470:) have set up blockades in an attempt to halt logging operations on their land. These succeeded in many areas but the efforts were hard to sustain and ended in large-scale clashes between the indigenous communities and the state-backed logging companies, supported by the police and Malaysian army. In 1987, the state government passed the amendment S90B of the Forest Ordinance, which made the obstruction of traffic along any logging road in Sarawak a major offence. Under this law, The confrontations ended with several deaths, many injuries and large-scale arrests of indigenous people. Many of the detained reported being beaten and humiliated while in custody. An independent Sarawakian organisation IDEAL documented such claims in a 2001 fact-finding mission entitled "Not Development, but Theft".
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prepared. Already forests, rivers and natural resources have been destroyed by the build. This time, the Penan have requested that if they must move to make room for the dam then they should have the right to choose where they move to and in what lifestyle capacity. Unfortunately the palm oil company Shin Yang has illegally moved into the area the Penan suggested, without their consent, to create a palm oil plantation. Importantly, the Penan claim that if Shin Yang are allowed to extensively fell the forest, there will not be enough forest left for their community to sustain their livelihood. Furthermore, the Murum dam is the first in a series of large-scale hydroelectric projects being planned by the
Sarawak State Government, which will see the displacement of thousands of indigenous people.
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themselves responsible for grossily [sic] unethical activityâ. The committee documented âextensive and repeated breaches of the licence requirements, regulations and other directives in all of the six concession areas that have been examined. Some of the violations constitute very serious transgressions, such as logging outside the concession area, logging in a protected area that was excluded from the concession by the authorities in order to be integrated into an existing national park, and re-entry logging without
Environmental Impact Assessments.â If more investors, finance institutions and timber traders worldwide follow suit and cut business ties with Samling Global, this could also make the Penan's future a little brighter.
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of their contracted obligations, these settlers have participated in the clearing of forests. This has resulted in (increasingly) frequent and violent conflicts between the settlers and the Dayak population. Hundreds of people have been killed in these encounters and thousands more have been forced to live in refugee camps. Because the two warring factions have different racial and religious backgrounds, the international media has often reported this conflict as ethnic animosity. Rather, it is the pursuit of resource wealth by powerful governments and businesses, despite strong resistance by local residents, which has caused the fighting.
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interior to commercial logging. In most cases, the largest and most lucrative logging concessions went to members of the island's political and business elites. With an increase in the global demand for timber at the time, these concessionaries began to procure all marketable trees from their holdings. Since both the settled, semi-nomadic and nomadic Penan communities were and are reliant on forest produce, they were hit hard by the large scale logging operations that encroached on their traditionally inhabited territories. The logging caused the pollution of their water catchment areas with sediment displacement, the loss of many
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and exploitation of
Sarawak's natural resources. The Penan are more impoverished than ever, confined in sub-standard living conditions that, despite government promises, lack the most basic of facilities and infrastructure. Those who are forced to live in government settlements are constantly fatigued by frequent food shortages and poor health, with little access to (inadequate) health care. Many of the Dayak population have also struggled to get accustomed to a settled lifestyle and adopt agricultural skills, which they must employ more and more as their forests increasingly dwindle.
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dedicated to the plight of the Penan. In 2000, Manser went missing after returning to
Sarawak with a Swedish film team and an associate from BMF to reunite with a Penan group. Manser's body and belongings have never been found despite intensive searches. Theories of assassination by the Sarawak government or logging companies have sprung up because of his status as an âenemy of the Stateâ. Other rumours include those of suicide after years of unsuccessful campaigning or getting lost in the dense mossy forests around
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769:, by the Borneo Project. The verdict is being threatened by a Federal Court appeal by the state government and Borneo Pulp and Paper. However, 19 Penan communities have now mapped their NCR and four are beginning litigation and in others the logging has more or less stopped in the territory where litigation is pending. Indigenous action has therefore shifted from the human blockades of logging roads to empowerment through the political and legal system and international publicity.
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government officials. They argued that the logging companies were located on land given to the Penan in an earlier treaty, recognised by the
Sarawak state government, and were thus violating their native customary rights. It was also claimed that logging plans were never discussed with the Penan before felling began. However, these complaints fell on deaf ears. Beginning in the late 1980s and continuing today the Penan and other indigenous communities such as the
565:(ISA) to jail critics of the regime and to neutralise Penan campaigners. Over 1,200 people were arrested for challenging logging and 1,500 Malaysian soldiers and police dismantled barricades and beat and arrested people. During a meeting of European and Asian leaders in 1990, Mahathir said, "It is our policy to bring all jungle dwellers together into the mainstream. There is nothing romantic about these helpless, half-starved, and disease-ridden people."
