7636:
9775:
11705:
3671:(2nd) tone has two variants in Penang Hokkien, a high falling tone (53) and a high rising tone (445). The high falling tone (53) is more common among the older generations while in the younger generations there has been a shift towards the use of the high rising tone (445). When the 3rd tone is sandhied to the 2nd tone, the high falling variant (53) is used, however some speakers may sandhi the 3rd tone to the 1st tone (44). As in Amoy and Zhangzhou, there is no lower
570:
862:). Penang Hokkien has a growing body of written, particularly romanised material, thanks largely in part to its increasing online presence on social media. Many topics focus on the language itself such as dictionaries and learning materials. This is linked to efforts to preserve, revitalise and promote the language as part of Penang's cultural heritage, due to increasing awareness of the loss of Penang Hokkien usage among younger generations in favour of
878:
12355:
575:
574:
571:
576:
6687:
offers a fun and engaging show for
Penangites and individuals who understand the language. With its inception predating the recent wave of Penang Hokkien-focused films, the podcast provides a unique space for lighthearted and casual conversations with no topic restrictions. Listeners can enjoy funny
6691:
As an initiative in the realm of Penang
Hokkien entertainment, the Penang Hokkien Podcast complements the efforts to preserve the language's relevance. It serves as an audio medium that celebrates the culture, and humour associated with Penang Hokkien, offering a valuable resource for those seeking
2361:
which is based on Amoy accent, and there are lack of support from most mainstream POJ input methods for the letter ⟨e͘⟩. Despite the existence of formal notation of /ɛ/ in Tâi-lô as ⟨ee⟩, some Tâi-lô users were seems to neglect it too, possibly due to the influence from
Taiwanese online resources
2356:
There are clear distinction between /e/ and /ɛ/ vowel in Penang
Hokkien. For example, the term 家 (home) is pronounced as /kɛ/ (Tâi-lô: ⟨kee⟩, Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī: ⟨ke͘⟩), while 雞 (chicken) is pronounced as /ke/, which is transcribed as ⟨ke⟩ in both Tâi-lô and Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī. However, a lot of Penang Hokkien
3718:
In both Tâi-lô and Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī based romanisation systems, compounds are indicated with the use of hyphens linking the individual syllables. Single hyphens (-) are most often used and linked syllables undergo tone sandhi as described above. Double hyphens (--) are used in instances where the
3691:), a process where the tone of a character changes if it is followed by another character as part of a multisyllabic compound. When a character is read in isolation as a monosyllabic word, or as the final character in a multisyllabic compound, it is pronounced with its "original tone" (本調;
6352:
Penang
Hokkien has also borrowed some words from English, some of which may have been borrowed via Malay. Often, these words tend to be more technical and less well embedded than the Malay words, e.g. brake, park, pipe, pump, etc. However some are used in common everyday language, e.g.:
573:
3970:
in 1911, when
Mandarin was made the Chinese national language. As such, few if any people have received any formal instruction in Hokkien, and it is not used for literary purposes. However, as in other variants of Min Nan, most words have both
4126:
Penang
Hokkien has differences in pronunciation and vocabulary when compared to other varieties of Hokkien. Although Penang Hokkien has many similarities to Zhangzhou Hokkien from which it is derived, it also has its own unique differences.
7011:
572:
4491:
Due to Penang's linguistic and ethnic diversity, Penang
Hokkien is in close contact with many other languages and dialects which are drawn on heavily for loanwords. These include Malay, Teochew,
6664:
In recent years, a number of movies that incorporate the use of Penang
Hokkien have been filmed, as part of wider efforts to preserve the dialect's relevance. Among the more recent movies are
7076:
893:
they promote a Tâi-lô based system modified to suit the phonology of Penang
Hokkien and its loanwords. This system is used throughout this article and its features are detailed below.
8048:
8039:
3831:
Although the two departing tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical in Penang Hokkien, in their sandhi forms they become (53) and (21) and are thus easily distinguishable.
7171:
10583:
11128:
7042:
1416:
are only used in the spelling of loanwords. They may be analysed in terms of native Hokkien phonology as beginning with a null initial and may instead be spelled with
1405:
Words that begin with a null initial, i.e. begin with a vowel without a preceding consonant may feature an initial glottal stop /ʔ/, this is not indicated in writing.
11090:
4110:
Unlike in China, Taiwan, and the Philippines, the literary pronunciations of numbers higher than two are not used when giving telephone numbers, etc.; e.g. 二五四
11830:
10612:
9774:
7146:
937:. These methods, which are more intuitive to the average native-speaker, are the basis of non-standard romanisation systems used in some written material.
3719:
preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi. Tone marks always show the original tone, and do not change to indicate the sandhied tone in a compound.
11637:
11627:
7194:
6953:
3365:
forms. Most native speakers of Penang Hokkien are therefore only aware of four tones in unchecked syllables (high, low, rising, high falling), and two
709:
11632:
11391:
10939:
3707:
in the final position is pronounced with its original tone (3). This process occurs regardless of the length of the compound, for example, in 牛肉粿條湯
6679:
Another significant contribution to the entertainment landscape is the Penang Hokkien Podcast. Founded in 2005 by John Ong, a Penangite residing in
11546:
610:
8290:
7433:
7368:
Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects
3695:). Within a multisyllabic compound, every character, except for the one in the final position undergoes tone sandhi. For example, the word 牛
7084:
11713:
10951:
9483:
7118:
3371:
tones (high and low) in checked syllables. In most systems of romanisation, this is accounted as seven tones altogether. The tones are:
10340:
8332:
7179:
7334:
10915:
10903:
10927:
10419:
6967:
12011:
7050:
648:
11250:
9906:
9634:
9117:
8373:
7402:
7317:
6916:
823:
2357:
Tâi-lô or Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī users were prone to ignore the difference. Reasons being the absence of formal letter on /ɛ/ from the
933:). These spellings are often inconsistent and highly variable with several alternate spellings being well established, e.g.
12061:
10198:
6815:
704:
in Chinese schools and, from the 1980s to mid-2010s, these schools penalised students and teachers for using non-Mandarin
11903:
8283:
7426:
5562:
There are also many Hokkien words which have been borrowed into Malay, sometimes with slightly different meanings, e.g.:
1372:
1317:
12387:
12377:
5939:
There are words in Penang Hokkien that originated from other varieties of Chinese spoken in and around Malaysia. e.g.:
911:
Most native-speakers are not aware of these standardised systems and resort to ad hoc methods of romanisation based on
7220:
7375:
6665:
3967:
100:
17:
2214:
For most speakers who are not familiar with Tâi-lô or Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī, nasalisation is commonly indicated by putting an
10223:
9377:
7635:
6755:
3699:
in isolation is pronounced with an ascending tone, (23), but when it combines with a following syllable, as in 牛肉
1282:
7195:"Meet the Malaysian on a mission to make Hokkien great again, amid Mandarin's rising popularity in Southeast Asia"
7156:
11983:
8160:
6671:
3972:
2375:
1838:
1256:
693:
620:
295:
is proposed) which encompasses a variety of Hokkien dialects including "Penang-Medan Hokkien" / "Penang Hokkien".
12382:
10690:
10333:
8822:
8276:
7419:
7098:
Ong, Teresa Wai See (2020). "Safeguarding Penang Hokkien in Malaysia: Attitudes and Community-Driven Efforts".
6799:
1885:
905:
897:
436:
341:
320:
248:
12299:
11753:
10218:
10193:
10188:
6680:
546:
478:
455:
413:
364:
12358:
12269:
11793:
9387:
8817:
8218:
8165:
7821:
6789:
Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.
1858:
1270:
1090:
3954:. The tone in Mandarin often depends on what the initial consonant of the syllable is (see the article on
889:; 庇能福建話協會) is one such organisation which promotes the language's usage and revitalisation. Through their
624:
12274:
12146:
12071:
11728:
8211:
7866:
7788:
7504:
2411:
Occurs in Quanzhou accented varieties of Hokkien such as those spoken in Southern Malaysia and Singapore.
1921:
1775:
1346:
1296:
195:
12316:
12289:
12166:
12078:
11825:
11805:
8857:
6424:
Also used generally to refer to someone else's daughter or younger female around one's daughter's age.
1964:
1360:
1078:
1066:
7119:"[Fāngyán kètí shàng piān] "jiǎng huáyǔ yùndòng" chōngjí dà niánqīng rén shuō bu chū fāngyán"
6683:, US - this podcast stands as the pioneering platform dedicated entirely to Penang-style Hokkien. The
11868:
10566:
10326:
10208:
9627:
8712:
8378:
8111:
7558:
7479:
7248:
6735:
2425:
2423:
2393:
1980:
1962:
1937:
1919:
1901:
1883:
1856:
1836:
1809:
1791:
1773:
1695:
1677:
1626:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1541:
1522:
1503:
1370:
1358:
1344:
1315:
1294:
1280:
1268:
1254:
1233:
1221:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1172:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1113:
1102:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1033:
1017:
1005:
12242:
12227:
12217:
11931:
9862:
8742:
8398:
8192:
7795:
7608:
3711:, the first 4 characters are pronounced with their sandhied tone, while only the final character 湯
1811:
314:
12254:
10493:
9555:
9468:
9199:
8952:
8902:
8882:
8802:
8787:
8722:
8356:
8186:
7972:
7856:
1209:
1197:
1104:
881:
A Char Koay Teow stall. An example of how a Penangite writes Penang Hokkien using ad hoc methods.
701:
12247:
12096:
12188:
12031:
10629:
10203:
9583:
9520:
9046:
8707:
8612:
8567:
8507:
8368:
8232:
8225:
8005:
7939:
7442:
6765:
3938:
tones, there is no simple corresponding relationship for the Hokkien 4th and 8th tones, e.g. 國
890:
125:
9017:
7131:
12183:
12106:
11820:
11798:
10553:
10386:
9425:
8927:
8807:
8552:
8405:
8299:
8175:
8125:
7681:
2218:
after the initial consonant of a word. This is commonly seen for the popular Penang delicacy
1524:
1505:
1019:
1007:
866:
and English. The standard romanisation systems commonly used in these materials are based on
6931:
3361:
tones (3rd & 7th) are virtually identical, and may not be distinguished except in their
11951:
11919:
11748:
10873:
10368:
10168:
9620:
9578:
9560:
9302:
9281:
8872:
8562:
8393:
8383:
7987:
7833:
7779:
7370:(2nd corrected ed.). London: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England.
6904:
6715:
6397:
Also used generally to refer to someone else's son or younger male around one's son's age.
3975:. Literary variants are generally eschewed in favour of colloquial pronunciations, e.g. 大學
1235:
923:
spelling rules. These methods are in common use for many proper names and food items, e.g.
787:
705:
652:
2556:
is a general feature of Penang Malay, the local variety from which Penang Hokkien borrows.
465:
446:
351:
8:
12195:
12161:
11996:
11963:
11810:
11738:
11655:
11496:
11491:
11245:
11055:
10561:
9911:
9530:
9478:
9443:
9276:
9170:
9061:
8907:
8852:
8597:
8452:
8427:
8170:
7760:
7587:
7518:
6740:
6688:
and relatable discussions reminiscent of sharing secrets and stories with close friends.
