brown or grey. Subelliptical in shape, they range from 20 to 22 mm (0.79 to 0.87 in) in length and 14 to 16 mm (0.55 to 0.63 in) in width, have an average mass of 2.9 g (0.10 oz), and an average surface

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occurs, and instances of unusually large numbers of eggs in a nest may be the result of females laying eggs in the nests of their neighbours. Such foreign eggs are sometimes recognised and ejected by females. The house sparrow is a victim of interspecific brood parasites, but only rarely, since it

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family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of 16 cm (6.3 in) and a mass of 24–39.5 g (0.85–1.39 oz). Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, and males have brighter black, white, and brown markings. One of

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often hold it in little regard because of its molestation of other birds. In most of the world, the house sparrow is not protected by law. Attempts to control house sparrows include the trapping, poisoning, or shooting of adults; the destruction of their nests and eggs; or less directly, blocking

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In mass, the house sparrow ranges from 24 to 39.5 g (0.85 to 1.39 oz). Females usually are slightly smaller than males. The median mass on the European continent for both sexes is about 30 g (1.1 oz), and in more southerly subspecies is around 26 g (0.92 oz). Younger

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has been celebrated on 20 March across the world since 2010. Over the recent years, the house sparrow population has been on the decline in many Asian countries, and this decline is quite evident in India. To promote the conservation of these birds, in 2012, the house sparrow was declared as the

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Declines have been particularly apparent even in North America, where the house sparrow is invasive in some states. Introduced to Philadelphia initially in 1852 the house sparrow rapidly spread across the nation. However, the bird has largely disappeared from the city nowadays and overall, it is

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birds and zoo animals. During the 1870s, there were debates on the damaging effects of sparrows in the House of Commons in England. In the early part of the 20th century, sparrow clubs culled many millions of birds and eggs in an attempt to control numbers of this perceived pest, but with only a

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around the nest for mated pairs, a role which increases the chances of being chosen to replace a lost mate. Lost mates of both sexes can be replaced quickly during the breeding season. The formation of a pair and the bond between the two birds is tied to the holding of a nest site, though paired

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across central Afghanistan. Unlike most other house sparrow subspecies, it is almost entirely migratory, wintering in the plains of the northern Indian subcontinent. It is found in open country rather than in settlements, which are occupied by the Eurasian tree sparrow in its range. There is an

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Because of its numbers, ubiquity, and association with human settlements, the house sparrow is culturally prominent. It is extensively, and usually unsuccessfully, persecuted as an agricultural pest. It has also often been kept as a pet, as well as being a food item and a symbol of lust, sexual

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Young house sparrows remain in the nest for 11 to 23 days, normally 14 to 16 days. During this time, they are fed by both parents. As newly hatched house sparrows do not have sufficient insulation, they are brooded for a few days, or longer in cold conditions. The parents swallow the droppings

564:, paler than the female's bill. Immature males have paler versions of the adult male's markings, which can be very indistinct in fresh plumage. By their first breeding season, young birds generally are indistinguishable from other adults, though they may still be paler during their first year. 1583:. Where introduced, it can extend its range quickly, sometimes at a rate over 230 km (140 mi) per year. In many parts of the world, it has been characterised as a pest, and poses a threat to native birds. A few introductions have died out or been of limited success, such as those to 8887:

Ornithologie ou Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés: a Laquelle on a joint une Description exacte de chaque Espece, avec les Citations des Auteurs qui en ont traité, les Noms qu'ils leur ont donnés, ceux que leur ont donnés les

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The house sparrow has become highly successful in most parts of the world where it has been introduced. This is mostly due to its early adaptation to living with humans, and its adaptability to a wide range of conditions. Other factors may include its robust immune response, compared to the

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far away from human development. For sustenance, the house sparrow routinely feeds at home and public bird feeding stations, but naturally feeds on the seeds of grains, flowering plants and weeds. However, it is an opportunistic, omnivorous eater, and commonly catches insects, their larvae,

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In North America, house sparrow populations are more differentiated than those in Europe. This variation follows predictable patterns, with birds at higher latitudes being larger and darker and those in arid areas being smaller and paler. However, how much this is caused by evolution or by

2466: 2565:, populations peaked in the early 1970s, but have since declined by 68% overall, and about 90% in some regions. The RSPB lists the house sparrow's UK conservation status as red. In London, the house sparrow almost disappeared from the central city. The numbers of house sparrows in the 1673:

of humans as some have suggested: birds of the migratory Central Asian subspecies usually breed away from humans in open country, and birds elsewhere are occasionally found away from humans. The only terrestrial habitats that the house sparrow does not inhabit are dense forest and

1698:. In most of eastern Asia, the house sparrow is entirely absent, replaced by the Eurasian tree sparrow. Where these two species overlap, the house sparrow is usually more common than the Eurasian tree sparrow, but one species may replace the other in a manner that ornithologist 435: 1533:

and spread, along with agriculture, to most of Eurasia and parts of North Africa. Since the mid-19th century, it has reached most of the world, chiefly due to deliberate introductions, but also through natural and shipborne dispersal. Its introduced range encompasses most of

2485:) is least associated with humans and considered to be evolutionarily closer to the ancestral noncommensal populations. Usually, the house sparrow is regarded as a pest, since it consumes agricultural products and spreads disease to humans and their domestic animals. Even 2087:

in banks and cliffs, and old tree cavity nests. It usually uses deserted nests, though sometimes it usurps active ones by driving away or killing the occupants. Tree hollows are more commonly used in North America than in Europe, putting the sparrows in competition with

1734: 1733: 1730: 2288:, and even humans—the house sparrow has been consumed in the past by people in many parts of the world, and it still is in parts of the Mediterranean. Most species of birds of prey have been recorded preying on the house sparrow in places where records are extensive. 1958:

Most house sparrows do not move more than a few kilometres during their lifetimes. However, limited migration occurs in all regions. Some young birds disperse long distances, especially on coasts, and mountain birds move to lower elevations in winter. Two subspecies,

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adult males, while juvenile females tend to have white throats. However, juveniles cannot be reliably sexed by plumage: some juvenile males lack any markings of the adult male, and some juvenile females have male features. The bills of young birds are light yellow to

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environment is not clear. Similar observations have been made in New Zealand and in South Africa. The introduced house sparrow populations may be distinct enough to merit subspecies status, especially in North America and southern Africa, and American ornithologist

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and changes in day length lead males to start calling by nesting sites. The timing of mating and egg-laying varies geographically, and between specific locations and years because a sufficient supply of insects is needed for egg formation and feeding nestlings.

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Santiago-Alarcon, Diego; Carbó-Ramírez, Pilar; Macgregor-Fors, Ian; Chávez-Zichinelli, Carlos Alberto; Yeh, Pamela J. (2020). "The prevalence of avian haemosporidian parasites in an invasive bird is lower in urban than in non-urban environments".

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nest holes and scaring off sparrows with noise, glue, or porcupine wire. However, the house sparrow can be beneficial to humans, as well, especially by eating insect pests, and attempts at the large-scale control of the house sparrow have failed.

2497:"sparrow pots" were hung from eaves to attract nesting birds so the young could be readily harvested. Wild birds were trapped in nets in large numbers, and sparrow pie was a traditional dish, thought, because of the association of sparrows with 2251:

in Denmark. The oldest recorded captive house sparrow lived for 23 years. The typical ratio of males to females in a population is uncertain due to problems in collecting data, but a very slight preponderance of males at all ages is usual.

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Males take up nesting sites before the breeding season, by frequently calling beside them. Unmated males start nest construction and call particularly frequently to attract females. When a female approaches a male during this period, the male

1686:'s observation deck at night. It reaches its greatest densities in urban centres, but its reproductive success is greater in suburbs, where insects are more abundant. On a larger scale, it is most abundant in wheat-growing areas such as the 1732: 455:

The house sparrow is typically about 16 cm (6.3 in) long, ranging from 14 to 18 cm (5.5 to 7.1 in). The house sparrow is a compact bird with a full chest and a large, rounded head. Its bill is stout and conical with a

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is based on it. The sparrow hieroglyph had no phonetic value and was used as a determinative in words to indicate small, narrow, or bad. An alternative view is that the hieroglyph meant "a prolific man" or "the revolution of a year".

599:". This call is also used by females in the breeding season, to establish dominance over males while displacing them to feed young or incubate eggs. House sparrows give a nasal alarm call, the basic sound of which is transcribed as 1693:

It tolerates a variety of climates, but prefers drier conditions, especially in moist tropical climates. It has several adaptations to dry areas, including a high salt tolerance and an ability to survive without water by ingesting

508:). It has a small white stripe between the lores and crown and small white spots immediately behind the eyes (postoculars), with black patches below and above them. The underparts are pale grey or white, as are the cheeks, ear 1995:

young, and reproductive success increases with age, as older birds breed earlier in the breeding season, and fledge more young. As the breeding season approaches, hormone releases trigger enormous increases in the size of the

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described as "random, or even capricious". In most of its range, the house sparrow is extremely common, despite some declines, but in marginal habitats such as rainforest or mountain ranges, its distribution can be spotty.

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Billing AM, Lee AM, Skjelseth S, Borg AA, Hale MC, Slate J, Pärn H, Ringsby TH, Saether BE, Jensen H (March 2012). "Evidence of inbreeding depression but not inbreeding avoidance in a natural house sparrow population".

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Hole, David G.; Whittingham, M. J.; Bradbury, Richard B.; Anderson, Guy Q. A.; Lee, Patricia L. M.; Wilson, Jeremy D.; Krebs, John R. (29 August 2002). "Agriculture: Widespread local house-sparrow extinctions".

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Several studies of the house sparrow in temperate agricultural areas have found the proportion of seeds in its diet to be about 90%. It will eat almost any seeds, but where it has a choice, it prefers

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usually uses nests in holes too small for parasites to enter, and it feeds its young foods unsuitable for young parasites. In turn, the house sparrow has once been recorded as a brood parasite of the

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birds are smaller, males are larger during the winter, and females are larger during the breeding season. Birds at higher latitudes, colder climates, and sometimes higher altitudes are larger (under

2337:, which it has spread to the native forest birds of Hawaii. Many of the diseases hosted by the house sparrow are also present in humans and domestic animals, for which the house sparrow acts as a 8429: 2626:

Protecting insect habitats on farms and planting native plants in cities benefit the house sparrow, as does establishing urban green spaces. To raise awareness of threats to the house sparrow,

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from the top of its bill to its back, and chestnut brown flanking its crown on the sides of its head. It has black around its bill, on its throat, and on the spaces between its bill and eyes (

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The house sparrow is strongly associated with human habitation, and can live in urban or rural settings. Though found in widely varied habitats and climates, it typically avoids extensive

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given to inhibit aggression, usually given between birds of a mated pair. These vocalisations are not unique to the house sparrow, but are shared, with small variations, by all sparrows.

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over a narrow roughly 20 km (12 mi) strip with the house sparrow, and some house sparrows migrate into the Italian sparrow's range in winter. On the Mediterranean islands of

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means "belonging to the house", like the common name a reference to its association with humans. The house sparrow is also called by a number of alternative English names, including

2103:. In open nesting sites, breeding success tends to be lower, since breeding begins late and the nest can easily be destroyed or damaged by storms. Less common nesting sites include 2095:

Especially in warmer areas, the house sparrow may build its nests in the open, on the branches of trees, especially evergreens and hawthorns, or in the nests of large birds such as

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Niskanen AK, Billing AM, Holand H, Hagen IJ, Araya-Ajoy YG, Husby A, Rønning B, Myhre AM, Ranke PS, Kvalnes T, Pärn H, Ringsby TH, Lien S, Sæther BE, Muff S, Jensen H (June 2020).

1562:, and islands throughout the world. It has greatly extended its range in northern Eurasia since the 1850s, and continues to do so, as was shown by its colonisation around 1990 of 1731: 512:, and stripes at the base of the head. The upper back and mantle are a warm brown, with broad black streaks, while the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts are greyish brown. 8397: 2905:

Johnston, Richard F.; Selander, Robert K (May–June 1973). "Evolution in the House Sparrow. III. Variation in Size and Sexual Dimorphism in Europe and North and South America".

1678:. Well adapted to living around humans, it frequently lives and even breeds indoors, especially in factories, warehouses, and zoos. It has been recorded breeding in an English 7493: 1618:, where every house sparrow found in the state is killed. House sparrows were introduced in New Zealand in 1859, and from there reached many of the Pacific islands, including 4383:

Clergeau, Philippe; Levesque, Anthony; Lorvelec, Olivier (2004). "The Precautionary Principle and Biological Invasion: The Case of the House Sparrow on the Lesser Antilles".

