321:
378:
to
Alexander Forsyth's patent for using fulminates to ignite guns being in force between 1807 and 1821. Shaw says he only shared the development of his innovation with a few associates (gunmakers and others) who were sworn to secrecy and never provided affidavits at a later date. Shaw's claim to have been the inventor remains clouded in controversy as he did not patent the idea until 1822, having moved to America in 1817. According to Lewis Winant, the US government's decision to award Shaw $ 25,000 as compensation for his invention being used by the Army was a mistake. Congress believed Shaw's patent was the earliest in the world and awarded him a large sum of money based on this belief. The investigators had overlooked two French patents and the earlier use of the idea in Britain.
430:
accomplished by replacing the powder pan and steel frizzen with a nipple and by replacing the cock or hammer that held the flint by a smaller hammer formed with a hollow made to fit around the nipple when released by the trigger. On the nipple was placed the copper cap containing Shaw's detonating composition of three parts of chlorate of potash, two of fulminate of mercury and one of powdered glass. The hollow in the hammer contained the fragments of the cap if it fragmented, reducing the risk of injury to the firer's eyes. From the 1820s onwards, the armies of
Britain, France, Russia, and America began converting their muskets to the new percussion system. Caplocks were generally applied to the British military musket (the
333:
305:
421:. Other disc or pellet-type primers held a supply of tiny fulminate detonator discs in a small magazine. Cocking the hammer automatically advanced a disc into position. However, these automatic feed systems were difficult to make with the manufacturing systems in the early and mid-nineteenth century and generated more problems than they solved. They were quickly shelved in favor of a single percussion cap that, while unwieldy in some conditions, could be carried in sufficient quantities to make up for occasionally dropping one, while a jammed tape primer system would instead reduce the rifle to an awkward club.
746:
758:
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507:
349:
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770:
786:
401:
around 1816 when the patch lock was patented. He says he then presented a drawing to a reluctant Joseph Manton to make a few copper cap guns which were then sold. Hawker, seems to give Joseph Manton more of the glory eight years later in the 1838 edition of his 'Instructions to young
Sportsmen', by stating categorically that "copper tubes and primers were decidedly invented by Joe Manton". By the 1850s Hawker was again claiming the invention for himself in his press advertisements.
260:, ignited by concussion. His invention of a fulminate-primed firing mechanism deprived the birds of their early warning system, both by avoiding the initial puff of smoke from the flintlock powder pan, as well as shortening the interval between the trigger pull and the shot leaving the muzzle. Forsyth patented his "scent bottle" ignition system in 1807. However, it was not until after Forsyth's patents expired that the conventional percussion cap system was developed.
48:
519:
40:
535:
248:, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1807. The rudimentary percussion system was invented by Forsyth as a solution to the problem that birds would startle when smoke puffed from the powder pan of his flintlock shotgun, giving them sufficient warning to escape the shot. This early percussion lock system operated in a nearly identical fashion to flintlock firearms and used a fulminating primer made of fulminate of mercury,
385:, four years before Shaw's patent. Prelat made a habit of copying English patents and inventions and the mode of operation he describes is flawed. Secondly a French patent of a percussion cap and nipple had been granted in 1820 to Deboubert. However predating both of these French claims, the most likely inventor of the percussion cap, according to historian Sidney James Gooding, was
480:), which used a long needle to penetrate a paper cartridge filled with black powder and strike the percussion cap that was fastened to the base of the bullet. While it had a number of problems, it was widely used by the Prussians and other German states in the mid-nineteenth century and was a major factor in the 1866
377:
is sometimes credited (primarily by himself) with the development of the first metallic percussion cap in 1814, a reusable one made of iron, then a disposable pewter one in 1815 and finally a copper one in 1816. There is no independent proof of this since Shaw was advised he could not patent it due
297:
The caplock offered many improvements over the flintlock. The caplock was easier and quicker to load, more resilient to weather conditions, and far more reliable than the flintlock. Many of the older flintlock weapons were later converted to the caplock, so that they could take advantage of these
429:
This invention was gradually improved, and came to be used, first in a steel cap and then in a copper cap, by various gunmakers and private individuals before coming into general military use nearly thirty years later. The alteration of the military flintlock to the percussion musket was easily
400:
in 1830 simultaneously claimed and denied being the inventor. "I do not wish to say I was the inventor of it - very probably not" but then immediately recounts that he came up with the idea of simplifying a Manton patch-lock, which could be troublesome, by designing a cap and nipple arrangement
408:
While the metal percussion cap was the most popular and widely used type of primer, their small size made them difficult to handle under the stress of combat or while riding a horse. Accordingly, several manufacturers developed alternative, "auto-priming" systems. The
138:
716:. Triggering the booby-trap (e.g., by pulling on a trip-wire) releases the cocked firing pin that flips forward to strike the percussion cap, firing it and the attached detonator; the shock-wave from the detonator sets off the main explosive charge.
