385:
366:
401:
34:
1057:
144:
1129:
291:
759:
1108:. Most modern historians have challenged the association of this system with the Peace of Westphalia, calling it the 'Westphalian myth'. They have challenged the view that the modern European states system originated with the Westphalian treaties. The treaties do not contain anything in their text about religious freedom, sovereignty, or balance of power that can be construed as international law principles. Constitutional arrangements of the
1509:: 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling (eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1: Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355–72, here pp. 355 seq.
1568:: 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling (eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1: Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355–372, here p. 356.
192:
The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control. A total of 109 delegations arrived to represent the belligerent states, but not all delegations were present at the same time. Two treaties were signed
408:
The peace negotiations had no exact beginning or end, because the 109 delegations never met in a plenary session. Instead, various delegations arrived between 1643 and 1646 and left between 1647 and 1649. The largest number of diplomats were present between
January 1646 and July 1647.
344:
Sweden preferred to negotiate with the Holy Roman Empire in Osnabrück, which was controlled by
Protestant forces. Osnabrück was a bi-denominational Lutheran and Catholic city, with two Lutheran churches and two Catholic churches. The city council was exclusively Lutheran, and the
1112:
are the only context in which sovereignty and religious equality are mentioned in the text, but they are not new ideas in this context. While the treaties do not contain the basis for the modern laws of nations themselves, they do symbolize the end of a long period of
737:
1 January 1624 was defined as the normative date for determining the dominant religion of a state. All ecclesiastical property was to be restored to the condition of 1624. Christians living in principalities where their denomination was
145:
201:(rulers of Austria and Spain) and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers (Sweden and certain Holy Roman principalities) allied with France (though Catholic, strongly anti-Habsburg under King
287:, Sweden, France, and the Holy Roman Empire negotiated a preliminary peace in December 1641. They declared that the preparations of Cologne and the Treaty of Hamburg were preliminaries of an overall peace agreement.
917:
and the
Mecklenburgian port tolls. While Sweden understood this to include the tolls of all Mecklenburgian ports, the Mecklenburgian dukes as well as the emperor understood this to refer to Wismar only.
122:
1659:
1621:
325:
ending the Eighty Years' War that was not part of the Peace of
Westphalia. Münster had been, since its re-Catholicism in 1535, a strictly mono-denominational community. It housed the Chapter of the
216:. However, some historians have argued against this, suggesting that such views emerged during the nineteenth and twentieth century in relation to concerns about sovereignty during that time.
1543:
1742:
2315:
690:
was given legal recognition as an official religion. The independence of the Dutch
Republic, which practiced religious toleration, also provided a safe haven for European Jews.
256:
took over prominence. With between 4.5 million and 8 million dead in the Thirty Years' War alone, and decades of constant warfare, the need for peace became increasingly clear.
1818:
1287:
1680:
1642:
1949:
232:(the modern Netherlands), supported by Protestant-majority England, against Catholic-dominated Spain and Portugal. The Thirty Years' War was the most deadly of the
1595:
734:
was removed: Subjects were no longer forced to follow the conversion of their ruler. Rulers were allowed to choose between
Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism.
2263:
236:, centred on the Holy Roman Empire. The war, which developed into four phases, included a large number of domestic and foreign players, siding either with the
2423:
2363:
2178:
1655:
1617:
2530:
2399:
1104:, including the inviolability of borders and non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states. This system became known in the literature as
2555:
2405:
1086:, as part of the Eighty Years' War, went on until 1663. Nevertheless, the Peace of Westphalia did settle many outstanding European issues of the time.
2387:
2417:
384:
365:
2520:
555:
2188:
Schmidt, Sebastian (2011). "To Order the Minds of
Scholars: The Discourse of the Peace of Westphalia in International Relations Literature1".
1706:
421:
2565:
228:, exacting a heavy toll in money and lives. The Eighty Years' War was a prolonged struggle for the independence of the Protestant-majority
1535:
2560:
2256:
1481:
1750:
1070:
The treaties did not entirely end conflicts arising out of the Thirty Years' War. Fighting continued between France and Spain until the
2600:
2570:
2505:
2490:
2449:
212:
have identified the Peace of
Westphalia as the origin of principles crucial to modern international relations, collectively known as
1230:
2590:
1807:
1260:
701:
calling it "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all time" in the
2525:
2515:
2500:
1856:
Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage
Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (ed.).