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437:"The army and the police came to our blockade and threatened us and told us to take down our barricade. We said 'we are defending our land. It is very easy for you as soldiers and policemen. You are being paid. You have money in your pockets. You can buy what you need; rice and sugar. You have money in the bank. But for us, this forest is our money, this is our bank. This is the only place where we can find food." (Penan spokesman, 1987)
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205:, although there is only one small community in Brunei; among those in Brunei half have been converted to Islam, even if only superficially. Penan are one of the last such peoples remaining as hunters and gatherers. The Penan are noted for their practice of 'molong' which means never taking more than necessary. Most Penan were nomadic
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special police force unit and overlooked by
Samling Corporation employees. Samling Corporation had been granted a logging concession by the Malaysian Timber Certificate Council (MTCC) that included land traditionally inhabited by the Penan of Long Benali and despite their continued petitions against the concession.
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Many
Malaysian organisations have joined the debate such as Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM), Borneo Resource Institute (BRIMAS) and Rengah Sarawak. These grassroots organisations have supported indigenous rights and accused the Sarawak state government of repeated neglect of Sarawak's indigenous citizens
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The future of the Penan has been a controversial subject since the confrontation between indigenous rights and state land use began. National and
International Non-Governmental Organisations have been pressing for indigenous self-determination and respect for Penan human and land rights in accordance
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There is often a mutually beneficial relationship between logging companies and political elites, involving the acquisition of large private wealth for both parties through bribery, corruption and transfer pricing, at the expense of public benefit through lost revenues and royalty payments and at the
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The government's defence of large-scale logging as a means to economic development has also been challenged as unsustainable, indiscriminate of indigenous rights, environmentally destructive and mired in invested interests, corruption and cronyism. Examples of this have been highlighted by the former
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In the mid-1980s, when the plight of the Penan had been exposed on the world stage, the
Sarawak State Government began making many promises to the Penan in an attempt to quell international protests and embarrassment. Global support for the Penan had included boycotts and blockades of ships carrying
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The opposition party Parti
Keadilan Rakyat has also taken up the cause of the indigenous people's plight, claiming that they are "living lives of quiet desperation that now and then flares up in action that invites police attention, not to mention the notice of the rest of Malaysians who don't quite
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In this same month, the Penan tribes in Sarawak's northern region set up blockades to prevent the implementation of a 500 km-long Sarawak-Sabah Gas Pipeline (SSGP). It is said that the SSGP will be built and operational by the end of 2010. It will allow natural gas sourced from Sabah's offshore
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The Penan's future also hangs on Taib Mahmud's decision to either adhere or extinguish plans for the Magoh Biosphere Reserve. However, it is Taib Mahmud who is responsible for approving and denying all logging licences. It is he and his closest friends, political associates, senior military offices
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plantations. Much of these areas have been traditionally occupied by indigenous groups. Crucially, to provide labour for such developments, the Indonesian government subsidised the relocation of unemployed labourers from other parts of Indonesia (particularly Java and Madura) to Kalimantan. As part
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In 1990, in response to Manser's protests, Sarawak's Chief Minister declared Manser an âenemy of the Stateâ and dispatched a Malaysian army unit to find and capture him. In 1990, Manser returned to his home country of Switzerland and founded the Bruno Manser Fonds (BMF), a non-profit organisation
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in the 2002 Long Sayan Declaration. The confrontation between the Penan and Sarawak State Government has continued to the present day. The blockade set up by the Penan community of Long Benali was forcefully dismantled on 4 April 2007 by the Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC), with support from a
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The Penan came to national and international attention when they resisted logging operations in their home territories of the Baram, Limbang, Tutoh and Lawas regions of Sarawak. The Penan's struggle began in the 1960s when the Indonesian and Malaysian governments opened up large areas of Borneo's
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complex in Bintulu. This project particularly affects Penan communities as the SSGP will claim large tracts of their Native Customary Rights land. Furthermore, the laying of this pipeline is only one component of many, set for construction on the Penan's land, with the construction of a proposed
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and other rare plant and animal species. For the forest people of Borneo, like other native tribes, such plants and animals are also viewed as sacred, as the embodiment of powerful spirits and deities. Thus, the Penan made numerous verbal and written complaints to the logging companies and local
776:
In a 2010 media release, the Malaysian logging company Samling Global Ltd. was excluded from the Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG). This decision was made on the recommendations from the Council of Ethicsâ assessment that Samling Global, and two other companies, âare contributing to or are
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that removes âassimilationistâ orientated international standards towards indigenous rights, a convention that Malaysia has not adopted. However, many Malaysian politicians have criticised NGOs for meddling in Malaysian domestic affairs and have accused them of attempting to inhibit development
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being built on their land. The construction of the dam is already well underway and will see the flooding of at least six Penan villages once completed. The Penan have argued that they were (once again) not consulted before the project began, nor was a social and environmental impact assessment
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and later leaving Sarawak to educate the outside world (especially timber importing countries in Europe and Japan) about the deforestation and related social problems in Sarawak. He later conducted public awareness stunts such as paragliding onto the lawn of Chief Minister Abdul Taib Mahmud and
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According to the Sarawak Premier, Tan Sri Abang Johari Tun Openg there were 266 Penans with formal education of which 3 have master's degrees, 142 have bachelor's degrees and 81 have high school diplomas, counted from 1998 to 2002. 2 Penans are finishing their doctoral degrees on 4 July 2023.
