31:
613:
336:, dissent was tolerated less and less. In early February 1941, the original Peace Preservation Law of 1925 was heavily amended to make punishments even more severe. Terms for people suspected of socialist and communist sympathies were made harsher, and for the first time religious organizations were included within the purview of the Thought Police. In addition, the appeals court for thought crimes was abolished, and the Ministry of Justice given the right to appoint
2247:
1822:
2259:
231:
344:
250:
in order to make use of the new legal authority granted by the Peace
Preservation Law to ferret out and suppress subversive ideologies. The new "Thought Police" established local branches throughout Japan as well as in Japan's overseas territories to monitor dangerous thoughts and ideologies among
185:), which allowed all male citizens to vote in elections, regardless of wealth or status. Fears that newly enfranchised working-class voters might vote for socialists or communists played an important role in overcoming earlier opposition to the law.
203:
or the system of private property, and anyone who has joined such an association with full knowledge of its object, shall be liable to imprisonment with or without hard labor, for a term not exceeding ten years.
1725:
172:
only deepened concerns that dangerous ideas were spreading through society. Efforts to pass a Peace
Preservation Law began within the Diet as early as 1921, and gathered momentum after the formation of the
354:
From 1925 through 1945, over 70,000 people were arrested under the provisions of the Peace
Preservation Law, but only about 10% reached trial, and the death penalty was imposed on only two offenders, spy
2044:
2054:
306:, in which police arrested more than 1,600 Communists and suspected Communists under the provisions of the Peace Preservation Law. The same year, the highly anti-Communist government of
132:("national essence") of Japan, the law also explicitly criminalized criticism of the system of private property and became the centerpiece of a broad apparatus of thought control in
2103:
1627:
900:
818:
156:
of 1917, socialist and communist ideas began spreading in Japan, and the government became increasingly concerned that socialism and communism represented a threat to the
2034:
1622:
1758:
1023:
2315:
1053:
560:
1511:
2098:
2154:
1657:
325:
from prisoners suspected of ideological radicalism, the police employed physical torture, as well as psychological torture and familial pressure.
2064:
587:
126:
to more effectively suppress alleged socialists and communists. In addition to criminalizing forming an association with the aim of altering the
2149:
1695:
1529:
1662:
1043:
974:
246:
In 1927, a sub-bureau, the "Thought
Section," was established within the Criminal Affairs Bureau of the Special Higher Police within the
2305:
1781:
2083:
2016:
1377:
987:
869:
497:
255:
to monitor subversive thought among university professors and students. Within the
Ministry of Justice, special "Thought Prosecutors"
212:, the law attempted to blend politics and ethics, but the result was that any political opposition could be branded as "altering the
177:
in 1922, although opposition to the law remained strong. Finally, the law was passed in 1925, in conjunction with the passage of the
2159:
770:
760:
462:
Mitchell, Richard H. "Japan's Peace
Preservation Law of 1925: Its Origins and Significance." Monumenta Nipponica (1973): 317–345.
2144:
2088:
1801:
424:
Richard H. Mitchell, "Japan's Peace
Preservation Law of 1925: Its Origins and Significance." Monumenta Nipponica (1973): 317-345.
565:
2300:
1575:
1549:
1519:
2049:
1347:
1103:
979:
879:
864:
775:
735:
239:
1811:
1720:
1647:
1642:
1362:
859:
321:) had become the main means of enforcing the Peace Preservation Law, rather than judicial punishment. In order to elicit
2320:
1214:
1209:
1108:
1048:
839:
829:
520:
530:
525:
2290:
2174:
2139:
2069:
1806:
1688:
1554:
1539:
1534:
1244:
1003:
936:
725:
545:
540:
2295:
2134:
1237:
1776:
1617:
1259:
960:
730:
535:
409:
178:
2310:
2169:
1544:
969:
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490:
252:
2217:
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1395:
849:
790:
780:
235:
123:
1905:
1704:
1681:
1199:
1018:
889:
141:
136:. Altogether, more than 70,000 people were arrested under the provisions of the law until its repeal by
2227:
1486:
1455:
437:
Tipton, Elise K. (1997). "The Tokko and
Political Police in Japan, 1911-1945". In Mazower, Mark (ed.).