434:) in 1842, a quarter of a century after the invention of percussion powder and after an elaborate government test at Woolwich in 1834. The first percussion firearm produced for the US military was the percussion carbine version (c.1833) of the
554:
case and made possible the general adoption of the breech-loading principle for all varieties of rifles, shotguns and pistols. After the
American Civil War, Britain, France, and America began converting existing caplock guns to accept brass
287:, due to the need to manually rotate the second barrel to align with the hammer. With the addition of a third barrel, and a ratchet to mechanically turn the barrels while cocking the hammer, these caplock pistols evolved into the
320:
184:
which goes into the rearmost part of the gun barrel, and the percussion cap is placed over the nipple hole. Pulling the trigger releases the hammer, which strikes the percussion cap against the nipple (which serves as an
745:
404:
Despite many years of research by Winant, Gooding and De Witt Bailey, the jury is still out as the competing claims are based on personal accounts and have little or no independently verifiable evidence.
757:
722:
332:
506:
620:
were also widely converted during the late 19th century, by replacing the existing cylinder with one designed for modern ammunition. These were used extensively by the Turks in the
639:
In the 1840s and 1850s, the percussion cap was first integrated into a metallic cartridge, where the bullet is held in by the casing, the casing is filled with gunpowder, and a
264:
invented a precursor to the percussion cap in 1814, comprising a copper tube that detonated when crushed. This was further developed in 1822 by the
English-born American artist
189:), crushes it and detonates the mercury fulminate inside, which releases sparks that travel through the hollow nipple into the barrel and ignite the main powder charge.
785:
218:
producing sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge. The flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the
348:
386:
304:
650:
Today, reproduction percussion firearms are popular for recreational shooters and percussion caps are still available (though some modern muzzleloaders use
3145:
1268:
769:
3742:
3668:
3457:
3215:
1188:
381:
The earliest known patent anywhere in the world which specifically mentions a percussion cap and nipple was granted in France on 29 July 1818 to
279:
England. Due to the mechanism's compactness and superior reliability compared to the flintlock, gunsmiths were able to manufacture pistols and
1029:
3361:
237:(1774–1816) in 1800. The invention that made the percussion cap possible using the recently discovered fulminates was patented by the
751:
Alternative design of USSR booby trap firing device – pull fuze: normally connected to tripwire. Percussion cap is clearly labelled.
476:
was introduced in 1855. The first practical solution for the problem of handling percussion caps in battle was the
Prussian 1841 (
3605:
2671:
484:. The needle gun originally fired paper cartridges containing a bullet, powder charge and percussion cap, but by the time of the
3662:
494:
1066:
1013:
3620:
3495:
165:(discovered in 1800; it was the only practical detonator used from about the mid-19th century to the early 20th century).
417:. The Maynard tape primer was fitted to some firearms used in the mid-nineteenth century and a few saw brief use in the
1338:
461:. In Japan, matchlock pistols and muskets were converted to percussion from the 1850s onwards, and new guns based on
3732:
3673:
3452:
3447:
884:
518:
3707:
3400:
3378:
2985:
1492:
840:
1918:
1082:
959:
1272:
3722:
3593:
3534:
3412:
3383:
3335:
3165:
3120:
3007:
2795:
1620:
763:
USSR boobytrap firing device – pressure fuze: victim steps on loose floorboard with fuze concealed underneath.