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The Penan number around 16,000; of which only approximately 200 still live a nomadic lifestyle. Penan numbers have increased since they began to settle. The Penan can be described as two loosely related geographical groups known as either Eastern Penan or Western Penan; the Eastern Penan reside
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Logging continues to dominate politics and economics in Sarawak and the government's ambition on timber from proposed Penan ancestral land also continues. Malaysia's rate of deforestation is the highest in the tropical world (142 km/year) losing 14,860 square kilometres since 1990. The
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Malaysian authorities also argued that it is unfair to accuse Malaysia of destroying their own rainforests while the western civilisation continued to cut their own forests down. Preservation of rainforests would mean closing down factories and hinder industrialisation which would result in
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and family relatives who own more or less the entire logging industry. Thus, the logging of the Sarawak has generated enormous wealth for these principle elites. Mahmud therefore, has a strong economic interest in continuing to allow illegal logging in the proposed biosphere reserve areas.
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In August 2009, hundreds of the Penan of Borneo rainforest protested with road blockades against new palm oil and acacia plantations in Sarawak. Their primary concern was the plantation of acacia monocultures which will cause a loss of species biodiversity and soil degeneration.
487:) and the Magoh Biosphere Reserve. Magoh Biosphere Reserve is an environmental âno intrusionâ zone introduced by Chief Minister Abdul Taib Mahmud in 1990. However, in reality, this reserve has only âproposed boundariesâ within which logging companies continue to fell the forest.
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Five years after his disappearance in the rainforest of Borneo, Manser was officially declared as lost by the Basel Civil Court in Switzerland. Personalities from politics, science and culture remembered the life of Manser in a commemoration ceremony held on 8 May 2010.
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However, confrontation with state authorities has not been the only source of conflict for the Penan or the Dayaks. In the late 1990s, in neighbouring Kalimantan, the Indonesian government set aside millions of acres of forest for conversion into commercial rubber and
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expense of social, environmental and indigenous communities' rights ... The awarding of concessions and other licences to log as a result of political patronage, rather than open competitive tender, has been the norm rather than the exception in many countries.
405:, so much so that it is said that the nomadic Penan have no word for 'thank you' because help is assumed and therefore doesn't require a 'thank you'. However, 'jian kenin' is typically used in settled communities, as a kind of equivalent to 'thank you'.
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himself is under investigation by Japanese tax authorities for corruption over RM32 million in timber kickbacks allegedly paid to his family company in Hong Kong to lubricate timber shipments. Such allegations are not new, as
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know what it is to be under the tyranny of geography." With the help of such NGOs many Penan communities have mapped their proposed ancestral lands and filed claims in Sarawak's courts in the hope of preventing and deterring
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was an environmental activist and champion of the Penan's plight during their struggle in the 1990s. Manser lived with the Penan for six years; in that time he learnt their language, survival skills and customs. Named
585:. Malaysian Timber Industry Development Board (MTIB) and Sarawak Timber Industry Development Cooperation (STIDC) spent RM 5 to 10 million in producing a research report to counter allegations by foreign activists.
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Penan communities were predominantly nomadic up until the 1950s. The period from 1950 to the present has seen consistent programmes by the state government and foreign Christian missionaries to settle Penan into
372:. Since they practice 'molong', they pose little strain on the forest: they rely on it and it supplies them with all they need. They are outstanding hunters and catch their prey using a 'kelepud' or
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was banned twice in 1991 for articles that commented critically on the Malaysian government. Its distribution was deliberately delayed three times. Newspaper editors would receive a phone call from
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rainforest timber in countries such as Australia. Among these were the promise of infrastructure facilities (for those who had been forced to resettle in government encampments due to
973:"A Vanishing Nomadic Clan, With a Songlike Language All Their Own - New genetic research confirms the oral history of a small group of nomadic people living in Indonesia's rainforest"
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of Penan diet, scarcity of wild boar, deer and other game, scarcity of fruit trees and plants used for traditional forest medicine, destruction of their burial sites and loss of
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in the Kelabit Highlands, close to the border with Kalimantan. However, Manser had lived for several years in the region with the nomadic Penan and was thus highly experienced.
