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297:, as well as by proximity to the boundary between the ocean and the atmosphere at the ocean surface, which brings light for photosynthesis, predation from above, and wind stirring up waves and setting currents in motion. The pelagic zone refers to the open, free waters away from the shore, where marine life can swim freely in any direction unhindered by
279: 'open sea'. The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or water column between the surface of the sea and the bottom. Conditions in the water column change with depth: pressure increases; temperature and light decrease; salinity, oxygen, micronutrients (such as iron, magnesium and calcium) all change. In a manner analogous to
328:. Coastal waters are generally the relatively shallow epipelagic. Altogether, the pelagic zone occupies 1,330 million km (320 million mi) with a mean depth of 3.68 km (2.29 mi) and maximum depth of 11 km (6.8 mi). Pelagic life decreases as depth increases.
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to spend its entire life in the pelagic zone. It bears live young at sea and is helpless on land. The species sometimes forms aggregations of thousands along slicks in surface waters. The yellow-bellied sea snake is the world's most widely distributed snake species.
636:. Biodiversity diminishes markedly in the deeper zones below the epipelagic zone as dissolved oxygen diminishes, water pressure increases, temperatures become colder, food sources become scarce, and light diminishes and finally disappears.
574: 'bottomless' - a holdover from times when the deep ocean was believed to indeed be bottomless. Among the very few creatures living in the cold temperatures, high pressures and complete darkness here are several species of squid;
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also exist on the surfaces and within the tissues and organs of the diverse life inhabiting the ocean, across all ocean habitats. The animals rooted to or living on the ocean floor are not pelagic but are
1231:
Costello, Mark John; Cheung, Alan; De
Hauwere, Nathalie (2010). "Surface Area and the Seabed Area, Volume, Depth, Slope, and Topographic Variation for the World's Seas, Oceans, and Countries".
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612:. This is the deepest part of the ocean at more than 6,000 m (20,000 ft) or 6,500 m (21,300 ft), depending on authority. Such depths are generally located in
339:
zones at the bottom of the sea. The benthic zone is the ecological region at the very bottom, including the sediment surface and some subsurface layers. Marine organisms such as
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at low latitudes tend to produce large numbers of eggs developing to widely dispersing pelagic larvae, whereas at high latitudes such organisms tend to produce fewer and larger
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of coastal, ocean, and lake waters, but not on or near the bottom of the sea or the lake. They can be contrasted with demersal fish, which do live on or near the bottom, and
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283:, the water column can be divided vertically into up to five different layers (illustrated in the diagram), with the number of layers depending on the depth of the water.
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Mileikovsky, S. A. (1971). "Types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates, their distribution and ecological significance: a re-evaluation".
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1341:"Temperature control of microbial respiration and growth efficiency in the mesopelagic zone of the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans"
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Apprill, A. (2017)"Marine animal microbiomes: toward understanding host–microbiome interactions in a changing ocean".
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Some representative ocean animals (not drawn to scale) within their approximate depth-defined ecological habitats.
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spend the first years of their lives in the pelagic zone, moving closer to shore as they reach maturity.
1949:
1561:"Accommodating Dynamic Oceanographic Processes and Pelagic Biodiversity in Marine Conservation Planning"
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Mazuecos, E.; Arístegui, J.; Vázquez-Domínguez, E.; Ortega-Retuerta, E.; Gasol, J.M.; Reche, I. (2012).
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The illuminated zone at the surface of the sea with sufficient light for photosynthesis. Nearly all
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Unobstructed water in the body of the sea that is neither close to the surface nor to the sea floor
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Thorson, G (1957). "Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow shelf)". In
Hedgpeth, J.W. (ed.).
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The pelagic zone is subdivided into five vertical regions. From the top down, these are:
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38:. For ocean not controlled by any sovereign territory, also called the "high seas", see
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or on the continental shelf. Waters in the oceanic zone plunge to the depths of the
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in the ocean occurs here, and marine life is concentrated in this zone, including
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that follow and feed on the forage fish. Examples of migratory forage fish are
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From 1,000 m (3,300 ft) down to around 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
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Pacific Coast
Pelagic Invertebrates: A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals
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508: 'deep'. The ocean is pitch black at this depth apart from occasional
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477:. Some mesopelagic creatures rise to the epipelagic zone at night to feed.