454:
3422:
2578:
512:
Detail of the firing mechanism on an instruction cutaway model of a French navy percussion pistol, model 1837
2763:
1247:
534:
3737:
3658:
3642:
3507:
3462:
830:
3678:
3637:
3576:
3388:
2202:
2056:
2048:
1811:
1213:
609:
Sniders were purchased as hunting and defensive weapons by
British colonists and trusted local natives.
3632:
3175:
2758:
1380:
1355:
2820:
1192:
3517:
3140:
2676:
1764:
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in place of the nipple, and a trapdoor in the breech to accept the new bullets. Examples include the
3727:
3283:
3077:
2800:
2420:
2222:
675:
458:
192:
Percussion caps have been made in small sizes for pistols and larger sizes for rifles and muskets.
43:
Percussion caps have been manufactured in various sizes to fit snugly over different sized nipples.
990:
3273:
3072:
2713:
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2018:
2003:
1877:
1632:
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2308:
2271:
1954:
1831:
1691:
1627:
1392:
1331:
241:
1033:
1003:
874:
283:. Early caplock handguns with two or more barrels and a single lock are known as turn-over or
3210:
3135:
3105:
2830:
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2227:
2207:
1791:
1708:
1615:
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234:
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31:
27:
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8:
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2167:
1676:
820:
485:
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410:
204:
1316:
1166:
971:
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enabling them to fire reliably in any weather condition. Its invention gave rise to the
3583:
3529:
3490:
3190:
3180:
2992:
2980:
2598:
2380:
2187:
2157:
1821:
1543:
588:
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418:
249:
1097:
918:
901:
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3295:
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1968:
1892:
1862:
1826:
1816:
1774:
1608:
1359:
1324:
1108:
1062:
1009:
923:
880:
835:
621:
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477:
462:
354:
169:
142:
88:
3627:
3544:
3482:
3331:
3225:
3125:
3115:
3082:
3017:
2723:
2583:
2467:
2365:
2360:
2182:
2130:
1988:
1978:
1908:
1849:
1720:
1446:
1351:
913:
651:
640:
606:
584:
568:
435:
1311:
3615:
3610:
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3407:
3290:
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2728:
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1781:
1698:
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1581:
1571:
1134:
776:
709:
602:
599:
469:
362:
1155:"Hawker Ad - Inventor of the Copper Cap". Hampshire Chronicle. 30 November 1850.
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2234:
2192:
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1872:
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655:
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instead of caps). Most percussion caps now use non-corrosive compounds such as
644:
617:
439:
284:
76:
591:
conversions. The
British Army used Snider Enfields contemporaneously with the
3701:
3356:
2815:
2773:
2445:
2405:
2385:
2345:
2293:
2281:
2266:
2140:
2125:
1998:
1935:
1923:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1732:
1715:
1686:
1598:
1518:
1225:
1112:
927:
698:
272:
261:
158:
72:
3200:
2837:
825:
697:. Most purpose-made military booby-trap firing devices contain some form of
3562:
3554:
3434:
3373:
3343:
3323:
3130:
2955:
2805:
2563:
2558:
2533:
2528:
2513:
2440:
2355:
2303:
2288:
2256:
2145:
1940:
1887:
1786:
1727:
1703:
1481:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1437:
564:
525:
473:
443:
397:
3571:
3566:
3263:
3110:
3050:
2922:
2905:
2778:
2753:
2666:
2603:
2573:
2543:
2518:
2482:
2457:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2298:
2276:
2110:
2078:
1983:
1882:
1803:
1523:
629:
596:
374:
276:
265:
987:
The chemical catechism : with notes, illustrations, and experiments
47:
3472:
3467:
3439:
3327:
3220:
3160:
3150:
3033:
2960:
2932:
2860:
2698:
2634:
2462:
2318:
2177:
2152:
2115:
2068:
1649:
1593:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1426:
1397:
701:
690:
633:
625:
572:
560:
450:
431:
288:
111:
3067:
3062:
3045:
2970:
2927:
2748:
2703:
2538:
2338:
2244:
2239:
2217:
2073:
1993:
1928:
1867:
1566:
1498:
1456:
815:
708:
at one end. The detonator is inserted into an explosive charge—e.g.,
705:
683:
613:
358:
245:
230:
223:
219:
201:
123:
92:
20:
468:
The
Austrians instead used a variant of Manton's tube lock in their
338:
Inverted percussion pistol, 9.5 mm; made by gunsmith
Correvon,
3524:
3512:
3055:
2939:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2856:
2608:
2593:
2197:
2088:
1752:
1603:
1561:
1513:
1466:
806:
736:
446:
390:
291:
257:
238:
104:
413:", for example, used a roll of paper "caps" much like today's toy
157:
with one closed end. Inside the closed end is a small amount of a
39:
26:
For a description of the primers that replaced percussion caps in
3395:
3087:
3002:
2910:
2890:
2868:
2708:
2435:
2095:
1845:
1769:
1553:
1508:
1503:
1471:
1375:
1347:
811:
671:
647:
metallic cartridges had made the percussion cap system obsolete.
