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of the area, who dwelt in them with their families and retainers, while their followers lived in simple huts outside the walls. The towers also provided a refuge so that, when cross-border raiding parties arrived, the whole population of a village could take to the tower and wait for the marauders to
241:
of livestock was an inevitable part of Border raids, and often their main purpose. In this usage, the tower usually stood at a corner of the pele. Most pele enclosure walls have not survived, and some towers perhaps never had them. Some, known as a "vicar's pele", housed the local vicar but could
203:, mainly between the mid-14th century and about 1600. They were free-standing with defence being a prime consideration in their design, although "confirmation of status and prestige" also played a role. Additionally, they functioned as
494:
was converted to alms houses in 1864, but is now a single dwelling, rentable as holiday accommodation. The lower barrel vaulted chamber and first floor date from c. 1280, the top floor from the
Victorian reconstruction.
471:
is a home to bird wardens. The most obvious conversion needs include access, which would have originally been made intentionally difficult, and the provision of more and larger windows. A pele tower in
590:
763:"St Michael & All Angels: In the tiny village of Alnham and set on the edge of the Northumbrian National Park, close to the source of the River Aln and somewhat off the beaten track"
2524:
789:
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862:
1080:
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and is still habitable. It was built in 1425 by the Heiton family from
Normandy, and remained the property of the same family until 2016. The Pele Tower in
514:
376:
or fire signal, for day or night use, ready at hand. Apart from their primary purpose as a warning system, these towers were also the homes of the
1060:
1037:
525:
1070:
229:
defines a peel as simply a stone tower. Outside of this, "peel" or "pele" can also be used in related contexts, for example a "pele" or "
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505:; it owes its existence to the settlement of Cumbrian sheep farmer, John Dryden, in the county of Northamptonshire.
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King, Andy (2012). "Fortresses and fashion statements: gentry castles in fourteenth-century
Northumberland".
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has a heavily fortified tower at the west end and a former vicar's pele at the east end. St
Cuthbert's,
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20:
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863:"'Haunted' 15th Century Scottish castle with 'ghosts in the grounds' could be yours for ÂŁ695,000"
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2019:
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369:
297:. In the upper Tweed valley, going downstream from its source, they were as follows: Fruid,
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1990:
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400:(formerly Embleton Vicarage) in Northumberland; the square medieval pele tower is at right
8:
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1980:
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showing the conversion from a derelict state to a home and a bed-and-breakfast business.
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290:
225:", "fortified manor house" and "tower house" under the broader term "fortified house".
463:. Some towers are now derelict while others have been converted for use in peacetime.
372:
in 1455, each of these towers was required to have an iron basket on its summit and a
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or strong internal iron gates to defend their towers against
Scottish raiders.
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2009:
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2014:
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237:) was an enclosure where livestock were herded in times of danger. The
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1530:
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In
Scotland, a line of these towers was built in the 1430s across the
278:, in response to the threat of attack from the English, Scots and the
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was part of the former vicarage, now a private home, and that on the
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1965:
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1925:
1695:
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1404:
1397:
1343:
1215:
1141:
740:
The Steel
Bonnets: the Story of the Anglo-Scottish Border Reivers
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306:
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to its source, as a response to the dangers of invasion from the
230:
185:
138:
19:
For the monument to Robert Peel in Bury, Greater
Manchester, see
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incorporates one of only a few pele towers constructed in the
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1960:
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1116:
515:
Architecture in early modern
Scotland#Vernacular architecture
421:
377:
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1900:
1867:
1842:
1634:
1624:
1593:
1572:
794:
453:
234:
177:
942:"Strickland's Pele Tower and Penrith Castle (1010690)"
790:"St Cuthbert, Great Salkeld, Cumbria: the pele tower"
440:
936:
815:
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
998:"The Pele Towers of Cumbria and the Lake District"
821:"Details from listed building database (1138256)"
3176:Buildings and structures in the Scottish Borders
3147:
242:also serve as a refuge for the whole community.
1487:
564:
2049:
1995:
1813:
1659:
666:"FISH Terminologies: Monument Types Thesaurus"
526:Category:Fortified church buildings in England
459:Some peles were converted to castles, such as
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2434:
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1856:
1847:
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1465:
1442:
1045:
923:The National Trust book of the English House
591:"Clifton Hall, Cumbria: Excavations 1977-79"
476:, North Yorkshire featured in an episode of
16:Small medieval fortified keep or tower house
1474:
1456:
1402:
1388:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
567:The Medieval Fortified Buildings of Cumbria
1238:
1224:
1038:
1024:
887:"Whittingham Tower (The Gatehouse Record)"
588:
839:
207:, where garrisoned personnel could light
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
710:Aslet & Powers, 20; Historic England
392:
158:
143:
129:
961:
688:
615:
565:Perriam, Denis; Robinson, John (1998).