2230:. Inbreeding depression is manifested as lower survival probability and production of fewer offspring, and can occur as a result of the expression of deleterious recessive 2040:. Inbreeding depression is manifested as lower survival probability and production of fewer offspring, and can occur as a result of the expression of deleterious recessive 1594:

The first of many successful introductions to North America occurred when birds from England were released in New York City, in 1852, intended to control the ravages of the

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is smaller and slenderer with a chestnut crown and a black patch on each cheek. The male Spanish sparrow and Italian sparrow are distinguished by their chestnut crowns. The

8288: 8257: 1851:, berries, and fruits such as grapes and cherries. In temperate areas, the house sparrow has an unusual habit of tearing flowers, especially yellow ones, in the spring. 8019: 1902:. Young house sparrows are fed mostly on insects until about 15 days after hatching. They are also given small quantities of seeds, spiders, and grit. In most places, 8371: 437: 7692: 5806:

Whitfield-Rucker, M.; Cassone, V. M. (2000). "Photoperiodic Regulation of the Male House Sparrow Song Control System: Gonadal Dependent and Independent Mechanisms".

7872: 2426: 2116: 2083:, are also used. A sparrow sometimes excavates its own nests in sandy banks or rotten branches, but more frequently uses the nests of other birds such as those of 460:

length of 1.1–1.5 cm (0.43–0.59 in), strongly built as an adaptation for eating seeds. Its tail is short, at 5.2–6.5 cm (2.0–2.6 in) long. The

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differs little from the nominate subspecies, except in the worn breeding plumage of the male, in which the head is speckled with black and underparts are paler.

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The house sparrow is closely associated with humans. They are believed to have become associated with humans around 10,000 years ago. The Turkestan subspecies (

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blood-feeding mites are also common ectoparasites of house sparrows, and these mites can enter human habitation and bite humans, causing a condition known as

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in particular are major predators, though cats are likely to have a greater impact on house sparrow populations. The house sparrow is also a common victim of

2454:, in part because of their availability and adaptability in captivity, but also because they can "find their way" and remain rhythmic in constant darkness. 7328: 3509: 1922:, and beetles are also important, but house sparrows take advantage of whatever foods are abundant to feed their young. House sparrows have been observed 556:. Its underparts are pale grey-brown. The female's bill is brownish-grey and becomes darker in breeding plumage approaching the black of the male's bill. 520:" of studies, which have only conclusively shown that patches increase in size with age. The male's bill is dark grey, but black in the breeding season. 4621:

Brooke, R. K. (1997). "House Sparrow". In Harrison, J. A.; Allan, D. G.; Underhill, L. G.; Herremans, M.; Tree, A. J.; Parker, V.; Brown, C. J. (eds.).

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Johnston, Richard F.; Selander, Robert K. (March 1971). "Evolution in the House Sparrow. II. Adaptive Differentiation in North American Populations".

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Dadam, Daria; Robinson, Robert A.; Clements, Anabel; Peach, Will J.; Bennett, Malcolm; Rowcliffe, J. Marcus; Cunningham, Andrew A. (26 July 2019).

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Ivanov, Bojidar (1990). "Diet of House Sparrow nestlings on a livestock farm near Sofia, Bulgaria". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).

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The house sparrow is a very social bird. It is gregarious during all seasons when feeding, often forming flocks with other species of birds. It

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The house sparrow is infested by a number of external parasites, which usually cause little harm to adult sparrows. In Europe, the most common

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area of 9.18 cm (1.423 in). Eggs from the tropical subspecies are distinctly smaller. Eggs begin to develop with the deposition of

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The female has no black markings or grey crown. Its upperparts and head are brown with darker streaks around the mantle and a distinct pale

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Indykiewicz, Piotr (1990). "Nest-sites and nests of House Sparrow in an urban environment". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).

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species are dull-coloured birds with short, square tails and stubby, conical beaks, between 11 and 18 cm (4.3 and 7.1 in) long.

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Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2009). "Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).

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of activity in the laboratory. They were among the first bird species to be seriously studied in terms of their circadian activity and

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produced by the hatchlings during the first few days; later, the droppings are moved up to 20 m (66 ft) away from the nest.

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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birds without hybridising in the 1970s, so the Soviet scientists Edward I. Gavrilov and M. N. Korelov proposed the separation of the

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Anderson, T. R. (1990). "Excess females in a breeding population of House Sparrows ". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).

1971:. Unlike the birds in sedentary populations that migrate, birds of migratory subspecies prepare for migration by putting on weight. 10151: 4481:

Healy, Michael; Mason, Travis V.; Ricou, Laurie (2009). "'hardy/unkillable clichés': Exploring the Meanings of the Domestic Alien,

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group birds have white cheeks, as well as bright colouration on the crown, a smaller bill, and a longer black bib. The subspecies

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above and below, while the male has boldly coloured head markings, a reddish back, and grey underparts. The male has a dark grey

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17 or as few as 9. The length of the incubation period decreases as ambient temperature increases later in the breeding season.

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communally while breeding nests are usually grouped together in clumps. House sparrows also engage in social activities such as

815:, like the English word "sparrow", is a term for small active birds, coming from a root word referring to speed. The Latin word 418:

potency, commonness, and vulgarity. Though it is widespread and abundant, its numbers have declined in some areas. The animal's

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Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History) Volume V: Carinatæ (Passeriformes completed)

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estimates for the global population runs up to nearly 1.4 billion individuals, second among all wild birds perhaps only to the

9403: 9384: 9343: 9324: 9305: 9273: 9252: 9230: 9211: 9174: 9152: 9108: 9078: 9059: 9026: 8992: 8971: 8943: 8924: 8905: 8874: 8855: 8815: 7518: 6164: 5984: 5602: 4450: 3480: 3366: 2970: 1653:

around 1870, and quickly became common in most of the southern part of the continent. It now occurs almost continuously from

721:. The light brown-coloured female can often not be distinguished from other females, and is nearly identical to those of the 10244: 9484: 9480: 1606:, and it is one of the most abundant birds of the continent. The house sparrow was first introduced to Australia in 1863 at 10468: 10350: 9517: 7774: 2359:

has been detected in sparrows in northwestern China where they pose a risk due to their meat being consumed in the region.

398:

to many regions, including parts of Australasia, Africa, and the Americas, make it the most widely distributed wild bird.

9263: 7880: 5153:

Reebs, S. G.; Mrosovsky, N. (1990). "Photoperiodism in house sparrows: testing for induction with nonphotic zeitgebers".

8982: 10187: 2493:

The house sparrow has long been used as a food item. From around 1560 to at least the 19th century in northern Europe,

2325:

is common in the house sparrow, and a comprehensive study of house sparrow disease found it in 13% of sparrows tested.

921: 10394: 3791:

Packard, Gary C. (March 1967). "House Sparrows: Evolution of Populations from the Great Plains and Colorado Rockies".

7242: 4973: 4818: 17: 9470: 8526: 7746: 1937:(formerly Proteobacteria) decreasing in chicks when they get to around 9 days old, whilst the relative abundance of 1824:

to digest the harder items in its diet. Grit can be either stone, often grains of masonry, or the shells of eggs or

10463: 10402: 10164: 10130: 8753: 7027:

Cong, Wei; Huang, Si-Yang; Zhou, Dong-Hui; Zhang, Xiao-Xuan; Zhang, Nian-Zhang; Zhao, Quan; Zhu, Xing-Quan (2013).

2056: 1403: 1194:'s Atlantic coast. It hybridises extensively with the Spanish sparrow, especially in the eastern part of its range. 293: 10296: 6574: 6469: 6421: 5552: 5487: 5381: 5112: 4902: 4853: 4584: 3878: 2987: 2611:

Various causes for the dramatic decreases in population have been proposed, including predation, in particular by

713:

The house sparrow can be confused with a number of other seed-eating birds, especially its relatives in the genus

10143: 10112: 8601: 4513: 2961:

Groschupf, Kathleen (2001). "Old World Sparrows". In Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David (eds.).

763: 737:

is very similar but smaller, with less black on the male's throat and a distinct pale supercilium on the female.

7147:

Neill, S. M.; Monk, B. E.; Pembroke, A.C. (1985). "Gamasoidosis: avian mite dermatitis (Dermanyssus gallinae)".

6902: 6885: 6667: 2438: 7827: 7336: 6181: 5898: 5687: 5232: 5070: 5044: 4789: 3922: 3518: 6743: 5775:

Hatch, Margret I.; Westneat, David F. (2007). "Age-related patterns of reproductive success in house sparrows

2017:

frequently until the female is laying eggs, and the male mounts the female repeatedly each time a pair mates.

1059:

was described as a species, and was considered to be distinct by many ornithologists during the 19th century.

619: 528: 10458: 10278: 10060: 8675: 8716: 3949:

Baker, Allan J. (July 1980). "Morphometric Differentiation in New Zealand Populations of the House Sparrow (

3826:

Johnston, R. F.; Selander, R. K. (1 May 1964). "House Sparrows: Rapid Evolution of Races in North America".

9948: 9786: 9692: 9672: 9184: 5651:

Schnell, G. D.; Hellack, J. J. (1978). "Flight speeds of Brown Pelicans, Chimney Swifts, and other birds".

4316: 2247:

house sparrow lived for nearly two decades; it was found dead 19 years and 9 months after it was

10309: 10192: 9869: 9414: 2644:, the goddess of love, due to their perceived lustfulness, an association echoed by later writers such as 10453: 10226: 10034: 9972: 9939: 9796: 8490:

Summers-Smith, J. Denis (September 2007). "Is unleaded petrol a factor in urban House Sparrow decline?".

7379: 4266:"Responding to inflammatory challenges is less costly for a successful avian invader, the house sparrow ( 2219:

The chicks' eyes open after about 4 days and, at an age of about 8 days, the young birds get their first

1522: 2988:"Morphological differences among populations of house sparrows from different altitudes in Saudi Arabia" 2794: 10039: 8468: 10407: 9977: 8650: 8194: 4735: 4701: 4437:

Summers-Smith, J. D. (1990). "Changes in distribution and habitat utilisation by members of the genus

631:

Some variation is seen in the 12 subspecies of house sparrows, which are divided into two groups, the

10329: 9990: 7969:

Bell, Christopher P.; Baker, Sam W.; Parkes, Nigel G.; Brooke, M. de L.; Chamberlain, Dan E. (2010).

3145: 2670: 1669:

The house sparrow is closely associated with human habitation and cultivation. It is not an obligate

1439: 755: 3508:

González, Javier; Siow, Melanie; Garcia-del-Rey, Eduardo; Delgado, Guillermo; Wink, Michael (2008).

10304: 9510: 8367:

An investigation in to the breeding biology and nestling diet of the house sparrow in urban Britain

8239: 4397: 1687: 1435: 799: 307: 104: 10270: 8835:

United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalology Bulletin

6946: 941:

and earlier, while other evidence suggests speciation occurred 25,000 to 15,000 years ago. Within

468:

is 1.6–2.5 cm (0.63–0.98 in). Wingspan ranges from 19–25 centimetres (7.5–9.8 in).

9879: 9874: 9801: 9162: 6060:"Consistent scaling of inbreeding depression in space and time in a house sparrow metapopulation" 2907: 2574: 1095: 717:. Many of these relatives are smaller, with an appearance that is neater or "cuter", as with the 10381: 7617: 2092:

and other North American cavity nesters, and thereby contributing to their population declines.

10257: 10218: 10008: 9901: 9849: 9831: 9821: 9717: 6286: 4392: 2767: 2390: 2329:

epidemics in the spring and winter can kill large numbers of sparrows. The house sparrow hosts

2169: 2114:

House sparrows' nests support a wide range of scavenging insects, including nest flies such as

1786: 1570:, Japan. The extent of its range makes it the most widely distributed wild bird on the planet. 7092:

Poiani, A.; Goldsmith, A. R.; Evans, M. R. (23 March 2000). "Ectoparasites of house sparrows (

3507: 41: 10376: 9707: 9682: 9677: 9361: 8721: 6239: 4068:

Vaurie, Charles (1956). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 24, Ploceidae, the genera

2573:. This status came to widespread attention after a female house sparrow, referred to as the " 2227: 2075:

Nest sites are varied, though cavities are preferred. Nests are most frequently built in the

2037: 2025: 1683: 1599: 1580: 1517: 1028: 751: 730: 423: 199: 10368: 10013: 6982: 492:

of the house sparrow is mostly different shades of grey and brown. The sexes exhibit strong

10389: 9959: 9728: 9712: 9702: 9657: 9621: 9127: 8558: 8303: 8135: 7199: 7105: 6721: 6071: 6017: 5741: 4750: 4284: 3886: 3835: 3511:

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Cape Verde Sparrow based on Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA

2697: 2612: 2235: 2045: 2014: 461: 9964: 9495: 6812: 5464: 2771: 1501: 949:

black-bibbed sparrows" group and a close relative of the Mediterranean "willow sparrows".