414:
311:
215:
108:
96:
3205:
3097:
3012:
2810:
1576:
1476:
1407:
792:
339:
253:
150:
126:
122:
describes cap-lock firearms discharging a single bore-diameter
2028:
2023:
2008:
1963:
1659:
679:
550:
The percussion cap brought about the invention of the modern
212:
208:
186:
154:
732:
728:
686:
902:"Edward Charles Howard. Explosives, meteorites, and sugar"
137:
2013:
1973:
1402:
1387:
1346:
945:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
713:
67:, introduced in the early 1820s, is a type of single-use
3322:
912:(2). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico: 230–239.
879:. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 159–161.
442:
caplock Hall rifles, muzzle loading rifled muskets and
991:(page 494 online, see "LVI. A New Kind of Gunpowder.")
19:"Caplock" redirects here. For the computing term, see
1135:"Instructions to Young Sportsmen 6th edition (1830)"
791:
Cross-sectional view of the fuze fitted to a German
1058:
Pistols and Revolvers: From 1400 to the present day
1054:
704:designed to strike a percussion cap connected to a
989:, New York : Collins and Co., 1818, page 494
3699:
1107:(3). Arms Collecting Publications, Inc.: 75–79.
226:, but all were prone to misfire in wet weather.
87:system which used percussion caps struck by the
3643:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)
488:this had evolved into modern brass ammunition.
643:is placed on the end. By the 1860s and 1870s,
16:Ignition source in a type of firearm mechanism
1332:
500:Reproduction Springfield and Enfield caplocks
99:. Any firearm using a caplock mechanism is a
2046:
1098:"Joseph Egg - Inventor of the Copper Cap..."
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
2855:
545:
1339:
1325:
1001:
271:The first purpose-built caplock guns were
268:, as a copper cup filled with fulminates.
149:The percussion cap is a small cylinder of
1191:. Militarygunsofeurope.eu. Archived from
917:
853:
540:Loading sequence for percussion revolvers
314:'s matchlock converted to percussion lock
51:Nipples for 4.5mm and 6mm percussion caps
369:
136:
46:
38:
3743:Western (genre) staples and terminology
1095:
899:
636:, lawmen, and outlaws in the old west.
3700:
1132:
893:
872:
396:There were other earlier claims. Col.
3321:
2854:
2045:
1425:
1424:
1320:
1226:"Loading and firing a Snider Enfield"
795:. Percussion cap is clearly labelled.
739:. Percussion cap is clearly labelled.
453:flintlock Brown Bess muskets used by
1008:. Krause Publications. p. 158.
605:was introduced in the 1880s. Later,
563:cartridges. For muskets such as the
424:
168:The caplock mechanism consists of a
1101:Canadian Journal of Arms Collecting
775:Cross-sectional view of a Japanese
682:. Percussion caps are also used in
141:All caplock mechanisms rely upon a
95:charge in rifles and cap and ball
13:
876:The Complete Black powder Handbook
14:
3754:
1305:
1096:Gooding, S. James (August 2018).
1005:The Complete Blackpowder Handbook
326:A pair of caplock twister pistols
1085:. Spring Books. 25 October 2015.
873:Fadala, Sam (17 November 2006).