2470:
1283:
742:
the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in private, as well as in public during allotted hours.
2545:
2249:
1100:
Some scholars of international relations have identified the Peace of
Westphalia as the origin of principles crucial to modern
923:, a petty exclave of Bremen-Verden and fragile basis for Sweden's seat in the Westphalian circle diet, was also claimed by the
746:
393:
1043:
Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and "a degree" of free navigation was guaranteed on the
2124:
2056:
1997:
1943:
1589:
1444:
1404:
1209:
942:
591:
1410:
875:. The emperor had granted this request and separated the city from the surrounding Bishopric of Bremen. Sweden launched the
400:
2411:
2595:
2535:
1779:
69:9: "For the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up, and the reproaches of them that reproached thee are fallen upon me."
447:
2235:
2229:
1579:
194:
1377:
2480:
1865:
946:
843:
667:
571:
178:
945:
of the Holy Roman Empire, which it was granted by the imperial ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The
2510:
965:
855:
454:
279:
of France, who insisted on the inclusion of all his allies, whether fully sovereign countries or states within the
186:
2175:
1346:
1014:
484:
350:
957:
903:
2351:
563:
2575:
2485:
1564:
Konrad Repgen, "Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems", In:
583:
2585:
2495:
961:
461:
2369:
1056:
595:
197:
and the Treaty of Osnabrück. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, with the
2241:
724:
of 1555, in which each prince had the right to determine the religion of his own state (the principle of
536:
253:
189:, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, participated in the treaties.
2303:
995:
839:
780:
559:
1520:
2321:
2309:
883:
726:
488:
317:
In Münster, negotiations took place between the Holy Roman Empire and France, as well as between the
233:
33:
2117:
Peace Treaties and International Law in European History: From the Late Middle Ages to World War One
2393:
2339:
1017:
would alternate between Catholic and Lutheran bishops, with the Protestant bishops chosen from the
999:
899:
891:
776:
772:
547:
354:
237:
138:
1935:
1717:
416:
representing the interests of 140 Imperial States, and 27 interest groups representing 38 groups.
174:, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people.
2550:
2540:
2327:
2285:
2222:(full text in Latin, with translations to German, English, French, Italian, Swedish, and Spanish)
1505:, 'Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems', In:
1284:"The Peace of Westphalia and it Affects on International Relations, Diplomacy and Foreign Policy"
1202:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015.
1177:
1105:
1101:
1095:
835:
796:
625:
492:
213:
209:
924:
326:
2475:
2375:
1923:
1071:
1037:
876:
249:
1928:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
1477:
1461:
1713:
1222:
1029:
973:
621:
599:
567:
2580:
2345:
2072:
Osiander, Andreas (2001). "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth".
2291:
2273:
1172:
1142:
1075:
938:
910:
551:
225:
167:
609:
sent a delegation of six, including two delegates from the province of Holland, including
8:
2429:
2297:
2150:
Croxton, Derek (1999). "The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty".
1147:
1007:
1003:
987:
587:
507:
503:
440:
377:
369:
2333:
1167:
890:. At Osnabrück, both Sweden and Brandenburg had claimed the whole duchy, which had been
353:
and had many other Catholic inhabitants. Osnabrück had been subjugated by troops of the
322:
2225:
2097:
2022:
2014:
1338:
1330:
1252:
895:
887:
872:
851:
847:
579:
532:
528:
477:
314:. Both cities were maintained as neutral and demilitarized zones for the negotiations.