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From 200 m (660 ft) down to around 1,000 m (3,300 ft)
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293:(underwater topography) such as the seafloor, shoreline, or a submarine
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799:, the yellow-bellied sea snake, is the only one of the 65 species of
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363:, which swim just above the bottom. Demersal fish are also known as
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The most abundant organisms thriving into the mesopelagic zone are
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or "dumbo octopus". The giant squid is hunted here by deep-diving
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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628:. Phytoplankton manufacture their own food using a process of
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590:. Many species at these depths are transparent and eyeless.
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From around 4,000 m (13,000 ft) down to above the
30:"Pelagic" and "Open sea" redirect here. For the writer, see
4182:
3279:
2163:
790:) ranges over huge areas of ocean and can circle the globe.
763:
421:
344:
340:
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and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word
359:, which are denser than water and rest on the bottom, and
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3331:
1230:
1345:
Deep Sea
Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1528:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
351:. Just above the benthic zone is the demersal zone.
312:, which contrasts with the inshore waters near the
3986:
1584:
1429:. Geological Society of America. pp. 461–534.
2579:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
4486:
1559:Grantham HS, Game ET, Lombard AT, et al. (2011)
2569:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
1382:
1380:
1378:
644:Some examples of pelagic invertebrates include
547:
516:. No plants live here. Most animals survive on
1556:Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 21 March 2009.
457:bacteria. Animals living in this zone include
3972:
3180:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
2890:
1621:
1591:. Sea Challengers and Monterey Bay Aquarium.
1273:
1154:
223:
1427:Treatise on Marine Ecology and Palaeoecology
1375:
524:" falling from the zones above or, like the
4120:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
3245:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1582:
1498:
1439:
593:
3979:
3965:
2897:
2883:
1628:
1614:
1474:
1433:
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695:(yolk-feeding) eggs and larger offspring.
480:
230:
216:
1635:
1484:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 8.
1366:
1356:
1301:
1291:
1274:Charette, Matthew; Smith, Walter (2010).
435:
401:) down to around 200 m (660 ft)
1548:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1172:
777:
754:. Examples of larger pelagic fish which
639:
382:
281:stratification in the Earth's atmosphere
46:
1583:Wrobel, David; Mills, Claudia (2003) .
1424:
14:
4487:
2904:
1900:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1418:
1233:Environmental Science & Technology
604:The name is derived from the realm of
586:; and marine arthropods including the
3960:
3433:
3432:
2916:
2878:
1609:
491:Pelagic fish § Bathypelagic fish
4104:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
4066:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
2847:
1481:The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia
1468:
619:
446:Pelagic fish § Mesopelagic fish
331:The pelagic zone contrasts with the
3508:Oceanic physical-biological process
3370:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
773:
374:
52:Layers of the pelagic zone (scaled)
24:
2727:National Oceanographic Data Center
2154:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
2042:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
1537:
624:The pelagic ecosystem is based on
308:is the deep open ocean beyond the
25:
4521:
4030:Montane grasslands and shrublands
2574:Global Sea Level Observing System
1317:Ocean's Depth and Volume Revealed
473:. Many organisms living here are
3941:
3940:
3928:
3914:
3546:
3218:
3035:Colored dissolved organic matter
2857:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2032:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1948:
1937:
1521:
1478:; Fortune, Kate (January 2000).