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Very few Penan live in Brunei any more, and their way of life is changing due to pressures that encourage them to live in permanent settlements and adopt year-around farming.
1006:
597:, warning them to "go easy" on particular topic. Few negative reports, such as logging, appeared on domestic newspapers because of the high degree of self-censorship.
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projects and keep the Penan 'undeveloped' and unassimilated into mainstream Malaysian society. Most see the Penan's lifestyle as uncivilised and antiquated (compare
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Ezra Uda - the first Penan graduated from University, first penan work as Administrative staff in Sarawak Minster Department and Telang Usan District Officer in
1763:
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unemployment issues. Instead of focusing on human rights of Penans, the western activists should focus instead on minorities in their own countries such as
630:"Despite the (Malaysian) government's pro-environment overtones, the⊠government tends to side with development more than conservation." â Rhett A. Butler
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401:) found in the forest which can kill a human in a matter of minutes. Everything that is caught is shared as the Penan have a highly tolerant, generous and
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which translates as "Upriver People" and which contains distinct neighbouring groups such as those above. Even more broadly they are included in the term
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village of Rumah Nor won a court victory against Borneo Pulp and Paper and the Sarawak Government for violating their Native Customary Right (NCR) or
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newspaper was banned in December 1991 because of publishing criticisms of Mahathir administration. Mahathir defended the press censorship. He told
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They can be considered as a native group or 'tribe' in their own right, with a language distinct from other neighbouring native groups such as the
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settled many of the Penan, mainly in the Ulu-Baram district but also in the Limbang district. They eat plants, which are also used as
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that foreign journalists "fabricate stories to entertain and make money out of it, without caring about the results of their lies".
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536:(Penan man) by the Penan, he helped communicate the Penan's cause to the outside world, firstly writing letters to Chief Minister
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2015:
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Brosius, Peter (1997) "Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiesence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia",
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825:, travels with Alfred Russel Wallace, which includes chapters on the Penan and Bruno Manser, by Paul Spencer Sochaczewski
2008:
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380:) and carved out with unbelievable accuracy using a bone drill â the wood is not split, as it is elsewhere, so the
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717:), an example of this is a regularly recited poem by ex Minister for Environment and Tourism Datuk James Wong.
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has to be precise almost to the millimetre, even over a distance of 3 metres. The darts are made from the
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Indivisible Human Rights: The Relationship of Political and Civil Rights to Survival, Subsistence and Poverty
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814:, a comic eco-thriller novel set in a fictional sultanate in Borneo, which describes the Penan plight, by
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around the Miri, Baram, Limbang and Tutoh regions and the Western Penan in and around Belaga district.
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onshore Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal (SOGT) and a gas compression station due for completion in 2012.
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Ethnological videos clips. Living or recently extinct traditional tribal groups and their origins
1788:"Sea Nomads and Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers:Foraging Adaptions in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago"
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also being one of the state's largest logging concessionaires. Most recently, the Chief Minister
626:, which is the primary habitat of the Penan, and also the most valuable trees have disappeared.
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Squatters and Poachers: The political ecology of Dispossession of the Native Peoples of Sarawak
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The Penan explicitly outlined their wants and requirements to the Sarawak State Government of
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attempting a hunger strike outside the offices of Japanese shipping companies in Tokyo.
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1231:"Australian Rainforest Action Groups boycott Malaysian rainforest timber, 1988-1994"
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Light at the Edge of the World: A Journey Through the Realm of Vanishing Cultures
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Nature In The Global South - Volume 7 of New perspectives in South Asian history
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1741:"Malaysia's Taib family owns $ 160m Canadian real estate empire â report"
1588:"Rafizi to lodge report against Taib Mahmud at MACC on fresh allegations"
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329:-based villages similar to those of Sarawak's other indigenous groups.
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264:. However, in government censuses they are more broadly classified as
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765:. The victory was recently publicised in a short documentary, named
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Laurel Evelyn Dyson, Stephen Grant & Max Hendriks, ed. (2015).
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1764:"Three companies excluded from the Government Pension Fund Global"
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Instead allow him to subsist in Blowpipes and clothed in Chawats
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Malaysia Today: MT-Loony Malaysia: How much is Taib Mahmud worth?
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1310:"Penans protest against Bukit Aman's use of force in dam issue"
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Voices from the Rainforest: Testimonies of a Threatened People
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The Austronesians - Historical and Comparative Perspectives
1080:"226 GRADUAN PENAN BERJAYA DILAHIRKAN - ABANG JO - BERNAMA"
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Penan Histories: Contentious narratives in upriver Sarawak
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International Labour Organisation Convention N. 169 (1989)
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with extremely elongated earlobes carrying brass pendants.
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971:
Borrell, Brendan; Irwandi, Joshua (19 September 2023).