276:
268:
175:
2201:
2120:
2101:
2089:
2052:
2026:
1939:
1861:
1788:
1585:
1473:
1440:
1400:
1373:
1342:
1205:
1162:
1109:
1033:
1018:
991:
827:
823:
784:
763:
721:
652:, IPO), between the Holy Roman Emperor and Sweden, along with their respective allies
645:, IPM), between the Holy Roman Emperor and France, along with their respective allies
436:
425:
280:
265:
182:
171:
90:
2381:
2357:
2197:
2159:
2081:
2006:
1931:
1465:
1322:
1157:
1022:
981:
977:
871:
To escape incorporation into Swedish Bremen-Verden, the city of Bremen had claimed
245:
241:
2163:
499:
2182:
2040:
1462:"Private Property in the Dutch-Spanish Peace Treaty of Münster (30 January 1648)"
1394:
614:
413:
346:
290:
126:
1152:
1064:
808:
675:
671:
606:
575:
543:
318:
229:
2085:
2045:
World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History
1970:
1326:
2464:
2093:
1502:
1134:
1114:
1079:
586:. The catholic estates were divided between those willing to compromise like
920:
610:
520:
511:
467:
429:
295:
151:
47:
2271:
1858:
Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums
311:
159:
78:
1683:– Original German text Treaty of Osnabrück digitised on German Wikisource
1469:
1182:
758:
702:
338:
330:
1581:
Mazarin's Quest: The Congress of Westphalia and the Coming of the Fronde
788:
2048:
2018:
1645:– Original German text Treaty of Münster digitised on German Wikisource
1334:
1310:
969:
792:
698:
303:
155:
86:
307:
163:
82:
16:
1648 peace treaties ending the Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years' War
822:, which it used primarily to pay its troops. Sweden further received
815:
687:
683:
679:
334:
202:
198:
2010:
1536:"1648: Peace of Westphalia sets inter-state rules for >370 years"
1253:"Peace of Westphalia | Definition, Map, Results, & Significance"
2115:
Randall Lesaffer (2014). "Peace treaties from Lodi to Westphalia".
1083:
860:
804:
800:
694:
1789:
Larry Jay Diamond; Marc F. Plattner; Philip J. Costopoulo (2005).
1971:"Palatinate | Germany, Definition, Map, & Facts | Britannica"
1772:
934:
524:
389:
284:
272:
2216:
1311:"Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth"
349:
mostly so, but the city also housed the Catholic Chapter of the
1776:
1775:
of this brief, meaning "Zeal of the house of God", quotes from
914:
831:
819:
224:
Europe had been battered by both the Thirty Years' War and the
1512:
1194:
1044:
373:
108:
38:
The historic town hall of Münster where the treaty was signed
546:
of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations, among these
617:
from the province of Overijssel; two provinces were absent.
1995:
Gross, Leo (1948). "The Peace of Westphalia, 1648–1948".
842:
as hereditary fiefs, thus gaining a seat and vote in the
392:
holding an olive branch in her left arm and grasping the
357:
from 1628 to 1633 and was then taken by Lutheran Sweden.
670:
was stripped from him and returned to the rulers of the
637:
Two separate treaties constituted the peace settlement:
1704:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1036:, although it had been de facto independent since the
956:
The Palatinate was divided between the re-established
864:). However, the wording of the treaties was ambiguous:
298:
enters Münster around 1646 for the peace negotiations.
275:
in 1636. These negotiations were initially blocked by
1846:, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 60.
1124:
412:
Delegations had been sent by 16 European states, 66
1898:
1886:
1874:
1437:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War
388:The reverse of this medal: Christina of Sweden as
913:, owing their re-investiture to the Swedes, cede
716:The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia were:
697:was very displeased at the settlement, with Pope
678:could again choose their own official religions.
487:, and notably included the diplomats and writers
252:ended most religious aspects of the war, and the
2462:
2144:The Peace of Westphalia: A Historical Dictionary
2114:
1656:"Digital modern German text Treaty of Osnabrück"
879:in 1653/54 in a failed attempt to take the city.
661:
2039:
380:, portrait with feathered helmet right. Obverse
1618:"Digital modern German text Treaty of Münster"
1370:Spain, Europe & the Wider World, 1500–1800
556:Johann VIII. zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein
2257:
1930:, Oxford University Press, pp. 623–624,
980:, along the Rhine, while Maximilian kept the
1681:Westfälischer Friede – Vertrag von Osnabrück
686:were redefined as equal before the law, and
465:
1924:"Germany and the Holy Roman Empire in 1500"
1802:
1800:
1430:
1428:
846:of the Holy Roman Empire as well as in the
404:Peace treaty of Osnabrück, October 24, 1648
2531:Treaties of the Margraviate of Brandenburg
2264:
2250:
1643:Westfälischer Friede – Vertrag von Münster
1089:
753:
510:(who died before peace was concluded) and
321:and Spain who on 30 January 1648 signed a
302:The main peace negotiations took place in
264:Peace negotiations between France and the
2556:17th century in the Old Swiss Confederacy
1936:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0002
896:legal claims of Brandenburgian succession
2172:History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789
2071:
1797:
1459:
1425:
1308:
1055:
757:
399:
383:
364:
289:
2187:
2149:
1707:"Which Countries have State Religions?"
