685:, two pairs of coxal glands open onto the posterior side of the first and third coxae. They release a fluid only during feeding and play an important role in ion and water balance. Digestive fluids dissolve the prey's internal tissues. Then the spider feeds by sucking the partially digested fluids out. Other spiders with more powerfully built chelicerae masticate the entire body of their prey and leave behind only a relatively small amount of indigestible materials. Spiders consume only liquid foods. Many spiders will store prey temporarily. Web weaving spiders that have made a shroud of silk to quiet their envenomed prey's death struggles will generally leave them in these shrouds and then consume them at their leisure.
47:
423:
1888:
515:
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intestine and ovary embedded in the liver. The midgut runs in an arch with entry points for the liver secretions. It merges into an end intestine into which a bifurcated
Malphigian vessel opens. a-anal opening. Inside the abdomen we see the left ovary with spherical eggs which emerge from an opening between the spiracles. 2 Cephalothorax opened - m- muscles for the legs. g - two poison glands. b - sucking stomach. there are two sacs - c with protrusions d. k are feelers. 3 is a close up of a spinneret
506:. The colulus is reduced or absent in most species. The cribellate spiders were the first spiders to build specialized prey-catching webs, later evolving into groups that used the spinnerets solely to make webs, instead using silk threads dotted with droplets of a sticky liquid (like pearls on a necklace) to capture small arthropods, and a few large species even small bats and birds. Other spiders do not build webs at all, but have become active hunters, like the highly successful jumping spiders.
118:
657:
374:
31:
1419:
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230:(or just palps). Spiders' legs are made up of seven segments. Starting from the body end, these are the coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus. The tip of the tarsus bears claws, which vary in number and size. Spiders that spin webs typically have three claws, the middle one being small; hunting spiders typically have only two claws. Since they do not have antennae, spiders use specialised and sensitive
403:
contains both the openings to a pair of book lungs (absent in a few species) and the gonopore (genital opening). Then follows a segment with a second pair of book lungs (replaced with trachea in most modern spiders). The next two segments carry the spinnerets. In the majority of spiders the spinnerets have migrated to the posterior end of the body. The remaining abdominal segments are more difficult to distinguish.
636:, but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. This system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist
717:. In 1843 it was revealed that males build a nuptial web into which they deposit a drop of semen, which is then taken up by the copulatory apparatus (the palpal bulb) in the pedipalp. The structure of the copulatory apparatus varies significantly between males of different species. While the widened palpal tarsus of the
676:
is carried out internally and externally. Spiders do not have powerful chelicerae, but secrete digestive fluids into their prey from a series of ducts perforating their chelicerae. The coxal glands are excretory organs that lie in the prosoma, and open to the outside at the coxae of the walking legs.
402:
from the more posterior part of the abdomen. In the middle of this furrow is the opening of the oviduct (in females) and at either end are the lung slits. In most spiders the external segmentation is no longer visible, but is still noticeable internally. The first abdominal segment behind the pedicel
569:
The heart is located in the abdomen a short distance within the middle line of the dorsal body-wall, and above the intestine. Unlike in insects, the heart is not divided into chambers, but consists of a simple tube. The aorta, which supplies haemolymph to the cephalothorax, extends from the anterior
501:
thick) around a few thicker core fibers, which then are combed into a woolly structure by using a group of specialized hairs on their fourth pair of legs. Once all araneomorph (modern) spiders had a cribellum, but today it only remains in the cribellate spiders (although it is sometimes missing even
377:
Internal anatomy of a female - 1 o-slit shaped orifice of poison gland. Behind the mouth opening is a mandible with a 5 segmented palpus. a-anus. s-are the two column-shaped spiracles leading into the lungs or tracheae. s'-is an unpaired spiracle that leads into tubular tracheae. The abdomen has the
355:
However, most spiders that lurk on flowers, webs, and other fixed locations waiting for prey tend to have very poor eyesight; instead they possess an extreme sensitivity to vibrations, which aids in prey capture. Vibration sensitive spiders can sense vibrations from such various mediums as the water
643:
Among smaller araneomorph spiders there are species in which the anterior pair of book lungs have also evolved into tracheae, or are simply reduced or missing. In a very few species the book lungs have developed deep channels, apparently signs of evolution into tracheae. Some very small spiders in
207:
Like other arachnids, spiders are unable to chew their food, so they have a mouth part shaped like a short drinking straw that they use to suck up the liquefied insides of their prey. However, they are able to eat their own silk to recycle proteins needed in the production of new spider webs. Some
479:
The abdomen has no appendages except from one to four (usually three) modified pairs of movable telescoping organs called spinnerets, which produce silk. Originally, the common ancestor of spiders had four pairs of spinnerets, with two pairs on the tenth body segment and two pairs on the eleventh
364:
The cephalothorax is joined to the abdomen by a thin flexible pedicel. This allows a spider to move its abdomen in all directions, and thus, for example, to spin silk without moving the cephalothorax. This waist is actually the last segment (somite) of the cephalothorax (the pregenital somite).
