350:
162:
The liberal parties favored an increase in the popular franchise to keep up with the world trend towards democracy and to provide a safety valve for both urban and rural discontent. The more conservative parties, fearing that the increased voter base would favor their liberal opponents, resisted
88:
starting in 1890. The number of voters who qualified under this restriction was around 450,000 (roughly 1 percent of the population). Over the next three decades, the number grew to around 3,000,000. Many executive and legislative positions in the
Japanese government were appointive, rather than
178:, and the Seiyukai was forced to accept the Kenseikai proposal on extending universal male suffrage to all male citizens over the age of 25 as the price for the coalition. The bill was passed in 1925, and came into effect for the 20 February 1928 elections.
132:) and its offshoots, presented bills to the Diet in 1902, 1903, 1908, 1909 and 1910. The movement finally appeared to succeed in March 1911, when its Universal Suffrage Bill was passed by the lower house, only to be summarily rejected by the House of Peers.
105:
Almost from the start of elections in Japan, popular movements arose to eliminate the tax-paying requirement, which effectively disenfranchised a large segment of the adult male population. In 1897, the
Universal Suffrage
147:
resurfaced in 1918–1919 with demonstrations held by student and labor associations and a sudden upsurge in interest by newspapers and popular journals. The opposition political parties, the
50:
political party, the law was enacted thanks to activism by the
Universal Suffrage Movement in Japan and decades of organizing by the Universal Suffrage League. It was passed by the
1364:
637:
555:
1359:
190:
was passed. Although more democracy was given, liberty (in terms of freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of speech) was limited at the same time.
760:
124:
was created to raise public awareness through discussion groups and periodicals. Diet members, mostly from liberal faction within the Diet, supported by the
790:
297:
1248:
93:
was composed of both appointed and hereditary members, and prefectural governors were appointed by the central government and answerable only to the
1394:
324:
84:, limited suffrage was extended to male property holders, aged over 25 years, who paid more than 15 Yen in annual taxes for elections to the
1266:
1399:
780:
711:
1509:
1114:
724:
606:
234:
507:
497:
302:
1312:
1286:
1256:
97:. City mayors were appointed by the prefectural governor, albeit from a list of names supplied by the city elected assembly.
1429:
1084:
840:
716:
616:
601:
512:
472:
1384:
1379:
1099:
596:
951:
946:
845:
785:
576:
566:
257:
267:
262:
85:
1291:
1276:
1271:
981:
740:
673:
462:
282:
277:
974:
1354:
996:
697:
467:
272:
207:
1281:
706:
621:
611:
227:
135:
Increased government hostility towards radical groups broadened in the 1910s, with the implementation of the
125:
1261:
1132:
586:
527:
517:
1504:
936:
755:
626:
1223:
1192:
202:
43:
1182:
1177:
1104:
1059:
850:
537:
1514:
1039:
329:
1296:
1079:
1021:
969:
591:
419:
220:
89:
elected. Although seats in local, prefecture and the national (lower) assemblies were elected, the
166:
In 1924, a
Kenseikai alliance with the Seiyukai scored a victory over the non-party government of
1119:
991:
921:
730:
482:
409:
175:
139:
and increased censorship and surveillance of suspected radical groups associated with leftist or
1524:
1069:
831:
795:
771:
668:
653:
502:
414:
187:
136:
90:
1484:
855:
317:
94:
1519:
986:
810:
800:
312:
8:
1218:
1165:
1138:
1128:
1074:
1064:
1049:
926:
750:
429:
424:
307:
1001:
152:
1465:
1457:
1187:
1124:
941:
911:
452:
144:
81:
42:, extending suffrage to all males aged 25 and over in accordance with the principle of
156:
1469:
1449:
1228:
916:
896:
663:
292:
372:
1441:
1369:
1089:
805:
477:
1344:
36:
1389:
1094:
1011:
931:
404:
243:
69:
1006:
171:
1339:
1233:
1054:
1044:
901:
865:
287:
140:
77:
1374:
1349:
1498:
1453:
860:
581:
571:
399:
364:
167:
51:
961:
457:
334:
65:
1031:
648:
1109:
658:
47:
1461:
906:
522:
54:
on 29 March, 1925, before being promulgated on 5 May of the same year.
815:
1238:
1213:
1208:
1016:
887:
820:
492:
148:
73:
1445:
1317:
745:
436:
380:
212:
487:
1170:
339:
57:
The law increased the electorate from 3,341,000 to 12,534,360.
532:
186:
The
Universal Manhood Suffrage Law was passed only after the
39:
80:
with suspicion. However, after the promulgation of the
46:, also known as "one man, one vote". Proposed by the
155:, jumped on the bandwagon, whereas the governmental
1496:
1395:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1365:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
115:
27:
349:
109:
100:
21:
1482:"Japan Grants Vote Right to 4,000,000 More".