8: 10179: 9642: 9503: 9240: 9040: 9036: 7724: 6570: 3645:, dans une région de l'ouest algérien: analyse comparative de leur morphologie externe". 2995: 2701: 2418:

lice occur across the house sparrow's body, where they feed on blood and feathers, while

2342: 2029: 2021: 1699: 1611: 1407: 1121: 832: 589: 419: 391: 297: 69: 8627: 8562: 8307: 8139: 7203: 7109: 6075: 6021: 4754: 4538: 4361: 4288: 3839: 2558:, but have even occurred in Australia, where the house sparrow was introduced recently. 1719: 1649:

also occur and thrive in urban habitats. In South America, it was first introduced near

10047: 10021: 9791: 9294: 9200: 9142: 8844: 8582: 8516: 8319: 8164: 8123: 8073: 8000: 7946: 7921: 7854: 7571: 7498: 7297: 7172: 7160: 7129: 7069: 7028: 7009: 6915: 6837: 6492: 6094: 6059: 5921: 5710: 5668: 5575: 5404: 5319: 5255: 5170: 5135: 5093: 4964: 4929: 4880: 4410: 4308: 3970: 3903: 3859: 3808: 3765: 3619: 3353: 3302: 2932: 2924: 2570: 1276: 473: 395: 272: 99: 8736: 7778: 7211: 7096:): an experimental test of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis and a new model". 5346: 2864: 10420: 10363: 10319: 10073: 10065: 9826: 9526: 9399: 9380: 9349: 9339: 9320: 9301: 9269: 9248: 9226: 9207: 9170: 9148: 9104: 9074: 9055: 9022: 8988: 8967: 8939: 8920: 8901: 8870: 8851: 8811: 8574: 8499: 8315: 8169: 8151: 8065: 7951: 7475: 7424: 7416: 7289: 7284: 7267: 7248: 7238: 7215: 7164: 7121: 7074: 7056: 7001: 6907: 6446: 6251: 6160: 6099: 6033: 6029: 5980: 5823: 5792: 5598: 4576: 4446: 4300: 3978: 3851: 3773: 3611: 3476: 3362: 2966: 2653: 2627: 2542: 2384: 2355: 2338: 2005: 1615: 1469: 965: 930: 632: 573: 493: 465: 376: 348: 166: 10026: 9131: 8323: 8004: 7575: 7301: 7176: 7013: 6841: 5174: 4414: 4312: 3863: 3623: 3212: 3143:

Vaurie, Charles; Koelz, Walter (1949). "Notes on some Ploceidae from western Asia".

2936: 10078: 9884: 9722: 9652: 9627: 9530: 9427: 8586: 8566: 8311: 8286: 8159: 8143: 8077: 8057: 8044:

Balmori, Alfonso; Hallberg, Örjan (2007). "The Urban Decline of the House Sparrow (

7990: 7941: 7933: 7846: 7563: 7467: 7406: 7279: 7207: 7156: 7133: 7113: 7064: 7048: 6993: 6897: 6827: 6484: 6089: 6079: 6025: 5913: 5815: 5788: 5702: 5660: 5631: 5567: 5396: 5315: 5247: 5166: 5162: 5127: 5085: 4921: 4872: 4758: 4716: 4494: 4402: 4292: 4244: 4085: 3962: 3895: 3843: 3800: 3757: 3603: 3150: 2916: 2789: 2554:. Declines have not been universal, as no serious declines have been reported from 2516:, was sold with similar aphrodisiac claims. Sparrows were also trapped as food for 2474: 2447: 2409: 2317: 2208: 2192:

in the ovary a few days before ovulation. In the day between ovulation and laying,

1979: 1923: 1907: 1654: 1595: 1146: 954: 791: 718: 639: 516:

social status or fitness. This hypothesis has led to a "veritable 'cottage industry

509: 311: 10169: 10117: 8190:

The provision of birds in buildings; turning buildings into bird-friendly habitats

7685:"It was once a common or garden bird. Now it's not common or in your garden. Why?" 7533: 6919: 2183:—the soft, swollen base, which becomes harder and less swollen as the bird matures 55: 10448: 10337: 10052: 9687: 9637: 9600: 9595: 9365: 9300:. illustrated by Robert Gillmor. Calton, Staffs, England: T. & A. D. Poyser. 9188: 9089: 9003: 8885: 7919: 7903:"sparrows disappearing from the skies of south Asian metropolises=6 October 2022" 7658: 7550:

De Laet, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (2007). "The status of the urban house sparrow

7456:"Three hundred years of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) persecution in Germany" 6648: 5617: 4406: 4149: 3847: 3473:

Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows

2616: 2569:

have dropped in half since the 1980s, so the house sparrow is even considered an

2368: 2346: 2122: 1547: 1543: 1385: 1242: 1220: 1187: 1039:

A large number of subspecies have been named, of which 12 were recognised in the

1004: 961: 908: 805:

The bird's scientific name and its usual English name have the same meaning. The

768: 726: 722: 501: 338: 10283: 7792: 226: 10138: 10125: 9812: 9748: 9697: 9615: 9610: 9585: 8826: 8712: 8218: 8124:"Avian malaria-mediated population decline of a widespread iconic bird species" 7920:

MacLeod, Ross; Barnett, Phil; Clark, Jacquie; Cresswell, Will (23 March 2006).

7455: 6631: 6629: 6627: 5202: 4622: 3879:"Evolution in the House Sparrow. I. Intrapopulation Variation in North America" 3592:(Vieillot 1817): Speciation by Stabilised Hybridisation? A Critical Analysis". 2620: 2555: 2551: 2513: 2498: 2451: 2164: 1968: 1934: 1927: 1814: 1797: 1567: 1421: 1019: 607:

call in great distress. Another vocalisation is the "appeasement call", a soft

561: 505: 9120:

African Handbook of Birds. Series 1: Birds of Eastern and North Eastern Africa

8061: 7567: 7471: 7411: 7394: 7052: 4296: 3607: 2226:

House sparrows in natural small populations, as can occur on islands, exhibit

2036:

House sparrows in natural small populations, as can occur on islands, exhibit

794:

and its relatives, and the house sparrow has usually been placed in the genus

705:

is larger and darker with more black on the breast than any other subspecies.

10437: 10252: 9647: 9632: 9565: 9094:(in Latin). Vol. I (10th revised ed.). Holmius: Laurentius Salvius. 8503: 8155: 7479: 7420: 7252: 7168: 7125: 7060: 7005: 6911: 6255: 4580: 3615: 3307: 3297: 2780: 2730: 2562: 2526: 2522: 2405: 2334: 2293: 2142: 1996: 1933:

The gut microbiota of house sparrows differs between chicks and adults, with

1535: 1367: 1270: 773: 759: 497: 457: 427: 216: 89: 84: 9353: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6084: 4249: 4228: 595:

Aggressive males give a trilled version of their call, transcribed as "chur-

10231: 9924: 9766: 9667: 9662: 9605: 9141:

Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).

8578: 8173: 8069: 7995: 7970: 7955: 7937: 7428: 7293: 7078: 6103: 6037: 5827: 5819: 5620:"Age-related changes in the gut microbiota of wild House Sparrow nestlings" 4543:

Western Australia Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development

4304: 3982: 3855: 3777: 2722: 2663: 2486: 2401: 2350: 2277: 2248: 2220: 2104: 1670: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1610:

and is common throughout the eastern part of the continent as far north as

1449: 1165: 919:

contains about 25 species, depending on the authority, 26 according to the

836: 734: 7922:"Mass-dependent predation risk as a mechanism for house sparrow declines?" 7395:"The Sparrow Question: Social and Scientific Accord in Britain, 1850–1900" 7235:

The clockwork sparrow: Time, clocks, and calendars in biological organisms

7219: 7117: 6678: 4826: 4498: 4039: 4037: 4035: 2067: 10265: 10200: 9933: 7375: 6884:

van Riper, Charles III; van Riper, Sandra G.; Hansen, Wallace R. (2002).

6832: 6609: 5113:"Intra- and Interspecific Aggression in House Finches and House Sparrows" 4120: 3712:

Gavrilov, E. I. (1965). "On hybridisation of Indian and House Sparrows".

3357:. In Krech III, Shepard; McNeill, John Robert; Merchant, Carolyn (eds.). 2735: 2649: 2566: 2547: 2502: 2494: 2414: 2396: 2204: 2175: 2080: 1903: 1863: 1854:

Animals form another important part of the house sparrow's diet, chiefly

1559: 1551: 1530: 1473: 1459: 1352: 1344: 1315: 1248: 946: 938: 553: 328: 10000: 8147: 8020:"Mystery of the vanishing sparrows still baffles scientists 10 years on" 4139: 1744:

The house sparrow often bathes in water (at left) or in dust (at right).

537: 10415: 10342: 10156: 9860: 7858: 6496: 5925: 5714: 5672: 5579: 5408: 5259: 5139: 5097: 4933: 4884: 4032: 3974: 3907: 3812: 3769: 2928: 2740: 2585: 2311: 2134: 2061: 1891: 1883: 1821: 1588: 1284: 1232: 1228: 1212: 1055:, are sometimes considered a third, intermediate group. The subspecies 973: 934: 576:

are variations on its short and frequent chirping call. Transcribed as

477: 9431: 8363: 7639: 6997: 5636: 5619: 5302:

Kalmus, H. (1984). "Wall clinging: energy saving by the House Sparrow

4762: 2652:. Jesus's use of "sparrows" as an example of divine providence in the 2152: 1645:

in the 1980s. Despite this rapid spread, native relatives such as the

903: 10205: 10099: 8602:"Leylandii may be to blame for house sparrow decline, say scientists" 6671: 4720: 4089: 3224: 3154: 2641: 2601: 2330: 2289: 2193: 2108: 2024:, and typically mates for life, but birds from pairs often engage in 1938: 1911: 1887: 1875: 1820:

flowers. In common with many other birds, the house sparrow requires

1789:

is rare. Head scratching is done with the leg over the drooped wing.

1760: 1679: 1607: 1584: 1555: 1417: 1413: 1381: 1340: 1252: 1129: 993: 953:

of the Mediterranean, one or both species occur, with some degree of

786: 406: 156: 116: 9895: 8984:

Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Band 14-I; Passeriformes (5. Teil)

8695: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8570: 7850: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6488: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6269: 6267: 6265: 5917: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5706: 5664: 5571: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5400: 5251: 5131: 5089: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4925: 4876: 3966: 3899: 3804: 3761: 3637:

Metzmacher, M. (1986). "Moineaux domestiques et Moineaux espagnols,

3588:

Töpfer, Till (2006). "The Taxonomic Status of the Italian Sparrow –

3042: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 1485: 10104: 10091: 9918: 9777: 9462: 9416:

Investigating the causes of the decline of the urban House Sparrow

9268:. Vol. 2 (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8770: 5553:"Reproductive Responses of Sparrows to a Superabundant Food Supply" 5505: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3268: 3266: 3241: 3239: 2920: 2588:, the house sparrow has largely vanished from major cities such as 2546:

America, where they were initially attributed to the spread of the

2517: 2420: 2297: 2285: 2281: 2197: 2189: 2146: 2089: 1756: 1642: 1465: 1373: 1336: 1179: 1154: 1125: 1032: 1013: 876: 402: 136: 9223:

The Birds of Pakistan. Volume 2: Passeriformes: Pittas to Buntings

9019:

The Natural History of Egypt, Volume I: The Birds of Ancient Egypt

8808:

Biology of the Ubiquitous House Sparrow: from Genes to Populations

8461:"Drivers and gardeners the secret behind flight of house sparrows" 8287:

Peach, W. J.; Vincent, K. E.; Fowler, J. A.; Grice, P. V. (2008).

7358: 7356: 7354: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 4480: 4326: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2260: 9985: 9548: 9490: 9140: 8686: 6702: 6690: 6592: 6503: 6422:"Parasitism of the English Sparrow on the Northern Cliff Swallow" 6345: 6262: 5873: 5846: 5427: 5015: 4946: 4264:

Lee, Kelly A.; Martin, Lynn B., 2nd; Wikelski, Martin C. (2005).

3930: 3594: 3218: 3188: 3095: 3093: 3007: 2645: 2593: 2589: 2084: 1988: 1879: 1867: 1773: 1563: 1539: 1510: 1506: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1416:, is found in the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas, in 1377: 1191: 1175: 1171: 1150: 1142: 489: 381: 8289:"Reproductive success of house sparrows along an urban gradient" 6886:"Epizootiology and Effect of Avian Pox on Hawaiian Forest Birds" 6219: 5618:

Kohl, K.D.; Brun, A.; Caviedes-Videl, E.; Karasov, W.H. (2019).