1174:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1127:
912:
827:
104:
12311:
12178:
12141:
12026:
11924:
11858:
11853:
11743:
11733:
11359:
11337:
11230:
11038:
11033:
10956:
10944:
10932:
10920:
10908:
10432:
10278:
10145:
10061:
10020:
10005:
9894:
9886:
9840:
9244:
9150:
8992:
8957:
8922:
8777:
8757:
8727:
8467:
8011:
7620:
7486:
6887:
6750:
6693:
1697:
1679:
1659:
1650:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1543:
1480:
1475:
1388:
1035:
963:
863:
843:
743:
697:
689:
243:
160:
10163:
8472:
6939:
2358:
871:
600:
532:
397:
236:
62:
12222:
12212:
12091:
12056:
11911:
11863:
11815:
11582:
11435:
11369:
11225:
11210:
10881:
10858:
10812:
10737:
10663:
10543:
10511:
10465:
10404:
10394:
10359:
10183:
10178:
10079:
9857:
9828:
9823:
9495:
9473:
9367:
9266:
9261:
9249:
9239:
9204:
9002:
8967:
8797:
8767:
8637:
8537:
8527:
8388:
8327:
8314:
8119:
8079:
8057:
8022:
8016:
7981:
7919:
7913:
7893:
7687:
7675:
7658:
7566:
7512:
7492:
7398:
7371:
7363:
7313:
7268:
7126:
6935:
6912:
6823:
6803:
6730:
3667:
The names of the tones no longer bear any relation to the tone contours. The (upper)
2395:
1490:
1307:
1188:
978:
968:
916:
831:
716:
665:
644:
145:
130:
8747:
8587:
3645:
Entering tones (4 & 8) only occur in closed syllables where ◌ represents either
12328:
11848:
11723:
11587:
11577:
11562:
11508:
11430:
11381:
11342:
11291:
11205:
11157:
11141:
11021:
10981:
10976:
10863:
10817:
10763:
10758:
10748:
10742:
10571:
10516:
10501:
10377:
10349:
10173:
10102:
10010:
9956:
9833:
9743:
9722:
9490:
9458:
9453:
9312:
9286:
9271:
9214:
9145:
8987:
8947:
8867:
8862:
8842:
8832:
8792:
8782:
8772:
8717:
8687:
8677:
8632:
8602:
8512:
8477:
8361:
8140:
8100:
8070:
8044:
7994:
7952:
7861:
7838:
7731:
7711:
7668:
7593:
7456:
7260:
7249:"Chinese teenagers' perceptions of vitality of Hokkien Chinese in Penang, Malaysia"
6957:
6879:
958:
747:
728:
592:
501:
135:
7718:
3839:
There is a reasonably reliable correspondence between Hokkien and Mandarin tones:
12392:
12279:
12259:
12156:
12116:
12101:
11840:
11690:
11680:
11660:
11617:
11612:
11478:
11442:
11425:
11415:
11354:
11172:
11108:
11050:
10998:
10993:
10895:
10791:
10786:
10695:
10642:
10637:
10617:
10602:
10597:
10538:
10533:
10523:
10506:
10478:
10450:
10427:
10299:
10056:
10051:
10033:
9987:
9972:
9900:
9870:
9852:
9758:
9691:
9510:
9500:
9354:
9322:
9317:
9307:
9254:
9192:
9185:
9134:
8977:
8892:
8887:
8827:
8732:
8697:
8692:
8682:
8672:
8627:
8617:
8607:
8547:
8542:
8522:
8517:
8348:
8322:
8132:
8086:
7945:
7827:
7766:
7600:
7547:
7538:
7524:
7124:[ "Speak Mandarin Campaign" Hits Young People Unable to Speak Dialects].
6870:(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",
6760:
6720:
6710:
6255:
4162:
3703:, it undergoes tone sandhi and is pronounced with a low tone, (21). Meanwhile 肉
1830:
1671:
1664:
1497:
1485:
1399:
999:
973:
901:
640:
117:
96:
3966:
Hokkien has not been taught in schools in Penang since the establishment of the
2558:
This phonological change can be seen in other loanwords from Penang Malay, e.g.
462:
443:
348:
12333:
12323:
12294:
12284:
12001:
11973:
11685:
11670:
11572:
11523:
11518:
11503:
11447:
11386:
11268:
11220:
11167:
11136:
11113:
11103:
11098:
11060:
11043:
10988:
10853:
10835:
10753:
10727:
10668:
10588:
10576:
10528:
10483:
10473:
10399:
10125:
10097:
10028:
9982:
9845:
9800:
9753:
9727:
9696:
9686:
9681:
9463:
9180:
9090:
9085:
9007:
8997:
8982:
8942:
8917:
8912:
8897:
8877:
8847:
8837:
8812:
8762:
8737:
8667:
8662:
8622:
8592:
8532:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8462:
8442:
8422:
8202:
8180:
8094:
8063:
7999:
7959:
7933:
7907:
7884:
7807:
7753:
7725:
7694:
7572:
7498:
4516:
1877:
925:
791:
724:
685:
219:
11704:
3983:, though literary pronunciations still appear in limited circumstances, e.g.:
12371:
12134:
11946:
11941:
11513:
11457:
11452:
11420:
11407:
11283:
11235:
11162:
11118:
11008:
10845:
10768:
10607:
10455:
10442:
9951:
9934:
9881:
9748:
9717:
9701:
9540:
9525:
9515:
9340:
9070:
9012:
8972:
8962:
8937:
8932:
8752:
8657:
8647:
8410:
7926:
7848:
7614:
7579:
7531:
7272:
6745:
6725:
6590:
3955:
3367:
815:
660:
8261:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
6989:
3683:
Penang Hokkien, like other Hokkien dialects albeit less extensive, features
2226:). In other instances, nasalisation may not be indicated at all, such as in
708:. A 2021 study found that Penang Hokkien was a 'threatened' language in the
12006:
11956:
11332:
11215:
11188:
10732:
10722:
10294:
9997:
9818:
9783:
9505:
9415:
9129:
9107:
8702:
8572:
7900:
7816:
7772:
7701:
7264:
7233:
7228:
6962:
6827:
6705:
5231:
Other varieties of Hokkien including some Taiwanese varieties also use 雪文 (
3931:
3590:
2169:
1628:
1115:
877:
855:
755:
522:
508:
387:
292:
277:
226:
150:
6000:
in Hokkien, however Penang Hokkien has adopted the Teochew pronunciation.
842:
Penang Hokkien is largely a spoken language, however it can be written in
12151:
12125:
12021:
11991:
11968:
11936:
11675:
11665:
11469:
11364:
11349:
11312:
11260:
11081:
11072:
10968:
10807:
10682:
10409:
10239:
10071:
10043:
9792:
9666:
9643:
9435:
9397:
9392:
9102:
9080:
9075:
9051:
8582:
8577:
8502:
8497:
8246:
7461:
7151:
6867:
6807:
3684:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3396:
1982:
1939:
1903:
1793:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1737:
1336:
867:
231:
200:
140:
8268:
7411:
11567:
11541:
11307:
11273:
10778:
10705:
10213:
9946:
9941:
9929:
9382:
8557:
6891:
4519:, but sometimes to a greater extent than other Hokkien dialects, e.g.:
2017:
1956:
1742:
12016:
11767:
11758:
11486:
11376:
11028:
11016:
10827:
10658:
10089:
9362:
9175:
9097:
9056:
8239:
7880:
7645:
7452:
7386:
Supplement to Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy
6944:
6830:. However it may be written as a distinct vowel in Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī using
6649:
4508:
4492:
3426:
3401:
2012:
1395:
1391:
1248:
1053:
851:
819:
301:
267:
205:
6883:
2192:), however, this is not explicitly indicated in writing with either
12306:
11892:
11533:
10714:
10318:
10155:
10137:
9420:
9372:
7294:
Complete and Not-So-Complete Tonal Neutralization in Penang Hokkien
7292:
4504:
991:
731:
696:, even though Mandarin was not previously spoken in these regions.
636:
581:
74:
12338:
6589:
Penang Hokkien also contains words which are thought to come from
3834:
746:, it most closely resembles the variety spoken in the district of
12205:
11885:
11772:
11601:
11197:
9810:
9112:
7741:
6949:
6684:
3800:
The general tone sandhi rules for Penang Hokkien are as follows:
1563:
1048:
767:
628:
529:
394:
289:
281:
155:
6670:, which became the highest-grossing Malaysian film in 2014, and
6472:
Also used generally to refer to any middle-aged or older woman.
2274:. The two may be used interchangeably in Penang Hokkien, e.g. 張
12264:
12066:
9448:
7654:
7469:
7019:
6930:
6470:
Familiar term of address for a woman around one's mother's age.
6275:
4512:
3362:
2259:. In this instance it is pronounced /iɔ̃/ and is a variant of
2251:
is only written in conjunction with words that have an initial
2228:
2180:. Vowel nasalisation occurs in words that have nasal initials (
920:
803:
795:
779:
763:
735:
677:
669:
632:
108:
84:
51:
9612:
7291:
Chuang, Ching-ting; Chang, Yueh-chin; Hsieh, Feng-fan (2013),
7221:"Dà mǎ fāngyán zài xìng (èr): Huáyǔ hé fāngyán shìbùliǎnglì?"
6911:, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,
6448:
Also used generally to refer to any middle-aged or older man.
4121:
874:, with varying modifications to suit Penang Hokkien phonology.
11777:
9209:
7650:
7465:
6446:
Familiar term of address for a man around one's father's age.
5696:
Originally means "company/firm/clan association" in Hokkien.
811:
807:
799:
681:
673:
551:
537:
418:
402:
92:
88:
6841:
6770:
1398:
remain the same and do not undergo palatalisation to become
9219:
6676:, the first movie to be filmed entirely in Penang Hokkien.
6647:
Etymology ultimately unknown but thought to come from Thai
2315:
In speech, these sounds are often reduced to and , e.g. 免
2263:, with nasalisation instead indicated by the nasal initial.
7247:
Ting, Su-Hie; Teng, Jonathan Zie-Ming (1 November 2021).
4212:
General pronunciation differences can be shown as below:
4188:
The adoption of Amoy and Quanzhou pronunciations like 歹勢
3961:
7077:"Saving the Penang Hokkien Language, One Word at A Time"
2524:
Used in Malay, English, Cantonese and Teochew loanwords.
4061:
in certain names of plants, herbs, and spices, e.g. 木瓜
684:. However, since the 1980s, many younger speakers have
794:, similar dialects are spoken in the states bordering
3992:
513:
3987:
in given names (but generally not surnames), e.g. 安
3890:: Hokkien 3rd/7th tones = Mandarin 4th tone, e.g. 兔
2362:
which don't include letter /ee/ and not aware of it.
896:
The Speak Hokkien Campaign also promotes the use of
7253:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
6954:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
6298:Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese.
6280:Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese.
6260:Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese.
6174:Penang Hokkien uses pronunciation from Cantonese.
2498:Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as
2443:Used in Cantonese loanwords, may be pronounced as
710:Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale
7335:"Shooting to Begin for First Penang Hokkien Film"
7070:
7068:
12369:
7290:
6783:
6422:Familiar term of address for one's own daughter.
6909:Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology
3876:: Hokkien 2nd tone = Mandarin 3rd tone, e.g. 馬
3862:: Hokkien 5th tone = Mandarin 2nd tone, e.g. 龍
3847:: Hokkien 1st tone = Mandarin 1st tone, e.g. 雞
3835:Relationship between Hokkien and Mandarin tones
3810:3rd becomes 2nd (for some speakers becomes 1st)
3721:
8110:
7557:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7192:
7147:"Penang Hokkien and Its Struggle for Survival"
7065:
4131:The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜
3348:* Used in loanwords, variants and onomatopoeia
27:Dialect of Hokkien spoken in parts of Malaysia
10334:
9628:
8284:
7427:
7035:
900:derived from recommended character lists for
460:
441:
346:
40:
12133:
7971:
6210:The original Hokkien pronunciation would be
4150:The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 調羹
885:The Hokkien Language Association of Penang (
7279:
6903:
6395:Familiar term of address for one's own son.
4122:Differences from other varieties of Hokkien
12354:
12124:
10341:
10327:
9635:
9621:
8291:
8277:
7434:
7420:
7172:"Has Mandarin Replaced Hokkien in Penang?"
5934:
8298:
7441:
7392:
7307:
6961:
6838:(with a dot above right, by analogy with
2588:Used in Cantonese and Teochew loanwords.
2168:In the Tâi-lô system for Penang Hokkien,
256:Mixed script comprising the above methods
7395:English-Penang Hokkien Pocket Dictionary
7310:English-Penang Hokkien Pocket Dictionary
7246:
6990:"Change Request Documentation: 2021-045"
6924:
6806:, from which Penang Hokkien is derived.
6320:and adopted from Singaporean Hokkien 死爸
4079:in names of certain professions, eg. 學生
3715:, is pronounced with its original tone.
876:
568:
12049:
8313:
7383:
7362:
7012:"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]"
6092:Other varieties of Hokkien use 𪜶 (亻因)
2313:being pronounced as and respectively.
712:, due to the encroachment of Mandarin.
14:
12370:
6814:. It is much less commonly written in
6536:Derives from 'motor' in 'motorcycle'.
3973:literary and colloquial pronunciations
3962:Literary and colloquial pronunciations
2367:Non-native vowels (used in loanwords)
580:A Penang Hokkien speaker, recorded in
10322:
10260:
10123:
9907:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
9654:
9616:
9118:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
8272:
7415:
6792:
5676:Originally means "sauce" in Hokkien.