3148:
860:
737:
1219:
1019:
404:Pele towers can be associated with a
840:Wilkinson, Paul (15 February 2007).
621:
452:. Both these Cumbrian churches have
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
2630:Weapons Storage and Security System
861:McCrum, Kirstie (20 October 2016).
541:Tower houses in Britain and Ireland
442:St Michael's Church, Burgh by Sands
388:
13:
1245:
947:National Heritage List for England
826:National Heritage List for England
14:
3207:
990:
3129:
3128:
1199:
137:, a late-medieval pele tower in
32:
879:
854:
833:
809:
782:
755:
746:
731:
420:, are examples of a so-called '
211:to warn of approaching danger.
43:needs additional citations for
722:
713:
704:
682:
658:
636:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2007.09.003
582:
573:
558:
1:
2525:British "hedgehog" road block
962:Stewart, Derek James (2017).
908:
842:"How I peeled back the years"
164:Preston Tower, Northumberland
418:Church of St Michael, Alnham
7:
2935:Cities with defensive walls
2520:Defensive fighting position
2435:
2240:
2050:
1996:
1857:
1848:
1814:
1805:
1660:
968:. American Academic Press.
624:Journal of Medieval History
589:Fairclough, Graham (1980),
508:
492:Whittingham, Northumberland
10:
3212:
694:Cumberland and Westmorland
486:Tower stands just outside
448:, is another example of a
337:, Dawyck, Easter Happrew,
245:
18:
3171:History of Northumberland
3119:
3049:
2973:
2917:
2851:
2737:
2642:
2565:Hardened aircraft shelter
2540:Entry control point (ECP)
2452:
2363:
2079:
2072:
1504:
1253:
1195:
1094:
1053:
432:is in the grounds of the
424:'s peles' and the one at
272:North Riding of Yorkshire
21:Peel Monument, Ramsbottom
3062:Continuity of government
1047:Architecture in Scotland
551:
414:Embleton, Northumberland
221:lists "pele" alongside "
219:Monument Types Thesaurus
3196:Vernacular architecture
2884:Motte-and-bailey castle
2590:Missile launch facility
2585:Main line of resistance
1280:
768:National Churches Trust
546:Vernacular architecture
355:Nether Horsburgh Castle
282:of both nationalities.
2960:Military installations
2824:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2705:
2376:
2351:
2327:
2317:Scarp and Counterscarp
2288:
2279:
2264:
2231:
2217:
2188:
2159:
2150:
2126:
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1892:
1873:
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1529:
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1457:
1443:
1403:
1389:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1271:
925:Penguin/Viking, 1985,
738:Fraser, G. M. (1971).
728:Aslet & Powers, 20
438:Corbridge Vicar's Pele
401:
274:, and as far south as
176:) are small fortified
166:
156:
141:
2729:Floating water castle
2460:Admiralty scaffolding
1753:Fortified buildings (
1081:Industrial Revolution
698:Yale University Press
396:
370:Parliament of England
341:, Barnes, Caverhill,
162:
147:
133:
3072:Subterranean warfare
2025:Viking ring fortress
935:"Historic England":
250:Peels were built in
52:improve this article
2889:Quadrangular castle
2625:Weapon storage area
1981:Quadrangular castle
1206:Scotland portal
1102:Atlantic roundhouse
891:Gatehouse Gazetteer
847:The Daily Telegraph
752:Stewart (2017),p.19
719:Stewart (2017) p.16
536:Scottish Vernacular
465:Embleton pele tower
3186:Towers in Scotland
3166:History of Cumbria
2620:Underground hangar
2405:Fire control tower
2202:Gunpowder magazine
1630:Butter-churn tower
875:on 22 August 2017.