4769: 4658: 4208: 4184: 4001: 3989: 3923:"Evolution in the House Sparrow—VI. Variability and Niche Width" 3681: 3669: 3657: 3564: 3489: 3263: 3236: 3176: 2871: 2300:; on European roads, it is the bird most frequently found dead. 2157: 2060:

Female bringing food for young in a nest made in a tree hole in

1043:. These subspecies are divided into two groups, the Palaearctic 9576: 9009: 8955:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 8, Crows to Finches

8831:) in North America, Especially in its Relations to Agriculture" 8547: 8186: 7719: 7549: 7435: 7351: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6379: 6377: 6110: 5899:"Two Male House Sparrows Copulating on Ground with Same Female" 5534: 5532: 5485: 5415: 5273: 5271: 5269: 3693: 3387: 3166: 3164: 2883: 2821: 2809: 2658: 2605: 2597: 2581:

estimated to have declined in North America by 84% since 1966.

2508: 2231: 2100: 2041: 1919: 1895: 1859: 1855: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1806: 1675: 1661:, with isolated populations as far north as coastal Venezuela. 1619: 1603: 1425: 1311: 1288: 1280: 1256: 1204: 989: 777: 410: 386: 176: 126: 8399:

Reproductive success of house sparrows along an urban gradient

6207: 3301: 3105: 3090: 3054: 2656:

also inspired later references, such as that in Shakespeare's

2268:. The cats are one of the main predators of the house sparrow. 1468:, Sudan, is found in the Nile valley from Wadi Halfa south to 1255:, Iran, is found in the western and central Iran south of the 10086: 9540: 8966:. illustrated by David Quinn. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 8782: 7807: 7326: 7265: 6964: 6865: 6515: 5597:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 179–197. 3731: 3729: 2096: 2079:

and other crevices of houses. Holes in cliffs and banks, and

2076: 1871: 1844: 1840: 1695: 1445: 1389: 1183: 996:, other apparently intermediate birds are of unknown status. 985: 977: 806: 9202:

The Birds of Northern South America: An Identification Guide

8219:

De Laet, Jenny; Summers-Smith, Denis; Mallord, John (2009).

7627: 7308: 6926: 6848: 6777: 6765: 6551: 6539: 6527: 6467: 6374: 6362: 6159:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 95–121. 5956: 5932: 5756: 5529: 5444: 5361: 5266: 5201:

Lowther, Peter E.; Cink, Calvin L. (2006). Poole, A. (ed.).

4991: 4833: 4819:"Concerns about the population decline of the House Sparrow 4736:"Breeding of the House Sparrow away from Man in New Zealand" 4096: 3540: 3528: 3375: 3161: 3117: 3078: 2033:

house sparrows can recognise each other away from the nest.

1805:

As an adult, the house sparrow mostly feeds on the seeds of

1785:

Dust or water bathing is common and often occurs in groups.

1682:

640 m (2,100 ft) below ground, and feeding on the

1318:

from Gorgan to southeastern Azerbaijan. It intergrades with

750:

The house sparrow was among the first animals to be given a

9525: 9319:. illustrated by Euan Dunn. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. 9198:

Restall, Robin; Rodner, Clemencia; Lentino, Miguel (2007).

8525:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Archived from 8345: 7751: 6903:

10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0929:EAEOAP]2.0.CO;2

5979:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 87–94. 5382:"Grit Use by House Sparrows: Effects of Diet and Grit Size" 4681: 4445:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 11–29. 4108: 4049: 3399: 3320: 3316:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3066: 3030: 2666: 2538: 2373: 2363: 2180: 1899: 1810: 1625:

In southern Africa, birds of both the European subspecies (

1208: 1087: 981: 969: 372: 146: 8121: 7268:"Single origin of human commensalism in the house sparrow" 6328:

Acta Rerum Naturalium Musei Nationalis Slovaci, Bratislava

6057: 5834: 5233:"Anting in wild birds, its frequency and probable purpose" 4854:"Salinity Tolerance and Discrimination in House Sparrows ( 3726: 3423: 3200: 1950:

recorded diving and swimming short distances under water.

1598:. In North America, the house sparrow now occurs from the 1326:

to the west. It is the subspecies with the smallest range.

1283:

and southeastern Turkey to the Sinai in the west and from

669:

is paler than most subspecies, but has the grey cheeks of

414:

caterpillars, invertebrates and many other natural foods.

394:, and a large part of Asia. Its intentional or accidental 9169:. Vol. 2. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 8719:. In Cheyne, Thomas Kelley; Black, J. Sutherland (eds.). 3411: 2273: 2265: 1915: 1848: 1836: 1777:

visited by the birds prior to settling in for the night.

1772:

House sparrows sleep with the bill tucked underneath the

9133:

A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds

8980: 8865:

Blakers, M.; Davies, S. J. J. F.; Reilly, P. N. (1984).

8402:. LIPU – Passeri in crisis?. Pisa, Italy. Archived from 7873:"where have all the house sparrows gone?=6 October 2022" 7582: 7382:(Report). Madras: Department of Agriculture. p. 22. 6883: 6684: 6635: 6618: 6389: 5944: 5283: 5003: 4634: 4382: 4174: 4172: 2234:. However sparrows in such populations do not appear to 2044:. However sparrows in such populations do not appear to 1521:

House sparrows perching on a roof, during winter in the

681:

is nearly identical but smaller. Of the less widespread

546:

Heads of a male (left) and an immature or female (right)

8370:. International Ornithological Congress. Archived from 7600: 6006: 5805: 5517: 4487:

Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment

3825: 3251: 2179:

A juvenile, showing its pink bill and obvious nestling

8758: 6314: 4602: 4196: 3921:

Hamilton, Suzanne; Johnston, Richard F. (April 1978).

3552: 3332: 2766: 1124:, is found in most of Europe, across northern Asia to 9045:. Vol. II (2nd. ed.). London: R. H. Porter. 7968: 7516: 6810: 6401: 5488:"Diets of House Sparrows in Urban and Rural Habitats" 4459: 4169: 3278: 1614:, but has been prevented from establishing itself in 661:

is slightly paler than the nominate, but darker than

390:, the house sparrow is native to most of Europe, the 9197: 9117: 8048:): A Possible Link with Electromagnetic Radiation". 7603:"Changes in the House Sparrow Population in Britain" 7494:"Even sparrows don't want to live in cities anymore" 7380:

Bird friends and foes of the farmer. Bulletin No. 81

7091: 4652: 4043: 2712: 2353:

parasites, but less so in urban than in rural areas

1051:

group. Several Middle Eastern subspecies, including

9262:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). 8864: 8364:Vincent, Kate E.; Peach, Will; Fowler, Jim (2009). 8221:"Meeting on the Decline of the Urban House Sparrow 4332: 3142: 2795:

10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103818789A155522130.en

2388:, and the most common flea on the house sparrow is 9293: 9287:. New Naturalist (1st. ed.). London: Collins. 9199: 8934:Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). 8933: 8843: 8519:"Ecology and conservation of rural house sparrows" 7026: 6649:"Der es von den Dächern pfeift: Der Haussperling ( 6470:"The Avian Egg: Surface Area, Volume, and Density" 5688:"Apparent migratory behavior in the House Sparrow" 3877:Selander, Robert K.; Johnston, Richard F. (1967). 3352: 3230: 3194: 3024: 2877: 9017:Houlihan, Patrick E.; Goodman, Steven M. (1986). 8981:Glutz von Blotzheim, U. N.; Bauer, K. M. (1997). 7190:Menaker, M. (1972). "Nonvisual light reception". 7146: 6811:Erritzoe, J.; Mazgajski, T. D.; Rejt, L. (2003). 5727: 4441:". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.). 4263: 4229:"A taste for novelty in invading house sparrows, 2280:, but many other animals prey on them, including 1476:, and in eastern Sudan, northern Ethiopia to the 1424:, eastern Iran, southwestern Arabia and southern 1314:, Iran, is found along the southern coast of the 10435: 9448:The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians 9126: 9122:. Vol. 2. Toronto: Longmans, Green, and Co. 9118:Mackworth-Praed, C. W.; Grant, C. H. B. (1955). 8395: 8187:Vincent, Kate; Baker Shepherd Gillespie (2006). 6468:Paganelli, C. V.; Olszowka, A.; Ali, A. (1974). 6225: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 5071:"Aggressive Foraging Behavior in House Sparrows" 4907:Associated with the Eating of Mistletoe Berries" 4226: 3920: 3876: 3747: 2904: 2696:The house sparrow is very rarely represented in 9367:Provincial Names and Folk Lore of British Birds 9245:Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World 9016: 8776: 8427: 8043: 7374: 6752:AnAge: the Animal Ageing and Longevity Database 6157:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5977:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape 5595:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape 4443:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 260: Possibly extant and introduced (resident) 9394:Turcotte, William H.; Watts, David L. (1999). 8255: 7777:. Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. Archived from 6813:"Bird casualties on European roads – a review" 5650: 5379: 5152: 3636: 1132:. It is the most widely introduced subspecies. 960:In most of Italy, the breeding species is the 464:is 6.7–8.9 cm (2.6–3.5 in), and the 9511: 9393: 9336:On Sparrows and Man: A Love-Hate Relationship 9333: 9314: 9291: 9282: 9183: 8936:Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide 8888:différentes Nations, & les Noms vulgaires 8699: 8489: 8091: 8089: 8087: 7813: 7645: 7362: 6970: 6871: 6798: 6724:. EURING: The European Union for Bird Ringing 6708: 6696: 6603: 6509: 6356: 6273: 6135: 6044: 5884: 5867: 5774: 5728:Waddington, Don C.; Cockrem, John F. (1987). 5511: 5450: 5438: 5421: 5380:Gionfriddo, James P.; Best, Louis B. (1995). 5030: 4997: 4839: 4790:"House Sparrows Feeding at Night in New York" 4775: 4675: 4620: 4436: 4227:Martin, Lynn B. II; Fitzgerald, Lisa (2005). 4214: 4190: 4164:boxes. Lays four to five brown speckled eggs. 4126: 4102: 4026: 3995: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3570: 3546: 3534: 3517:. Systematics 2008, Göttingen. Archived from 3495: 3470: 3381: 3326: 3272: 3245: 3170: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3084: 3060: 2889: 2834: 2815: 2126:blowflies, and over 1,400 species of beetle. 1801:A female house sparrow feeding on rice grains 1102:to the paler birds of western North America. 9239: 9001: 8952: 8898:American Regional Dialects: a Word Geography 8458: 8430:"On the trail of our missing house sparrows" 7678: 7676: 7029:"Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of 6575:"The Question of Ten-day Incubation Periods" 6213: 6141: 5993: 4947:Melville, David S.; Carey, Geoff J. (1998). 4816: 4421: 4360:. Audubon Naturalist Society. Archived from 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4055: 3715:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 3393: 3072: 2965:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 562–4. 2863:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from 2457: 1874:are especially important. Various noninsect 1637:ancestry are confined to a few towns, while 889: 9261: 8914: 8648: 8599: 7441: 6154: 5475:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 5200: 5042: 4896: 4894: 3359:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History 3182: 2963:The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behaviour 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2505:properties. A traditional Indian medicine, 1496: 810: 740: 9518: 9504: 9193:. Vol. 5. London: Taylor and Francis. 9161: 8593: 8258:"Helping birds to nest on Valentine's Day" 8084: 8011: 6461: 6317:"The beetles (Coleoptera) in the nests of 5486:Gavett, Ann P.; Wakeley, James S. (1986). 5301: 4354:"The House Sparrow: Scourge or Scapegoat?" 3735: 1953: 1910:are the most abundant foods of nestlings. 1086:group birds intergrade in a large part of 225: 78: 54: 40: 9475:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 9445: 9035: 8891:(in French). Vol. IV. Paris: Bauche. 8788: 8625: 8163: 7994: 7945: 7673: 7410: 7283: 7068: 6901: 6831: 6668:"Der Haussperling: Vogel des Jahres 2002" 6521: 6315:Sustek, Zbyšek; Hokntchova, Daša (1983). 6093: 6083: 5896: 5635: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5110: 4396: 4338: 4248: 3583: 3581: 3579: 2960: 2900: 2898: 2793: 2619:, which produces toxic compounds such as 2473:Flocking and chirping together beneath a 1828:; oblong and rough grains are preferred. 1339:, is found in southern Kazakhstan to the 450: 9360: 9147:(1st. ed.). London: HarperCollins. 9098: 9087: 9052:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 8953:Cramp, S.; Perrins, C. M., eds. (1994). 8841: 8805: 8095: 8017: 7825: 7682: 7633: 7588: 7314: 6932: 6859: 6786: 6771: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6395: 6383: 6368: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5840: 5762: 5550: 5538: 5367: 5332: 5289: 5277: 5068: 5009: 4900: 4891: 4733: 4687: 4608: 4511: 4476: 4474: 4385:International Journal of Pest Management 4351: 4202: 4178: 4114: 3711: 3663: 3558: 3417: 3405: 3257: 3048: 3036: 2985: 2943: 2840: 2634: 2461: 2437: 2303: 2259: 2207:of bare skin and plays the main part in 2174: 2151: 2133: 2066: 2055: 1978: 1796: 1633:) were introduced around 1900. Birds of 1516: 1500: 1031:and young house or Spanish sparrows) in 1018: 1003: 902: 618: 432: 9412: 9220: 9049: 8883: 8846:Bird Sense: What It's Like to Be a Bird 8824: 8711: 8351: 7975:) in the Decline of the House Sparrow ( 7971:"The Role of the Eurasian Sparrowhawk ( 7189: 6665: 6182:"House Sparrows Kill Eastern Bluebirds" 6173: 5586: 5523: 5045:"Communal Nesting in the House Sparrow" 4812: 4810: 4465: 3790: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3338: 3284: 3206: 2272:The house sparrow's main predators are 14: 10436: 9450:. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: John Murray. 9206:. Vol. I. Yale University Press. 8961: 8895: 8096:McCarthy, Michael (20 November 2008). 7773:Gould, Anne Blair (29 November 2004). 7392: 6419: 6407: 6237: 6180:Gowaty, Patricia Adair (Summer 1984). 6179: 5592: 5230: 5181: 4851: 4817:van der Poel, Guus (29 January 2001). 4787: 4702:"House Sparrow breeding away from Man" 4067: 3587: 3576: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3350: 3296: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 2895: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 1090:, so this split is rarely recognised. 1078:group as a separate species. However, 623:An immature of the Indian subspecies ( 254: Extant and introduced (resident) 9900: 9899: 9499: 9465:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 9101:The Oxford Book of British Bird Names 9068: 8915:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 8626:Mukherjee, Sarah (20 November 2008). 8193:. Ecobuild exhibition. Archived from 7772: 7453: 7320: 7232: 6944: 5808:General and Comparative Endocrinology 5730:"Homing Ability of the House Sparrow" 5685: 4699: 4640: 4630:. Vol. 1. BirdLife South Africa. 4471: 3948: 2532: 1767: 1070:group were recorded overlapping with 441:An audio recording of a house sparrow 266: Possibly extinct and introduced 10330:07ec2042-0164-4dc4-a43f-f16baf7abd38 10144:8fbcce1c-df22-4ebe-abf4-28cce81df03a 9374: 8764: 8428:Clover, Charles (20 November 2008). 8050:Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 8018:McCarthy, Michael (19 August 2010). 6685:Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1997 6666:Giebing, Manfred (31 October 2006). 6636:Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1997 6619:Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1997 6569: 6439: 4807: 1641:birds have spread rapidly, reaching 1529:The house sparrow originated in the 945:, the house sparrow is part of the " 10444:IUCN Red List least concern species 9398:. University Press of Mississippi. 9265:The Birds of the Western Palearctic 8964:Cuckoos, Cowbirds, and Other Cheats 8810:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8649:Sathyendran, Nita (21 March 2012). 7793:"Sparrow death mars record attempt" 7554:in northwestern Europe: a review". 7327:Invasive Species Specialist Group. 7098:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 4624:The Atlas of Southern African Birds 4270:), than its less-invasive congener" 3435: 3129: 2781:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2753: 1780: 1750: 1279:, is found in the Middle East from 1023:A male of the migratory subspecies 24: 9042:The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds 9021:. Warminster: Aris & Philips. 8957:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8884:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). 8850:. New York: Walker & Company. 8628:"Making a garden sparrow-friendly" 8256:Butler, Daniel (2 February 2009). 8098:"Mystery of the vanishing sparrow" 7659:"Sparrow numbers 'plummet by 68%'" 7266:Sætre, G.-P.; et al. (2012). 7161:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb13013.x 7041:The Korean Journal of Parasitology 6240:"House Sparrows build roost nests" 5320:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1984.tb03667.x 4949:"Syntopy of Eurasian Tree Sparrow 4653:Restall, Rodner & Lentino 2007 4563: 2442:An immature house sparrow sleeping 2013:call to the male. Birds of a pair 1452:, is found in northeastern Arabia. 1322:in the Alborz mountains, and with 1062:Migratory birds of the subspecies 1041:Handbook of the Birds of the World 922:Handbook of the Birds of the World 25: 10480: 9456: 9413:Vincent, Kate E. (October 2005). 8651:"Spare a thought for the sparrow" 8517:Hole, D. G.; et al. (2002). 8459:Smith, Lewis (20 November 2008). 8232:International Studies on Sparrows 7683:McCarthy, Michael (16 May 2000). 7610:International Studies on Sparrows 7399:Journal of the History of Biology 7393:Holmes, Matthew (1 August 2017). 7212:10.1038/scientificamerican0372-22 5211:The Birds of North America Online 4333:Blakers, Davies & Reilly 1984 2129: 1983:A pair of the Indian subspecies ( 1926:prey from other birds, including 1484:. It has also been introduced to 1263:in eastern Iran, and Afghanistan. 937:in the genus occurred during the 708: 9446:Wilkinson, John Gardner (1847). 9334:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2005). 9315:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1992). 9292:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988). 9283:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1963). 9243:; Monroe, Burt Leavelle (1990). 9039:; Oates, Eugene William (1890). 8900:. University of Michigan Press. 8747: 8741:A Dictionary of Literary Symbols 8729: 8705: 8668: 8642: 8619: 8600:Adam, David (20 November 2009). 8541: 8510: 8483: 8452: 8421: 8389: 8357: 8316:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00209.x 8280: 8249: 8212: 8180: 8115: 8037: 7962: 7913: 7895: 7865: 7819: 7785: 7766: 7739: 7707: 7651: 7601:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2005). 7594: 7543: 7510: 7486: 7447: 7386: 7368: 7285:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02470.x 7259: 7226: 7183: 7140: 7085: 7020: 6976: 6938: 6877: 6804: 6736: 6714: 6659: 6641: 6563: 6420:Stoner, Dayton (December 1939). 6413: 6308: 6279: 6231: 6030:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05490.x 5968: 5890: 5799: 5793:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.04044.x 5768: 5721: 5679: 5644: 5611: 5544: 5479: 5462: 5456: 5373: 5326: 5295: 5224: 5146: 5104: 5062: 5036: 4734:Wodzicki, Kazimierz (May 1956). 4512:Marshall, Peyton (14 May 2014). 4044:Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1955 3231:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993 3195:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993 3025:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993 2878:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993 2715: 2264:A male sparrow being eaten by a 1727: 1718: 823:, chiefly in North America; and 536: 527: 103: 10193:house-sparrow-passer-domesticus 9426:(PhD). De Montfort University. 9136:. Vol. II (4th. ed.). 9002:Haverschmidt, François (1949). 8919:. London: Chatto & Windus. 8725:. Vol. 4. Toronto: Morang. 7879:. 25 March 2019. Archived from 7272:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6945:Young, Emma (1 November 2000). 6449:. British Trust for Ornithology 6447:"BTO Bird facts: House Sparrow" 4940: 4845: 4781: 4727: 4693: 4614: 4557: 4531: 4505: 4376: 4257: 4220: 4132: 4061: 3942: 3914: 3870: 3819: 3784: 3741: 3705: 3630: 3501: 3344: 3290: 2550:, but have been most severe in 1573: 9463:Explore Species: House Sparrow 9071:Naturalised Birds of the World 8869:. Melbourne University Press. 8798: 7826:Bergtold, W. H. (April 1921). 7517:Daniels, R. J. Ranjit (2008). 7502:. 13 June 2005. Archived from 7149:British Journal of Dermatology 5167:10.1086/physzool.63.3.30156230 5043:McGillivray, W. Bruce (1980). 4788:Brooke, R. K. (January 1973). 2979: 2446:House sparrows express strong 2145:usually comprise four or five 1360:exceptional record from Sudan. 1098:even gave the subspecies name 867:, mainly in northern England; 859:, mainly in southern England; 649:group have grey cheeks, while 445: 409:, polar regions, and hot, dry 13: 1: 8867:The Atlas of Australian Birds 8523:Ecology of Threatened Species 8225:: Newcastle 2009 (24–25 Feb)" 6655:(in German). nature-rings.de. 5335:"The Adaptable House Sparrow" 5069:Johnston, Richard F. (1969). 