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Some, typically the younger generations, now cultivate
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Nomads of the Dawn, The Penan of the Borneo Rainforest
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of their forests. A precedent was set in 2001 when an
344:), jungle fruits and their prey which usually include
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and garden vegetables but many rely on their diets of
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1355:"Reality Is Fantasy in 'The Last Wild Men of Borneo'"
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in a Penan Village on the Melinau River, adjacent to
276:, which includes all of Sarawak's indigenous people.
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Yet not lift a helping hand to our fellow brethren?
556:
1181:
Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict
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Mudge, A (2001), "Swiss Activist Missing in Borneo"
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Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict
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Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict
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741:Alas, ultimately your fate is your own decision
739:An anthropological curiosity of Nature and Art?
1528:. Google Book Search. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
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1498:. Google Book Search. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
1471:. Google Book Search. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
1444:. Google Book Search. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
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945:
727:But can Civilization offer anything better?....
725:Perhaps to us you may appear deprived and poor
1646:"unhchr.ch - unhchr Resources and Information"
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669:In August 2010, the Penan spoke out about the
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2016:
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885:"Ratusan Pribumi di Sarawak tiada kerakyatan"
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733:Especially now we are an independent Nation
731:View your plight with detached indifference
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1401:
1296:"Penan blockade continues, despite arrests"
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743:Remain as you are - or cross the Rubicon!"
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2009:
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1566:"Taib withdraws suit against Malaysiakini"
1035:Comparative Studies in Society and History
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900:Indigenous People and Mobile Technologies
729:And yet could Society in good conscience
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723:What would the future hold for thee?....
721:"O Penan - Jungle wanderers of the Tree
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1762:Finance, Ministry of (23 August 2010).
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1480:Mitetelman, J.H. Othman, N. (2003). In
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498:As of 2021 the Penan continue to fight
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985:from the original on 19 September 2023
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421:Resistance to deforestation in Sarawak
2004:
1832:
1820:. Andaman Association. Archived from
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1229:Trinh, Jennifer (30 September 2021).
1228:
1211:
950:. Pelanduk Publications. p. 35.
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635:Minister for Environment and Tourism
411:
1814:"Penan Video Site. Sarawak / Borneo"
1564:S. Tamarai Chelvi (4 January 2012).
1148:
855:, Ian Mackenzie, accessed 2005-04-05
678:gas reserves to be delivered to the
376:, made from the Belian Tree (superb
78:Regions with significant populations
1404:Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
24:
1807:A report on the Lands of the Penan
1332:"Swiss Activist Missing In Borneo"
1312:. 20 November 2013. Archived from
858:
822:An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles
395:of a tree (called the Tajem tree,
368:, snails and even insects such as
284:The Penan language belongs to the
25:
3090:
1780:
1235:The Commons Social Change Library
695:Old woman from Baram in Penan in
557:Response by Malaysian authorities
3041:
3029:
1272:
780:
608:
356:but also snakes (especially the
117:
94:
1802:Bruce Parry's Penan documentary
1755:
1732:
1712:
1686:
1680:
1659:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1602:
1580:
1557:
1531:
1406:. A&C Black. p. 1047.
1395:
1369:
1346:
1302:
1288:
1266:
1248:
1222:
1185:
1173:
1136:
1124:
1111:
1098:
1072:
1053:
509:
223:
1330:Andrew M. Mudge (March 2001).
1040:
1027:
1015:
939:
916:
891:
877:
830:Tawai: a Voice From The Forest
13:
1:
948:Penans: The Nomads of Sarawak
946:Paul C. Y. Chen, ed. (1990).
871:
466:(collectively referred to as
2689:Peranakan Eropah (including
1739:Max Walden (31 March 2017).
1590:. The Edge. 13 February 2014
299:
294:Austronesian language family
7:
1275:"Bruno Manser Fonds - News"
1023:Surivival-International.org
1004:Main_Penan_Settlements.html
794:
561:In 1987, Mahathir used the
445:palms that form the staple
279:
27:Indigenous people of Borneo
10:
3095:
1812:Balmer, Yves (2003â2009).
1062:- Retrieved 20 April 2007
1060:Brunei: The Abode of Peace
661:Threats to the Penan today
624:Borneo lowland rain forest
524:A traditional Penan house.
513:
429:A Penan woman from Baram,
364:), monkeys, birds, frogs,
29:
2901:
2883:
2803:
2718:
2675:
2547:
2440:
2292:
2279:
2158:
2075:
2060:
2049:
2038:
2032:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
1974:
1953:
1923:
1875:
1866:
1402:Bron Taylor, ed. (2008).
1353:Tim Sohn (7 March 2018).