814:
4146:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3380:Latin America and the Caribbean
2762:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2485:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
698:
347:living in this zone are called
4459:Ecological land classification
3988:Biogeographic regionalisations
3862:Ecological values of mangroves
3405:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1391:
1387:The Open Ocean - MarineBio.org
1332:
1310:
1267:
1224:
1197:
13:
1:
1554:"Pelagic-zone (oceanography)"
1276:"The Volume of Earth's Ocean"
1190:
582:, swimming cucumber, and the
564:The name is derived from
4125:Deserts and xeric shrublands
3882:Marine conservation activism
3867:Fisheries and climate change
2022:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1992:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1748:Luke's variational principle
1577:10.1371/journal.pone.0016552
548:Abyssopelagic (abyssal zone)
7:
4505:Oceanographical terminology
4366:Temperate Northern Atlantic
4056:Broadleaf and mixed forests
3877:Human impact on marine life
3754:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2990:Aquatic population dynamics
1550:, updated 21 September 2007
1506:Frontiers in Marine Science
1403:(volume in a series called
1397:Walker P and Wood E (2005)
1210:Online Etymology Dictionary
34:. For the marketplace, see
10:
4526:
4469:Vegetation classifications
4371:Temperate Northern Pacific
2087:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1935:
818:
702:
597:
557:
551:
494:
484:
449:
439:
396:
386:
265:
29:
4446:
4404:
4381:Temperate Southern Africa
4333:
4277:
4266:
4246:
4173:
4138:
4112:
4074:
4043:
4012:
4003:
3994:
3908:
3847:
3719:
3655:
3617:
3564:
3555:
3544:
3493:Marine primary production
3445:
3441:
3428:
3387:List of marine ecoregions
3362:
3227:
3216:
2930:
2926:
2912:
2832:
2671:
2645:
2622:Ocean acoustic tomography
2607:
2559:
2498:
2435:Mohorovičić discontinuity
2393:
2265:
2162:
2027:General circulation model
1957:
1663:Benjamin–Feir instability
1643:
4391:Tropical Eastern Pacific
4341:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3739:Coastal biogeomorphology
3734:Marine coastal ecosystem
2752:Ocean surface topography
2127:Thermohaline circulation
2117:Subsurface ocean current
2057:Hydrothermal circulation
1890:Wave–current interaction
1668:Boussinesq approximation
1518:10.3389/fmars.2017.00222
1407:), Infobase Publishing,
594:Hadopelagic (hadal zone)
498:The name stems from
4412:Biogeographic provinces
4376:Temperate South America
4094:Moist broadleaf forests
3647:Paradox of the plankton
3458:Diel vertical migration
3352:Freshwater swamp forest
3070:GIS and aquatic science
2918:General components and
2789:Sea surface temperature
2772:Outline of oceanography
1967:Atmospheric circulation
1905:shallow water equations
1895:Waves and shallow water
1788:Significant wave height
1293:10.5670/oceanog.2010.51
758:on the forage fish are
723:Pelagic fish are often
481:Bathypelagic (midnight)
3473:Large marine ecosystem
3165:Shoaling and schooling
2784:Sea surface microlayer
2149:Wind generated current
1322:23 August 2011 at the
1187:
791:
436:Mesopelagic (twilight)
54:
4474:Zoogeographic regions
4432:Global 200 ecoregions
4361:Temperate Australasia
4099:Dry broadleaf forests
3892:Marine protected area
3819:Salt pannes and pools
3594:Marine larval ecology
3569:Census of Marine Life
3453:Deep scattering layer
3410:San Francisco Estuary
3375:Africa and Madagascar
3200:Underwater camouflage
2980:Aquatic biomonitoring
2920:freshwater ecosystems
2617:Deep scattering layer
2599:World Geodetic System
2107:Princeton Ocean Model
1987:Coriolis–Stokes force
1637:Physical oceanography
1179:Marine microorganisms
1176:
781:
640:Pelagic invertebrates
383:Epipelagic (sunlight)
50:
4454:Altitudinal zonation
4396:Western Indo-Pacific
4356:Eastern Indo-Pacific
4351:Central Indo-Pacific
3627:Marine bacteriophage
3589:Marine invertebrates
2637:Underwater acoustics
2197:Perigean spring tide
2062:Langmuir circulation
1773:Rossby-gravity waves
1545:"Deep-sea creatures"
1125:Ocean stratification
689:marine invertebrates
469:and some species of
355:can be divided into
258:is derived from
40:International waters
4427:Lists of ecoregions
4084:Tropical rainforest
3503:Ocean fertilization
3312:Trophic state index
3270:Lake stratification
3000:Aquatic respiration
2799:Science On a Sphere
2405:Convergent boundary
2077:Modular Ocean Model
2037:Geostrophic current
1753:Mild-slope equation
1245:2010EnST...44.8821C
1120:Lake stratification
848:. Examples are the
784:wandering albatross
512:organisms, such as
324:and further to the
4464:Floristic kingdoms
4228:Hydrothermal vents
4089:Coniferous forests
4051:Coniferous forests
3769:Intertidal wetland
3764:Intertidal ecology
3632:Marine prokaryotes
3574:Deep-sea community
3468:Iron fertilization
3391:Specific examples
3317:Upland and lowland
3235:Freshwater biology
3100:Microbial food web
3010:Aquatic toxicology
2953:Aquatic adaptation
2906:Aquatic ecosystems
2455:Seafloor spreading
2445:Outer trench swell
2410:Divergent boundary
2310:Continental margin
2295:Carbonate platform
2192:Lunitidal interval
1454:10.1007/BF00352809
1188:
1130:Aquatic ecosystems
796:Hydrophis platurus