1698:
1577:
1392:
1367:
747:guarantors of the imperial constitution
422:Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville
2463:
2142:Croxton, Derek, and Anuschka Tischer.
2043:(2014). "Introduction and Chapter 1".
1921:
1743:"This day, Mary 15, in Jewish history"
1691:
1689:
1533:
1434:
1281:
882:The treaty did not decide the Swedish-
446:The Imperial delegation was headed by
2245:
1998:American Journal of International Law
1994:
1988:
1909:
1892:
1880:
1855:
1372:. Yale University Press. p. 29.
1032:attained legal independence from the
745:France and Sweden were recognised as
592:Hugo Eberhard Kratz von Scharfenstein
483:The Spanish delegation was headed by
435:The Swedish delegation was headed by
170:(1618–1648) and brought peace to the
137:
2033:
1952:from the original on 16 January 2023
1922:Whaley, Joachim (24 November 2011),
1662:from the original on 31 January 2017
1598:from the original on 16 January 2023
1546:from the original on 26 October 2022
1518:
1413:from the original on 16 January 2023
1396:Westphalia: The Last Christian Peace
1290:from the original on 4 February 2021
1233:from the original on 23 October 2020
480:was represented by two delegations:
424:and further comprised the diplomats
420:The French delegation was headed by
2566:17th-century diplomatic conferences
2521:Peace treaties of the Ancien Régime
2228:(full text, English translation) –
2146:(Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002).
1705:Barro, R. J. & McCleary, R. M.
1686:
1349:from the original on 21 August 2021
1061:Allegory of the Peace of Westphalia
570:. Important protestant envoys were
448:Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff
13:
2561:History of the Palatinate (region)
2136:
1624:from the original on 25 March 2010
1484:from the original on 28 March 2020
1460:Lesaffer, Randall (23 July 2007).
1263:from the original on 6 August 2015
966:Elector-Duke Maximilian of Bavaria
771:France retained the bishoprics of
193:to end the war in the Empire: the
14:
2612:
2601:Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
2571:Diplomatic conferences in Germany
2506:Peace treaties of the Netherlands
2491:Treaties of the Holy Roman Empire
2217:Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
2210:
1824:from the original on 17 June 2012
643:Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis
150:) is the collective name for two
27:Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster
2202:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00667.x
1860:(in German). Kovač. p. 35.
1521:"The Thirty Years War, Complete"
1127:
892:under Swedish control since 1630
720:All parties would recognise the
650:Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis
455:Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar
306:, in the neighbouring cities of
32:
2591:Early modern history of Germany
2238:(full text, German translation)
2232:(full text, German translation)
2190:International Studies Quarterly
2108:
2065:
1963:
1915:
1849:
1836:
1782:
1765:
1735:
1674:
1648:
1636:
1610:
1571:
1558:
1527:
1496:
949:, Frederick's son, was given a
834:, and the Prince-Bishoprics of
2526:Treaties of the Spanish Empire
2516:Treaties of the Swedish Empire
2501:Treaties of the Dutch Republic
1453:
1386:
1361:
1302:
1275:
1245:
1215:
958:Elector Palatine Charles Louis
594:, and catholic hardliner like
572:Wolfgang Conrad von Thumbshirn
360:
154:signed in October 1648 in the
1:
2546:1648 in the Holy Roman Empire
2164:10.1080/07075332.1999.9640869
1791:World religions and democracy
1566:1648: War and Peace in Europe
1534:Cobban, Helena (8 May 2021).
1507:1648: War and Peace in Europe
1188:
1015:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
976:. Charles Louis obtained the
904:underlying conflict continued
787:, received the cities of the
662:Internal political boundaries
485:Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán
462:Johann Maximilian von Lamberg
351:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
333:worship was permitted, while
219:
139:[vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐˈfʁiːdə]
2152:International History Review
1844:A Concise History of Germany
1584:. Harvard University Press.