5656:Originally means "attic" in Hokkien.
3524:
2413:Used in Malay and English loanwords.
2176:, while Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī uses superscript
955:
887:Persatuan Bahasa Hokkien Pulau Pinang
824:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
692:under the Speak Mandarin Campaign in
615:
10348:
10199:Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet
7397:. George Town, Penang: Areca Books.
7312:. George Town, Penang: Areca Books.
7219:Li, Zhiyong 李志勇 (7 September 2017).
7116:
6970:from the original on 13 October 2023
6798:The open-mid front unrounded vowel /
6196:From the Cantonese pronunciation 緊張
4161:The adoption of pronunciations from
3820:Checked syllables (-p, -t, -k, -h):
7332:
7169:
7144:
7097:
7074:
7043:"Dialects and Languages in Numbers"
6866:
24:
10124:
7356:
7218:
7193:Randy Mulyanto (24 January 2021).
6938:; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023).
6872:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2341:The diphthong /ia/ may be spelled
2326:The diphthong /ua/ may be spelled
1387:Unlike other dialects of Hokkien,
715:Penang Hokkien is a subdialect of
694:Chinese-medium schools in Malaysia
25:
12404:
7117:Ding, Weilun 丁伟伦 (23 June 2016).
6060:Other varieties of Hokkien use 恁
6028:Other varieties of Hokkien use 阮
5974:Other varieties of Hokkien use 欲
4043:in certain set phrases, e.g. 差不多
3934:). As Mandarin no longer has any
2236:), or as in the common last name
723:) Hokkien, with extensive use of
12353:
11831:Literary and colloquial readings
11703:
10224:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
9773:
9378:Malay trade and creole languages
7634:
7333:Loh, Arnold (29 December 2015).
7145:Koh, Aun Qi (9 September 2017).
6756:Place and street names of Penang
6751:Lan-nang-oe (Philippine Hokkien)
6659:
4033:in other proper names, e.g. 龍山堂
1402:before /i/, e.g. 時 instead of .
9642:
8333:comparison with British English
7326:
7301:
7240:
7212:
7186:
7163:
7138:
7110:
7091:
822:. It is markedly distinct from
605:
552:
538:
419:
403:
7170:Mok, Opalyn (19 August 2017).
7004:
6982:
6897:
6860:
6200:, or a compound of Hokkien 緊 (
6132:octopus (particularly as food)
5888:Chinese (of/relating to China)
3678:
2492:An alternate pronunciation of
2270:is a variant pronunciation of
906:Taiwan's Ministry of Education
898:traditional Chinese characters
837:
514:
461:
442:
347:
13:
1:
10219:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
10194:Taiwanese Romanization System
10189:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
9655:
7388:. Shanghai: Commercial Press.
6853:
4515:Hokkien borrows heavily from
2470:Used in Cantonese loanwords.
2007:Diphthongs & Triphthongs
945:
700:has been adopted as the only
12359:List of varieties of Chinese
10261:
7232:(in Chinese). Archived from
7130:(in Chinese). Archived from
7075:Mok, Opalyn (14 July 2015).
6639:
6614:
6571:
6561:
6550:
6540:
6528:
6518:
6507:
6497:
6486:
6476:
6462:
6452:
6438:
6428:
6414:
6401:
6387:
6374:
6335:
6328:
6309:
6302:
6291:
6284:
6271:
6264:
6251:
6244:
6229:
6222:
6189:
6178:
6167:
6160:
6150:
6143:
6128:
6117:
6107:
6100:
6075:
6068:
6047:
6040:
6011:
6004:
5989:
5982:
5967:
5960:
5918:
5899:
5880:
5857:
5838:
5819:
5800:
5781:
5762:
5743:
5724:
5705:
5685:
5665:
5645:
5626:
5607:
5588:
5546:
5534:
5520:
5510:
5496:
5486:
5472:
5460:
5441:
5429:
5411:
5399:
5385:
5373:
5359:
5343:
5329:
5317:
5303:
5291:
5277:
5265:
5251:
5239:
5220:
5208:
5194:
5184:
5170:
5158:
5144:
5134:
5115:
5103:
5089:
5077:
5063:
5053:
5033:
5021:
5007:
4995:
4981:
4969:
4955:
4943:
4929:
4919:
4905:
4893:
4879:
4863:
4849:
4833:
4819:
4807:
4793:
4777:
4763:
4751:
4732:
4722:
4708:
4698:
4684:
4672:
4658:
4648:
4629:
4617:
4603:
4591:
4577:
4567:
4553:
4543:
4486:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4214:
4103:. A notable exception is 先生
3330:
3320:
3297:
3273:
3249:
3225:
3201:
3173:
3147:
3124:
3101:
3071:
3044:
3024:
2981:
2955:
2931:
2907:
2883:
2854:
2823:
2800:
2774:
2744:
2718:
2694:
2669:
2638:
2618:
2548:Note: The change from final
940:
7:
6699:
6316:Originated from Teochew 死父
5456:) is also frequently used.
4747:) is also frequently used.
3993:
3357:In Penang Hokkien, the two
2496:due to Cantonese influence.
1459:are only used in loanwords.
10:
12409:
12317:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
7121:【方言课题上篇】“讲华语运动”冲击大年轻人说不出方言
6622:1/10 of a unit of currency
6347:
5789:traditional Chinese doctor
4023:in a few surnames, e.g. 葉
3644:
3007:
2601:
2305:, it is pronounced , with
2172:are indicated using final
2004:
1727:
1647:
1465:
734:. Compared to dialects in
645:Penang's Chinese community
625:/pi˨˩nɛŋ˦˥hɔk̚˦kiɛn˥˧ua˨˩/
12388:Hokkien-language dialects
12378:Chinese-Malaysian culture
12351:
12235:
12204:
12115:
12040:
11982:
11902:
11877:
11839:
11786:
11712:
11701:
11648:
11600:
11555:
11532:
11477:
11468:
11406:
11325:
11300:
11282:
11259:
11196:
11187:
11150:
11127:
11089:
11080:
11071:
11007:
10967:
10894:
10872:
10844:
10826:
10800:
10777:
10713:
10704:
10681:
10651:
10628:
10552:
10492:
10464:
10441:
10418:
10385:
10376:
10367:
10356:
10287:
10271:
10267:
10256:
10232:
10154:
10136:
10132:
10119:
10088:
10070:
10042:
10019:
9996:
9971:
9922:
9809:
9791:
9782:
9771:
9736:
9710:
9674:
9665:
9661:
9650:
9596:
9571:
9548:
9539:
9484:comparison with Malaysian
9434:
9408:
9353:
9333:
9295:
9230:
9163:
9039:
9030:
8646:
8451:
8435:
8421:
8347:
8306:
8256:
8201:
8153:
8038:
7879:
7847:
7805:
7740:
7643:
7632:
7450:
7297:– via academia.edu.
6736:Southern Malaysia Hokkien
5996:Originally pronounced as
3579:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3336:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2594:
2530:in Malay loanwords, e.g.
2016:
2011:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1720:
1335:
1306:
1247:
1047:
998:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
596:
563:
545:
528:
521:
507:
500:
495:
491:
487:
477:
473:
454:
435:
430:
412:
393:
386:
381:
377:
373:
363:
359:
340:
336:
331:
313:
299:
285:
273:
265:
260:
216:
188:
114:
80:
70:
41:
39:
34:
9863:Banana colloquial speech
9603:Nearly extinct languages
7384:Barclay, Thomas (1923).
7222:
7199:South China Morning Post
7120:
6776:
6673:You Mean the World to Me
4498:
3352:
766:and in the districts of
627:) is a local variant of
437:Traditional Chinese
431:Alternative Chinese name
342:Traditional Chinese
9556:Malaysian Sign Language
7393:de Gijzel, Luc (2009).
7308:de Gijzel, Luc (2009).
6584:
6295:easy; "a piece of cake"
6135:From local Teochew 豬母酸
5935:Other Chinese varieties
5713:edible watermelon seeds
4503:Like other dialects in
702:language of instruction
456:Simplified Chinese
10204:Daighi tongiong pingim
9584:Selangor Sign Language
8703:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
8508:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
7265:10.1515/ijsl-2020-0024
6963:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
6818:as it has merged with
6810:records this vowel as
6771:Penang Hokkien Podcast
6766:Speak Hokkien Campaign
891:Speak Hokkien Campaign
882:
585:
404:Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa /
12383:Languages of Malaysia
8823:Kota Marudu Talantang
8553:Negeri Sembilan Malay
8300:Languages of Malaysia
8161:Central Tibeto-Burman
6940:"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"
6905:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
3375:Penang Hokkien tones
2552:in Standard Malay to
2330:in loanwords, e.g. 我
2297:is followed by final
2272:⟨iaunn⟩
1424:respectively, e.g. 我
880:
579:
553:Pin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā
483:Pin-siânn Hok-kiàn-uā
252:Hangul (Experimental)
9579:Penang Sign Language
9561:Manually Coded Malay
7236:on 7 September 2017.
7223:大马方言再兴（二）：华语和方言势不两立？
7182:on 4 September 2019.
7159:on 14 November 2017.
6716:Hokkien architecture
6082:May be shortened to
6054:May be shortened to
6018:May be shortened to
5285:to love; what a pity
4801:creepy; hair-raising
3709:gû-bah-kué-tiâu-thng
2268:⟨ionn⟩
2261:⟨ionn⟩
706:varieties of Chinese
616:Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā
606:Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa
539:Pin-siâⁿ Hok-kiàn-ōa
420:Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā
406:Pī-nɛ́ng Hok-kiàn-ōa
369:Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā
58:Pī-né͘ng Hok-kiàn-ōa
47:Pī-néeng Hok-kiàn-uā
9912:Singaporean Hokkien
9062:Malaysian Cantonese
8818:Klias River Kadazan
8219:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
7134:on 6 November 2019.
7100:Linguistics Journal
6932:Hammarström, Harald
6836:⟨e͘ ⟩
6741:Singaporean Hokkien
6597:
6357:
6336:Singaporean Hokkien
6310:Singaporean Hokkien
6236:From Cantonese 無厘頭
6111:nothing can be done
5943:
5566:
4523:
4216:
3914:tones all end with
3376:
2368:
2359:orthodox Pe̍h-ōe-jī
2345:in loanwords, e.g.
2311:⟨iat⟩
2307:⟨ian⟩
2249:⟨ioo⟩
2204:(/nuĩ/) instead of
2194:⟨-nn⟩
2190:⟨ng-⟩
2174:⟨-nn⟩
2008:
1731:
1653:
1469:
952:
828:Singaporean Hokkien
774:) and Xinglin (杏林;
664:among the majority
647:, and also by some
12312:Cantonese Bopomofo
12179:Chinese characters
12107:Written Sichuanese
10691:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
10146:Chinese characters
9895:Philippine Hokkien
9887:Kelantan Peranakan
9841:Zhangzhou dialects
9409:Mixed & Others
9151:Malaysian Mandarin
8212:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
8154:Proposed groupings
7364:Douglas, Carstairs
6936:Haspelmath, Martin
6934:; Forkel, Robert;
6812:⟨ee⟩
6802:/ is a feature of
6596:
6356:
5942:
5565:
5047:as if; since when?
4522:
4215:
3928:⟨-h⟩
3924:⟨-k⟩
3920:⟨-t⟩
3916:⟨-p⟩
3374:
2554:⟨-i⟩
2550:⟨-l⟩
2528:⟨ol⟩
2500:⟨ue⟩
2494:⟨ue⟩
2366:
2343:⟨ya⟩
2328:⟨wa⟩
2303:⟨-t⟩
2299:⟨-n⟩
2295:⟨ia⟩
2253:⟨n-⟩
2198:⟨◌ⁿ⟩
2186:⟨n-⟩
2182:⟨m-⟩
2178:⟨◌ⁿ⟩
2006:
1729:
1651:Syllabic consonant
1649:
1467:
1453:⟨sh⟩
950:
883:
844:Chinese characters
778:) in neighbouring
690:Malaysian Mandarin
586:
515:Bīnchéng Fújiànhuà
244:Chinese Characters
196:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
12365:
12364:
12347:
12346:
12174:
12173:
12092:Written Cantonese
12087:
12086:
11869:Classical grammar
11864:Cantonese grammar
11699:
11698:
11596:
11595:
11402:
11401:
11321:
11320:
11183:
11182:
10890:
10889:
10677:
10676:
10567:Chengdu–Chongqing
10360:Sinitic languages
10316:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10308:
10307:
10288:Rime dictionaries
10252:
10251:
10248:
10247:
10184:Hinghwa Romanized
10179:Foochow Romanized
10115:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10080:Zhanjiang dialect
9967:
9966:
9824:Quanzhou dialects
9769:
9768:
9610:
9609:
9600:Extinct languages
9592:
9591:
9349:
9348:
9026:
9025:
8858:Mainstream Kenyah
8343:
8342:
8266:
8265:
8149:
8148:
8034:
8033:
7875:
7874:
7630:
7629:
7404:978-983-44646-0-8
7319:978-983-44646-0-8
7127:Kwong Wah Yit Poh
7087:on 10 April 2019.