792:
526:marine hatchetfish
406:primary production
397:From the surface (
361:benthopelagic fish
184:Hydrothermal vents
135:Surface microlayer
55:
4500:Fisheries science
4482:
4481:
4442:
4441:
4386:Tropical Atlantic
4262:
4261:
4169:
4168:
4061:Deciduous forests
3954:
3953:
3935:Oceans portal
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3779:Hydrothermal vent
3715:
3714:
3604:Seashore wildlife
3435:Marine ecosystems
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3190:Thermal pollution
3155:Ramsar Convention
3095:Microbial ecology
3055:Fisheries science
2995:Aquatic predation
2872:
2871:
2864:Oceans portal
2824:World Ocean Atlas
2814:Underwater glider
2757:Ocean temperature
2420:Hydrothermal vent
2385:Submarine volcano
2320:Continental shelf
2300:Coastal geography
2290:Bathymetric chart
2172:Amphidromic point
1860:Wave nonlinearity
1718:Infragravity wave
1491:978-0-8248-2265-1
1413:978-0-8160-5705-4
1253:10.1021/es1012752
1171:
1170:
866:Procellariiformes
854:macaroni penguins
734:, and the larger
620:Pelagic ecosystem
310:continental shelf
240:
239:
112:Continental shelf
16:(Redirected from
4517:
4275:
4274:
4010:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3923:
3921:Lakes portal
3919:
3918:
3917:
3887:Marine pollution
3579:Deep-water coral
3562:
3561:
3550:
3483:Marine chemistry
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3347:Freshwater marsh
3240:Freshwater biome
3222:
2938:Acoustic ecology
2928:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2779:Pelagic sediment
2717:Marine pollution
2511:Deep ocean water
2380:Submarine canyon
2315:Continental rise
2207:Rule of twelfths
2122:Sverdrup balance
2052:Humboldt Current
1977:Boundary current
1952:
1941:
1758:Radiation stress
1728:Iribarren number
1703:Equatorial waves
1658:Ballantine scale
1653:Airy wave theory
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1590:
1531:
1525:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1358:10.3354/ame01583
1336:
1330:
1327:OurAmazingPlanet
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1205:"pelagic (adj.)"
1201:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1001:
999:
990:
988:
975:
973:
964:
962:
953:
951:
942:
940:
931:
929:
920:
918:
909:
907:
898:
896:
883:
882:
807:Many species of
788:Diomedea exulans
774:Pelagic reptiles
730:, which feed on
610:Greek underworld
442:Mesopelagic zone
414:floating seaweed
375:Depth and layers
276:
269:
246:consists of the
232:
225:
218:
97:Seagrass meadows
92:Mangrove forests
68:Coastal habitats
57:
56:
21:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4438:
4400:
4329:
4269:
4258:
4254:Endolithic zone
4242:
4175:
4165:
4134:
4108:
4076:
4070:
4039:
4005:
3990:
3985:
3955:
3950:
3927:
3926:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3896:
3857:Coral bleaching
3843:
3824:Seagrass meadow
3721:Marine habitats
3711:
3685:Coral reef fish
3651:
3637:Marine protists
3613:
3551:
3542:
3513:Ocean turbidity
3488:Marine food web
3437:
3416:
3358:
3297:River ecosystem
3250:Freshwater fish
3223:
3214:
3020:Bioluminescence
3005:Aquatic science
2922:
2908:
2903:
2873:
2868:
2856:
2828:
2667:
2641:
2603:
2584:Sea-level curve
2555:
2494:
2480:Transform fault
2430:Mid-ocean ridge
2396:
2389:
2355:Oceanic plateau
2261:
2247:Tidal resonance
2217:Theory of tides
2158:
2067:Longshore drift
2017:Ekman transport
1953:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1885:Wave turbulence
1818:Trochoidal wave
1743:Longshore drift
1639:
1634:
1599:
1540:
1538:Further reading
1535:
1534:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1473:
1469:
1438:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1405:Life in the sea
1396:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1337:
1333:
1324:Wayback Machine
1315:
1311:
1272:
1268:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1167:
1115:Marine habitats
1089:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1020:
997:
996:
986:
985:
971:
970:
960:
959:
949:
948:
938:
937:
927:
926:
916:
915:
905:
904:
894:
893:
850:Atlantic puffin
823:
817:
776:
718:coral reef fish
707:
701:
642:
622:
602:
596:
562:
556:
550:
496:
493:
483:
451:
448:
438:
402:
395:
393:Epipelagic fish
385:
377:
289:is affected by
236:
204:Marine sediment
140:Epipelagic zone
82:Intertidal zone
61:Marine habitats
53:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:Aquatic biomes
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4272:
4268:Biogeographic
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4007:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3924:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3675:Saltwater fish
3672:
3670:Marine reptile
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3642:Marine viruses
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3619:Microorganisms
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3609:Wild fisheries
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Thorson's rule
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3478:Marine biology
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Brackish marsh
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:Lake ecosystem
3262:
3257:
3255:Hyporheic zone
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Microbial loop