841:Tubes and primers for ammunition
784:
768:
756:
744:
731:booby trap firing device – pull
721:
533:
517:
505:
493:
449:gave them an advantage over the
347:
331:
319:
303:
180:). The nipple contains a hollow
1291:
1269:"Colt revolver in the Old West"
1261:
1240:
1218:
1207:
1181:
1159:
1148:
1126:
1089:
1075:
1061:. Amber Books Ltd. p. 53.
942:"On a New Fulminating Mercury,"
472:until the conventional caplock
465:were manufactured as caplocks.
1048:
1022:
995:
976:
965:
953:
934:
612:Caplock revolvers such as the
132:
107:with a cap-lock mechanism and
1:
3508:Firearms by country
3423:Civilian Marksmanship Program
1257:– via The Free Library.
919:10.1016/s0187-893x(17)30114-3
661:
571:, this involved installing a
275:commissioned by sportsmen in
1055:Martin J. Dougherty (2017).
962:at National Portrait Gallery
846:
176:(sometimes referred to as a
7:
3679:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
3577:Campaign Against Arms Trade
1083:"Early Percussion Firearms"
800:
10:
3759:
3633:High-capacity magazine ban
2759:Mean time between failures
735:: normally connected to a
281:long guns with two barrels
195:
25:
18:
3651:
3601:
3592:
3553:
3481:
3433:
3362:Household ownership rates
3342:
3317:
3239:
3096:
3041:
3032:
2948:
2876:
2867:
2850:
2691:
2630:
2621:
2504:
2495:
2396:
2064:
2055:
2041:
1953:
1901:
1858:
1844:
1802:
1672:
1658:
1552:
1433:
1420:
1371:
1367:
1299:Early percussion firearms
779:showing percussion primer
676:rocket-propelled grenades
159:shock-sensitive explosive
3733:Mechanisms (engineering)
1312:How percussion caps work
546:Later firearms evolution
528:, Swiss Ordnance 1817/42
3708:19th-century inventions
3663:by U.S. state
3073:Overpressure ammunition
3008:Improved Military Rifle
2714:Circular error probable
1633:Personal defence weapon
900:Wisniak, Jaime (2012).
357:'s single-shot caplock
3357:Civilian gun ownership
2886:Firing (Shooting)
1228:. Militaryheritage.com
1133:Hawker, Peter (1830).
940:Howard, Edward (1800)
242:Alexander John Forsyth
200:Earlier firearms used
146:
52:
44:
3723:Early modern firearms
2831:Handgun effectiveness
2764:Minute of Angle (MOA)
2640:Ballistic coefficient
1616:Semi-automatic pistol
960:Edward Charles Howard
695:anti-handling devices
595:rifle until the .303
457:'s troops during the
370:Parallel developments
235:Edward Charles Howard
140:
50:
42:
32:Centerfire ammunition
3448:in the United States
3106:Armour piercing
2667:Rangefinding/keeping
2579:Push/Controlled feed
2371:Synchronization gear
2106:Blank-firing adapter
1957: or famous
577:Trapdoor Springfield
361:used to assassinate
3738:Scottish inventions
3540:Privately made
3503:Firearm brands
3389:State firearms
3369:Exhibition shooting
3352:Celebratory gunfire
3211:Plastic tipped
3141:High explosive
2662:Physics of firearms
1297:Winant, L. (1956).
1248:"Britain's big 577"
1036:on 18 February 2012
1002:Sam Fadala (2006).
821:Internal ballistics
693:firing devices and
486:Franco-Prussian War
482:Austro-Prussian War
411:Maynard tape primer
207:causing a piece of
69:percussion ignition
3638:Right to bear arms
3584:Featureless rifles
3530:Improvised firearm
3491:3D printed firearm
3379:United States
3274:Fully powered
3181:Total metal jacket
2821:Stock measurements
1544:Underwater firearm
1440: versus
1195:on 25 October 2018
419:American Civil War
393:), around 1817, .
294:during the 1830s.