2222:
1445:
1440:
1367:
1322:
1113:
800:
397:
1302:
592:
2179:
2129:
2059:
2006:
1821:
1559:
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854:
682:
483:
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1254:
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672:
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1996:
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1058:
1034:
931:
916:
677:
69:
41:
401:
390:
2124:
1118:
580:
310:
pushed through an amendment to the law, raising the maximum penalty from ten years to death.
299:
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30:
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1791:
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1249:
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8:
2001:
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1013:
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570:
368:
137:
1264:
2200:
1925:
1450:
1387:
1204:
1174:
715:
165:
153:
2205:
2164:
2011:
1970:
1945:
1920:
1740:
1491:
1179:
1159:
926:
555:
405:
303:
1730:
635:
2250:
2210:
1950:
1855:
1845:
1632:
1352:
1068:
740:
337:
1607:
2184:
2075:
1930:
1910:
1652:
1357:
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1194:
667:
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333:
133:
59:
1860:
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in cases of thought crime. The new provisions became effective on May 15, 1941.
2093:
1865:
1850:
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1602:
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1317:
1307:
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Japan's imperial subjects. A "Student
Section" was also established within the
157:
1955:
1726:
Relations between
Japanese revolutionaries, the Comintern and the Soviet Union
1637:
1612:
2279:
2232:
1975:
1940:
1915:
1885:
1880:
1796:
1123:
844:
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360:
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276:
1960:
1224:
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1935:
1840:
720:
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122:
was a Japanese law enacted on April 22, 1925, with the aim of allowing the
1294:
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439:
The Policing of Politics in the Twentieth Century: Historical Perspectives
1980:
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921:
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1900:
1895:
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785:
463:
329:
1078:
2039:
1769:
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1501:
1476:
1471:
1279:
1150:
1083:
755:
457:
Retreat from Reform: Patterns of Political Behavior in Interwar Japan
2055:
Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
1870:
1580:
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643:
169:
475:
314:
230:
197:
Anyone who has formed an association with the aim of altering the
750:
199:
128:
343:
1433:
602:
363:. The Peace Preservation Law was repealed following the end of
95:
795:
350:, hanged under the provisions of the Peace Preservation Law
1759:
Draft Constitution of the People's Republic of Japan
2099:Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
389:
2277:
2155:Japan Socialist Youth League, Liberation Faction
1658:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1628:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
371:. The repeal was effected on October 15, 1945.
288:
264:
114:
612:
282:
258:
208:By using the highly vague and subjective term
108:
35:Title page of the Peace Preservation Law, 1925
2316:Democratic backsliding in the interwar period
1689:
491:
975:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
298:Renewed underground activity by the banned
2045:Japan Communist League (Unified Committee)
1696:
1682:
498:
484:
29:
2084:Japanese Communist Party (Action Faction)
1378:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
988:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
2150:Japan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)
761:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
432:
430:
342:
229:
168:and the assassination of Prime Minister
2089:Japanese Communist Party (Left Faction)
1802:1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague
387:
2278:
1782:1968–1969 Japanese university protests
1703:
1576:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
436:
328:In the 1930s, with Japan's increasing
2160:Japanese People's Emancipation League
1677:
479:
427:
2145:Enlightened People's Communist Party
2050:Japan Revolutionary Communist League
980:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
736:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
240:Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
1721:Socialist thought in Imperial Japan
1648:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
890:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
505:
459:(University of Hawaii Press, 1984).
13:
449:
238:bureau, Censorship Section of the
14:
2332:
2306:Government of the Empire of Japan
51:Imperial Ordinance No. 46 of 1925
2257:
2245:
2175:Mountain Village Operation Units
2140:East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
2070:Democratic Youth League of Japan
1820:
1807:1975 AIA building hostage crisis
1348:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
611:
472:, Cornell University Press, 1976
2223:Proletarian literature in Japan
2104:Workers Communist Party (Japan)
1363:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
470:Thought Control in Prewar Japan
369:American occupation authorities
225:
222:to outlaw any form of dissent.
16:1925 law of the Empire of Japan
1812:Malaysian Flight 653 hijacking
1777:1949 Japanese general election
1618:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
731:Imperial Rescript on Education
441:. Berghahn Books. p. 234.