6918:978-0-7748-0192-8
6832:⟨ɛ⟩
6820:⟨e⟩
6804:Zhangzhou Hokkien
6731:Taiwanese Hokkien
6657:
6656:
6582:
6581:
6345:
6344:
6204:) + Cantonese 張 (
5932:
5931:
5560:
5559:
5043:siánn-mih-sî-tsūn
4611:new(ly), just now
4484:
4483:
4226:Zhangzhou Dialect
3968:Republic of China
3798:
3797:
3665:
3664:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3005:
3004:
2592:
2591:
2445:⟨i⟩
2216:⟨n⟩
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2002:
2001:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1645:
1644:
1457:⟨r⟩
1449:⟨f⟩
1445:⟨d⟩
1422:⟨i⟩
1418:⟨u⟩
1414:⟨y⟩
1410:⟨w⟩
1384:
1383:
832:Taiwanese Hokkien
810:), as well as in
649:Penangite Indians
577:
567:
566:
559:
558:
502:Standard Mandarin
426:
425:
327:
326:
18:Peranakan Hokkien
16:(Redirected from
12400:
12357:
12356:
12329:Taiwanese Hangul
12218:Mainland Chinese
12131:
12130:
12122:
12121:
12047:
12046:
11724:Standard Chinese
11707:
11475:
11474:
11194:
11193:
11087:
11086:
11078:
11077:
10960:
10948:
10936:
10924:
10912:
10711:
10710:
10383:
10382:
10374:
10373:
10350:Chinese language
10343:
10336:
10329:
10320:
10319:
10269:
10268:
10258:
10257:
10174:Hainan Romanized
10134:
10133:
10121:
10120:
10103:Wenchang dialect
10011:Jianyang dialect
9957:Sanxiang dialect
9834:Yongchun dialect
9789:
9788:
9777:
9744:Manjiang dialect
9672:
9671:
9663:
9662:
9652:
9651:
9637:
9630:
9623:
9614:
9613:
9546:
9545:
9146:Mandarin Chinese
9037:
9036:
8633:Terengganu Malay
8433:
8432:
8311:
8310:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8270:
8269:
8108:
8107:
7969:
7968:
7803:
7802:
7638:
7555:
7554:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7389:
7381:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7288:
7277:
7276:
7259:(272): 185–217.
7244:
7238:
7237:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7178:. Archived from
7167:
7161:
7160:
7155:. Archived from
7142:
7136:
7135:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7083:. Archived from
7072:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7049:. Archived from
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7023:. 31 August 2021
7016:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6992:. 31 August 2021
6986:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6965:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6864:
6847:
6845:
6837:
6833:
6821:
6813:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6598:
6595:
6358:
6355:
6339:oh my god; oh no
5944:
5941:
5732:flat rice noodle
5567:
5564:
5337:squid/cuttlefish
4581:kíng-tshat-kio̍k
4524:
4521:
4217:
3996:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3722:
3631:
3610:
3594:
3574:
3553:
3538:
3516:
3501:
3487:
3466:
3451:
3391:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3009:
3008:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2555:
2551:
2529:
2501:
2495:
2446:
2429:
2399:
2369:
2365:
2344:
2329:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2217:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2009:
2005:
1986:
1968:
1943:
1925:
1907:
1889:
1862:
1842:
1815:
1797:
1779:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1701:
1683:
1654:
1648:
1632:
1613:
1594:
1575:
1547:
1528:
1509:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1376:
1364:
1350:
1321:
1300:
1286:
1274:
1260:
1239:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1191:
1178:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1130:
1119:
1108:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1060:
1039:
1023:
1011:
994:
987:
953:
949:
658:It was once the
653:Penangite Malays
626:
617:
607:
598:
578:
555:
554:
541:
540:
517:
516:
493:
492:
469:
468:
450:
449:
422:
421:
408:
407:
379:
378:
355:
354:
329:
328:
323:
287:
275:
270:
241:- Ad hoc methods
222:
120:
66:
55:
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
12408:
12407:
12403:
12402:
12401:
12399:
12398:
12397:
12368:
12367:
12366:
12361:
12343:
12280:Tongyong Pinyin
12260:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
12248:Dungan Cyrillic
12231:
12200:
12170:
12111:
12102:Written Hokkien
12083:
12042:
12036:
12012:Middle Mandarin
11978:
11898:
11873:
11835:
11782:
11715:
11708:
11695:
11644:
11592:
11551:
11528:
11464:
11398:
11317:
11296:
11278:
11255:
11179:
11146:
11123:
11067:
11003:
10963:
10954:
10942:
10930:
10918:
10906:
10886:
10868:
10840:
10822:
10796:
10773:
10700:
10673:
10647:
10624:
10548:
10488:
10460:
10437:
10414:
10363:
10352:
10347:
10317:
10304:
10300:Jianzhou Ba Yin
10283:
10272:Proto-languages
10263:
10244:
10228:
10209:Bbánlám pìngyīm
10150:
10128:
10107:
10084:
10066:
10062:Yong'an dialect
10057:Shaxian dialect
10052:Sanming dialect
10038:
10034:Jiangle dialect
10015:
10006:Jian'ou dialect
9992:
9988:Xianyou dialect
9975:
9963:
9918:
9901:Malacca Straits
9871:Malacca Straits
9853:Longyan dialect
9805:
9778:
9765:
9759:Nanlang dialect
9732:
9706:
9692:Changle dialect
9657:
9646:
9641:
9611:
9606:
9588:
9567:
9535:
9430:
9404:
9345:
9329:
9291:
9232:
9226:
9186:Malaysian Tamil
9159:
9032:
9022:
8743:Eastern Kadazan
8723:Coastal Kadazan
8649:
8642:
8454:
8447:
8426:
8417:
8339:
8302:
8297:
8267:
8262:
8252:
8203:Proto-languages
8197:
8145:
8112:Greater Siangic
8106:
8043:
8030:
7967:
7871:
7843:
7801:
7745:
7736:
7648:
7639:
7626:
7559:Greater Magaric
7553:
7480:West Himalayish
7460:
7446:
7440:
7405:
7378:
7359:
7357:Further reading
7354:
7353:
7343:
7341:
7339:The Star Online
7331:
7327:
7320:
7306:
7302:
7289:
7280:
7245:
7241:
7224:
7217:
7213:
7203:
7201:
7191:
7187:
7168:
7164:
7143:
7139:
7122:
7115:
7111:
7096:
7092:
7073:
7066:
7056:
7054:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6973:
6971:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6902:
6898:
6884:10.2307/2718766
6865:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6819:
6811:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6779:
6761:Written Hokkien
6721:Written Hokkien
6711:Hokkien culture
6702:
6662:
6641:
6629:
6623:
6618:
6587:
6573:
6565:
6552:
6544:
6530:
6522:
6509:
6501:
6488:
6480:
6471:
6464:
6456:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6423:
6416:
6405:
6396:
6389:
6378:
6350:
6330:
6304:
6286:
6266:
6256:chee cheong fun
6248:tsý-tshiông-fân
6246:
6224:
6209:
6180:
6162:
6145:
6119:
6102:
6091:
6070:
6059:
6042:
6027:
6006:
5984:
5962:
5950:Originated from
5937:
5920:
5901:
5882:
5859:
5840:
5821:
5802:
5783:
5764:
5751:rice-flour cake
5745:
5726:
5707:
5687:
5667:
5647:
5628:
5615:rice vermicelli
5609:
5590:
5548:
5538:
5522:
5498:
5474:
5464:
5443:
5433:
5413:
5403:
5387:
5377:
5361:
5351:
5331:
5321:
5305:
5295:
5279:
5269:
5253:
5243:
5222:
5212:
5196:
5172:
5162:
5146:
5117:
5107:
5091:
5081:
5065:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5009:
4999:
4983:
4973:
4957:
4947:
4931:
4907:
4897:
4881:
4871:
4851:
4841:
4821:
4811:
4795:
4785:
4765:
4755:
4734:
4710:
4686:
4676:
4660:
4631:
4621:
4605:
4595:
4579:
4555:
4501:
4489:
4124:
4039:Lêng-suann-tn̂g
3964:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3837:
3827:8th becomes 4th
3824:4th becomes 8th
3816:1st becomes 7th
3813:2nd becomes 1st
3807:7th becomes 3rd
3804:5th becomes 7th
3681:
3629:
3623:
3608:
3602:
3592:
3572:
3566:
3551:
3545:
3536:
3514:
3508:
3499:
3485:
3479:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3389:
3383:
3355:
2597:
2579:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2527:
2525:
2515:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2460:
2444:
2433:
2412:
2342:
2327:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2215:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2150:
2139:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2093:
2080:
2069:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2025:
1987:
1969:
1944:
1926:
1908:
1890:
1863:
1843:
1816:
1798:
1780:
1723:
1702:
1684:
1633:
1614:
1595:
1576:
1548:
1529:
1510:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:The consonants
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:The consonants
1400:alveolo-palatal
1377:
1365:
1352:ríng-gi̋t (令吉)
1351:
1322:
1301:
1287:
1275:
1261:
1240:
1226:
1215:tsian-doi (煎蕊)
1214:
1202:
1187:
1179:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1109:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1058:
1052:
1040:
1024:
1012:
990:
985:
948:
943:
902:written Hokkien
840:
639:. It is spoken
569:
405:
319:
266:
255:
253:
251:
246:
242:
240:
234:
229:
223:
218:
212:
191:
184:
121:
118:Language family
116:
60:
56:
49:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12406:
12396:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12363:
12362:
12352:
12349:
12348:
12345:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12324:Taiwanese kana
12321:
12320:
12319:
12314:
12304:
12303:
12302:
12297:
12295:Lessing-Othmer
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12252:
12251:
12250:
12239:
12237:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12192:
12191:
12186:
12175:
12172:
12171:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12137:
12128:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12097:Written Dungan
12094:
12088:
12085:
12084:
12082:
12081:
12076:
12075:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12053:
12051:
12044:
12038:
12037:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
12002:Middle Chinese
11999:
11994:
11988:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11976:
11971:
11969:Wubi (Wang Ma)
11966:
11961:
11960:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11928:
11927:
11917:
11914:
11908:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11896:
11889:
11881:
11879:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11845:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11834:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11802:
11801:
11790:
11788:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11756:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11720:
11718:
11710:
11709:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11696:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11686:Xiangnan Tuhua
11683:
11678:
11673:
11671:Shaozhou Tuhua
11668:
11663:
11658:
11652:
11650:
11646:
11645:
11643:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11622:
11621:
11620:
11615:
11606:
11604:
11598:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11559:
11557:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11549:
11544:
11538:
11536:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11500:
11499:
11494:
11483:
11481:
11472:
11466:
11465:
11463:
11462:
11461:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11412:
11410:
11404:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11396:
11395:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11340:
11329:
11327:
11323:
11322:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11315:
11310:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11294:
11288:
11286:
11280:
11279:
11277:
11276:
11271:
11265:
11263:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11191:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11180:
11178:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11170:
11160:
11154:
11152:
11148:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11139:
11133:
11131:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11095:
11093:
11084:
11075:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11065:
11064:
11063:
11053:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11013:
11011:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10985:
10984:
10973:
10971:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10961:
10949:
10937:
10925:
10913:
10900:
10898:
10892:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10884:
10878:
10876:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10850:
10848:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10838:
10832:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10804:
10802:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10789:
10783:
10781:
10775:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10719:
10717:
10708:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10698:
10693:
10687:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10645:
10640:
10634:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10620:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10591:
10584:Renshou–Fushun
10581:
10580:
10579:
10569:
10558:
10556:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10509:
10504:
10498:
10496:
10494:Central Plains
10490:
10489:
10487:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10470:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10458:
10453:
10447:
10445:
10439:
10438:
10436:
10435:
10430:
10424:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10391:
10389:
10380:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10346:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10323:
10314:
10313:
10310:
10309:
10306:
10305:
10303:
10302:
10297:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10281:
10275:
10273:
10265:
10264:
10254:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10160:
10158:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10142:
10140:
10130:
10129:
10126:Writing system
10117:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10100:
10098:Haikou dialect
10094:
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10076:
10074:
10068:
10067:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10048:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10037:
10036:
10031:
10029:Shaowu dialect
10025:
10023:
10021:Shao–Jiang Min
10017:
10016:
10014:
10013:
10008:
10002:
10000:
9994:
9993:
9991:
9990:
9985:
9983:Putian dialect
9979:
9977:
9969:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9959:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9926:
9924:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9914:
9909:
9897:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9884:
9879:
9877:Penang Hokkien
9867:
9866:
9865:
9855:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9846:Chawan dialect
9838:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9829:Hui'an dialect
9821:
9815:
9813:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9801:Swatow dialect
9797:
9795:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9762:
9761:
9756:
9754:Longdu dialect
9746:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9730:
9728:Ningde dialect
9725:
9720:
9714:
9712:
9708:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9699:
9697:Gutian dialect
9694:
9689:
9687:Fuqing dialect
9684:
9682:Fuzhou dialect
9678:
9676:
9669:
9659:
9658:
9648:
9647:
9640:
9639:
9632:
9625:
9617:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9604:
9601:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9552:
9550:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9440:
9438:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9401:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9359:
9357:
9351:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9343:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9247:
9242:
9236:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9178:
9167:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9123:Penang Hokkien
9120:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9073:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9043:
9041:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8953:Selungai Murut
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8903:Punan Bah-Biau
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8883:Nonukan Tidong
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8803:Keningau Murut
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8654:
8652:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8459:
8457:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8439:
8437:
8430:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8353:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8325:
8319:
8317:
8308:
8304:
8303:
8296:
8295:
8288:
8281:
8273:
8264:
8263:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8193:Tibeto-Kanauri
8190:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8166:Kuki-Chin–Naga
8163:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8129:
8116:
8114:
8105:
8104:
8097:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8067:
8054:
8052:
8036:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8019:
8014:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7977:
7975:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7889:
7887:
7885:Southeast Asia
7877:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7853:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7824:
7822:Angami–Pochuri
7819:
7813:
7811:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7776:
7764:
7757:
7749:
7747:
7746:Burmese border
7738:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7679:
7664:
7662:
7641:
7640:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7611:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7597:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7576:
7563:
7561:
7552:
7551:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7535:
7528:
7516:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7490:
7483:
7475:
7473:
7448:
7447:
7439:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7403:
7390:
7376:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7325:
7318:
7300:
7278:
7239:
7211:
7185:
7162:
7137:
7109:
7090:
7064:
7053:on 16 May 2017
7047:Penang Monthly
7034:
7003:
6981:
6923:
6917:
6896:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6822:in mainstream
6791:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6698:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6645:
6638:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6601:Penang Hokkien
6586:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6570:
6567:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6549:
6546:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:môo-thok-tshia
6527:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6506:
6503:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6485:
6482:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6461:
6458:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6413:
6410:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6386:
6383:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6361:Penang Hokkien
6349:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6288:sa̋p-sa̋p-sêoi
6282:
6281:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6253:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6238:mòuh lèih tàuh
6234:
6233:makes no sense
6231:
6228:
6220:
6219:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6098:
6097:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6066:
6065:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6038:
6037:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5947:Penang Hokkien
5936:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5879:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5573:Penang Hokkien
5571:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5545:
5540:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5410:
5405:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5358:
5353:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5114:
5109:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5032:
5027:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5006:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4848:
4843:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:police station
4583:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4527:Penang Hokkien
4500:
4497:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4332:-iaunn / -ionn
4329:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:8th tone (12)
4238:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:Penang Hokkien
4210:
4209:
4186:
4159:
4148:
4123:
4120:
4108:
4107:
4077:
4059:
4041:
4035:Liông-san-tông
4031:
4021:
3963:
3960:
3958:for details).
3956:Entering tones
3908:
3907:
3885:
3871:
3856:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3680:
3677:
3663:
3662:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2339:
2324:
2291:
2264:
2245:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2136:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1977:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1934:
1916:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1853:
1851:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1806:
1788:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1692:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1623:
1604:
1585:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1538:
1519:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1406:
1403:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1353:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1289:
1288:kú-shérn (古申)
1277:
1265:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1230:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1169:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1111:
1099:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1014:
1002:
996:
995:
988:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
947:
944:
942:
939:
935:Char Koay Teow
926:Char Kway Teow
839:
836:
792:Southeast Asia
668:population in
589:Penang Hokkien
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
549:
543:
542:
535:
526:
525:
519:
518:
511:
505:
504:
498:
497:
496:Transcriptions
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
470:
458:
452:
451:
439:
433:
432:
428:
427:
424:
423:
416:
410:
409:
400:
391:
390:
384:
383:
382:Transcriptions
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
361:
360:
357:
356:
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
332:Penang Hokkien
325:
324:
317:
311:
310:
305:
297:
296:
271:
263:
262:
261:Language codes
258:
257:
254:- Hokkien Imji
224:
220:Writing system
217:
214:
213:
211:
210:
209:
208:
194:
192:
189:
186:
185:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
166:Penang Hokkien
124:
122:
115:
112:
111:
82:
78:
77:
72:
71:Native to
68:
67:
37:
36:
35:Penang Hokkien
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12405:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12360:
12350:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12309:
12308:
12305:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12257:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12243:Cyrillization
12241:
12240:
12238:
12234:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12203:
12197:
12194:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12181:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12136:
12135:Script styles
12132:
12129:
12127:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12114:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12080:
12077:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12059:
12058:
12055:
12054:
12052:
12048:
12045:
12039:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11989:
11987:
11985:
11981:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11926:
11923:
11922:
11921:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11901:
11895:
11894:
11890:
11888:
11887:
11883:
11882:
11880:
11876:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11846:
11844:
11842:
11838:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11785:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11751:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11726:
11725:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11711:
11706:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11647:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11607:
11605:
11603:
11599:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11554:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11531:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11489:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11467:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11405:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11378:
11375:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11334:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11324:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11299:
11293:
11290:
11289:
11287:
11285:
11281:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11262:
11258:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11186:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11149:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11126:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11070:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11031:
11030:
11027:
11023:
11020:
11019:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11010:
11006:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10966:
10958:
10953:
10950:
10946:
10941:
10938:
10934:
10929:
10926:
10922:
10917:
10914:
10910:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10893:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10871:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10849:
10847:
10843:
10837:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10825:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10799:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10776:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10703:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10680:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10650:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10627:
10619:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10590:
10587:
10586:
10585:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10564:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10555:
10551:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10463:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10421:
10417:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10361:
10355:
10351:
10344:
10339:
10337:
10332:
10330:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10259:
10255:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10159:
10157:
10153:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10122:
10118:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10087:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10069:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10026:
10024:
10022:
10018:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9995:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9958:
9955:
9954:
9953:
9952:Zhongshan Min
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9936:
9935:Houlu dialect
9933:
9932:
9931:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9921:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9882:Medan Hokkien
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9781:
9776:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9751:
9750:
9749:Zhongshan Min
9747:
9745:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9735:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9723:Fu'an dialect
9721:
9719:
9718:Xiapu dialect
9716:
9715:
9713:
9709:
9703:
9702:Matsu dialect
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9638:
9633:
9631:
9626:
9624:
9619:
9618:
9615:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9557:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9538:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9481:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9469:East Timorese
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9407:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9352:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9229:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9200:Indo-European
9198:
9194:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9063:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9029:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8938:Sarawak Malay
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8708:Brunei Bisaya
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8613:Southern Thai
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8568:Orang Seletar
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8456:
8450:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8424:
8420:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8374:North Bornean
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8357:Austroasiatic
8355:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8294:
8289:
8287:
8282:
8280:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8260:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8233:Proto-Karenic
8230:
8228:
8227:
8226:Proto-Loloish
8223:
8221:
8220:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8187:Tibeto-Burman
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8041:
8037:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7973:Burmo-Qiangic
7970:
7962:
7961:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7867:Jingpho–Luish
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7743:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7505:Baram–Thangmi
7503:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7432:
7430:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7417:
7414:
7406:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7382:, bound with
7379:
7377:1-86210-068-3
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7340:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7296:
7295:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7215:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7113:
7105:
7101:
7094:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7069:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7022:
7021:
7013:
7007:
6991:
6985:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6859:
6843:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6786:
6782:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6746:Medan Hokkien
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6726:Hokkien media
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6668:
6660:Entertainment
6652:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6607:Other Hokkien
6606:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6578:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6418:tsa-bóo-kiánn
6411:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6392:
6384:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6367:Other Hokkien
6366:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6341:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6227:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6154:fit; suitable
6153:
6148:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5480:walking stick
5479:
5477:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5454:tàu-sann-kāng
5451:
5448:
5446:
5445:tàu-sann-kāng
5439:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4533:Other Hokkien
4532:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4495:and English.
4494:
4480:
4466:
4463:
4449:
4446:
4432:
4429:
4415:
4412:
4398:
4395:
4381:
4378:
4364:
4361:
4349:-iong / -iang
4347:
4344:
4330:
4327:
4321:-ik* (/iək̚/)
4318:-ik* (/iək̚/)
4313:
4310:
4304:-ing* (/iəŋ/)
4301:-ing* (/iəŋ/)
4296:
4293:
4279:
4276:
4262:
4259:
4245:
4242:
4237:8th tone (4)
4234:8th tone (4)
4232:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3569:
3558:
3548:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3511:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3331:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2485:sa̋p--sa̋p--s
2481:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2258:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2220:Tau Sar Pneah
2211:
2207:
2203:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1730:Monophthongs
1726:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1366:sa-yang (捎央)
1362:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
983:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
938:
936:
932:
931:tshá-kúe-tiâu
928:
927:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
904:published by
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:North Sumatra
813:
809:
806:and northern
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:and northern
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
661:lingua franca
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
618:
612:
608:
602:
594:
590:
583:
562:
550:
548:
544:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
512:
510:
506:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
459:
457:
453:
448:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
417:
415:
411:
401:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
353:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
330:
322:
318:
316:
312:
309:
306:
304:
303:
298:
294:
291:
283:
279:
272:
269:
264:
259:
250:
245:
239:(Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī)
238:
233:
228:
225:
221:
215:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
198:
197:
193:
187:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
123:
119:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
64:
59:
53:
48:
38:
33:
30:
19:
12265:Hanyu Pinyin
12255:Romanization
12162:Semi-cursive
12007:Old Mandarin
11964:Stroke count
11891:
11884:
11806:Old National
11649:Unclassified
11240:
10554:Southwestern
10387:Northeastern
10369:Major groups
10358:
10295:Qi Lin Bayin
9998:Northern Min
9876:
9819:Amoy dialect
9784:Southern Min
9388:Chetty Malay
9130:Chaoshan Min
9122:
9108:Southern Min
9047:Sino-Tibetan
8928:Sabah Bisaya
8808:Kinabatangan
8713:Bukar–Sadong
8573:Pahang Malay
8369:Austronesian
8258:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8185:
8131:
8124:
8099:
8085:
8078:
8069:
8062:
8021:
8006:Lolo-Burmese
8004:
7980:
7958:
7951:
7944:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7906:
7899:
7892:
7826:
7794:
7787:
7778:
7771:
7759:
7752:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7674:
7667:
7619:
7613:
7599:
7592:
7578:
7571:
7546:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7511:
7497:
7485:
7478:
7443:Sino-Tibetan
7394:
7385:
7367:
7342:. Retrieved
7338:
7328:
7309:
7303:
7293:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7234:the original
7229:Malaysiakini
7227:
7214:
7202:. Retrieved
7198:
7188:
7180:the original
7175:
7165:
7157:the original
7150:
7140:
7132:the original
7125:
7112:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7085:the original
7080:
7055:. Retrieved
7051:the original
7046:
7037:
7025:. Retrieved
7018:
7006:
6994:. Retrieved
6984:
6972:. Retrieved
6943:
6926:
6908:
6899:
6875:
6871:
6868:Mei, Tsu-lin
6862:
6828:Amoy Hokkien
6794:
6785:
6706:Hoklo people
6696:experience.