250:chlorate of potash
163:mercuric fulminate
147:
53:
45:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3652:United States Gun
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3196:Hollow point
3121:Full metal jacket
3028:
3027:
2986:Tubes and Primers
2846:
2845:
2796:Power factor
2734:Gun harmonisation
2687:
2686:
2617:
2616:
2491:
2490:
2473:Night vision
2037:
2036:
1949:
1948:
1863:Automatic shotgun
1840:
1839:
1427:Types of firearms
1416:
1415:
1214:Dreyse needle gun
1068:978-1-78274-266-1
1015:978-0-89689-390-0
906:EducaciĂłn QuĂmica
836:Primer (firearms)
666:Caps are used in
652:shotshell primers
622:Russo-Turkish War
478:Dreyse needle gun
438:. The Americans'
425:Military firearms
355:John Wilkes Booth
229:The discovery of
161:material such as
81:caplock mechanism
61:percussion primer
3750:
3599:
3598:
3545:Small arms trade
3483:Firearm industry
3334:, and
3319:
3318:
3191:Hollow base
3039:
3038:
3018:Smokeless powder
2874:
2873:
2852:
2851:
2801:Precision-guided
2628:
2627:
2502:
2501:
2309:Rail system
2183:Flash suppressor
2062:
2061:
2043:
2042:
1989:Winchester rifle
1979:Antique firearms
1909:20-gauge shotgun
1856:
1855:
1670:
1669:
1422:
1421:
1369:
1368:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1275:on 22 April 2012
1271:. Archived from
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:. Archived from
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
993:
980:
974:
969:
963:
957:
951:
938:
932:
931:
921:
897:
891:
890:
870:
788:
772:
760:
748:
725:
607:military surplus
585:Westley Richards
569:1861 Springfield
537:
521:
509:
497:
463:existing designs
436:M1819 Hall rifle
351:
335:
323:
307:
129:with each shot.
116:percussion rifle
30:cartridges, see
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3728:Firearm actions
3698:
3697:
3696:
3683:
3647:
3616:Concealed carry
3611:Assault weapons
3606:Air travel
3588:
3565: and
3549:
3477:
3437:
3429:
3418:Shooting sports
3408:Pistol duelling
3338:
3305:
3269:Rifle cartridge
3235:
3176:Supercavitating
3171:Soft point
3092:
3024:
2998:Ball propellant
2944:
2863:
2842:
2838:Twist rate
2729:Gun chronograph
2719:Effective range
2683:
2613:
2584:Recoil-operated
2487:
2392:
2051:
2033:
2019:Colt Peacemaker
1945:
1919:Dragon's breath
1914:Breaching round
1897:
1878:Double-barreled
1836:
1812:General purpose
1798:
1654:
1548:
1489:Multiple-barrel
1429:
1412:
1363:
1345:
1308:
1301:. Bonanza Books
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1000:
996:
981:
977:
972:Percussion lock
970:
966:
958:
954:
939:
935:
898:
894:
887:
871:
854:
849:
803:
796:
789:
780:
777:Type 99 grenade
773:
764:
761:
752:
749:
740:
726:
664:
603:repeating rifle
581:Tabatière rifle
548:
541:
538:
529:
522:
513:
510:
501:
498:
470:Augustin musket
427:
383:François Prélat
372:
365:
363:Abraham Lincoln
352:
343:
336:
327:
324:
315:
308:
285:twister pistols
198:
135:
91:to set off the
85:percussion lock
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3756:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Assassinations
3450:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Percussion cap
2973:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2826:Stopping power
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Length of pull
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Out-of-battery
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Forward assist
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Cocking handle
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2047:Mechanics and
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Combat shotgun
1870:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1638:Submachine gun
1635:
1628:Pistol caliber
1625:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:External links
1304:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1260:
1239:
1217:
1206:
1189:"Kammerbusche"
1180:
1158:
1147:
1125:
1088:
1074:
1067:
1047:
1021:
1014:
994:
975:
964:
952:
933:
892:
885:
851:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
809:
802:
799:
798:
797:
790:
783:
781:
774:
767:
765:
762:
755:
753:
750:
743:
741:
727:
720:
712:or a block of
663:
660:
656:lead styphnate
645:breech-loading
632:, and also by
589:Snider–Enfield
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
532:
530:
523:
516:
514:
511:
504:
502:
499:
492:
440:breech loading
426:
423:
371:
368:
367:
366:
353:
346:
344:
337:
330:
328:
325:
318:
316:
309:
302:
273:fowling pieces
197:
194:
134:
131:
101:percussion gun
57:percussion cap
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3755:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Most-produced
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Muzzleloading
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Breechloading
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Muzzle shroud
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:Stripper clip
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:High-capacity
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
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2109:
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2058:
2054:
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2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Mauser rifles
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:Shotgun shell
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
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1900:
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1714:
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1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Anti-materiel
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
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1542:
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1455:
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1349:
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1330:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1168:
1162:
1151:
1136:
1129:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1030:"Joshua Shaw"
1025:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
992:
988:
984:
983:Samuel Parkes
979:
973:
968:
961:
956:
950:(1): 204–238.