1167:29 September 2008 at the
816:Paul Spencer Sochaczewski
314:Gunung Mulu National Park
177:
172:
159:
154:
138:
133:
115:
92:
82:
77:
72:
67:
47:
3074:Hunter-gatherers of Asia
3069:Ethnic groups in Sarawak
2105:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
1798:p268, Canberra 1995/2006
1260:9 September 2007 at the
1104:Colchester, M. Pirates,
852:Sarawak Peoples Campaign
840:
54:An old Penan woman from
30:Not to be confused with
3064:Ethnic groups in Brunei
2173:Christmas Island Malays
1860:Ethnic groups in Brunei
1694:"Rengah Sarawak - News"
1539:"Rengah Sarawak - News"
1483:Capturing globalisation
671:Murum hydroelectric dam
595:Ministry of Information
308:A government sponsored
1434:Douglas & McIntyre
1084:sarawaktok.bernama.com
925:"Minorities In Brunei"
802:Stranger in the Forest
746:
704:
658:
632:
618:
575:Aboriginal Australians
525:
500:development aggression
434:
321:
241:
1743:. Asian Correspondent
1453:Tsing, A.L(2003). In
1426:Davis, W. (2007). In
923:Jeffrey Hays (2008).
805:, a travel report by
719:
694:
680:liquefied natural gas
653:
628:
616:
563:Internal Security Act
523:
428:
307:
231:
173:Related ethnic groups
2943:China/Taiwan Chinese
1726:30 June 2007 at the
1316:on 23 November 2013.
1066:26 June 2007 at the
1046:Bending, Tim (2006)
1009:15 July 2011 at the
288:subgroup within the
3079:Dayak ethnic groups
2903:Foreign ethnicities
2286:Indigenous peoples)
1614:1 July 2007 at the
1334:. Cultural Survival
1298:. 19 November 2013.
927:. Facts And Details
833:, a documentary by
687:Future of the Penan
581:in New Zealand and
403:egalitarian society
44:
2844:Indians in Sarawak
2135:Terengganuan Malay
1518:Human Rights Watch
1508:Human Rights Watch
978:The New York Times
715:White man's burden
705:
619:
573:in North America,
526:
435:
412:Standard of living
398:Antiaris toxicaria
358:reticulated python
322:
242:
42:
3017:
3016:
2879:
2878:
2799:
2798:
2769:Penangite Chinese
2714:
2713:
2671:
2670:
2275:
2274:
2130:Selangorian Malay
2095:Kelantanese Malay
1998:
1997:
1949:
1948:
1786:Clifford Sather,
1700:on 31 August 2007
1469:978-1-55365-267-0
1413:978-14-411-2278-0
1255:Borneoproject.org
1199:on 29 August 2007
1179:Klare, M (2001),
1142:Manser, B (1996)
909:978-13-176-3894-0
651:claimed in 2005:
644:Abdul Taib Mahmud
538:Abdul Taib Mahmud
492:Abdul Taib Mahmud
340:(starch from the
290:Malayo-Polynesian
232:A Penan man from
195:indigenous people
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
3086:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3025:
2873:Peranakan Chitty
2865:
2864:
2839:Indians in Sabah
2824:Penangite Indian
2775:
2774:
2290:
2289:
2150:Sarawakian Malay
2073:
2072:
2058:
2057:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1873:
1872:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:on 11 July 2009.
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1696:. Archived from
1690:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1541:. Archived from
1535:
1529:
1505:
1499:
1478:
1472:
1461:Orient Blackswan
1451:
1445:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1379:. Archived from
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1159:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1130:Klare, M (2001)
1128:
1122:
1117:Klare, M (2001)
1115:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1021:Statistics from
1019:
1013:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
968:
962:
961:
943:
937:
936:
934:
932:
920:
914:
913:
895:
889:
888:
881:
861:
849:
583:Turks in Germany
504:ancestral domain
388:and tipped with
207:hunter-gatherers
148:Sarawakian Malay
123:
121:
120:
100:
98:
97:
68:Total population
52:
45:
41:
32:Punan Bah people
21:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3013:
2904:
2897:
2886:(non-Peranakan)
2885:
2875:
2863:
2807:
2795:
2773:
2722:
2710:
2707:Peranakan Turki
2667:
2543:
2436:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2271:
2154:
2110:Penangite Malay
2064:
2045:
2034:
2029:
1999:
1994:
1970:
1945:
1919:
1862:
1857:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1728:Wayback Machine
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1616:Wayback Machine
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1568:. The Sun Daily
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1545:on 23 July 2007
1537:
1536:
1532:
1506:
1502:
1479:
1475:
1452:
1448:
1436:. p. 140, 141.
1425:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1383:on 25 July 2011
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1262:Wayback Machine
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1169:Wayback Machine
1160:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1068:Wayback Machine
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:Wayback Machine
1002:
998:
988:
986:
969:
965:
958:
944:
940:
930:
928:
921:
917:
910:
896:
892:
887:. 17 July 2021.