228:
193:Women still did not have the right to vote.
712:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
235:
221:
1427:
1115:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
725:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
498:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
1497:
1313:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
216:
1423:
1421:
717:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
473:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1385:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
627:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
242:
13:
14:
1536:
1510:Government of the Empire of Japan
1434:American Political Science Review
1418:
1085:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
348:
1100:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1476:
1355:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
468:Imperial Rescript on Education
208:1928 Japanese general election
18:Universal Manhood Suffrage Law
1:
1411:
801:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
707:Imperial General Headquarters
298:Foreign commerce and shipping
181:
60:
1133:Hirohito surrender broadcast
528:Greater East Asia Conference
143:. However, the movement for
7:
1428:Colegrove, Kenneth (1929).
513:Supreme Court of Judicature
196:
117:Futsu Senkyo Kisei Dōmeikai
116:
101:Universal Suffrage Movement
68:Japan was dominated by the
28:
10:
1541:
1224:Second Philippine Republic
997:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
203:Universal manhood suffrage
44:universal manhood suffrage
1332:
1305:
1247:
1201:
1158:
1151:
1105:Japan during World War II
1060:Pacification of Manchukuo
1030:
960:
952:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
947:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
885:
878:
829:
816:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
769:
695:
688:
635:
553:
546:
538:Imperial Japanese Airways
445:
392:
357:
346:
250:
110:
22:
1430:"Labor Parties in Japan"
1080:Second Sino-Japanese War
1022:Racial Equality Proposal
602:Agriculture and Commerce
1488:. March 30, 1925. p. 3.
992:Washington Naval Treaty
937:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
922:First Sino-Japanese War
741:Nuclear weapons program
483:Great Japan Youth Party
410:National seals of Japan
176:Prime Minister of Japan
137:Peace Preservation Laws
1070:Motherland controversy
1040:Shōwa financial crisis
832:Imperial Japanese Navy
772:Imperial Japanese Army
503:Peace Preservation Law
188:Peace Preservation Law
126:Liberal Party of Japan
1485:Chicago Daily Tribune
982:Siberian Intervention
791:Railways and Shipping
607:Commerce and Industry
303:Industrial production
95:Home Ministry (Japan)
72:, who viewed popular
1400:Political dissidence
1249:Occupied territories
987:General Election Law
811:Taiwan Army of Japan
35:was a law passed in
1219:Wang Jingwei regime
1129:Potsdam Declaration
1120:Soviet–Japanese War
1075:Anti-Comintern Pact
1065:January 28 incident
1050:London Naval Treaty
927:Triple Intervention
756:Supreme War Council
640:deliberative bodies
170:. Kenseikai leader
1505:Elections in Japan
942:Russo-Japanese War
912:Two Lords Incident
567:Imperial Household
145:universal suffrage
82:Meiji Constitution
1408:
1407:
1380:Socialist thought
1328:
1327:
1267:Dutch East Indies
1229:Empire of Vietnam
1147:
1146:
917:Satsuma Rebellion
897:Meiji Restoration
874:
873:
684:
683:
622:Greater East Asia
508:Political parties
463:Foreign relations
163:these proposals.
1532:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1425:
1370:Shinmin no Michi
1360:Internment camps
1272:French Indochina
1156:
1155:
1002:Taishō Democracy
883:
882:
806:Japanese holdout
693:
692:
617:Colonial Affairs
551:
550:
478:Yokusan Sonendan
384:
376:
368:
352:
351:
278:Economic history
237:
230:
223:
214:
213:
153:Rikken Kokumintō
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
33:
31:
25:
24:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1446:10.2307/1945218
1426:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1390:Yasukuni Shrine
1324:
1301:
1243:
1197:
1143:
1095:Tripartite Pact
1090:Rape of Nanking
1026:
1012:Tapani incident
956:
932:Boxer Rebellion
890:
870:
834:
825:
774:
765:
700:
680:
674:Representatives
642:
639:
638:Legislative and
631:
597:Foreign Affairs
560:
557:
542:
441:
420:Government Seal
405:Rising Sun Flag
388:
382:
374:
366:
353:
344:
246:
244:Empire of Japan
241:
199:
184:
159:still opposed.
157:Rikken Seiyūkai
141:labor movements
120:
107:
103:
70:Meiji oligarchy
63:
29:Futsū Senkyo Hō
19:
12:
11:
5:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1440:(2): 329–363.