949:
946:
943:
937:
929:
925:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
888:
886:0-89689-390-1
882:
878:
877:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
852:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
831:Nipple wrench
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
794:
787:
782:
778:
771:
766:
759:
754:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
724:
719:
718:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
699:spring-loaded
696:
692:
688:
685:
681:
680:rescue flares
677:
673:
669:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:Martini–Henry
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
536:
531:
527:
520:
515:
508:
503:
496:
491:
490:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
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441:
437:
433:
422:
420:
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406:
402:
399:
394:
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388:
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364:
360:
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334:
329:
322:
317:
313:
306:
301:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
262:Joseph Manton
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
203:
193:
190:
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183:
179:
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166:
164:
160:
156:
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144:
139:
130:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:muzzle loader
70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:breech loaded
22:
3555:Arms control
3435:Gun violence
3402:Jungle style
3401:
3374:Gun cultures
3279:Intermediate
2975:
2956:Fire forming
2806:Rate of fire
2677:Stadiametric
2655:Transitional
2599:Self-loading
2554:Gas-operated
2514:Blow-forward
2446:Red dot
2356:Squeeze bore
2304:Pistol slide
2289:Muzzle brake
2257:Bottom metal
1804:Machine guns
1462:Line thrower
1442:muzzleloader
1438:Breechloader
1298:
1292:Bibliography
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1220:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1169:. Met Museum
1167:"Met Museum"
1161:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1104:
1100:
1091:
1077:
1057:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1024:
1004:
997:
986:
978:
967:
955:
947:
944:
936:
909:
905:
895:
875:
665:
649:
638:
611:
565:1853 Enfield
549:
526:horse pistol
474:Lorenz rifle
467:
444:Colt Dragoon
428:
407:
403:
398:Peter Hawker
395:
380:
373:
296:
270:
233:was made by
228:
211:to strike a
199:
191:
177:
173:
167:
148:
120:Cap and ball
119:
115:
100:
84:
80:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
36:
3669:Legislation
3621:in the U.S.
3572:Disarmament
3567:Gun control
3264:Handloading
3051:Dummy round
2923:Cooking off
2918:Malfunction
2906:Field strip
2901:Maintenance
2791:Penetration
2754:Match grade
2672:Mathematics
2604:Single-shot
2544:Closed bolt
2458:Scope mount
2421:Holographic
2411:Finderscope
2299:Pistol grip
2277:Speedloader
2131:Telescoping
2111:Breechblock
1984:Gatling gun
1883:Pump action
1524:Single-shot
1447:Combination
634:gunfighters
630:Indian Wars
628:during the
600:Lee–Metford
597:bolt action
459:Mexican War
389:(nephew of
375:Joshua Shaw
277:Regency era
266:Joshua Shaw
133:Description
71:device for
3718:Detonators
3713:Ammunition
3702:Categories
3473:Gun safety
3468:Gunfighter
3259:Centrefire
3241:Cartridges
3221:Snake shot
3161:Round shot
3151:Projectile
3136:Incendiary
3034:Ammunition
2993:Propellant
2961:Obturation
2933:Squib load
2861:ammunition
2699:Accurizing
2635:Ballistics
2549:Electronic
2468:Telescopic
2319:Recoil pad
2178:Firing pin
2153:Bump stock
2116:Breechface
2057:Components
2049:components
1902:Ammunition
1650:Wallet gun
1594:Pepper-box
1539:Spring-gun
1534:Smoothbore
1529:Sleeve gun
1279:5 November
1253:5 November
1232:5 November
1199:5 November
1173:5 November
1040:5 November
826:Minié ball
702:firing pin
691:booby-trap
668:cartridges
662:Other uses
626:US Cavalry
573:firing pin
561:centrefire
455:Santa Anna
451:smoothbore
432:Brown Bess
387:Joseph Egg
298:features.