883:
882:
878:
874:
843:
797:
783:
755:illegal logging
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
689:
663:
611:
559:
547:Bukit Batu Lawi
518:
512:
423:
414:
366:monitor lizards
302:
282:
226:
209:until the post-
168:(predominantly)
118:
116:
95:
93:
63:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2884:Mixed ancestry
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2785:Peranakan Cina
2781:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2702:Peranakan Siam
2699:
2697:Jawi Peranakan
2694:
2687:
2685:Peranakan Arab
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Burmese Malays
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Bruneian Malay
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Perlisan Malay
2117:
2115:Perakian Malay
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Malaccan Malay
2097:
2092:
2087:
2085:Johorean Malay
2081:
2079:
2070:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1954:non-indigenous
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Dusun (Brunei)
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1782:
1781:External links
1779:
1777:
1776:
1754:
1731:
1711:
1685:
1679:
1667:"wildasia.net"
1658:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1601:
1579:
1556:
1530:
1500:
1473:
1463:. p.332, 334.
1446:
1419:
1412:
1394:
1368:
1345:
1319:
1301:
1287:
1265:
1247:
1221:
1210:
1184:
1172:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1110:
1097:
1071:
1052:
1039:
1037:, Vol 39, No 3
1026:
1014:
996:
963:
956:
938:
915:
908:
890:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
856:
842:
839:
838:
837:
826:
818:
809:
796:
793:
792:
791:
782:
779:
688:
685:
662:
659:
649:Malaysia Today
610:
607:
599:Mingguan Waktu
558:
555:
514:Main article:
511:
508:
422:
419:
413:
410:
301:
298:
292:branch of the
281:
278:
225:
222:
182:
181:
175:
174:
170:
169:
157:
156:
152:
151:
136:
135:
131:
130:
127:
113:
112:
109:
90:
89:
80:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
53:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:East Timorese
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2789:
2787:(Baba-Nyonya)
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:Kadazan-Dusun
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:Orang Seletar
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Patani Malays
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
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2090:Kedahan Malay
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1086:. 4 July 2023
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957:96-797-8310-3
953:
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911:
905:
902:. Routledge.
901:
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781:Notable Penan
778:
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617:Penan elders.
615:
609:Logging today
606:
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590:The Economist
586:
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485:deforestation
480:
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179:Kenyah people
176:
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162:Folk religion
158:
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128:
126:
114:
111:16,281 (2010)
110:
107:
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91:
88:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
2999:Singaporeans
2905:/expatriates
2631:Orang Sungai
2501:
2168:Cocos Malays
2159:
2125:Pahang Malay
2076:
2050:
2040:
1940:
1895:Brunei Malay
1822:the original
1817:
1791:
1787:
1767:. Retrieved
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1734:
1719:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1688:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1533:
1511:
1503:
1481:
1476:
1454:
1449:
1427:
1422:
1403:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1304:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1273:ltd., moxi.
1268:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:
1224:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1187:
1180:
1175:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1083:
1074:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1017:
999:
989:19 September
987:. Retrieved
976:
966:
947:
941:
929:. Retrieved
918:
899:
893:
879:
862:
859:
850:
847:
828:
820:
811:
800:
775:
771:
766:
751:
747:
720:
706:
676:
668:
664:
654:
648:
633:
629:
620:
598:
588:
587:
579:MÄori people
567:
560:
551:
543:
533:
529:Bruno Manser
527:
516:Bruno Manser
510:Bruno Manser
497:
489:
481:
472:
447:carbohydrate
439:
436:
415:
407:
396:
361:
350:barking deer
331:
323:
283:
271:
265:
247:
243:
224:Demographics
214:missionaries
211:World War II
187:
185:
166:Christianity
83:
39:Ethnic group
36:
2928:Bangladeshi
2791:Sino-Native
2324:Orang Kuala
2314:Orang Kanaq
2304:Proto-Malay
2230:Minangkabau
2209:Bugis-Malay
2160:Anak Dagang
1975:expatriates
1510:(1992). In
1108:, 1989: 40.