2746: 2433: 2412:on the house sparrow's body. 1944: 1629:) and the Indian subspecies ( 1259:mountains, intergrading with 1215:, Sudan. It intergrades with 999: 790:came to be used only for the 9787:Yellow-throated bush sparrow 9693:Southern grey-headed sparrow 9673:Northern grey-headed sparrow 9130:; Tegetmeier, W. B. (1896). 9054:. London: Christopher Helm. 8938:. London: Christopher Helm. 7795:. BBC News. 19 November 2005 7661:. BBC News. 20 November 2008 7532:(11): 1527–8. Archived from 6722:"European Longevity Records" 6226:Morris & Tegetmeier 1896 6189:Journal of Field Ornithology 5052:Journal of Field Ornithology 4407:10.1080/09670870310001647650 4129:, pp. 129–137, 280–283. 3848:10.1126/science.144.3618.548 3475:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 3051:, pp. 224–225, 244–245. 2986:Felemban, Hassan M. (1997). 2255: 1709: 1207:, Egypt, is found along the 798:created by French zoologist 758:, since it was described by 614: 7: 10469:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 9797:Yellow-spotted bush sparrow 9225:. Oxford University Press. 9103:. Oxford University Press. 9069:Lever, Christopher (2005). 9005:The Life of the White Stork 8825:Barrows, Walter B. (1889). 8777:Houlihan & Goodman 1986 7460:Archives of Natural History 7329:"ISSG Database: Ecology of 7233:Tatem, Sue Binkley (1990). 6670:(in German). Archived from 5333:Stidolph, R. D. H. (1974). 4901:Walsberg, Glenn E. (1975). 4852:Minock, Michael E. (1969). 2708: 2241: 1974: 898: 476:), both between and within 10: 10485: 9978:Passer_(Passer)_domesticus 9379:. Animal. Reaktion Books. 9088:Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). 9050:Jobling, James A. (2009). 8128:Royal Society Open Science 7519:"Can we save the sparrow?" 5897:Brackbill, Hervey (1969). 5111:Kalinoski, Ronald (1975). 4903:"Digestive Adaptations of 4514:"The Truth About Sparrows" 3361:. Vol. 3. Routledge. 2788:: e.T103818789A155522130. 2677: 2424:lice feed on feathers and 2051: 1792: 1664: 1546:, southern South America, 1380:, is found in the western 1333:Zarudny and Kudashev, 1916 1308:Zarudny and Kudashev, 1916 1231:. It has been recorded in 1010:P. d. balearoibericus 839:. Dialectal names include 772:. It was described from a 677:is paler and smaller, and 659:P. d. balearoibericus 483: 9908: 9858: 9840: 9810: 9775: 9757: 9738: 9574: 9556: 9538: 9370:. London: Trübner and Co. 9247:. Yale University Press. 9073:. T. & A. D. Poyser. 8896:Carver, Craig M. (1987). 8806:Anderson, Ted R. (2006). 8407:(PowerPoint presentation) 8396:Vincent, Kate E. (2009). 8375:(PowerPoint presentation) 8198:(PowerPoint presentation) 8062:10.1080/15368370701410558 7775:"House sparrow dwindling" 7568:10.1007/s10336-007-0154-0 7472:10.3366/anh.2007.34.2.307 7412:10.1007/s10739-016-9455-6 7053:10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.363 6334:: 119–134. Archived from 5551:Anderson, Ted R. (1977). 4957:in Inner Mongolia, China" 4297:10.1007/s00442-005-0113-5 4153:. Bermuda Audubon Society 4082:American Museum Novitates 3649:(in French and English). 3608:10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.8 3382:Turcotte & Watts 1999 3146:American Museum Novitates 2671:His Eye Is on the Sparrow 2458:Relationships with humans 1008:A male of the subspecies 756:biological classification 701:is larger and paler, and 673:group birds. The similar 278: 271: 233: 224: 205: 198: 100:Scientific classification 98: 76: 67: 62: 53: 48: 39: 34: 9221:Roberts, Tom J. (1992). 9099:Lockwood, W. B. (1984). 8962:Davies, Nick B. (2000). 8436:. London. Archived from 8264:. London. Archived from 7648:, pp. 157–158, 296. 6064:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 5781:Journal of Avian Biology 4056:Cramp & Perrins 1994 3666:, pp. 13–18, 25–26. 3394:Sibley & Monroe 1990 3073:Cramp & Perrins 1994 2525:for conservation on the 2156:A hatchling with yellow 1688:Midwestern United States 1497:Distribution and habitat 1392:. It is migratory, like 1227:in a narrow zone around 1201:Nicoll and Bonhote, 1909 1047:group, and the Oriental 800:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 784:. Later, the genus name 754:in the modern system of 745: 741:Taxonomy and systematics 567: 10464:Birds described in 1758 9875:Rufous-necked snowfinch 9802:Yellow-throated sparrow 9338:. Guisborough: author. 8238:: 17–32. Archived from 7616:: 23–37. Archived from 7562:(Supplement 2): 275–8. 7442:Cocker & Mabey 2005 6289:Neottiophilum praeustum 6085:10.1073/pnas.1909599117 5686:Broun, Maurice (1972). 5345:(1): 88. Archived from 3313:Encyclopædia Britannica 3183:Snow & Perrins 1998 2908:The American Naturalist 2071:Sparrow in a ventilator 1954:Dispersal and migration 1149:, southern France, the 1096:Harry Church Oberholser 831:, for the birds of the 496:: the female is mostly 9870:Père David's snowfinch 9850:White-rumped snowfinch 9832:Black-winged snowfinch 9822:White-winged snowfinch 9718:Arabian golden sparrow 9487:at Birds of Kazakhstan 9167:The Bird Life of Texas 8842:Birkhead, Tim (2012). 8827:"The English Sparrow ( 7996:10.1525/auk.2009.09108 7938:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0421 7828:"The English Sparrow ( 7556:Journal of Ornithology 6238:Jansen, R. R. (1983). 5820:10.1006/gcen.2000.7455 5231:Potter, E. F. (1970). 3351:Saikku, Mikko (2004). 2768:BirdLife International 2478: 2443: 2427:Philopterus fringillae 2391:Ceratophyllus gallinae 2269: 2203:The female develops a 2184: 2170:American cliff swallow 2160: 2139: 2117:Neottiophilum praestum 2072: 2064: 2026:extra-pair copulations 1991: 1802: 1657:to the fringes of the 1602:of Canada to southern 1526: 1514: 1347:. It intergrades with 1343:and northern Iran and 1036: 1016: 972:, the Italian sparrow 912: 890: 811: 628: 451:Measurements and shape 442: 10377:Paleobiology Database 9708:Eurasian tree sparrow 9683:Parrot-billed sparrow 9420:population in Britain 9317:In Search of Sparrows 8722:Encyclopaedia Biblica 8245:on 24 September 2011. 7832:) and the Automobile" 7118:10.1007/s002650050660 6522:Hume & Oates 1890 5514:, pp. 35, 38–39. 5155:Physiological Zoology 4972:: 125. Archived from 4700:Hobbs, J. N. (1955). 4352:Franklin, K. (2007). 4322:on 21 September 2006. 4250:10.1093/beheco/ari044 3219:Mullarney et al. 1999 3185:, pp. 1061–1064. 2635:Cultural associations 2631:state bird of Delhi. 2613:Eurasian sparrowhawks 2483:P. d. bactrianus 2472: 2441: 2366:found on sparrows is 2304:Parasites and disease 2263: 2228:inbreeding depression 2178: 2155: 2137: 2070: 2059: 2038:inbreeding depression 2020:The house sparrow is 1982: 1961:P. d. bactrianus 1800: 1684:Empire State Building 1635:P. d. domesticus 1627:P. d. domesticus 1600:Northwest Territories 1581:Eurasian tree sparrow 1520: 1504: 1394:P. d. bactrianus 1247:, described from the 1136:P. d. balearoibericus 1084:P. d. domesticus 1072:P. d. domesticus 1064:P. d. bactrianus 1045:P. d. domesticus 1029:Eurasian tree sparrow 1025:P. d. bactrianus 1022: 1007: 933:studies suggest that 906: 731:Eurasian tree sparrow 699:P. d. bactrianus 671:P. d. domesticus 655:P. d. tingitanus 647:P. d. domesticus 643:P. d. domesticus 627:) in Rajasthan, India 622: 440: 10459:Stored-product pests 10139:Fauna Europaea (new) 9880:Blanford's snowfinch 9729:Passer predomesticus 9713:Sudan golden sparrow 9622:Plain-backed sparrow 9396:Birds of Mississippi 9241:Sibley, Charles Gald 9185:Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 9163:Oberholser, Harry C. 8333:on 24 September 2015 7781:on 27 November 2005. 7037:) in Lanzhou, China" 6833:10.3161/068.038.0204 6674:on 22 November 2007. 6571:Nice, Margaret Morse 5473:Animal Diversity Web 4829:on 13 February 2005. 3432:, pp. 162, 199. 2698:ancient Egyptian art 2430:occurs on the head. 1967:, are predominantly 1100:P. d. plecticus 895:, in North America. 829:Indian house sparrow 679:P. d. niloticus 667:P. d. bibilicus 663:P. d. bibilicus 645:group. Birds of the 597:chur-r-r-it-it-it-it 9643:Abd al-Kuri sparrow 9618:or cinnamon sparrow 8791:, pp. 211–212. 8779:, pp. 136–137. 8702:, pp. 49, 215. 8676:"Save our sparrows" 8563:2002Natur.418..931H 8354:, pp. 265–270. 8308:2008AnCon..11..493P 8296:Animal Conservation 8268:on 13 February 2009 8262:The Daily Telegraph 8148:10.1098/rsos.182197 8140:2019RSOS....682197D 7636:, pp. 229–300. 7444:, pp. 436–443. 7317:, pp. 425–429. 7204:1972SciAm.226c..22M 7192:Scientific American 7110:2000BEcoS..47..230P 7033:in House Sparrows ( 6935:, pp. 427–429. 6862:, pp. 311–317. 6789:, pp. 304–306. 6774:, pp. 333–336. 6711:, pp. 137–141. 6699:, pp. 154–155. 6638:, pp. 105–115. 6606:, pp. 149–150. 6582:The Wilson Bulletin 6560:, pp. 176–177. 6548:, pp. 173–175. 6536:, pp. 175–176. 6524:, pp. 169–151. 6512:, pp. 201–204. 6386:, pp. 145–146. 6371:, pp. 157–172. 6359:, pp. 148–149. 6276:, pp. 131–132. 6076:2020PNAS..11714584N 6022:2012MolEc..21.1487B 5965:, pp. 143–144. 5941:, pp. 141–142. 5887:, pp. 142–143. 5870:, pp. 144–147. 5765:, pp. 135–136. 5740:(1). Archived from 5541:, pp. 276–279. 5495:The Wilson Bulletin 5441:, pp. 159–161. 5370:, pp. 279–281. 5280:, pp. 273–275. 5033:, pp. 139–142. 4823:in the Netherlands" 4778:, pp. 128–132. 4755:1956EmuAO..56..146W 4690:, pp. 424–425. 4678:, pp. 137–138. 4643:, pp. 210–212. 4499:10.1093/isle/isp025 4289:2005Oecol.145..243L 4217:, pp. 293–296. 4193:, pp. 171–173. 4117:, pp. 5, 9–12. 4046:, pp. 870–871. 4029:, pp. 126–128. 3998:, pp. 133–135. 3840:1964Sci...144..548J 3690:, pp. 169–170. 3678:, pp. 121–126. 3573:, pp. 126–127. 3498:, pp. 253–254. 3408:, pp. 114–146. 3396:, pp. 669–670. 3275:, pp. 114–115. 3248:, pp. 121–122. 3233:, pp. 463–465. 3221:, pp. 342–343. 3209:, pp. 472–477. 3039:, pp. 202–203. 2996:The Wilson Bulletin 2892:, pp. 118–121. 2867:on 4 December 2010. 2837:, pp. 116–117. 2818:, pp. 307–313. 2702:Egyptian hieroglyph 2196:forms, followed by 2163:Some intraspecific 1700:Maud Doria Haviland 1320:P. d. persicus 1190:in Algeria, and to 1122:nominate subspecies 1053:P. d. biblicus 833:Indian subcontinent 782:Fringilla domestica 687:P. d. hyrcanus 675:P. d. persicus 590:European greenfinch 572:Most house sparrow 420:conservation status 392:Mediterranean Basin 325:Passer rufidorsalis 283:Fringilla domestica 70:Conservation status 10454:Cosmopolitan birds 10022:BirdLife-Australia 9792:Sahel bush sparrow 9678:Swainson's sparrow 9527:Old World sparrows 9375:Todd, Kim (2012). 9144:Collins Bird Guide 8700:Summers-Smith 1963 8440:on 1 February 2009 8409:on 25 January 2011 7814:Summers-Smith 1988 7646:Summers-Smith 1988 7506:on 11 August 2011. 7499:The Times of India 7454:Seitz, J. (2007). 7363:Summers-Smith 2005 6971:Summers-Smith 1963 6872:Summers-Smith 1963 6820:Acta Ornithologica 6799:Summers-Smith 1992 6709:Summers-Smith 1988 6697:Summers-Smith 1988 6604:Summers-Smith 1988 6510:Ogilvie-Grant 1912 6357:Summers-Smith 1988 6274:Summers-Smith 1963 6136:Summers-Smith 1963 5885:Summers-Smith 1988 5868:Summers-Smith 1988 5512:Summers-Smith 1963 5451:Summers-Smith 1963 5439:Summers-Smith 1988 5422:Summers-Smith 1963 5031:Summers-Smith 1988 4998:Summers-Smith 1988 4953:and House Sparrow 4905:Phainopepla nitens 4840:Summers-Smith 1988 4776:Summers-Smith 1992 4676:Summers-Smith 1988 4237:Behavioral Ecology 4215:Summers-Smith 1988 4191:Summers-Smith 1963 4127:Summers-Smith 1988 4103:Summers-Smith 1988 4027:Summers-Smith 1988 3996:Summers-Smith 1988 3793:Systematic Zoology 3702:, pp. 22, 27. 3700:Summers-Smith 1992 3688:Summers-Smith 1988 3676:Summers-Smith 1988 3571:Summers-Smith 1988 3547:Summers-Smith 1988 3535:Summers-Smith 1988 3496:Summers-Smith 1988 3327:Summers-Smith 1988 3273:Summers-Smith 1988 3246:Summers-Smith 1988 3171:Summers-Smith 1988 3124:Summers-Smith 1988 3112:Summers-Smith 1963 3100:Summers-Smith 1963 3085:Summers-Smith 1963 3061:Summers-Smith 1963 2890:Summers-Smith 1988 2835:Summers-Smith 1988 2816:Summers-Smith 1988 2571:endangered species 2533:Population decline 2479: 2444: 2372:, the most common 2270: 2185: 2161: 2140: 2073: 2065: 1992: 1985:P. d. indicus 1965:P. d. parkini 1878:are eaten, as are 1803: 1768:Sleep and roosting 1639:P. d. indicus 1631:P. d. indicus 1527: 1515: 1456:P. d. rufidorsalis 1245:and Kudashev, 1916 1174:, is found in the 1145:, is found in the 1080:P. d. indicus 1076:P. d. indicus 1068:P. d. indicus 1057:P. d. indicus 1049:P. d. indicus 1037: 1017: 913: 887:, from the German 703:P. d. parkini 695:P. d. hufufae 691:P. d. indicus 685:group subspecies, 683:P. d. indicus 651:P. d. indicus 636:P. d. indicus 629: 625:P. d. indicus 443: 335:Passer engimaticus 248: Non-breeding 191:P. domesticus 10431: 10430: 10421:Passer domesticus 10364:Open Tree of Life 9965:Passer_domesticus 9940:Passer domesticus 9910:Passer domesticus 9902:Taxon identifiers 9893: 9892: 9827:Tibetan snowfinch 9703:Zarudny's sparrow 9658:Shelley's sparrow 9491:World Sparrow Day 9418:Passer domesticus 9405:978-1-57806-110-5 9386:978-1-86189-875-3 9362:Swainson, William 9345:978-0-9525383-2-5 9326:978-0-85661-073-8 9307:978-0-85661-048-6 9285:The House Sparrow 9275:978-0-19-854099-1 9254:978-0-300-04969-5 9232:978-0-19-577405-4 9213:978-0-300-10862-0 9176:978-0-292-70711-5 9154:978-0-00-219728-1 9110:978-0-19-214155-2 9080:978-0-7136-7006-6 9061:978-1-4081-2501-4 9028:978-0-85668-283-4 8994:978-3-923527-00-7 8973:978-0-85661-135-3 8945:978-0-7136-8017-1 8926:978-0-7011-6907-7 8907:978-0-472-10076-7 8876:978-0-522-84285-2 8857:978-0-8027-7966-3 8829:Passer domesticus 8817:978-0-19-530411-4 8767:, pp. 56–58. 8529:on 3 January 2010 8223:Passer domesticus 8046:Passer domesticus 7977:Passer domesticus 7883:on 6 October 2022 7830:Passer domesticus 7552:Passer domesticus 7365:, pp. 29–35. 7331:Passer domesticus 7237:. Prentice Hall. 7094:Passer domesticus 7035:Passer domesticus 7031:Toxoplasma gondii 6998:10.1111/ibi.12699 6947:"Sparrow suspect" 6801:, pp. 30–33. 6746:Passer domesticus 6744:"AnAge entry for 6687:, pp. 79–89. 6651:Passer domesticus 6341:on 28 March 2012. 6216:, pp. 33–34. 6214:Haverschmidt 1949 6166:978-83-01-08460-8 6138:, pp. 52–57. 5986:978-83-01-08460-8 5843:, pp. 47–48. 5777:Passer domesticus 5637:10.1111/ibi.12618 5604:978-83-01-08460-8 5467:Passer domesticus 5424:, pp. 34–35. 5304:Passer domesticus 5205:Passer domesticus 4856:Passer domesticus 4821:Passer domesticus 4763:10.1071/mu956143e 4483:Passer domesticus 4452:978-83-01-08460-8 4268:Passer domesticus 4231:Passer domesticus 4142:Passer domesticus 3951:Passer domesticus 3834:(3618): 548–550. 3643:P. hispaniolensis 3639:Passer domesticus 3482:978-84-96553-50-7 3420:, pp. 60–62. 3368:978-0-415-93735-1 3114:, pp. 31–32. 3102:, pp. 30–31. 3063:, pp. 26–30. 