484:
is unique in having only two types of silk glands – thought to be the ancestral condition. All other spiders have the spinnerets further towards the posterior end of the body where they form a small cluster, and the anterior central spinnerets on the tenth segment are lost or reduced (suborder
347:
have their posterior median eyes enlarged into large forward-facing compound lenses. These eyes have a wide field of view and are able to gather available light more efficiently than the eyes of cats and owls. This is despite the fact that they lack a reflective layer
105:, which is injected into prey (or defensively, when the spider feels threatened) through the fangs of the chelicerae. Male spiders have specialized pedipalps that are used to transfer sperm to the female during mating. Many species of spiders exhibit a great deal of
640:. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of spiracles, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and migrated posterior close to the spinnerets.
241:
The pedipalps have only six segments: the metatarsus is missing. In adult males, the tarsus of each palp is modified to carry an elaborate and often species-specific structure used for mating (variously called a
644:
moist and sheltered habitats do not have any breathing organs at all, as gas exchange occurs directly through their body surface. In the tracheal system oxygen interchange is much more efficient, enabling
352:); instead, each night, a large area of light-sensitive membrane is manufactured within the eyes, and since arachnid eyes do not have irises, it is rapidly destroyed again at dawn.
172:
family, which retains this more primitive character; hence they are sometimes called segmented spiders. The abdomen and cephalothorax are connected by a thin waist called the
1274:
835:
327:). Sometimes one pair of eyes is better developed than the rest, or even, in some cave species, there are no eyes at all. Several families of hunting spiders, such as
54:. The epigastric plates and furrow are visible, as well as the hourglass marking on the underside of the abdomen, which is a characteristic feature of widow spiders.
164:, whose cephalothorax is divided into two parts by an elongated "neck". In the majority of spiders, the abdomen is not externally segmented. The exception is the
497:). The cribellum (usually separated into a left and a right half) produces a thread made up of hundreds to thousands of very fine dry silk fibers (about 10
204:. Most external appendages on the spider are attached to the cephalothorax, including the eyes, chelicerae and other mouthparts, pedipalps and legs.
648:(hunting involving extended pursuit) and other advanced characteristics, such as having a smaller heart and the ability to live in drier habitats.
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of insects. The specific arrangement of the eyes is one of the features used in classifying different species. Most species of the
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here), which are widespread around the world. Often, this plate lacks the ability to produce silk, and is then called the
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Spiders also have several adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids. All spiders are capable of producing
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end of the heart. Smaller arteries extend from sides and posterior end of the heart. A thin-walled sac, known as the
466:
444:
437:
1929:
836:"Silk feeding as an alternative foraging tactic in a kleptoparasitic spider under seasonally changing environments"
17:
1438:
931:
Peaslee, Alan & Wilson, Graeme (May 1989). "Spectral sensitivity in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)".
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surface, the soil or their silk threads. Changes in the air pressure can also be detected in search of prey.
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1025:"Comparative anatomy of the spinneret musculature in cribellate and ecribellate spiders (Araneae)"
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and then meander about to search for a mate. These palps are then introduced into the female's
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on their legs to pick up scent, sounds, vibrations and air currents. Some spiders, such as the
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335:, have fair to excellent vision. The main pair of eyes in jumping spiders even sees in color.