835:Bruce Parry
807:Eric Hansen
571:Red Indians
534:lakei Penan
3058:Categories
3009:Vietnamese
2963:Indonesian
2849:Sri Lankan
2653:Sama-Bajau
2621:Lun Bawang
2497:Lun Bawang
2430:Semaq Beri
2319:Orang Laut
2294:Peninsular
2281:Orang Asal
2198:Mandailing
2052:Bumiputera
2042:Malaysians
1991:Indonesian
1868:indigenous
1769:14 October
1704:14 October
1672:14 October
1651:14 October
1549:14 October
1387:14 October
1280:14 October
1203:14 October
872:References
640:James Wong
354:mouse deer
197:living in
2994:Pakistani
2893:Chindians
2868:Peranakan
2778:Peranakan
2749:Hainanese
2739:Cantonese
2704:(Sam-Sam)
2677:Peranakan
2582:Mangka'ak
2477:Orang Ulu
2415:Cheq Wong
2252:Sundanese
2220:Baweanese
2188:Banjarese
2077:Anak Jati
1720:Rumah Nor
1488:Routledge
1357:. Outside
1193:"C2O.org"
1090:20 August
1050:pp. 67â68
867:, Chapter
767:Rumah Nor
502:in their
390:poisonous
386:sago palm
346:wild boar
342:sago palm
327:longhouse
310:longhouse
300:Lifestyle
267:Orang Ulu
218:medicines
134:Languages
56:Ulu Baram
3036:Malaysia
2980:(former)
2973:Japanese
2953:Filipino
2937:Rohingya
2922:Hadhrami
2834:Malayali
2819:Gujarati
2691:Kristang
2641:Tambanuo
2587:Maragang
2410:Mah Meri
2296:Malaysia
2225:Makassar
2215:Javanese
2183:Acehnese
1987:Filipino
1747:27 April
1724:Archived
1612:Archived
1594:27 April
1572:27 April
1520:. p.57.
1490:. p.89.
1361:27 April
1338:27 April
1258:Archived
1165:Archived
1064:Archived
1007:Archived
983:Archived
931:28 April
812:Redheads
795:See also
708:with UN
701:Malaysia
476:palm oil
374:blowpipe
280:Language
238:Malaysia
160:Bungan (
155:Religion
102:Malaysia
3048:Society
3022:Portals
2968:Iranian
2933:Burmese
2913:African
2829:Punjabi
2764:Henghua
2759:Foochow
2754:Teochew
2734:Hokkien
2720:Chinese
2616:Illanun
2597:Rumanau
2592:Minokok
2562:Kadazan
2532:Melanau
2523:Others
2487:Kelabit
2460:Bukitan
2455:Bidayuh
2442:Sarawak
2425:Jah Hut
2383:Mendriq
2336:Semelai
2267:Siamese
2235:Kerinci
2145:Kedayan
1982:British
1961:Chinese
1936:Melanau
1905:Kedayan
1240:3 March
1121:pp. 202
788:Sarawak
697:Sarawak
460:Kelabit
431:Sarawak
370:locusts
362:kemanen
318:Sarawak
262:Kelabit
234:Sarawak
199:Sarawak
192:nomadic
106:Sarawak
73:21,367
60:Sarawak
2989:Nepali
2984:Korean
2978:Jewish
2958:Indian
2859:Telugu
2805:Indian
2663:Tidong
2648:Rungus
2636:Dumpas
2611:Ida'an
2606:Bisaya
2572:Kwijau
2537:Miriek
2527:Bisaya
2512:Sa'ban
2492:Kenyah
2470:Selako
2420:Temiar
2388:Mintil
2378:Kintaq
2373:Kensiu
2353:Semang
2346:Temuan
2284:(Other
1966:Indian
1924:others
1915:Tutong
1890:Bisaya
1885:Belait
1877:Malays
1524:
1494:
1467:
1440:
1410:
954:
906:
451:rattan
378:timber
286:Kenyah
250:Kenyah
203:Brunei
190:are a
125:Brunei
122:
99:
85:Borneo
2854:Tamil
2744:Hakka
2658:Suluk
2626:Murut
2577:Lotud
2567:Dusun
2549:Sabah
2507:Punan
2502:Penan
2482:Kayan
2450:Dayak
2405:Semai
2400:Senoi
2368:Jahai
2363:Lanoh
2358:Batek
2341:Temoq
2309:Jakun
2205:Bugis
2193:Batak
2178:Chams
2062:Malay
1941:Penan
1910:Murut
841:Notes
637:Datuk
603:ASEAN
468:Dayak
464:Kayan
393:latex
273:Dayak
258:Murut
254:Kayan
188:Penan
144:Malay
140:Penan
43:Penan
18:Penan
3004:Thai
2918:Arab
2810:list
2725:list
2517:Ukit
2465:Iban
2245:Rawa
2067:list
1931:Iban
1771:2016
1749:2018
1706:2016
1674:2016
1653:2016
1596:2018
1574:2018
1551:2016
1522:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1389:2016
1363:2018
1340:2018
1282:2016
1242:2023
1205:2016
1092:2023
991:2023
952:ISBN
933:2018
904:ISBN
763:adat
759:Iban
462:and
456:Iban
443:sago
382:bore
338:sago
334:rice
201:and
186:The
2393:Mos
2240:Ocu
1790:in
360:or
260:or
164:),
129:300
3060::
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1516:.
1486:.
1459:.
1432:.
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