1200:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
1153:History of Sweden, 1648–1700
900:settled for a border in 1653
596:Franz Wilhelm von Wartenberg
259:
52:End of the Thirty Years' War
7:
1716:. p. 5. Archived from
1439:. Allen Lane. p. 632.
1120:
1023:House of Brunswick-Lüneburg
632:
564:Georg Christoph von Haslang
327:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
10:
2617:
2596:Christina, Queen of Sweden
2536:1648 in the Dutch Republic
2471:Thirty Years' War treaties
2074:International Organization
1658:. lwl.org. 25 March 2014.
1620:. lwl.org. 25 March 2014.
1315:International Organization
1309:Osiander, Andreas (2001).
1093:
1078:that had begun during the
984:, to the north of Bavaria.
909:The treaty ruled that the
749:with a right to intercede.
656:
560:Margraviate of Brandenburg
2445:
2281:
2236:Peace Treaty of Osnabrück
2086:10.1162/00208180151140577
1808:"The Peace of Westphalia"
1435:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
1327:10.1162/00208180151140577
1051:
727:cuius regio, eius religio
711:
648:The Treaty of Osnabrück (
489:Diego de Saavedra Fajardo
441:Baron Johan Adler Salvius
234:European wars of religion
104:
96:
74:
66:
58:
43:
31:
26:
2481:Peace treaties of Sweden
2181:20 December 2020 at the
2119:. Cambridge. p. 9.
994:, and the Bishoprics of
953:, eighth electoral vote.
2511:Peace treaties of Spain
2230:Peace Treaty of Münster
2226:Peace Treaty of Münster
1393:Croxton, Derek (2013).
1282:Patton, Steven (2019).
1257:Encyclopedia Britannica
1178:Westphalian sovereignty
1106:Westphalian sovereignty
1102:international relations
1096:Westphalian sovereignty
1090:Westphalian sovereignty
968:, and thus between the
797:Bishopric of Strasbourg
754:Territorial adjustments
641:The Treaty of Münster (
626:Johann Rudolf Wettstein
493:Bernardino de Rebolledo
437:Count Johan Oxenstierna
254:French–Habsburg rivalry
214:Westphalian sovereignty
210:international relations
1695:Treaty of Münster 1648
1578:Sonnino, Paul (2009).
1368:Elliott, J.H. (2009).
1227:www.pax-westphalica.de
1072:Treaty of the Pyrenees
1067:
1038:Treaty of Basel (1499)
791:in Alsace (except for
767:
666:The power asserted by
466:
405:
397:
381:
299:
250:Peace of Prague (1635)
130:
1747:Cleveland Jewish News
1714:University of Chicago
1519:Schiller, Frederick.
1059:
761:
600:Electorate of Cologne
568:Electorate of Bavaria
548:Johann Ernst Pistoris
539:, acted as mediators.
403:
387:
368:
293:
2586:1648 in Christianity
2496:Treaties of Flanders
1815:University of Oregon
1470:10.2139/ssrn.1002389
1076:Dutch-Portuguese War
925:Bishopric of Münster
911:Dukes of Mecklenburg
898:. While the parties
674:. The rulers of the
552:Electorate of Saxony
506:were represented by
439:and was assisted by
396:with her right hand.
208:Several scholars of
131:Westfälischer Friede
1148:Freedom of religion
988:Brandenburg-Prussia
877:Swedish-Bremen wars
814:Sweden received an
624:was represented by
508:Joseph de Bergaigne
504:Spanish Netherlands
378:Christina of Sweden
118:Peace of Westphalia
23:
22:Peace of Westphalia
2576:History of Münster
1975:www.britannica.com
1204:McFarland. p. 40.
1115:religious conflict
1082:between Spain and
1068:
888:Duchy of Pomerania
873:Imperial immediacy
803:) and the city of
768:
584:Brunswick-Lüneburg
478:Philip IV of Spain
450:. His aides were:
406:
398:
382:
300:
277:Cardinal Richelieu
181:, the kingdoms of
176:Holy Roman Emperor
21:
2486:Thirty Years' War
2458:
2457:
2274:Thirty Years' War
2174:(1928) pp 104–14
2126:978-0-511-21603-9
2058:978-0-241-00426-5
1945:978-0-19-873101-6
1723:on 30 August 2006
1591:978-0-674-04386-2
1446:978-0-7139-9592-3
1406:978-1-137-33332-2
1286:. The Histories.