499:Canons Ashby House
402:
184:, built along the
167:
157:
142:
3181:Towers in England
3143:
3142:
3067:Military urbanism
3001:Fortified gateway
2874:Concentric castle
2638:
2637:
2555:Fire support base
2395:Coastal artillery
2270:(Spanish America)
1864:
1706:Concentric castle
1213:
1212:
690:Pevsner, Nikolaus
416:, and another at
368:By an Act of the
128:
127:
120:
102:
3203:
3161:Fortified houses
3132:
3131:
3125:
3016:National redoubt
2945:Fortified estate
2869:Circular rampart
2829:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2710:
2470:Anti-tank trench
2465:Air raid shelter
2440:
2400:Disappearing gun
2381:
2356:
2332:
2293:
2284:
2269:
2245:
2236:
2222:
2193:
2164:
2155:
2131:
2092:
2077:
2076:
2055:
2035:Bailey (or ward)
2001:
1906:Motte-and-bailey
1897:
1878:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1819:
1810:
1796:
1745:
1736:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1611:
1597:
1588:
1534:
1491:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1448:
1408:
1394:
1334:Circular rampart
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1008:
986:
984:
982:
958:
956:
954:
938:Historic England
902:
901:
899:
897:
883:
877:
876:
871:. Archived from
858:
852:
851:
837:
831:
830:
817:Historic England
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
759:
753:
750:
744:
743:
735:
729:
726:
720:
717:
711:
708:
702:
701:
686:
680:
679:
677:
675:
670:
662:
656:
655:
619:
613:
612:
611:
609:
595:
586:
580:
579:Historic England
577:
571:
570:
562:
450:fortified church
389:Surviving towers
233:" (in Ireland a
201:North of England
197:Scottish Marches
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3123:
3115:
3045:
2969:
2913:
2847:
2782:Imperial castle
2755:Coercion castle
2750:Coastal defence
2733:
2695:Promontory fort
2665:Hillside castle
2634:
2550:Fallout shelter
2515:Concertina wire
2495:Border security
2448:
2359:
2068:
1701:Coercion castle
1689:Cheval de frise
1671:Chemin de ronde
1519:Albarrana tower
1500:
1445:Schwedenschanze
1422:Promontory fort
1249:
1244:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1127:Chambered cairn
1090:
1049:
1044:
1006:
1004:
996:
993:
980:
978:
976:
952:
950:
911:
906:
905:
895:
893:
885:
884:
880:
859:
855:
838:
834:
814:
810:
800:
798:
788:
787:
783:
773:
771:
761:
760:
756:
751:
747:
736:
732:
727:
723:
718:
714:
709:
705:
687:
683:
673:
671:
668:
664:
663:
659:
620:
616:
607:
605:
593:
587:
583:
578:
574:
563:
559:
554:
511:
391:
248:
216:FISH Vocabulary
149:Smailholm Tower
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:Border Reivers
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3099:Trench warfare
3096:
3094:Tunnel warfare
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Fortifications
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2760:Counter-castle
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Border barrier
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Lowland castle
2677:
2672:
2670:Hilltop castle
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Electric fence
2542:
2537:
2535:Dragon's teeth
2532:
2530:Czech hedgehog
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2444:Wire obstacles
2441:
2432:
2430:Polygonal fort
2427:
2422:
2420:Martello tower
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Border outpost
2382:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2259:Polygonal fort
2256:
2251:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2223:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
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2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2047:
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2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
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1898:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1870:
1865:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1749:Flanking tower
1746:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Counter-castle
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
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1598:
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1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:Post-classical
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1496:Vitrified fort
1493:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Defensive wall
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:Fortifications
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Scots Baronial
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
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1063:
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1055:
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1050:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1013:
992:
991:External links
989:
988:
987:
974:
965:The Armstrongs
959:
933:
910:
907:
904:
903:
878:
853:
832:
808:
781:
754:
745:
742:. London: Pan.
730:
721:
712:
703:
681:
657:
630:(4): 372–397.