1416:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
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1320:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:State of Burma
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:Musha Incident
1052:
1047:
1045:Jinan incident
1042:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
978:
977:
966:
964:
958:
957:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:Beipu uprising
899:
893:
891:
886:
880:
876:
875:
872:
871:
869:
868:
866:Treaty Faction
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
835:
830:
827:
826:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
796:Imperial Guard
793:
788:
783:
777:
775:
770:
767:
766:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
737:
736:
721:
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719:
714:
703:
701:
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678:
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661:
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632:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
563:
561:
556:Administration
554:
548:
544:
543:
541:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
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460:
455:
449:
447:
443:
442:
440:
439:
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433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
407:
402:
396:
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378:
370:
361:
359:
355:
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347:
345:
343:
342:
337:
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322:
321:
320:
310:
305:
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295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
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260:
254:
252:
248:
247:
240:
239:
232:
225:
217:
211:
210:
205:
198:
195:
183:
180:
102:
99:
91:House of Peers
78:party politics
62:
59:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1537:
1526:
1525:1925 in Japan
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Taishō period
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1401:
1398:
1396:
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1391:
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1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Fukoku kyōhei
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:Puppet states
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
976:
973:
972:
971:
968:
967:
965:
963:
959:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
892:
889:
884:
881:
877:
867:
864:
862:
861:Fleet Faction
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
841:General Staff
839:
838:
836:
833:
828:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
781:General Staff
779:
778:
776:
773:
768:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
735:
734:military code
733:
729:
728:
727:
726:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
704:
702:
699:
694:
691:
687:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
664:Imperial Diet
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:Privy Council
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
641:
634:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Home Ministry
570:
568:
565:
564:
562:
559:
552:
549:
545:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
448:
444:
438:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Imperial Seal
413:
412:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Flag of Japan
398:
397:
395:
391:
385:
379:
377:
371:
369:
363:
362:
360:
356:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
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291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
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269:
266:
264:
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256:
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245:
238:
233:
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226:
224:
219:
218:
215:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
194:
191:
189:
179:
177:
173:
169:
168:Kiyoura Keigo
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
118:
98:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
58:
55:
53:
52:Diet of Japan
49:
45:
41:
38:
37:Taishō period
34:
30:
1483:
1478:
1437:
1433:
1333:Other topics
1169:
1007:Taishō Roman
761:Conscription
731:
723:
698:Armed Forces
558:(ministries)
458:Charter Oath
453:Constitution
335:State Shinto
318:Essentialism
268:Demographics
192:
185:
172:Katō Takaaki
165:
161:
134:
129:
104:
66:Meiji period
64:
56:
17:
15:
1520:1928 in law
1375:Shōwa Modan
1350:Hakkō ichiu
1287:Philippines
1174:after 1943)
1152:Territories
1110:Pacific War
970:World War I
846:Air Service
786:Air Service
659:Gozen Kaigi
375:(Yoshihito)
367:(Mutsuhito)
313:Nationalism
258:Agriculture
86:lower house
1499:Categories
1412:References
1139:Occupation
962:Taishō era
907:Boshin War
751:War crimes
547:Government
523:Tonarigumi
430:Privy Seal
425:State Seal
383:(Hirohito)
308:Militarism
263:Censorship
182:Criticisms
61:Background
1470:145649163
1454:0003-0554
1340:Sonnō jōi
1292:Singapore
1277:Hong Kong
1239:Azad Hind
1214:Mengjiang
1209:Manchukuo
1183:Kantō-shū
1125:Surrender
1032:Shōwa era
1017:Truku War
888:Meiji era
856:Tokkeitai
821:Kempeitai
732:Senjinkun
649:Daijō-kan
612:Munitions
493:Mokusatsu
283:Education
149:Kenseikai
111:普通選挙期成同盟会
74:democracy
1318:Yen bloc
1306:Ideology
1297:Thailand
1166:Karafuto
1159:Colonies
746:Kamikaze
689:Military
592:Treasury
446:Policies
437:Kimigayo
358:Emperors
325:Politics
293:Eugenics
251:Overview
197:See also
48:Kenseitō
1462:1945218
879:History
851:Marines
488:Kokutai
393:Symbols
373:Taishō
330:Statism
273:Economy
174:became
1468:
1460:
1452:
1282:Malaya
1257:Borneo
1193:Taiwan
1188:Nan'yō
1178:Chōsen
1171:naichi
381:Shōwa
365:Meiji
340:Kazoku
288:System
130:Jiyuto
106:League
1466:S2CID
1458:JSTOR
1262:Burma
975:Entry
669:Peers
533:Senbu
518:Tokkō
40:Japan
23:普通選挙法
1450:ISSN
587:Navy
582:Army
151:and
76:and
16:The
1442:doi
577:War
1501::
1464:.
1456:.
1448:.
1438:23
1436:.
1432:.
1420:^
1131:,
114:,
26:,
1472:.
1444::
1168:(
1135:)
1127:(
236:e
229:t
222:v
128:(
121:)
108:(
32:)
20:(
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