2972:978-0-7136-6250-4 2774:Passer domesticus 2693: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2654:Gospel of Matthew 2628:World Sparrow Day 2543:red-billed quelea 2470: 2448:circadian rhythms 2408:occupy different 2385:Ixodes arboricola 2356:Toxoplasma gondii 1886:where available, 1736: 1616:Western Australia 1464:, described from 1463: 1444:, described from 1443: 1412:, described from 1411: 1372:, described from 1371: 1335:, described from 1334: 1310:, described from 1309: 1275:, described from 1274: 1246: 1203:, described from 1202: 1170:, described from 1169: 1141:, described from 1140: 1139:von Jordans, 1923 1119: 966:hybrid speciation 931:Mitochondrial DNA 438: 368:Passer domesticus 359: 358: 352: 342: 332: 322: 315: 301: 287: 209:Passer domesticus 93: 18:Passer domesticus 16:(Redirected from 10476: 10424: 10423: 10411: 10410: 10398: 10397: 10385: 10384: 10372: 10371: 10359: 10358: 10346: 10345: 10333: 10332: 10323: 10322: 10313: 10312: 10300: 10299: 10287: 10286: 10284:NHMSYS0000530537 10274: 10273: 10261: 10260: 10248: 10247: 10235: 10234: 10222: 10221: 10209: 10208: 10196: 10195: 10183: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10160: 10159: 10147: 10146: 10134: 10133: 10121: 10120: 10108: 10107: 10095: 10094: 10082: 10081: 10069: 10068: 10056: 10055: 10043: 10042: 10030: 10029: 10017: 10016: 10004: 10003: 9994: 9993: 9991:240E33900CE34D44 9981: 9980: 9968: 9967: 9955: 9954: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9897: 9896: 9885:Afghan snowfinch 9723:Chestnut sparrow 9653:Kordofan sparrow 9628:Dead Sea sparrow 9520: 9513: 9506: 9497: 9496: 9451: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9425: 9409: 9390: 9371: 9357: 9330: 9311: 9299: 9288: 9279: 9258: 9236: 9217: 9205: 9194: 9180: 9158: 9137: 9123: 9114: 9095: 9084: 9065: 9046: 9032: 9013: 8998: 8977: 8958: 8949: 8930: 8917:Birds Britannica 8911: 8892: 8880: 8861: 8849: 8838: 8821: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8754:Matthew 10:29–31 8751: 8745: 8744: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8684: 8683: 8682:. 11 March 2013. 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8467:. Archived from 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8408: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8376: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8332: 8326:. Archived from 8293: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8229: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8199: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8167: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8093: 8082: 8081: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8015: 8009: 8008: 7998: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7836: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7723:. Archived from 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7691:. Archived from 7680: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7623:on 7 March 2012. 7622: 7607: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7539:on 23 June 2017. 7538: 7523: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7414: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7335:. Archived from 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7287: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7072: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6905: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6817: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6622: 6616: 6607: 6601: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6426: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6325: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6260: 6259: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6186: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6152: 6139: 6133: 6108: 6107: 6097: 6087: 6070:(25): 14584–92. 6055: 6042: 6041: 6004: 5991: 5990: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5903: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5871: 5865: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5692: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5463:Roof, Jennifer. 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5386: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5264: 5263: 5237: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5203:"House Sparrow ( 5198: 5179: 5178: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5117: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5075: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4961: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4911: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4862: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4825:. Archived from 4814: 4805: 4804: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4721:10.1071/MU955202 4706: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4590:on 18 March 2016 4589: 4583:. Archived from 4570: 4564:Massam, Marion. 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4478: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4434: 4419: 4418: 4400: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4315:. Archived from 4274: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4140:"House Sparrow: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4030: 4024: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3585: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3516: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3468: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3005: 3004: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2958: 2941: 2940: 2915:(955): 373–390. 2902: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2853: 2838: 2832: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2764: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2477:light in Germany 2475:fluorescent tube 2471: 2318:Escherichia coli 2236:avoid inbreeding 2165:brood parasitism 2046:avoid inbreeding 1781:Body maintenance 1751:Social behaviour 1738: 1737: 1722: 1655:Tierra del Fuego 1458: 1434: 1402: 1388:to southeastern 1366: 1332: 1330:P. d. bactrianus 1307: 1269: 1241: 1200: 1163: 1161:P. d. tingitanus 1147:Balearic Islands 1138: 1117: 1115:P. d. domesticus 1107:P. d. domesticus 909:Italian sparrows 893: 814: 792:common chaffinch 780:, with the name 727:Italian sparrows 719:Dead Sea sparrow 540: 531: 519: 439: 347: 337: 327: 320: 318:Passer confucius 306: 292: 285: 265: 259: 253: 247: 241: 229: 211: 108: 107: 87: 82: 81: 58: 44: 32: 31: 21: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10419: 10414: 10406: 10401: 10393: 10388: 10380: 10375: 10367: 10362: 10354: 10349: 10341: 10338:Observation.org 10336: 10328: 10326: 10318: 10316: 10308: 10303: 10295: 10290: 10282: 10277: 10269: 10264: 10256: 10251: 10243: 10238: 10230: 10225: 10217: 10212: 10204: 10199: 10191: 10186: 10178: 10176: 10168: 10163: 10155: 10150: 10142: 10137: 10129: 10124: 10116: 10111: 10103: 10098: 10090: 10085: 10077: 10072: 10064: 10059: 10051: 10046: 10038: 10033: 10025: 10020: 10012: 10007: 9999: 9997: 9989: 9984: 9976: 9971: 9963: 9958: 9952: 9947: 9938: 9937: 9932: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9904: 9894: 9889: 9854: 9836: 9806: 9771: 9753: 9742: 9734: 9688:Swahili sparrow 9638:Socotra sparrow 9624:or Pegu sparrow 9601:Italian sparrow 9596:Spanish sparrow 9570: 9552: 9534: 9524: 9459: 9454: 9436: 9434: 9423: 9406: 9387: 9346: 9327: 9308: 9276: 9255: 9233: 9214: 9177: 9155: 9111: 9081: 9062: 9029: 8995: 8987:. AULA-Verlag. 8974: 8946: 8927: 8908: 8877: 8858: 8818: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8752: 8748: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8710: 8706: 8698: 8687: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8657: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8624: 8620: 8610: 8608: 8598: 8594: 8571:10.1038/418931a 8557:(6901): 931–2. 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8515: 8511: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8472: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8377:on 26 July 2011 8374: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8254: 8250: 8242: 8227: 8217: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8200:on 26 July 2011 8197: 8185: 8181: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8102:The Independent 8094: 8085: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8024:The Independent 8016: 8012: 7973:Accipiter nisus 7967: 7963: 7926:Biology Letters 7918: 7914: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7851:10.2307/4073887 7834: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7747:"House sparrow" 7745: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7728: 7715:"House sparrow" 7713: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7689:The Independent 7681: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7526:Current Science 7521: 7515: 7511: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7391: 7387: 7376:Susainathan, P. 7373: 7369: 7361: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7339:on 11 June 2011 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7264: 7260: 7245: 7231: 7227: 7188: 7184: 7145: 7141: 7090: 7086: 7025: 7021: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6953: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6849: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6664: 6660: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6625: 6621:, p. 60ff. 6617: 6610: 6602: 6593: 6577: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6489:10.2307/1366345 6472: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6429:Wilson Bulletin 6424: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6390: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6346: 6338: 6323: 6319:Delichon urbica 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6263: 6236: 6232: 6228:, pp. 8–9. 6224: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6184: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6153: 6142: 6134: 6111: 6056: 6045: 6005: 5994: 5987: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5918:10.2307/4083563 5901: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5874: 5866: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5804: 5800: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5744:on 13 July 2019 5726: 5722: 5707:10.2307/4084073 5690: 5684: 5680: 5665:10.2307/4512338 5649: 5645: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5591: 5587: 5572:10.2307/1367163 5555: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5530: 5526:, pp. 2–3. 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5401:10.2307/1368983 5384: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5349:on 13 July 2019 5331: 5327: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5267: 5252:10.2307/4083703 5235: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5199: 5182: 5151: 5147: 5132:10.2307/1366086 5115: 5109: 5105: 5090:10.2307/4083421 5073: 5067: 5063: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4979:on 10 June 2011 4976: 4959: 4951:Passer montanus 4945: 4941: 4926:10.2307/1365787 4909: 4899: 4892: 4877:10.2307/1366060 4860: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4815: 4808: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4510: 4506: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4435: 4422: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4364:on 4 March 2009 4358:Naturalist News 4350: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4272: 4262: 4258: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4170: 4156: 4154: 4150:Audubon Society 4138: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4033: 4025: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3967:10.2307/2408018 3947: 3943: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3900:10.2307/1366314 3881: 3875: 3871: 3824: 3820: 3805:10.2307/2411519 3789: 3785: 3762:10.2307/2406496 3746: 3742: 3738:, p. 1009. 3736:Oberholser 1974 3734: 3727: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3635: 3631: 3586: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3524:on 7 July 2011. 3521: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3469: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3354:"House Sparrow" 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3303:"Sparrow" 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3162: 3141: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3008: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2959: 2944: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2861:All About Birds 2857:"House Sparrow" 2855: 2854: 2841: 2833: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2765: 2754: 2749: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2694: 2637: 2617:unleaded petrol 2535: 2462: 2460: 2436: 2369:Proctophyllodes 2347:West Nile virus 2306: 2258: 2244: 2132: 2123:Protocalliphora 2054: 1977: 1956: 1947: 1928:American robins 1795: 1783: 1770: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1712: 1706: 1667: 1576: 1548:southern Africa 1544:Central America 1505:By a nest in a 1499: 1386:Pamir Mountains 1324:P. d. bibilicus 1198:P. d. niloticus 1002: 962:Italian sparrow 901: 821:English sparrow 769:Systema Naturae 752:scientific name 748: 743: 711: 689:is larger than 638:group, and the 617: 603:, and a shrill 570: 550: 549: 548: 547: 543: 542: 541: 533: 532: 517: 486: 474:Bergmann's rule 453: 448: 433: 355: 354: 343: 333: 323: 321:Bonaparte, 1853 316: 304:Passer arboreus 302: 288: 267: 263: 261: 257: 255: 251: 249: 245: 243: 239: 220: 213: 207: 194: 102: 94: 83: 79: 72: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10482: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10412: 10399: 10386: 10373: 10360: 10347: 10334: 10324: 10314: 10301: 10288: 10275: 10262: 10249: 10236: 10223: 10210: 10197: 10184: 10174: 10161: 10148: 10135: 10126:Fauna Europaea 10122: 10109: 10096: 10083: 10070: 10057: 10044: 10031: 10018: 10005: 9995: 9982: 9969: 9956: 9945: 9930: 9914: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9866: 9864: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9846: 9844: 9842:Onychostruthus 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9813:Montifringilla 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9763: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9749:Pale rockfinch 9745: 9743: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9698:Desert sparrow 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9619: 9616:Russet sparrow 9613: 9611:Somali sparrow 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9586:Saxaul sparrow 9582: 9580: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9562: 9560: 9558:Hypocryptadius 9554: 9553: 9546: 9544: 9536: 9535: 9523: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9481:Indian sparrow 9478: 9467: 9466: 9458: 9457:External links 9455: 9453: 9452: 9443: 9410: 9404: 9391: 9385: 9372: 9358: 9344: 9331: 9325: 9312: 9306: 9289: 9280: 9274: 9259: 9253: 9237: 9231: 9218: 9212: 9195: 9181: 9175: 9159: 9153: 9138: 9124: 9115: 9109: 9096: 9085: 9079: 9066: 9060: 9047: 9037:Hume, Allan O. 9033: 9027: 9014: 9012:: E. J. Brill. 