6690:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6648:
6642:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6615:
6588:
6574:
6562:
6553:
6541:
6531:
6519:
6510:
6498:
6489:
6477:
6465:
6453:
6441:
6429:
6417:
6407:
6402:
6390:
6380:
6375:
6351:
6331:
6321:
6317:
6305:
6287:
6267:
6247:
6237:
6226:môu-lêi-thāu
6225:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6185:
6181:
6163:
6146:
6136:
6124:
6120:
6103:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6079:they; theirs
6071:
6061:
6055:
6043:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6007:
5997:
5985:
5975:
5963:
5938:
5921:
5914:
5902:
5895:
5883:
5876:
5872:
5860:
5853:
5841:
5834:
5822:
5815:
5803:
5796:
5784:
5777:
5765:
5758:
5746:
5739:
5727:
5720:
5708:
5701:
5688:
5681:
5668:
5661:
5648:
5641:
5629:
5622:
5610:
5603:
5591:
5584:
5561:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5523:
5516:
5511:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5453:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5344:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5232:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5127:
5119:tshài-tshī-á
5118:
5111:
5104:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5042:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4852:
4845:
4839:kan-lang-tsû
4838:
4835:kan-nang-tsû
4834:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4778:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4641:
4633:tshài-tshī-á
4632:
4625:
4618:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4580:
4573:
4568:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4461:
4444:
4427:
4410:
4393:
4376:
4359:
4342:
4325:
4308:
4291:
4274:
4257:
4223:Amoy Hokkien
4211:
4205:
4204:(Zhangzhou:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4192:(Zhangzhou:
4189:
4182:
4181:(Zhangzhou:
4178:
4174:
4173:(Zhangzhou:
4170:
4166:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4091:rather than
4088:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4073:rather than
4070:
4066:
4065:rather than
4062:
4056:
4055:rather than
4052:
4048:
4047:rather than
4044:
4038:
4037:rather than
4034:
4028:
4027:rather than
4024:
4018:
4017:rather than
4014:
4010:
4009:rather than
4006:
4002:
4001:rather than
3998:
3991:rather than
3988:
3980:
3976:
3965:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3932:glottal stop
3911:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3830:
3819:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3767:
3759:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3675:(6th) tone.
3672:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3624:
3603:
3567:
3546:
3509:
3480:
3459:
3388:Lower/Light
3366:
3358:
3356:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2439:-tshiông-fân
2436:
2434:
2418:
2404:
2402:
2388:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:tāu-sa-piánn
2223:
2219:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2170:nasal vowels
2153:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2027:
1990:
1989:
1972:
1971:
1947:
1946:
1929:
1928:
1911:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1866:
1865:
1846:
1845:
1819:
1818:
1801:
1800:
1783:
1782:
1706:
1704:
1687:
1686:
1637:
1635:
1618:
1616:
1599:
1597:
1580:
1578:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1531:
1514:
1512:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1262:sóo-fá (沙發)
934:
930:
924:
910:
895:
886:
884:
859:
856:Latin script
848:Tn̂g-lâng-jī
847:
841:
783:
775:
771:
759:
751:
739:
720:
714:
659:
657:
643:by 63.9% of
614:
604:
588:
587:
523:Southern Min
509:Hanyu Pinyin
388:Southern Min
315:Linguasphere
307:
300:
278:Southern Min
165:
151:Southern Min
126:Sino-Tibetan
57:
46:
29:
12334:Xiao'erjing
12196:Punctuation
12189:Traditional
12142:Oracle bone
12126:Logographic
12022:Proto-Hakka
11997:Eastern Han
11992:Old Chinese
11854:Classifiers
11821:Northern Wu
11749:Singaporean
10955: [
10943: [
10931: [
10919: [
10907: [
10138:Logographic
10072:Leizhou Min
10044:Central Min
9973:Pu–Xian Min
9793:Teochew Min
9667:Eastern Min
9644:Min Chinese
9398:Sabah Malay
9393:Cocos Malay
9282:Minangkabau
9233:archipelago
9103:Pu-Xian Min
9081:Eastern Min
9031:Significant
8873:Murik Kayan
8583:Reman Malay
8578:Perak Malay
8563:Orang Kanaq
8503:Kedah Malay
8498:Judeo-Malay
8379:Kayan–Murik
8247:Proto-Hakka
8176:Mahakiranti
7682:East Bodish
7462:Uttarakhand
7204:22 December
7152:New Naratif
6816:Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī
6681:Kansas City
6667:The Journey
6121:tu-bó-suinn
4853:má-lîng-tsû
4712:suān-tsio̍h
4688:tsio̍h-thâu
4574:balai polis
4114:instead of
4099:instead of
4083:instead of
4049:tshee-m̄-to
4045:tsha-put-to
3979:instead of
3910:Words with
3685:tone sandhi
3679:Tone sandhi
3510:sióng-siann
3382:Upper/Dark
1337:Approximant
872:Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī
838:Orthography
721:Tsiang-tsiu
249:Traditional
235:- Modified
230:- Modified
201:Old Chinese
190:Early forms
146:Coastal Min
91:, northern
87:, parts of
63:Pe̍͘h-ōa-jī
12372:Categories
12285:Wade–Giles
12184:Simplified
12079:Vernacular
12072:in Vietnam
11925:Simplified
11912:Biaoxingma
11859:Honorifics
11794:Historical
11739:Philippine
11729:Sichuanese
11656:Badong Yao
11360:Shao–Jiang
11231:Philippine
11039:Xiangxiang
11034:Shuangfeng
10779:Taizhou Wu
10562:Sichuanese
10169:Pe̍h-ūe-jī
10164:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
10156:Alphabetic
9947:Zhenan Min
9942:Haklau Min
9930:Datian Min
9531:Vietnamese
9521:Sri Lankan
9479:Indonesian
9436:Immigrants
9383:Baba Malay
9303:Philippine
9296:Philippine
9277:Mandailing
9231:Indonesian
9018:Umaʼ Lasan
8908:Punan Batu
8853:Lun Bawang
8598:Semaq Beri
8453:Peninsular
8436:Nationwide
8428:Indigenous
8399:Sama–Bajaw
8394:Philippine
8384:Land Dayak
8141:Idu–Taraon
8095:Miju–Meyor
7988:Gyalrongic
7834:Tangkhulic
7609:Raji–Raute
7176:Malay Mail
7081:Malay Mail
6974:13 October
6878:: 86–110,
6854:References
6604:Definition
6526:motorcycle
6212:kín-tiaunn
6186:kín-tsiong
6182:kán-tsiong
6137:tṳ-bó-sṳng
5953:Definition
5673:fish sauce
5596:horse-cart
5576:Definition
5126:see also:
5093:kíng-tshat
4724:bī-nā-tang
4640:see also:
4536:Definition
4154:(Amoy: 湯匙
4152:thâu-kiong
4116:jī-ngóo-sù
4071:ngóo-hiong
4057:kìnn-tshiò
3535:Departing
3481:iông-piânn
2247:The final
2234:po̍h-piánn
2018:Triphthong
1396:fricatives
1392:affricates
946:Consonants
860:Âng-môo-jī
788:prefecture
631:spoken in
601:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
321:79-AAA-jek
237:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
105:Hulu Perak
12223:Taiwanese
12213:Cantonese
12057:Classical
12017:Proto-Min
11952:Microsoft
11811:Cantonese
11787:Phonology
11768:Cantonese
11759:Singdarin
11744:Malaysian
11734:Taiwanese
11638:Rongjiang
11628:Yongjiang
11624:Southern
11609:Northern
11583:Luo–Guang
11492:Hong Kong
11487:Guangzhou
11443:Taiwanese
11436:Changting
11370:Zhanjiang
11284:Zhongshan
11251:Malaysian
11246:Singapore
11211:Zhangzhou
11163:Zhongshan
11056:Yong–Quan
10952:Jing-Zhan
10882:Xuancheng
10859:Jiangshan
10738:Changzhou
10659:Junjiahua
10512:Guanzhong
10395:Changchun
10279:Proto-Min
10090:Hainanese
9976:(Hinghwa)
9899:Southern
9869:Northern
9858:Taiwanese
9656:Languages
9572:By states
9426:Esperanto
9363:Chavacano
9176:Malayalam
9171:Dravidian
9098:Hainanese
9057:Cantonese
8993:Tombonuwo
8958:Sembakung
8778:Kalabakan
8728:Daro-Matu
8468:Cheq Wong
8406:Tai-Kadai
8323:Malaysian
8240:Proto-Min
8171:Macro-Bai
8049:Arunachal
8042:(possible
7857:Boro–Garo
7761:Kuki-Chin
7744:and Indo-
7659:Arunachal
7646:Himalayas
7621:Tandrange
7588:Chepangic
7519:Dhimalish
7453:Himalayas
7366:(1899) .