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Eutrophication
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Cascade effect
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2958:Aquatic animal
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2854:
2844:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Stratification
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2694:Color of water
2691:
2689:Benthic lander
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:Sea level rise
2591:
2589:Sea level drop
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:Marine geology
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Passive margin
2362:
2360:Oceanic trench
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Ocean dynamics
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Coriolis force
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Stokes problem
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Kinematic wave
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1580:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1497:
1490:
1467:
1448:(3): 193–213.
1442:Marine Biology
1432:
1417:
1400:The Open Ocean
1390:
1374:
1331:
1329:, 19 May 2010.
1309:
1266:
1239:(23): 8821–8.
1223:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:Wild fisheries
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1040:
1015:
1014:
1012:Stratification
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:
983:
982:
981:
980:
979:
968:
957:
946:
924:
923:
922:
888:
887:
886:Aquatic layers
874:Procellariidae
828:, also called
816:
813:
775:
772:
766:, and oceanic
736:predatory fish
703:Main article:
700:
697:
693:lecithotrophic
682:Thorson's rule
641:
638:
630:photosynthesis
621:
618:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
578:including the
552:Main article:
549:
546:
510:bioluminescent
482:
479:
475:bioluminescent
437:
434:
384:
381:
376:
373:
365:bottom feeders
238:
237:
235:
234:
227:
220:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
129:
128:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
71:
70:
64:
63:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4522:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4238:Demersal zone
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4035:Alpine tundra
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:Polar/montane
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3947:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Sponge ground
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Marine biomes
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Demersal fish
3693:
3691:
3690:Deep-sea fish
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Marine mammal
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Trophic level
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Sediment trap
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Phytoplankton
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Aquatic plant
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Anoxic waters
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Marine energy
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Acidification
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:SOFAR channel
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Oceanic crust
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Fracture zone
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Oceanic basin
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Abyssal plain
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Internal tide
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:Ocean current
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1940:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Wave shoaling
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Ursell number
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Internal wave
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Breaking wave
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1600:
1598:0-930118-23-5
1594:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:(2): e16552.
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
995:
993:
984:
978:
969:
967:
966:Abyssopelagic
958:
956:
947:
945:
936:
935:
934:
925:
914:
913:
912:
903:
902:
901:
892:
891:
890:
889:
885:
884:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:oceanic birds
827:
826:Pelagic birds
822:
815:Pelagic birds
812:
810:
805:
802:
801:marine snakes
798:
797:
789:
785:
780:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
696:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
627:
626:phytoplankton
617:
615:
611:
607:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
566:Ancient Greek
561:
555:
545:
543:
539:
538:grimpoteuthis
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
500:Ancient Greek
492:
488:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:heterotrophic
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
394:
390:
380:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Demersal fish
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
322:abyssopelagic
319:
316:, such as in
315:
311:
307:
302:
301:constraints.