418:
381:
179:Universal Manhood Suffrage Law
164:(国体, "national essence"). The
1:
2301:Political repression in Japan
2170:Left Socialist Party of Japan
1064:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
970:Imperial General Headquarters
561:Foreign commerce and shipping
374:
188:
138:Allied occupation authorities
2218:Political extremism in Japan
1396:Hirohito surrender broadcast
791:Greater East Asia Conference
275:were appointed to suppress "
7:
2017:Women's liberation movement
776:Supreme Court of Judicature
289:
265:
216:". Thus the government had
115:
10:
2337:
2228:The Singing Voice of Japan
1487:Second Philippine Republic
1260:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
398:W. W. Norton & Company
396:(1st ed.). New York:
388:McClain, James L. (2002).
147:
2321:Korea under Japanese rule
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1323:Pacification of Manchukuo
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1210:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
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1079:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
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2130:Communist League (Japan)
2118:Historical organisations
2060:Japanese Communist Party
2035:Asia-Wide Campaign-Japan
1343:Second Sino-Japanese War
1285:Racial Equality Proposal
865:Agriculture and Commerce
2291:Anti-communism in Japan
2135:Communist Workers Party
1255:Washington Naval Treaty
1200:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
1185:First Sino-Japanese War
1004:Nuclear weapons program
746:Great Japan Youth Party
673:National seals of Japan
392:Japan: A Modern History
315:ideological conversions
2296:Legal history of Japan
1997:Ainu Revolution Theory
1736:Peace Preservation Law
1333:Motherland controversy
1303:Shōwa financial crisis
1095:Imperial Japanese Navy
1035:Imperial Japanese Army
766:Peace Preservation Law
351:
243:
206:
105:Peace Preservation Law
70:National Diet of Japan
42:National Diet of Japan
22:Peace Preservation Law
2125:Amami Communist Party
2028:Current organisations
1245:Siberian Intervention
1054:Railways and Shipping
870:Commerce and Industry
566:Industrial production
468:Mitchell, Richard H.
455:Minichiello, Sharon.
346:
300:Japan Communist Party
253:Ministry of Education
236:Special Higher Police
233:
195:
175:Japan Communist Party
124:Special Higher Police
2311:Japanese legislation
1990:Principles and ideas
1792:Lod Airport massacre
1787:Asama-Sansō incident
1752:Appeal to the People
1663:Political dissidence
1512:Occupied territories
1250:General Election Law
1074:Taiwan Army of Japan
1876:Masanosuke Watanabe
1746:April 16th incident
1482:Wang Jingwei regime
1392:Potsdam Declaration
1383:Soviet–Japanese War
1338:Anti-Comintern Pact
1328:January 28 incident
1313:London Naval Treaty
1190:Triple Intervention
1019:Supreme War Council
903:deliberative bodies
359:and his informant,
302:in 1928 led to the
160:and Japan's divine
142:end of World War II
2201:Anarchism in Japan
1706:Communism in Japan
1205:Russo-Japanese War
1175:Two Lords Incident
830:Imperial Household
352:
313:By 1933, coerced "
244:
193:The law provided:
154:Russian Revolution
56:Territorial extent
2273:
2272:
2206:New Left in Japan
2165:Japanese Red Army
1971:Yoshiki Yamashita
1946:Tsuyoshi Okudaira
1921:Takaaki Yoshimoto
1741:March 15 incident
1671:
1670:
1643:Socialist thought
1591:
1590:
1530:Dutch East Indies
1492:Empire of Vietnam
1410:
1409:
1180:Satsuma Rebellion
1160:Meiji Restoration
1137:
1136:
947:
946:
885:Greater East Asia
771:Political parties
726:Foreign relations
338:defense attorneys
304:March 15 incident
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100:
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2252:Communism portal
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2002:Anti-Americanism
1951:Fusako Shigenobu
1856:Shoichi Ichikawa
1846:Hitoshi Yamakawa
1833:
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1633:Shinmin no Michi
1623:Internment camps
1535:French Indochina
1419:
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1265:Taishō Democracy
1146:
1145:
1069:Japanese holdout
956:
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880:Colonial Affairs
814:
813:
741:Yokusan Sonendan
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2113:
2076:Shimbun Akahata
2023:
2007:Anti-monarchism