614:
581:
572:
556:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
510:
507:
461:Penrith Castle
410:Embleton Tower
408:: for example
398:Embleton Tower
390:
387:
280:Border Reivers
256:Northumberland
247:
244:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3208:
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3136:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:Urban warfare
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Civil defense
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
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3012:
3009:
3007:
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3002:
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2987:
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2982:
2979:
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2976:
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2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Bastion forts
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2909:Z-plan castle
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:L-plan castle
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Bridge castle
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Refuge castle
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Military base
2812:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Hunting lodge
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Moated castle
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Island castle
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:By topography
2641:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Submarine pen
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Hesco bastion
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
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2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Blast shelter
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
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2323:
2320:
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2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:Place-of-arms
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
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2097:
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2090:
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2084:
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2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
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1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1887:Machicolation
1885:
1883:
1882:L-plan castle
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
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1860:
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1631:
1628:
1626:
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1616:
1615:Bridge castle
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1578:Bent entrance
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Battery tower
1561:
1559:
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1541:
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1536:
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1515:
1514:Advanced work
1512:
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1438:Refuge castle
1436:
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1183:
1182:Town defences
1180:
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1029:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1003:
1002:Visit Cumbria
999:
995:
994:
977:
975:9781631818790
971:
967:
966:
960:
949:
948:
943:
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524:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
479:Grand Designs
475:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
446:Great Salkeld
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
395:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
363:Kirna(Kirnie)
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
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332:
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324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
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273:
269:
268:County Durham
265:
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257:
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236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
161:
154:
150:
146:
140:
136:
135:Arnside Tower
132:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3127:
3082:Siege engine
3050:Other topics
2974:Related word
2940:Defense line
2904:Tower castle
2859:Bastion fort
2843:Urban castle
2771:Ganerbenburg
2769:
2724:Water castle
2700:Ridge castle
2685:Marsh castle
2500:Bomb shelter
2480:Belgian gate
2453:20th century
2364:19th century
2302:Retrenchment
2274:Punji sticks
2183:Entrenchment
2178:Device Forts
2145:Counterguard
2080:Early modern
2010:Tower castle
1946:Powder tower
1930:
1921:Outer bailey
1833:Inner bailey
1807:Gulyay-gorod
1775:Ganerbenburg
1773:
1769:Fujian tulou
1711:Corner tower
1650:Chamber gate
1620:Bridge tower
1468:Trou de loup
1197:
1161:
1147:Estate house
1107:Bastle house
1076:Early modern
1005:. Retrieved
1001:
979:. Retrieved
964:
951:. Retrieved
945:
922:
919:Powers, Alan
915:Aslet, Clive
894:. Retrieved
890:
881:
873:the original
868:Daily Mirror
866:
856:
845:
835:
824:
811:
799:. Retrieved
793:
784:
772:. Retrieved
766:
757:
748:
739:
733:
724:
715:
706:
693:
684:
672:. Retrieved
660:
627:
623:
617:
606:, retrieved
601:
597:
584:
575:
566:
560:
521:Bastle house
497:
477:
458:
426:Hulne Priory
403:
367:
289:valley from
284:
249:
218:
213:
209:signal fires
205:watch-towers
182:tower houses
173:
172:(also spelt
169:
168:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:"Peel tower"
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
3156:Peel towers
2981:Castle town
2838:Toll castle
2807:Lustschloss
2789:Kaiserpfalz
2719:Spur castle
2714:Rock castle
2655:Hill castle
2650:Cave castle
2610:Spider hole
2510:Bremer wall
2475:Barbed tape
2371:Barbed wire
2045:Witch tower
2015:Tower house
2005:Toll castle
1991:Shield wall
1911:Murder hole
1800:Guard tower
1417:Pincer gate
1364:Faussebraye
1177:Tower house
1137:Court cairn
1061:Prehistoric
801:9 September
531:Manor house
469:Inner Farne
365:, Elibank.
329:, Tinnies,
321:, Quarter,
311:Kingledoors
264:Westmorland
170:Peel towers
155:in Scotland
3150:Categories
3006:Gatekeeper
2826:Ordensburg
2798:Landesburg
2605:Sentry gun
2560:Flak tower
2490:Blast wall
2410:Gun turret
2307:Sally port
2212:Kotta mara
2152:Couvreface
2116:Breastwork
2111:Blockhouse
2089:Abwurfdach
2040:Watchtower
2030:Wall tower
1986:Shell keep
1936:Portcullis
1931:Peel tower
1916:Neck ditch
1875:Landesburg
1823:Half tower
1781:Gate tower
1726:Drawbridge
1568:Battlement
1484:Wagon fort
1327:Chengqiang
1187:Wheelhouse
1162:Peel tower
1112:Blackhouse
931:0670801755
909:References
474:Hellifield
327:Drumelzier
319:Wrae Tower
315:Mossfennan
276:Lancashire
260:Cumberland
108:April 2014
78:newspapers
3109:Guerrilla
2852:By design
2600:Revetment
2415:Land mine
2346:Star fort
2173:Crownwork
2168:Covertway
2101:Barricade
1742:Embrasure
1655:Chartaque
1585:Bergfried
1543:Arrowslit
1369:Gatehouse
1339:City gate
1300:Castellum
1266:Acropolis
896:2 January
774:2 January
652:159767614
644:0304-4181
517:(section)
382:landlords
351:Horsburgh
3134:Category
3124:See also
3011:Loophole
2899:Ringwork
2894:Ringfort
2819:Obstacle
2660:Hillfort
2580:Loophole
2378:Barbette
2353:Tenaille
2336:Sea fort
2266:Presidio
2226:Magazine
2207:Hornwork
2140:Cavalier
2135:Casemate
2128:Caponier
1971:Ringwork
1859:Detinets
1828:Hoarding
1733:Enceinte
1608:Bretèche
1553:Bartizan
1548:Barbican
1524:Alcazaba
1452:Stockade
1432:Ringfort
1412:Palisade
1384:Landwehr
1379:Hillfort
1172:Shieling
1152:Hillfort
1071:Medieval
692:(1967).