300:
299:topographical
296:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
275:
268:
264:
261:
260:Ancient Greek
257:
253:
249:
245:
233:
228:
226:
221:
219:
214:
213:
211:
210:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
194:Demersal zone
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
147:
146:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:Ocean surface
124:
123:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
77:Littoral zone
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4510:Oceanography
4405:Subdivisions
4295:Australasian
4285:Afrotropical
4247:Other biomes
4223:Benthic zone
4218:Pelagic zone
4217:
4213:Neritic zone
4203:Kelp forests
4075:Tropical and
3849:Conservation
3700:Pelagic fish
3680:Coastal fish
3584:Marine fungi
3322:Water garden
3205:Water column
3150:Productivity
3125:Pelagic zone
3124:
3085:Macrobenthos
3075:Hydrobiology
3045:Ecohydrology
2819:Water column
2767:Oceanography
2742:Observations
2737:Explorations
2707:Marginal sea
2700:
2658:OSTM/Jason-2
2535:
2490:Volcanic arc
2465:Slab suction
2182:Head of tide
2072:Loop Current
2012:Ekman spiral
1798:Stokes drift
1708:Gravity wave
1683:Cnoidal wave
1586:
1568:
1563:
1547:
1543:Ryan, Paddy
1509:
1505:
1500:
1480:
1476:Lal, Brij V.
1470:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1326:
1312:
1286:(2): 112–4.
1283:
1280:Oceanography
1279:
1269:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1095:Thermohaline
955:Bathypelagic
899:
868:such as the
829:
825:
824:
806:
794:
793:
787:
782:The pelagic
722:
714:water column
712:live in the
710:Pelagic fish
709:
708:
705:Pelagic fish
699:Pelagic fish
684:states that
680:
643:
634:neritic zone
623:
603:
569:
563:
554:Abyssal zone
542:sperm whales
503:
497:
487:Bathyal zone
452:
403:
378:
357:benthic fish
330:
306:oceanic zone
303:
285:
273:
270:
263:
255:
251:
248:water column
244:pelagic zone
243:
241:
199:Benthic zone
161:Oceanic zone
156:Pelagic zone
155:
117:Neritic zone
102:Kelp forests
44:
32:Vasa Pelagić
4315:Neotropical
4305:Indomalayan
4278:Terrestrial
4208:Coral reefs
4077:subtropical
4004:Terrestrial
3834:Sponge reef
3809:Rocky shore
3804:Oyster reef
3774:Kelp forest
3657:Vertebrates
3557:Marine life
3533:Viral shunt
3498:Marine snow
3400:Maharashtra
3307:Stream pool
3210:Zooplankton
3130:Photic zone
3090:Meiobenthos
2943:Algal bloom
2809:Thermocline
2526:Mesopelagic
2499:Ocean zones
2470:Slab window
2335:Hydrography
2275:Abyssal fan
2242:Tidal range
2232:Tidal power
2227:Tidal force
2112:Rip current
2047:Gulf Stream
2007:Ekman layer
1997:Downwelling
1972:Baroclinity
1959:Circulation
1855:Wave height
1845:Wave action
1828:megatsunami
1808:Stokes wave
1768:Rossby wave
1733:Kelvin wave
1713:Green's law
1368:10261/95626
1351:: 131–138.
1216:17 February
1084:Thermocline
977:Hadopelagic
944:Mesopelagic
862:shearwaters
858:sooty terns
846:forage fish
838:crustaceans
809:sea turtles
728:forage fish
676:cladocerans
580:basket star
576:echinoderms
560:ocean floor
530:giant squid
522:marine snow
389:Photic zone
326:hadopelagic
287:Marine life
107:Coral reefs
4489:Categories
4422:Ecoregions
4417:Bioregions
4325:Palearctic
4233:Cold seeps
4193:Intertidal
3814:Salt marsh
3749:Coral reef
3538:Whale fall
3518:Photophore
3395:Everglades
3363:Ecoregions
3302:Stream bed
3275:Macrophyte
3228:Freshwater
3060:Food chain
2973:Water bird
2747:Reanalysis
2646:Satellites
2627:Sofar bomb
2475:Subduction
2450:Ridge push
2345:Ocean bank
2325:Contourite
2252:Tide gauge
2237:Tidal race
2222:Tidal bore
2212:Slack tide
2177:Earth tide
2097:Ocean gyre
1917:Wind setup
1912:Wind fetch
1875:Wave setup