1985:
1931:Yoshihiko Amino
1926:Kan'ichi Kuroda
1911:Kiyoteru Hanada
1831:
1825:
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1705:
1702:
1672:
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1653:Yasukuni Shrine
1587:
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1506:
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1358:Tripartite Pact
1353:Rape of Nanking
1289:
1275:Tapani incident
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1195:Boxer Rebellion
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937:Representatives
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902:
901:Legislative and
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860:Foreign Affairs
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683:Government Seal
668:Rising Sun Flag
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507:Empire of Japan
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450:Further reading
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334:totalitarianism
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166:1918 Rice Riots
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60:Empire of Japan
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152:Following the
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79:April 22, 1925
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308:Tanaka Giichi
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277:thought crime
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248:Home Ministry
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219:carte blanche
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2264:Japan portal
2074:
1936:Tetsuzo Fuwa
1861:Sanzō Nosaka
1841:Sen Katayama
1757:
1735:
1596:Other topics
1432:
1270:Taishō Roman
1024:Conscription
994:
986:
961:Armed Forces
821:(ministries)
765:
721:Charter Oath
716:Constitution
598:State Shinto
581:Essentialism
531:Demographics
469:
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365:World War II
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226:Consequences
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116:Chian iji hō
104:
102:
92:
2286:1925 in law
1981:Kohei Saito
1956:Yū Kikumura
1638:Shōwa Modan
1613:Hakkō ichiu
1550:Philippines
1437:after 1943)
1415:Territories
1373:Pacific War
1233:World War I
1109:Air Service
1049:Air Service
922:Gozen Kaigi
638:(Yoshihito)
630:(Mutsuhito)
576:Nationalism
521:Agriculture
267:shisō kenji
2280:Categories
2109:Zengakuren
1966:Kazuo Shii
1961:Haruo Wakō
1901:Jun Takami
1896:Ineko Sata
1832:Key people
1402:Occupation
1225:Taishō era
1170:Boshin War
1014:War crimes
810:Government
786:Tonarigumi
693:Privy Seal
688:State Seal
646:(Hirohito)
571:Militarism
526:Censorship
411:0393041565
400:. p.
375:References
330:militarism
189:Provisions
2094:Kakurōkyō
2040:Hantenren
1770:Red Purge
1603:Sonnō jōi
1555:Singapore
1540:Hong Kong
1502:Azad Hind
1477:Mengjiang
1472:Manchukuo
1446:Kantō-shū
1388:Surrender
1295:Shōwa era
1280:Truku War
1151:Meiji era
1119:Tokkeitai
1084:Kempeitai
995:Senjinkun
912:Daijō-kan
875:Munitions
756:Mokusatsu
546:Education
290:shisō han
2233:Zenkyōtō
2012:Feminism
1871:Kozo Uno
1581:Yen bloc
1569:Ideology
1560:Thailand
1429:Karafuto
1422:Colonies
1009:Kamikaze
952:Military
855:Treasury
709:Policies
700:Kimigayo
621:Emperors
588:Politics
556:Eugenics
514:Overview
181:(普通選挙法,
170:Hara Kei
96:Repealed
84:Repealed
48:Citation
2065:members
1142:History
1114:Marines
751:Kokutai
656:Symbols
636:Taishō
593:Statism
536:Economy
367:by the
317:" (転向,
214:kokutai
210:kokutai
200:kokutai
162:kokutai
148:Passage
140:at the
129:kokutai
93:Status:
1714:Events
1545:Malaya
1520:Borneo
1456:Taiwan
1451:Nan'yō
1441:Chōsen
1434:naichi
644:Shōwa
628:Meiji
603:Kazoku
551:System
464:online
408:
76:Passed
1525:Burma
1238:Entry
932:Peers
796:Senbu
781:Tokkō
323:tenkō
319:tenkō
110:治安維持法
24:治安維持法
850:Navy
845:Army
406:ISBN
332:and
260:思想検事
234:The
103:The
840:War
402:390
284:思想犯
2282::
1394:,
429:^
404:.
295:.
287:,
263:,
144:.
113:,
1754:"
1750:"
1697:e
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1431:(
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1390:(
499:e
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485:v
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293:)
281:(
279:"
272:)
257:(
242:.
119:)
107:(
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