1210:978-0-7864-7470-7
1173:Thirty Years' War
1163:Peace of Augsburg
1143:Eighty Years' War
1110:Holy Roman Empire
1034:Holy Roman Empire
1030:Swiss Confederacy
992:Farther Pomerania
960:(son and heir of
943:Electoral College
828:Swedish Pomerania
824:Western Pomerania
807:near the Spanish
764:Holy Roman Empire
722:Peace of Augsburg
622:Swiss Confederacy
457:and Isaak Volmar.
394:tree of knowledge
341:were prohibited.
281:Holy Roman Empire
226:Eighty Years' War
195:Treaty of Münster
172:Holy Roman Empire
168:Thirty Years' War
166:. They ended the
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1399:. Palgrave.
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611:Adriaan Pauw
521:papal nuncio
512:Antoine Brun
468:Reichshofrat
453:In Münster,
430:Abel Servien
411:
407:
343:
323:peace treaty
316:
301:
296:Adriaan Pauw
294:Dutch envoy
263:
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191:
117:
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48:Peace treaty
18:
2276:(1618–1648)
2220:(in German)
1602:18 November
1417:12 November
1183:Magna Carta
1117:in Europe.
1000:Halberstadt
970:Protestants
962:Frederick V
856:Westphalian
852:Lower Saxon
848:Upper Saxon
703:papal brief
529:Fabio Chigi
361:Delegations
339:Lutheranism
156:Westphalian
2465:Categories
2436:Westphalia
2316:Königsberg
2298:Nikolsburg
2049:Allen Lane
1727:7 November
1550:26 October
1294:19 January
1267:2 November
1237:2 November
1189:References
939:Palatinate
793:Strasbourg
699:Innocent X
531:, and the
304:Westphalia
220:Background
158:cities of
135:pronounced
87:Westphalia
2581:Osnabrück
2450:Campaigns
2424:Eulenberg
2412:Brömsebro
2370:Compiègne
2364:Ebersdorf
2358:Heilbronn
2322:Franzburg
2310:Pressburg
2304:The Hague
2102:145407931
2094:1531-5088
2027:246010450
1828:6 October
1353:21 August
1343:145407931
996:Magdeburg
990:received
974:Catholics
861:Kreistage
816:indemnity
688:Calvinism
684:Lutherans
680:Catholics
335:Calvinism
312:Osnabrück
271:began in
260:Locations
203:Louis XIV
199:Habsburgs
160:Osnabrück
123:‹See Tfd›
105:Languages
79:Osnabrück
62:1646–1648
2346:Bärwalde
2179:Archived
1956:28 April
1950:archived
1819:Archived
1660:Archived
1622:Archived
1596:Archived
1544:Archived
1482:Archived
1411:Archived
1347:Archived
1288:Archived
1261:Archived
1231:Archived
1121:See also
1084:Portugal
894:despite
805:Pignerol
801:Mulhouse
789:Décapole
785:Lorraine
695:Holy See
633:Treaties
598:for the
542:Various
533:Venetian
502:and the
376:(1648),
372:undated
347:burghers
266:Habsburg
75:Location
2400:Dorsten
2394:Hamburg
2340:Stettin
2019:2193560
1980:15 July
1773:incipit
1628:25 July
1488:25 July
1478:1002389
1335:3078632
1021:of the
935:Bavaria
820:thalers
766:in 1648
657:Results
535:envoy,
525:Cologne
390:Minerva
329:. Only
308:Münster
285:Hamburg
273:Cologne
269:Emperor
248:). The
244:(later
240:or the
164:Münster
97:Parties
83:Münster
59:Drafted
2438:(1648)
2432:(1647)
2426:(1646)
2420:(1645)
2414:(1645)
2408:(1642)
2406:Goslar
2402:(1639)
2396:(1638)
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2378:(1635)
2376:Prague
2372:(1635)
2366:(1634)
2360:(1633)
2354:(1631)
2348:(1631)
2342:(1630)
2336:(1629)
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