1870:Wave radar
1865:Wave power
1763:Rogue wave
1693:Dispersion
1191:References
1060:Nutricline
1049:Chemocline
1027:Pycnocline
921:Epipelagic
819:See also:
600:Hadal zone
588:sea spider
532:, smaller
520:known as "
514:anglerfish
485:See also:
471:cuttlefish
440:See also:
387:See also:
369:groundfish
291:bathymetry
252:open ocean
189:Cold seeps
148:Open ocean
4300:Holarctic
4290:Antarctic
4198:Mangroves
4044:Temperate
3839:Tide pool
3744:Cold seep
3528:Upwelling
3292:Rheotaxis
3285:Fish pond
3260:Limnology
3185:Substrate
3170:Siltation
3040:Dead zone
2609:Acoustics
2561:Sea level
2460:Slab pull
2397:tectonics
2305:Cold seep
2267:Landforms
2144:Whirlpool
2139:Upwelling
1922:Wind wave
1850:Wave base
1778:Sea state
1698:Edge wave
1688:Cross sea
1303:1912/3862
1071:Halocline
1038:Isopycnal
870:albatross
744:anchovies
725:migratory
668:amphipods
654:jellyfish
459:swordfish
418:jellyfish
318:estuaries
179:Seamounts
170:Sea floor
87:Estuaries
4447:See also
4320:Oceanian
4310:Nearctic
4188:Littoral
4161:Mangrove
4151:Riparian
3946:Category
3872:HERMIONE
3789:Mangrove
3599:Seagrass
3145:Pleuston
3140:Plankton
3120:Particle
3065:Food web
2842:Category
2794:Seawater
2521:Littoral
2516:Deep sea
2375:Seamount
2257:Tideline
2202:Rip tide
2132:shutdown
2102:Overflow
1835:Undertow
1678:Clapotis
1565:PLOS One
1462:84623588
1320:Archived
1261:21033734
1186:animals.
1107:See also
992:Demersal
834:seabirds
760:billfish
752:menhaden
732:plankton
672:rotifers
665:hyperiid
650:copepods
614:trenches
536:and the
518:detritus
467:wolffish
430:dolphins
410:plankton
337:demersal
295:seamount
4174:Aquatic
4156:Wetland
3799:Mudflat
3759:Estuary
3729:Bay mud
3707:Seabird
3463:f-ratio
3446:General
3327:Wetland
3115:Neuston
3080:Hypoxia
3025:Biomass
3015:Benthos
2931:General
2852:Commons
2722:Mooring
2672:Related
2663:Jason-3
2653:Jason-1
2536:Pelagic
2531:Oceanic
2506:Benthic
1823:Tsunami
1793:Soliton
1512:: 222.
1241:Bibcode
1184:benthic
1003:Benthic
933:Aphotic
900:Pelagic
878:petrels
821:Seabird
748:capelin
740:herring
686:benthic
658:decapod
584:sea pig
571:ἄβυσσος
424:, many
349:benthos
333:benthic
274:pélagos
267:πέλαγος
256:pelagic
250:of the
36:OpenSea
18:Pelagic
4346:Arctic
4334:Marine
4270:realms
4176:biomes
4130:Steppe
4020:Tundra
4006:biomes
3996:Biomes
3784:Lagoon
3110:Nekton
2968:Mammal
2963:Insect
2541:Photic
2370:Seabed
1783:Seiche
1595:
1488:
1460:
1411:
1259:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1000:
998:
989:
987:
974:
972:
963:
961:
952:
950:
941:
939:
930:
928:
919:
917:
911:Photic
908:
906:
897:
895:
864:, and
768:sharks
750:, and
661:larvae
608:, the
426:sharks
4025:Taiga
3175:Spawn
2732:Ocean
2701:Alvin
2551:Swash
2395:Plate
2340:Knoll
2330:Guyot
2285:Atoll
2164:Tides
1927:model
1813:Swell
1645:Waves
1458:S2CID
842:squid
646:krill
606:Hades
568:
534:squid
505:βαθύς
502:
463:squid
345:crabs
341:clams
314:coast
262:
4183:Pond
3280:Pond
2699:DSV
2684:Argo
2546:Surf
2002:Eddy
1593:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1257:PMID
1218:2020
876:and
844:and
764:tuna
756:prey
674:and
489:and
444:and
428:and
422:tuna
391:and
367:and
343:and
335:and
304:The
242:The
4139:Wet
4113:Dry
3342:Fen
3332:Bog
1573:doi
1514:doi
1450:doi
1363:hdl
1353:doi
1298:hdl
1288:doi
1249:doi
832:or
399:MSL
4491::
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1456:.
1446:10
1444:.
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1361:.
1349:95
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420:,
416:,
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1510:4
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