569:. CWAAS.
509:See also
503:Midlands
385:depart.
359:Cardrona
343:Neidpath
323:Stanhope
299:Hawkshaw
252:Scotland
239:rustling
190:Scottish
3041:Vedette
3031:Schloss
2996:Festung
2991:Dungeon
2986:Château
2930:Castles
2738:By role
2595:Pillbox
2425:Outpost
2341:Station
2329:Schanze
2312:Sandbag
2297:Redoubt
2281:Ravelin
2249:Palanka
2233:Orillon
2219:Lunette
2161:Coupure
2106:Bastion
2096:Arsenal
2064:Zwinger
1976:Roundel
1966:Ricetto
1941:Postern
1926:Outwork
1850:Kremlin
1721:Curtain
1696:Citadel
1680:Chemise
1640:Caltrop
1558:Bastion
1531:Alcázar
1427:Rampart
1405:Oppidum
1398:Nuraghe
1344:Crannog
1318:Castros
1254:Ancient
1157:Housing
1142:Crannog
1007:26 June
953:30 July
608:24 June
604:: 45–68
488:Melrose
484:Darnick
430:Alnwick
347:Peebles
307:Polmood
295:Marches
291:Berwick
246:History
231:barmkin
227:Pevsner
195:in the
193:borders
186:English
139:Cumbria
92:scholar
3036:Trench
3026:Picket
2437:Sangar
2390:Bunker
2322:Sconce
2242:Ostrog
2190:Flèche
2073:Modern
2052:Yagura
2020:Turret
1956:Reduit
1894:Merlon
1838:Kasbah
1816:Gusuku
1793:Glacis
1786:Gabion
1755:church
1662:Chashi
1645:Castle
1489:Laager
1477:Vallum
1434:(Rath)
1309:Castra
1291:Burgus
1261:Abatis
1132:Church
1122:Castle
1086:Modern
981:7 July
972:
929:
674:31 May
650:
642:
598:TCWAAS
434:priory
406:church
378:lairds
303:Oliver
270:, the
223:bastle
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
3077:Siege
3021:Palas
2965:Walls
2955:Forts
2918:Lists
2765:Fence
2707:Rocca
2575:Kabal
2290:Redan
2197:Gorge
2121:Canal
1998:Shiro
1961:Ribat
1951:Qalat
1763:Dzong
1759:house
1459:Sudis
1391:Limes
1349:Ditch
1282:Broch
1273:Agger
1117:Broch
1095:Forms
1066:Roman
669:(PDF)
648:S2CID
594:(PDF)
552:Notes
454:yetts
428:near
422:vicar
374:smoke
335:Stobo
331:Dreva
287:Tweed
178:keeps
153:Kelso
151:near
99:JSTOR
85:books
3087:list
2505:Buoy
2059:Yett
1901:Moat
1868:Ksar
1843:Keep
1635:Caer
1625:Burh
1601:Boom
1594:Berm
1573:Bawn
1538:Amba
1374:Gord
1054:Eras
1009:2019
983:2019
970:ISBN
955:2018
927:ISBN
917:and
898:2024
803:2019
795:RIBA
776:2024
676:2020
640:ISSN
610:2019
380:and
339:Lyne
235:bawn
214:The
199:and
188:and
174:pele
71:news
1359:Dun
632:doi
412:in
180:or
54:by
3152::
3126::
1761:,
1757:,
1000:.
944:.
940:.
921:,
889:.
865:.
844:.
823:.
819:.
792:.
765:.
696:.
646:.
638:.
628:33
626:.
602:80
600:,
596:,
436:.
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
333:,
325:,
317:,
313:,
309:,
305:,
301:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
1863:)
1855:(
1765:)
1492:)
1486:(
1239:e
1232:t
1225:v
1039:e
1032:t
1025:v
1011:.
985:.
957:.
900:.
850:.
829:.
805:.
778:.
700:.
678:.
654:.
634::
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
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