8999: 8993: 8978: 8972: 8959: 8950: 8944: 8931: 8925: 8912: 8906: 8893: 8881: 8875: 8862: 8856: 8839: 8822: 8816: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8789:Wilkinson 1847 8781: 8769: 8757: 8746: 8728: 8713:Shipley, A. E. 8704: 8685: 8667: 8641: 8618: 8592: 8540: 8509: 8482: 8471:on 4 June 2011 8451: 8420: 8388: 8356: 8344: 8279: 8248: 8211: 8179: 8114: 8083: 8056:(2): 141–151. 8036: 8010: 7989:(2): 411–420. 7961: 7912: 7894: 7864: 7845:(2): 244–250. 7818: 7816:, p. 156. 7806: 7784: 7765: 7738: 7727:on 3 July 2011 7706: 7695:on 6 June 2011 7672: 7650: 7638: 7626: 7593: 7591:, p. 320. 7581: 7542: 7509: 7485: 7466:(2): 307–317. 7446: 7434: 7405:(3): 645–671. 7385: 7367: 7350: 7319: 7307: 7278:(4): 788–796. 7258: 7243: 7225: 7182: 7139: 7104:(4): 230–242. 7084: 7019: 6992:(1): 201–214. 6975: 6973:, p. 129. 6963: 6937: 6925: 6896:(4): 929–942. 6876: 6874:, p. 128. 6864: 6847: 6803: 6791: 6776: 6764: 6735: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6658: 6640: 6623: 6608: 6591: 6562: 6550: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6502: 6483:(3): 319–325. 6460: 6438: 6412: 6400: 6398:, p. 319. 6388: 6373: 6361: 6344: 6307: 6278: 6261: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6172: 6165: 6140: 6109: 6043: 6016:(6): 1487–99. 5992: 5985: 5967: 5955: 5953:, p. 145. 5943: 5931: 5889: 5872: 5845: 5833: 5814:(1): 173–183. 5798: 5787:(5): 603–611. 5767: 5755: 5720: 5678: 5659:(2): 108–112. 5643: 5630:(2): 184–191. 5610: 5603: 5585: 5543: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5478: 5469:house sparrow" 5455: 5443: 5426: 5414: 5372: 5360: 5325: 5294: 5292:, p. 246. 5282: 5265: 5246:(4): 692–713. 5223: 5180: 5161:(3): 587–599. 5145: 5126:(4): 375–384. 5103: 5061: 5035: 5014: 5012:, p. 247. 5002: 5000:, p. 228. 4990: 4939: 4920:(2): 169–174. 4890: 4844: 4842:, p. 129. 4832: 4806: 4780: 4768: 4726: 4692: 4680: 4657: 4655:, p. 777. 4645: 4633: 4613: 4601: 4556: 4530: 4504: 4493:(2): 281–298. 4470: 4458: 4451: 4420: 4398:10.1.1.603.208 4375: 4337: 4335:, p. 586. 4325: 4283:(2): 244–251. 4256: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4168: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4105:, p. 134. 4095: 4078:Montifringilla 4060: 4058:, p. 289. 4048: 4031: 4000: 3988: 3961:(4): 638–653. 3941: 3913: 3894:(3): 217–258. 3869: 3818: 3783: 3740: 3725: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3629: 3590:Passer italiae 3575: 3563: 3551: 3549:, p. 172. 3539: 3537:, p. 164. 3527: 3500: 3488: 3481: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3384:, p. 429. 3374: 3367: 3343: 3341:, p. 138. 3331: 3319: 3308:Chisholm, Hugh 3298:Newton, Alfred 3289: 3277: 3262: 3260:, p. 183. 3250: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3197:, p. 445. 3187: 3175: 3173:, p. 117. 3160: 3128: 3126:, p. 254. 3116: 3104: 3089: 3087:, p. 101. 3077: 3075:, p. 291. 3065: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3027:, p. 444. 3006: 2978: 2971: 2942: 2921:10.1086/282841 2894: 2882: 2880:, p. 443. 2870: 2839: 2820: 2808: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2710: 2707: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2676: 2636: 2633: 2621:methyl nitrite 2556:Eastern Europe 2552:Western Europe 2534: 2531: 2459: 2456: 2452:photoperiodism 2435: 2432: 2404:. A number of 2379:Argas reflexus 2351:haemosporidian 2339:reservoir host 2305: 2302: 2257: 2254: 2243: 2240: 2138:Eggs in a nest 2131: 2130:Eggs and young 2128: 2053: 2050: 1976: 1973: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1935:Pseudomonadota 1815:nectar robbing 1794: 1791: 1782: 1779: 1769: 1766: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1666: 1663: 1575: 1572: 1568:Rishiri Island 1525:of New Zealand 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1453: 1429: 1422:Southeast Asia 1397: 1361: 1327: 1305:P. d. hyrcanus 1301: 1300: 1293: 1292: 1267:P. d. biblicus 1264: 1239:P. d. persicus 1236: 1195: 1158: 1133: 1118:Linnaeus, 1758 1111: 1110: 1001: 998: 900: 897: 825:Indian sparrow 762:, in the 1758 747: 744: 742: 739: 710: 709:Identification 707: 616: 613: 569: 566: 545: 544: 535: 534: 526: 525: 524: 523: 522: 485: 482: 452: 449: 447: 444: 380:about 25 357: 356: 345:Passer ahasvar 290:Passer indicus 286:Linnaeus, 1758 280: 279: 276: 275: 269: 268: 262: 256: 250: 244: 242: Resident 238: 231: 230: 222: 221: 214: 203: 202: 196: 195: 188: 186: 182: 181: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 96: 95: 77: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 35:House sparrow 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10481: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10356:house-sparrow 10352: 10348: 10344: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10320:house-sparrow 10315: 10311: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10180:house-sparrow 10175: 10171: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10027:house-sparrow 10023: 10019: 10015: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9950: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9898: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9648:Kenya sparrow 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9633:Great sparrow 9631: 9629: 9626: 9623: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9591:House sparrow 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9566:Cinnamon ibon 9564: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9537: 9533:: Passeridae) 9532: 9528: 9521: 9516: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9485:house sparrow 9482: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9471:House sparrow 9469: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9449: 9444: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9318: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9298: 9297: 9290: 9286: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9204: 9203: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9128:Morris, F. O. 9125: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9102: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9086: 9082: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9006: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8899: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8830: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8708: 8701: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8629: 8622: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8492:British Birds 8486: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8434:The Telegraph 8431: 8424: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8392: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8224: 8215: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8134:(7): 182197. 8133: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7979:) in Britain" 7978: 7974: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7833: 7831: 7822: 7815: 7810: 7794: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7726: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7677: 7660: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7634:Anderson 2006 7630: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7589:Anderson 2006 7585: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7323: 7316: 7315:Anderson 2006 7311: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7244:0-13-073701-1 7240: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6952: 6951:New Scientist 6948: 6941: 6934: 6933:Anderson 2006 6929: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6861: 6860:Anderson 2006 6856: 6854: 6852: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6788: 6787:Anderson 2006 6783: 6781: 6773: 6772:Anderson 2006 6768: 6753: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6705: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6652: 6644: 6637: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6559: 6558:Anderson 2006 6554: 6547: 6546:Anderson 2006 6542: 6535: 6534:Anderson 2006 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6448: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6410:, p. 55. 6409: 6404: 6397: 6396:Anderson 2006 6392: 6385: 6384:Anderson 2006 6380: 6378: 6370: 6369:Anderson 2006 6365: 6358: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6296: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5963:Anderson 2006 5959: 5952: 5951:Anderson 2006 5947: 5940: 5939:Anderson 2006 5935: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5841:Birkhead 2012 5837: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5763:Anderson 2006 5759: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5539:Anderson 2006 5535: 5533: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5453:, p. 33. 5452: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5423: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5368:Anderson 2006 5364: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5290:Anderson 2006 5286: 5279: 5278:Anderson 2006 5274: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5011: 5010:Anderson 2006 5006: 4999: 4994: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4956: 4955:P. domesticus 4952: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4811: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4688:Anderson 2006 4684: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4626: 4625: 4617: 4611:, p. 25. 4610: 4609:Anderson 2006 4605: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4475: 4468:, p. 17. 4467: 4462: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4205:, p. 22. 4204: 4203:Anderson 2006 4199: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4179:Anderson 2006 4175: 4173: 4165: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4115:Anderson 2006 4111: 4104: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3938:(2): 313–323. 3937: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3689: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3664:Anderson 2006 3660: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3561:, p. 16. 3560: 3559:Anderson 2006 3555: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3520: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3418:Swainson 1885 3414: 3407: 3406:Lockwood 1984 3402: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3329:, p. 13. 3328: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3287:, p. 36. 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3259: 3258:Linnaeus 1758 3254: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3049:Anderson 2006 3045: 3038: 3037:Anderson 2006 3033: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3003:(3): 539–544. 3002: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2731:House bunting 2729: 2728: 2724: 2713: 2703: 2699: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:Great Britain 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2527:IUCN Red List 2524: 2523:least concern 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2507:Ciṭṭukkuruvi 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:avian malaria 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:birds of prey 2275: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2250: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2105:street lights 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2063: 2058: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1997:sexual organs 1990: 1986: 1981: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1788: 1778: 1775: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1721: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:North America 1532: 1524: 1523:Southern Alps 1519: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:P. d. hufufae 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:P. d. indicus 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1364:P. d. parkini 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297:P. d. indicus 1295: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1011: 1006: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 955:hybridisation 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923: 918: 910: 905: 896: 894: 892: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788: 783: 779: 776:collected in 775: 774:type specimen 771: 770: 765: 761: 760:Carl Linnaeus 757: 753: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 641: 637: 634: 626: 621: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574:vocalisations 565: 563: 557: 555: 539: 530: 521: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 481: 479: 475: 469: 467: 463: 459: 431: 429: 428:IUCN Red List 425: 424:least concern 422:is listed as 421: 415: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 396:introductions 393: 389: 388: 384:in the genus 383: 378: 374: 370: 369: 364: 363:house sparrow 353: 350: 346: 340: 336: 330: 326: 319: 313: 309: 305: 299: 295: 291: 284: 277: 274: 270: 237: 236:P. domesticus 232: 228: 223: 218: 212: 210: 204: 201: 200:Binomial name 197: 193: 192: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157:Passeriformes 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 97: 91: 86: 85:Least Concern 75: 71: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9909: 9859: 9841: 9811: 9776: 9767:Rock sparrow 9758: 9739: 9727: 9668:Cape sparrow 9663:Iago sparrow 9606:Sind sparrow 9590: 9575: 9557: 9547: 9539: 9447: 9435:. Retrieved 9419: 9415: 9395: 9376: 9366: 9335: 9316: 9296:The Sparrows 9295: 9284: 9264: 9244: 9222: 9201: 9189: 9166: 9143: 9132: 9119: 9100: 9090: 9070: 9051: 9041: 9018: 9004: 8983: 8963: 8954: 8935: 8916: 8897: 8886: 8866: 8845: 8834: 8828: 8807: 8784: 8772: 8760: 8749: 8740: 8731: 8720: 8707: 8679: 8670: 8658:. Retrieved 8654: 8644: 8632:. Retrieved 8621: 8609:. Retrieved 8606:The Guardian 8605: 8595: 8554: 8550: 8543: 8531:. Retrieved 8527:the original 8522: 8512: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8473:. Retrieved 8469:the original 8464: 8454: 8442:. Retrieved 8438:the original 8433: 8423: 8411:. Retrieved 8404:the original 8398: 8391: 8379:. Retrieved 8372:the original 8366: 8359: 8352:Vincent 2005 8347: 8335:. Retrieved 8328:the original 8299: 8295: 8282: 8270:. Retrieved 8266:the original 8261: 8251: 8240:the original 8235: 8231: 8222: 8214: 8202:. Retrieved 8195:the original 8189: 8182: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8105:. Retrieved 8101: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8029:24 September 8027:. 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