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sexually. They are unusual in that they do not transfer sperm directly, for example via a
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566:. Hemocyanin contains two copper atoms, tinting the haemolymph with a faint blue color.
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body segment, located in the middle on the ventral side of the abdomen. The suborder
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42:(1) and a body divided into two segments: the cephalothorax (2) and the abdomen (3).
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729:), only forms a simple bulb containing the coiled blind duct, members of the genus
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spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the
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70:(sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of
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Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based either on
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Spiders typically have eight walking legs (insects have six). They do not have
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1275:"Spider genitalia: precise maneuvers with a numb structure in a complex lock"
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spiders, the anterior edge is often saw-like and is used in cutting up prey.
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246:, palpal organ or copulatory bulb). The basal segments of the pedipalps, the
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386:. On the ventral side of the abdomen are two hardened plates covering the
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766:"The Taxonomic Problem of Sexual Dimorphism in Spiders and a Synonymy in
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250:, next to the mouth, are modified to assist with feeding, and are termed
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160:). The exception to this rule are the assassin spiders in the family
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2007:
1997:
1023:
Kreuz, Josefine; Michalik, Peter; Wolff, Jonas O. (February 2024).
706:
343:
227:
63:
35:
834:
Miyashita, Tadashi; Yasunori
Maezono; Aya Shimazaki (March 2004).
1987:
1982:
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489:), or modified into a specialised and flattened plate called the
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1836:
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1280:. In Leonard, Janet L. & Córdoba-Aguilar, Alex (eds.).
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701:. Instead the males transfer it to specialized structures (
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which transport it. Rather, their bodies are filled with
66:. These characteristics include bodies divided into two
1065:
1004:
900:
226:; the pair of appendages in front of the legs are the
1282:
The evolution of primary sexual characters in animals
1208:
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to diffuse out. This is also the case for some basal
274:
spiders, the maxillae are only slightly modified; in
1089:
303:
Spiders usually have eight eyes, each with a single
912:
883:"Spiders are a treasure trove of scientific wonder"
794:
1022:
97:of various types, which many species use to build
281:
196:, is composed of two primary surfaces: a dorsal
2105:
62:includes many characteristics shared with other
562:, a respiratory protein similar in function to
1248:"Techniques for the study of spider genitalia"
816:. UK: School of Chemistry – Bristol University
620:surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and
214:), even eat the silk of other spider species.
1821:
1333:
1313:Theraphosidae Belgium, anatomy of bird eaters
1272:
930:
398:, separates the region of the book lungs and
763:
1245:
430:This subsection includes a list of general
1828:
1814:
1347:
1340:
1326:
1273:Eberhard, W.G. & Huber, B.A. (2010).
1263:
1167:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1125:
1040:
924:
851:
785:
467:Learn how and when to remove this message
315:have six eyes, although some have eight (
121:The underside and head of a female spider
1207:
1184:Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe
1158:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1144:
1083:
998:
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587:
546:, which is pumped through arteries by a
372:
291:
116:
45:
29:
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1108:Baez, E. C. & J. W. Abalos (1963).
906:
14:
2106:
1162:
1153:
1110:"On Spermatic Transmission in Spiders"
1095:
1071:
1010:
918:
800:
713:. This was first described in 1678 by
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208:spiders, such as the dewdrop spiders (
101:to ensnare prey. Most spiders possess
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1321:
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307:rather than multiple units as in the
27:Physiology of Spiders (order Araneae)
416:
933:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
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112:
24:
677:In primitive spiders, such as the
574:, completely surrounds the heart.
513:
436:it lacks sufficient corresponding
176:. Unlike insects, spiders have an
25:
2125:
1201:
881:Hardy, Maggie (10 January 2016).
735:have a highly complex structure.
382:The abdomen is also known as the
132:, have only two main body parts (
2088:
2087:
1886:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1417:
1149:. Doubleday, Page & Company.