7273:1613-3668
6945:Glottolog
6824:Taiwanese
6694:immersive
6636:gōo-pua̍t
6542:sée-le̋rt
6511:siu-im-ki
6292:Cantonese
6272:Cantonese
6252:Cantonese
6230:Cantonese
6216:kín-tionn
6198:gán jēung
6190:Cantonese
6171:bro; boss
6168:Cantonese
6151:Cantonese
6125:tu-bó-sng
6118:豬母酸 / 豬母霜
5926:craftsman
5903:Tiong-kok
5884:Tiong-huâ
5592:bée-tshia
5488:tsi-lā-kā
5136:pīng-gang
5086:mata-mata
4933:jiō-phè-á
4895:khit-siàn
4736:tōng-bu̍t
4509:Singapore
4493:Cantonese
4487:Loanwords
4198:pháinn-sì
4190:pháinn-sè
4165:: e.g. 我
4145:sian-sinn
4112:jī-gōo-sì
4095:, and 老君
4081:ha̍k-seng
4075:gōo-hiong
4053:kiàn-siàu
3888:Departing
3689:piàn-tiāu
3625:iông-ji̍p
3591:Entering
3359:Departing
2540:tsian-doi
2526:Replaces
2266:The rime
2255:, e.g. 娘
2200:, e.g. 卵
2013:Diphthong
1831:Close-Mid
1249:Fricative
1180:扣 (khàu)
1166:飼 (tshī)
1154:拖 (thua)
1128:aspirated
1121:影 (iánn)
1054:Affricate
1041:硬 (ngēe)
951:Initials
941:Phonology
852:romanised
820:Indonesia
760:Liông-hái
752:Hái-tshng
732:loanwords
717:Zhangzhou
302:Glottolog
268:ISO 639-3
206:Proto-Min
161:Zhangzhou
12307:Bopomofo
12236:Phonetic
12228:Two-cell
12157:Clerical
12067:in Japan
12062:Adoption
12050:Official
12041:Literary
11916:Boshiamy
11893:Xiehouyu
11849:Numerals
11826:Mandarin
11754:Standard
11714:Standard
11588:Qin–Lian
11578:Yong–Xun
11563:Gao–Yang
11509:Jiujiang
11497:Malaysia
11431:Tingzhou
11382:Wenchang
11343:Jianyang
11333:Northern
11292:Sanxiang
11206:Quanzhou
11189:Southern
11158:Manjiang
11022:Changsha
10982:Nanchang
10977:Chang–Du
10874:Xuanzhou
10864:Qingtian
10818:Wencheng
10764:Jiangyin
10759:Jinxiang
10749:Shaoxing
10743:Hangzhou
10723:Shanghai
10664:Qinjiang
10572:Minjiang
10544:Xinjiang
10502:Dongping
10466:Jiaoliao
10405:Shenyang
10378:Mandarin
10262:Research
9903:Hokkien
9873:Hokkien
9511:Nepalese
9496:Japanese
9474:Filipino
9421:Tanglish
9373:Manglish
9368:Kristang
9267:Javanese
9262:Buginese
9250:Madurese
9240:Acehnese
9205:Gujarati
9033:minority
9003:Tringgus
8968:Serudung
8798:Kendayan
8768:Jangkang
8650:Malaysia
8538:Mah Meri
8528:Kristang
8455:Malaysia
8349:Families
8315:Official
8045:isolates
8012:Mondzish
7940:Cai–Long
7688:Tshangla
7644:Eastern
7487:Tamangic
7457:Himachal
7451:Western
7445:branches
6968:Archived
6907:(1984),
6844:⟩
6840:⟨
6700:See also
6630:e.g. 50
6624:i.e. 10
6593:, e.g.:
6478:kú-shérn
6332:wá-lāu-ê
6268:uān-than
6051:you guys
5896:Tiongkok
5877:Tionghoa
5873:Tionghua
5823:thâu-kee
5785:sin-senn
5728:kué-tiâu
5693:to share
5669:kê-tsiap
5653:upstairs
5649:lâu-téng
5630:Ji̍t-pún
5512:tsiám-pó
5462:tong-kat
5319:soo-tong
5311:snobbish
5293:som-bóng
5141:pinggang
4921:lām-peng
4909:khó-liân
4883:kiat-hun
4823:piān-sóo
4809:jiám-bân
4745:khîm-siù
4729:binatang
4700:bēr-liân
4607:tú-tsiah
4557:hīnn-kau
4505:Malaysia
4229:Example
4147:), etc.;
4141:sin-senn
4105:sin-senn
4085:o̍h-senn
4067:ba̍k-kua
4063:bo̍k-kua
3981:tāi-ha̍k
3946:, but 發
3936:Entering
3912:Entering
3693:pún-tiāu
3568:iông-khì
3460:im-piânn
3442:Sandhied
3417:Sandhied
3368:Entering
3021:Plosive
3012:Vowel(s)
2615:Plosive
2606:Vowel(s)
2532:bo̍t-toi
1878:Open-Mid
1660:Bilabial
1481:Alveolar
1476:Bilabial
1389:alveolar
1323:賴 (luā)
1142:脾 (phî)
1110:教 (kàu)
1096:姊 (tsí)
1084:大 (tuā)
1025:爛 (nuā)
1013:名 (miâ)
992:sibilant
964:Alveolar
864:Mandarin
776:Hēng-lîm
744:province
740:Hok-kiàn
698:Mandarin
688:towards
641:natively
637:Malaysia
582:Malaysia
75:Malaysia
12206:Braille
12167:Cursive
12117:Scripts
11984:History
11974:ZhengMa
11920:Cangjie
11886:Chengyu
11841:Grammar
11816:Hokkien
11773:Hokkien
11681:Waxiang
11661:Danzhou
11633:Guandao
11618:Younian
11613:Tongdao
11602:Pinghua
11542:Taishan
11458:Raoping
11426:Huizhou
11416:Meixian
11392:Banqiao
11365:Leizhou
11355:Pu–Xian
11350:Central
11338:Jian'ou
11313:Longyan
11261:Teochew
11198:Hokkien
11173:Nanlang
11129:Fu–Ning
11109:Changle
11091:Houguan
11082:Eastern
11029:Loushao
11017:Changyi
10999:Da–Tong
10994:Ying–Yi
10940:Yanzhou
10808:Wenzhou
10801:Oujiang
10792:Tiantai
10787:Taizhou
10696:Zhi–Yan
10643:Nantong
10638:Nanjing
10613:Gui–Liu
10603:Nanping
10598:Kunming
10524:Luoyang
10479:Qingdao
10451:Tianjin
10428:Beijing
10420:Beijing
10214:Peng'im
9889:Hokkien
9811:Hokkien
9675:Houguan
9491:Persian
9459:Burmese
9454:Bengali
9444:African
9355:Creoles
9313:Maranao
9272:Kerinci
9215:Punjabi
9135:Teochew
9113:Hokkien
9040:Chinese
8988:Timugon
8948:Sekapan
8868:Momogun
8863:Melanau
8843:Lengilu
8833:Lahanan
8793:Kelabit
8783:Kanowit
8773:Kajaman
8718:Bukitan
8688:Bintulu
8678:Berawan
8603:Semelai
8513:Kenaboi
8478:Jah Hut
8423:Natives
8389:Malayic
8328:English
8259:Italics
8120:Siangic
8101:Songlin
8080:Kho-Bwa
8058:Hrusish
8040:Dubious
8023:Loloish
8017:Burmish
7982:Qiangic
7953:Longjia
7920:Karenic
7914:Nungish
7894:Sinitic
7780:Hkongso
7742:Myanmar
7712:Gongduk
7676:Tibetic
7594:Chepang
7567:Magaric
7513:Kiranti
7493:Newaric
7027:28 July
6950:Leipzig
6892:2718766
6685:podcast
6628:/ cents
6575:phòng-í
6499:lée-liô
6484:cushion
6430:áng-kér
6364:English
6348:English
6193:nervous
6164:tāi-lôu
6129:Teochew
6108:Teochew
6104:bô-piān
6076:Teochew
6048:Teochew
6044:lú-lâng
6012:Teochew
6008:wá-lâng
5990:Teochew
5968:Teochew
5922:tû-kang
5861:têe-kóo
5770:noodles
5721:kuetiau
5709:kua-tsí
5689:kong-si
5550:bīn-kin
5504:damn it
5469:tongkat
5431:to-lóng
5412:但是 / 毋過
5404:焦比 / 逐比
5389:lím-nāi
5367:to like
5300:sombong
5267:sa-yang
5259:garbage
5224:tê-khoo
5202:to feel
5198:kám-kak
5128:bān-san
5037:tang-sî
4869:kau-îng
4846:kentang
4716:diamond
4705:berlian
4650:báng-kû
4626:bangsal
4619:bān-san
4561:earring
4545:ān-ting
4208:), etc.
4163:Teochew
4156:thng-sî
4143:(Amoy:
4135:(Amoy:
4101:lāu-kun
3977:tuā-o̍h
3900:tshiōnn
3604:im-ji̍p
3498:Rising
3437:Contour
3412:Contour
2560:sām-bai
2380:Example
2351:sa-iang
2347:sa-yang
1757:Simple
1749:Simple
1564:Plosive
1491:Glottal
1468:Finals
1438:sa-iang
1434:sa-yang
1432:and 捎央
1378:我 (wá)
1308:Lateral
1302:喜 (hí)
1276:時 (sî)
1241:牛 (gû)
1227:字 (jī)
1203:米 (bí)
1072:比 (pí)
1049:Plosive
979:Glottal
969:Palatal
913:English
854:in the
768:Jiaomei
756:Longhai
748:Haicang
729:English
686:shifted
666:Chinese
629:Hokkien
593:Chinese
530:Hokkien
395:Hokkien
293:Bân-lâm
290:Hokkien
282:Min Nan
156:Hokkien
136:Chinese
131:Sinitic
12393:Penang
12275:Postal
12270:MPS II
12147:Bronze
12027:Ba–Shu
11947:Google
11942:Pinyin
11878:Idioms
11691:Yeheni
11573:Wu–Hua
11568:Goulou
11547:Xinhui
11524:Dapeng
11519:Weitou
11504:Xiguan
11479:Yuehai
11448:Sixian
11387:Haikou
11377:Hainan
11308:Zhenan
11274:Haklau
11269:Swatow
11241:Penang
11226:Taiwan
11221:Chawan
11168:Longdu
11137:Ningde
11114:Gutian
11104:Fuqing
11099:Fuzhou
11061:Qiyang
11044:Wugang
10989:Yi–Liu
10916:Xiu-Yi
10904:Ji-She
10854:Quzhou
10846:Chu–Qu
10836:Jinhua
10828:Wuzhou
10813:Rui'an
10754:Ningbo
10728:Suzhou
10618:Wuming
10589:Zigong
10577:Leshan
10539:Lanyin
10534:Dungan
10529:Xuzhou
10507:Gangou
10484:Weihai
10474:Dalian
10433:Taiwan
10400:Harbin
10240:Hàn-lô
9923:Others
9737:Others
9711:Funing
9501:Korean
9449:Arabic
9334:Others
9318:Molbog
9308:Iranun
9255:Bawean
9245:Banjar
9193:Telugu
9164:Indian
9091:Fuzhou
9086:Fuqing
8978:Sungai
8923:Sa'ban
8893:Paluan
8888:Okolod
8828:Kuijau
8758:Ida'an
8733:Dumpas
8698:Bookan
8693:Bonggi
8683:Biatah
8673:Belait
8628:Temuan
8618:Temiar
8608:Semnam
8548:Mintil
8543:Minriq
8523:Kintaq
8518:Kensiu
8473:Duanoʼ
8362:Aslian
8133:Milang
8087:Puroik
8071:Mijiic
7995:Ersuic
7946:Caijia
7862:Konyak
7828:Meitei
7732:Chamdo
7669:Bodish
7655:Bhutan
7601:Bhujel
7548:Lepcha
7539:Lhokpu
7525:Dhimal
7470:Sikkim
7401:
7374:
7316:
7271:
7020:GitHub
6996:30 May
6915:
6890:
6808:Tâi-lô
6563:sóo-fá
6520:móo-tó
6442:a-tsek
6306:sí-pēe
6276:wantan
6072:i-lâng
6015:we; us
5915:tukang
5865:teapot
5804:taū-hū
5778:sinseh
5682:kongsi
5642:loteng
5611:bí-hún
5579:Notes
5536:tua-la
5528:to mix
5517:campur
5500:kai-sí
5493:celaka
5476:kuái-á
5438:tolong
5419:m̄-koh
5415:tān-sī
5393:endure
5375:tá-hān
5349:su-kah
5333:jiû-hû
5326:sotong
5274:sayang
5255:pùn-sò
5248:sampah
5241:sâm-pá
5233:sá-bûn
5210:sá-bûn
5123:market
5105:pá-sat
5097:police
5055:mā-nek
4989:doctor
4985:i-seng
4971:ló-kun
4959:mī-pau
4937:diaper
4926:lampin
4902:kesian
4876:kahwin
4865:kau-în
4857:potato
4827:toilet
4816:jamban
4779:gēr-lí
4767:tsiūnn
4753:gâ-tái
4740:animal
4662:í-liâu
4655:bangku
4642:pá-sat
4637:market
4569:bā-lái
4550:anting
4513:Penang
4343:siāunn
4139:), 先生
4097:ló-kun
4093:i-senn
4089:i-seng
3874:Rising
3858:Lower
3843:Upper
3701:gû-bah
3673:Rising
3669:Rising
3547:im-khì
3530:(445)
3448:Level
3363:sandhi
2595:Rhymes
2564:sambal
2544:cendol
2372:Tâi-lô
2276:tiaunn
2229:Popiah
2222:(豆沙餅;
1721:Vowels
1189:voiced
959:Labial
929:(炒粿條;
921:Pinyin
868:Tâi-lô
858:(紅毛字;
850:), or
846:(唐人字;
804:Perlis
796:Penang
784:Ēe-muî
780:Xiamen
772:Kak-bí
764:county
736:Fujian
678:Perlis
670:Penang
633:Penang
613::
611:Tâi-lô
603::
595::
547:Tâi-lô
479:Tâi-lô
414:Tâi-lô
365:Tâi-lô
232:Tâi-lô
109:Perlis
107:) and
97:Kerian
85:Penang
81:Region
52:Tâi-lô
12339:Nüshu
12043:forms
11957:Sogou
11904:Input
11778:Hakka
11716:forms
11556:Other
11514:Shiqi
11453:Hailu
11421:Wuhua
11408:Hakka
11326:Other
11301:Other
11236:Pedan
11151:Other
11142:Fu'an
11119:Matsu