421:
187:
1252:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1138:
1114:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1101:
1016:
774:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
192:The cephalothorax, also called
1210:California Academy of Sciences
1145:Comstock, John Henry (1920) .
967:
874:
827:
806:
757:
534:, i.e., they do not have true
521:
282:Eyes, vision, and sense organs
13:
1:
750:
406:
217:
1757:Standard anatomical position
1682:Glossary of plant morphology
1677:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
1672:Anatomical terms of location
1182:Roberts, Michael J. (1995).
651:
577:
136:) instead of three: a fused
7:
1925:List of families of spiders
1835:
1284:. Oxford University Press.
975:"How spiders see the world"
738:
554:surrounding their internal
10:
2130:
1163:Foelix, Rainer F. (2011).
1154:Foelix, Rainer F. (1996).
581:
558:. The haemolymph contains
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368:
359:
285:
2083:
2062:
2031:
1938:
1895:
1884:
1843:
1795:Index of anatomy articles
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1697:
1659:
1626:
1578:
1530:
1480:
1464:
1426:
1415:
1359:
1218:10088/14866?show=full
1186:. London: HarperCollins.
862:10.1017/S0952836903004540
34:Basic characteristics of
1444:morphological plasticity
1434:Bacterial cell structure
745:Glossary of spider terms
665:feeding on silk-wrapped
632:spiders like the family
254:, although they are not
86:, which is periodically
1930:Lists of spider species
770:(Araneae, Clubionidae)"
532:open circulatory system
451:more precise citations.
394:. A fold, known as the
390:. These are called the
1762:Transcendental anatomy
1667:Anatomical terminology
1233:Cite journal requires
670:
597:
518:
379:
300:
264:mandibulate arthropods
236:Australian crab spider
122:
55:
50:The ventral side of a
43:
38:include four pairs of
1439:cellular morphologies
1029:Journal of Morphology
764:Reiskind, J. (1965).
723:Kukulcania hibernalis
719:southern house spider
659:
591:
517:
411:Further information:
376:
295:
238:, do not have claws.
180:in addition to their
120:
49:
33:
1710:Anatomical variation
1393:Microscopic anatomy
1246:Levi, H. W. (1965).
323:) or even two (most
2044:Cultural depictions
1725:Form classification
1593:Neanderthal anatomy
1451:Colonial morphology
1389:Comparative anatomy
1372:Superficial anatomy
1086:, pp. 148–152.
1001:, pp. 128–132.
693:Almost all spiders
689:Reproductive system
550:into spaces called
526:Spiders, like most
447:this subsection by
339:Net-casting spiders
296:Multiple eyes of a
1740:History of anatomy
1427:Bacteria and fungi
1265:10.1155/1965/94978
1165:Biology of Spiders
1156:Biology of Spiders
1127:10.1155/1963/93732
1042:10.1002/jmor.21670
945:10.1007/BF00612995
840:Journal of Zoology
787:10.1155/1965/17894
671:
624:to diffuse in and
598:
519:
380:
301:
123:
56:
52:brown widow spider
44:
2101:
2100:
2032:Human interaction
1803:
1802:
1636:Amphibian anatomy
1628:Other vertebrates
1570:Arthropod cuticle
1548:Insect morphology
1543:Gastropod anatomy
1456:Lichen morphology
1382:brain morphometry
1291:978-0-19-971703-3
1193:978-0-00-219981-0
1174:978-0-19-973482-5
1074:, pp. 53–60.
1013:, pp. 39–41.
979:Australian Museum
909:, pp. 12–16.
646:cursorial hunting
477:
476:
469:
396:epigastric furrow
392:epigastric plates
107:sexual dimorphism
16:(Redirected from
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1890:
1830:
1823:
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1715:Anatomical plane
1613:Elephant anatomy
1510:Plant morphology
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1319:
1318:
1309:
1307:
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1294:. Archived from
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887:The Conversation
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510:Internal anatomy
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156:(also called an
113:External anatomy
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18:Pedicel (spider)
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1973:Cheliceral fang
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1687:leaf morphology
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1618:Giraffe anatomy
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1538:Decapod anatomy
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1522:Soil morphology
1505:Plant life-form
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443:Please help to
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329:jumping spiders
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58:The anatomy of
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1745:19th century
1735:Hertwig rule
1646:Fish anatomy
1641:Bird anatomy
1564:
1515:reproductive
1377:Neuroanatomy
1303:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1281:
1255:
1251:
1226:cite journal
1183:
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1139:Bibliography
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983:. Retrieved
981:. 2015-10-30
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890:. Retrieved
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865:. Retrieved
843:
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818:. Retrieved
808:
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768:Myrmecotypus
767:
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727:Filistatidae
722:
703:palpal bulbs
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178:endoskeleton
166:Liphistiidae
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2049:Spider bite
2003:Palpal bulb
1993:Opisthosoma
1958:Calamistrum
1863:Cannibalism
1845:Arachnology
1752:Physiognomy
1603:Dog anatomy
1598:Cat anatomy
1500:Plant habit
667:grasshopper
638:desiccation
630:araneomorph
614:mygalomorph
572:pericardium
522:Circulation
449:introducing
413:Spider silk
384:opisthosoma
321:Tetrablemma
276:araneomorph
272:mygalomorph
244:palpal bulb
182:exoskeleton
158:opisthosoma
84:exoskeleton
80:simple eyes
2070:Spider web
1968:Chelicerae
1910:Mesothelae
1853:Ballooning
1660:Glossaries
1472:Structures
1353:morphology
1305:2015-09-20
985:2016-09-07
867:2007-05-22
820:2007-05-22
751:References
679:Mesothelae
602:book lungs
594:book lungs
564:hemoglobin
560:hemocyanin
544:haemolymph
530:, have an
528:arthropods
493:(suborder
482:Mesothelae
432:references
407:Spinnerets
388:book lungs
325:Caponiidae
313:Haplogynae
256:homologous
218:Appendages
162:Archaeidae
144:(called a
72:chelicerae
2018:Spinneret
1978:Cribellum
1953:Book lung
1868:Evolution
1730:Gracility
1720:Body plan
1705:Allometry
1402:molecular
1397:histology
1051:0362-2525
848:CiteSeerX
707:pedipalps
705:) on the
695:reproduce
674:Digestion
652:Digestion
610:Mesothele
584:Book lung
578:Breathing
538:, or the
491:cribellum
457:June 2024
341:of genus
268:mesothele
258:with the
228:pedipalps
211:Argyrodes
152:) and an
128:, unlike
82:, and an
76:pedipalps
64:arachnids
36:arachnids
2108:Category
2093:Category
2008:Scopulae
1998:Pedipalp
1897:Taxonomy
1878:Glossary
1858:Behavior
1780:Category
1465:Protists
1059:38361256
961:21329083
892:21 April
739:See also
681:and the
606:tracheae
344:Deinopis
260:maxillae
252:maxillae
224:antennae
198:carapace
1988:Exuviae
1983:Epigyne
1940:Anatomy
1837:Spiders
1580:Mammals
1558:Odonata
1553:Diptera
1349:Anatomy
953:2709341
732:Argiope
711:epigyne
618:ventral
592:Spider
552:sinuses
504:colulus
445:improve
400:epigyne
369:Abdomen
360:Pedicel
202:sternum
194:prosoma
174:pedicel
154:abdomen
150:prosoma
134:tagmata
130:insects
126:Spiders
68:tagmata
60:spiders
1790:Portal
1481:Plants
1360:Fields
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622:oxygen
604:or on
556:organs
434:, but
142:thorax
1493:fruit
1299:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
957:S2CID
699:penis
548:heart
540:veins
536:blood
266:. In
248:coxae
232:setae
170:basal
103:venom
2063:Webs
2013:Silk
1351:and
1286:ISBN
1239:help
1188:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1055:PMID
1047:ISSN
949:PMID
894:2022
612:and
331:and
305:lens
270:and
168:, a
140:and
138:head
99:webs
95:silk
88:shed
74:and
40:legs
1260:doi
1214:hdl
1122:doi
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937:164
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262:of
148:or
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