11051:Ji–Xu
11009:Xiang
10959:]
10947:]
10935:]
10928:Qi-De
10923:]
10911:]
10769:Shadi
10715:Taihu
10669:Gyami
10652:Other
10608:Wuhan
10517:Xi'an
10456:Jinan
10233:Mixed
9541:Signs
9464:Khmer
9416:Rojak
9323:Suluk
9210:Hindi
9181:Tamil
9071:Hakka
9008:Tutoh
8998:Tring
8983:Tagol
8943:Sebop
8918:Remun
8913:Penan
8898:Papar
8878:Narom
8848:Lotud
8838:Lelak
8813:Kiput
8788:Kayan
8763:Jagoi
8748:Ganaʼ
8738:Dusun
8668:Bajau
8663:Bahau
8638:Wila'
8623:Temoq
8593:Semai
8588:Sabüm
8533:Lanoh
8493:Jedek
8488:Jakun
8483:Jahai
8463:Batek
8443:Malay
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8064:Hruso
7960:Luren
7934:Kathu
7908:Tujia
7796:Taman
7767:Mruic
7754:Karbi
7695:Basum
7651:Tibet
7573:Magar
7499:Newar
7466:Nepal
7344:6 May
7057:5 May
7015:(PDF)
6888:JSTOR
6777:Notes
6619:鈸 / 鏺
6616:pua̍t
6610:Note
6554:sa-la
6548:salad
6505:radio
6460:Aunty
6454:án-tí
6436:Uncle
6403:a-gêr
6391:kiánn
6376:a-bôi
6370:Note
6322:sí-pē
6318:sí-pĕ
6206:jēung
6056:luang
5993:I; me
5956:Note
5907:China
5816:tauke
5797:tauhu
5702:kuaci
5662:kicap
5634:Japan
5623:Jepun
5604:bihun
5570:Malay
5554:towel
5543:tuala
5524:tsham
5452:鬥相共 (
5401:ta-pí
5382:tahan
5345:su-kā
5307:sè-lī
5217:sabun
5186:lā-sa
5163:呠 / 僨
5152:waist
5130:(萬山)
5112:pasar
5079:má-tâ
5067:tsu-á
5060:manik
5023:má-ná
5015:money
5011:tsînn
4978:dukun
4963:bread
4945:lô-ti
4887:marry
4783:gî-lí
4771:itchy
4760:gatal
4692:stone
4674:bá-tû
4666:stool
4644:(巴剎)
4593:bā-lu
4539:Note
4530:Malay
4517:Malay
4499:Malay
4479:suinn
4474:-uinn
4468:-uinn
4360:siong
4355:-iang
4352:-iong
4338:-ionn
4335:-iunn
4200:), 百
4177:), 糜
4087:, 醫生
4069:, 五香
4051:, 見笑
4029:hio̍h
4011:gue̍h
4007:gua̍t
3999:gio̍k
3904:xiàng
3860:Level
3845:Level
3687:(變調;
3657:, or
3642:Note
3585:(44)
3580:(21)
3493:(21)
3353:Tones
3208:uainn
3188:uang*
3018:Nasal
2914:iaunn
2797:erh*
2760:eeng*
2612:Nasal
2581:tāi-l
2536:botol
2466:-thāu
2462:môu-l
2428:]
2424:[
2407:-liân
2398:]
2394:[
2383:Note
2293:When
2284:iâunn
2280:tionn
2232:(薄餅;
2206:nūinn
1985:]
1981:[
1967:]
1963:[
1942:]
1938:[
1924:]
1920:[
1906:]
1902:[
1888:]
1884:[
1861:]
1857:[
1841:]
1837:[
1814:]
1810:[
1796:]
1792:[
1778:]
1774:[
1768:Close
1761:Nasal
1753:Nasal
1738:Front
1700:]
1696:[
1682:]
1678:[
1672:Nasal
1665:Velar
1631:]
1627:[
1612:]
1608:[
1593:]
1589:[
1574:]
1570:[
1546:]
1542:[
1527:]
1523:[
1508:]
1504:[
1498:Nasal
1486:Velar
1375:]
1371:[
1363:]
1359:[
1349:]
1345:[
1320:]
1316:[
1299:]
1295:[
1285:]
1281:[
1273:]
1269:[
1259:]
1255:[
1238:]
1234:[
1224:]
1220:[
1212:]
1208:[
1200:]
1196:[
1177:]
1173:[
1163:]
1159:[
1151:]
1147:[
1139:]
1135:[
1118:]
1114:[
1107:]
1103:[
1093:]
1089:[
1081:]
1077:[
1069:]
1065:[
1059:plain
1038:]
1034:[
1022:]
1018:[
1010:]
1006:[
1000:Nasal
986:plain
974:Velar
917:Malay
812:Medan
808:Perak
800:Kedah
790:. In
782:(廈門;
770:(角美;
758:(龍海;
754:) in
750:(海滄;
738:(福建;
725:Malay
719:(漳州;
682:Perak
674:Kedah
597:庇能福建話
227:Latin
101:Larut
93:Perak
89:Kedah
42:庇能福建話
12300:Yale
12290:EFEO
12152:Seal
11937:Dayi
11534:Siyi
11216:Amoy
10733:Wuxi
10630:Huai
10443:Jilu
9549:Main
9526:Thai
9516:Urdu
9341:Cham
9287:Rawa
9220:Urdu
9013:Ukit
8973:Sian
8963:Seru
8933:Sama
8753:Iban
8658:Abai
8648:East
8307:Main
8181:Rung
8126:Koro
8000:Naic
7927:Gong
7883:and
7881:East
7839:Zeme
7808:Naga
7726:Tani
7719:ʼOle
7615:Dura
7580:Kham
7532:Toto
7399:ISBN
7372:ISBN
7346:2017
7314:ISBN
7269:ISSN
7257:2021
7206:2023
7106:(1).
7059:2017
7029:2022
6998:2022
6976:2023
6913:ISBN
6826:and
6650:baht
6591:Thai
6585:Thai
6569:sofa
6490:tiām
6412:Girl
6313:very
6147:ngam
6090:(傇).
6088:iang
6084:yang
6058:(戎).
6034:guán
6026:(卬).
6024:uang
6020:wang
5971:want
5854:teko
5827:boss
5808:tofu
5740:kuih
5585:beca
5449:help
5408:tapi
5356:suka
5228:soap
5191:rasa
5178:also
5071:bead
5040:啥物時陣
5030:mana
5004:duit
4952:roti
4913:pity
4790:geli
4743:禽獸 (
4681:batu
4600:baru
4507:and
4394:ji̍p
4309:seng
4298:-eng
4292:senn
4287:-enn
4284:-inn
4281:-enn
4206:peeh
4183:muâi
4133:muâi
4025:ia̍p
4015:bêng
4013:, 明
4005:, 月
4003:ge̍k
3997:, 玉
3994:uann
3948:huat
3898:, 象
3892:thòo
3868:lóng
3864:lêng
3713:thng
3637:(3)
3577:(21)
3559:(53)
3556:(21)
3522:(44)
3519:(53)
3490:(23)
3472:(21)
3469:(44)
3427:Name
3402:Name
3301:eoi*
3256:uinn
3246:ueh
3198:uah
3180:uann
3098:ooh
3058:ung*
3015:Open
2969:iong
2962:ionn
2959:ioo*
2952:ioh
2880:iah
2869:iang
2861:iann
2839:ing*
2792:ert*
2785:ern*
2771:eeh
2768:eek*
2715:auh
2691:aih
2676:ainn
2609:Open
2562:參峇 (
2542:煎蕊 (
2534:瓿瓵 (
2317:mián
2309:and
2288:iônn
2282:, 羊
2257:niôo
2242:Uînn
2240:(黃;
2210:nūiⁿ
2149:uai
2115:ioo
2079:iau
1979:ann
1957:Open
1936:onn
1900:enn
1790:inn
1743:Back
1540:-ng
1455:and
1420:and
1412:and
1394:and
1157:tsh
919:and
870:and
830:and
814:and
727:and
651:and
308:None
288:for
276:for
103:and
12032:Gan
11932:CKC
11799:Old
11676:She
11666:Mai
11470:Yue
11073:Min
10969:Gan
10896:Hui
10745:(?)
10683:Jin
10410:Taz
9506:Lao
9076:Min
9052:Yue
8558:Mos
8411:Tai
8047:) (
7901:Bai
7849:Sal
7789:Pyu
7773:Mru
7702:Nam
7261:doi
6958:doi
6880:doi
6842:o͘
6834:or
6692:an
6643:kak
6634:五鈸
6632:sen
6626:sen
6529:摩托車
6508:收音機
6466:a-î
6415:查某囝
6408:gêr
6385:Boy
6381:bôi
6329:我老兮
6285:濕濕碎
6245:豬腸粉
6223:無釐頭
6202:kín
6062:lín
6030:gún
5998:guá
5976:beh
5846:tea
5842:têe
5835:teh
5747:kué
5442:鬥相共
5423:but
5167:pun
5160:pún
5116:菜市仔
4997:lui
4930:尿帕仔
4850:馬鈴薯
4842:蕳砃薯
4797:ònn
4630:菜市仔
4578:警察局
4471:-ng
4457:-ua
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4451:-ua
4445:hué
4440:-ue
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4411:nōo
4406:-oo
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4400:-oo
4377:gîn
4372:-in
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4366:-in
4326:sek
4315:-ek
4275:hêe
4270:-ee
4264:-ee
4250:-ue
4202:pah
4194:bái
4179:môi
4175:guá
4019:mêe
3944:guó
3940:kok
3926:or
3878:bée
3793:8th
3785:4th
3768:3rd
3760:2nd
3751:(↖)
3742:5th
3734:7th
3726:1st
3705:bah
3634:(4)
3630:a̍◌
3616:(4)
3613:(3)
3593:(入)
3537:(去)
3500:(上)
3450:(平)
3422:No.
3397:No.
3390:(陽)
3384:(陰)
3284:yn*
3205:uai
3193:uat
3185:uan
3170:uh
3128:ou*
3105:oi*
3092:ot*
3087:ong
3084:on*
3078:onn
3068:oh
3065:uk*
3053:um*
2976:iok
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2830:inn
2804:ei*
2778:er*
2765:et*
2757:en*
2754:em*
2751:enn
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2731:eng
2666:ah
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2645:ann
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2482:濕濕碎
2476:eoi
2459:無釐頭
2432:豬腸粉
2376:IPA
2353:捎央.
2321:mén
2301:or
2238:Ooi
2202:nūi
2196:or
2154:uai
2151:歪 (
2140:為 (
2138:ui
2129:話 (
2127:ua
2124:)*
2121:iôo
2117:娘 (
2112:)*
2105:燕 (
2103:ia
2094:後 (
2092:au
2084:iau
2081:枵 (
2070:鍋 (
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2057:iu
2048:腰 (
2046:io
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2035:ia
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2024:ai
1991:ānn
1988:餡 (
1970:亞 (
1948:onn
1945:嗚 (
1927:烏 (
1918:oo
1912:enn
1909:嬰 (
1891:下 (
1882:ee
1864:蠔 (
1844:會 (
1817:有 (
1802:înn
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1634:鴨 (
1625:-h
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1521:-n
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1133:ph
1087:ts
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533:POJ
466:福建话
447:福建話
398:POJ
352:福建話
286:hbl
274:nan
141:Min
12374::
10957:zh
10945:zh
10933:zh
10921:zh
10909:zh
10706:Wu
7817:Ao
7657:,
7653:,
7468:,
7464:,
7337:.
7281:^
7267:.
7255:.
7251:.
7226:.
7197:.
7174:.
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7067:^
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6966:.
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6952::
6948:.
6942:.
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6572:膨椅
6566:沙發
6551:沙拉
6545:沙律
6523:摩哆
6502:黎撩
6481:古申
6463:阿姨
6457:安娣
6439:阿叔
6433:安哥
6324:.
6303:死父
6265:雲吞
6240:.
6218:.
6208:).
6184:/
6179:緊張
6161:大佬
6139:.
6123:/
6101:無便
6096:.
6094:in
6069:伊儂
6064:.
6041:汝儂
6036:.
6005:我儂
5986:wá
5978:.
5964:ài
5919:廚工
5900:中國
5881:中華
5875:/
5858:茶鈷
5820:頭家
5801:豆腐
5782:先生
5766:mī
5759:mi
5725:粿條
5706:瓜子
5686:公司
5666:鮭汁
5646:樓頂
5627:日本
5608:米粉
5589:馬車
5547:面巾
5539:大帤
5497:該死
5473:枴仔
5465:杖楬
5434:多琅
5417:/
5386:忍耐
5378:扙捍
5363:ài
5352:私合
5347:/
5330:鰇魚
5322:蘇東
5304:勢利
5296:森妄
5281:ài
5270:捎央
5252:糞埽
5244:儳飽
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5221:茶箍
5213:雪文
5195:感覺
5174:iā
5148:io
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5082:馬打
5064:珠仔
5034:當時
5026:嘛哪
4982:醫生
4974:老君
4956:麵包
4948:羅知
4906:可憐
4898:乞善
4880:結婚
4872:交寅
4867:/
4837:/
4820:便所
4812:染蠻
4786:疑理
4781:/
4756:疨㾂
4733:動物
4709:璇石
4685:石頭
4677:礣砥
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4622:萬山
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4554:耳鉤
4511:,
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4462:uā
4460:話
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4428:hû
4426:魚
4423:-i
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4409:兩
4392:入
4389:j-
4386:l-
4383:j-
4375:銀
4358:相
4341:想
4324:色
4307:生
4290:生
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4267:-e
4258:sè
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