289:pepper-box
231:fulminates
205:mechanisms
3513:Gun shops
3463:Forensics
3438:and
3384:Gun shows
3126:Frangible
3116:Expanding
3068:Gas check
3063:Flechette
3046:Cannelure
2971:Gunpowder
2928:Hang fire
2896:Firefight
2749:Lock time
2739:Headspace
2704:Bore axis
2589:Repeating
2539:Open bolt
2453:Magnifier
2339:Auto sear
2245:Wheellock
2240:Flintlock
2218:Half-cock
2173:Extractor
2074:Feed ramp
2004:Tommy Gun
1994:M1 Garand
1929:.410 bore
1893:Sawed-off
1868:Coach gun
1782:Repeating
1775:Polygonal
1699:Automatic
1682:Anti-tank
1567:Derringer
1457:Flare gun
1113:0008-3992
928:0187-893X
847:Citations
816:Modelguns
706:detonator
684:land mine
618:Remington
614:Colt Navy
552:cartridge
447:revolvers
359:derringer
310:Japanese
246:Belhelvie
224:wheellock
220:matchlock
202:flintlock
124:spherical
93:gunpowder
21:Caps lock
3674:Politics
3594:Gun laws
3525:Gunsmith
3413:Politics
3332:industry
3254:Caseless
3056:Snap cap
2949:Ignition
2940:Ricochet
2881:Dry fire
2857:Shooting
2784:Velocity
2650:Terminal
2645:External
2609:Slamfire
2594:Revolver
2509:Blowback
2376:Tapering
2351:Silencer
2314:Receiver
2252:Magazine
2208:Foregrip
2198:Freebore
2168:Cylinder
2126:Rotating
2089:Trunnion
1955:Historic
1846:Shotguns
1765:Marksman
1743:Elephant
1645:Starting
1604:Revolver
1572:Duelling
1562:Cane gun
1554:Handguns
1514:Riot gun
1482:Takedown
1467:Long gun
1452:Elephant
1356:glossary
1348:Firearms
807:Arquebus
801:See also
737:tripwire
672:grenades
524:Caplock
391:Durs Egg
292:revolver
258:charcoal
239:Reverend
105:long gun
97:firearms
75:firearm
3661: (
3628:License
3396:Hunting
3344:Society
3324:Society
3301:Wildcat
3296:Pinfire
3226:Spitzer
3156:Raufoss
3098:Bullets
3088:Wadding
3003:Cordite
2981:Rimfire
2911:Fouling
2891:Gunshot
2869:Gunshot
2709:Caliber
2692:Metrics
2623:Physics
2524:Boxlock
2497:Actions
2483:Zeroing
2478:Thermal
2436:Reticle
2406:Diopter
2381:Trigger
2228:Striker
2203:Forearm
2188:Fluting
2158:Chamber
2146:Tilting
2136:Flapper
2096:Bayonet
2084:Threads
1848: (
1770:Rifling
1758:Varmint
1748:Express
1738:Buffalo
1733:Hunting
1716:Carbine
1687:Assault
1662: (
1589:Machine
1509:Pen gun
1504:Net gun
1499:Needler
1491: (
1472:Carbine
1393:History
1376:Firearm
1350: (
812:Cap gun
557:rimfire
415:cap gun
312:samurai
254:sulphur
216:frizzen
196:Origins
182:conduit
145:impact.
65:caplock
3458:Deaths
3440:safety
3328:safety
3206:Meplat
3186:Tracer
3013:Ramrod
2966:Primer
2811:Recoil
2774:Energy
2769:Muzzle
2441:Reflex
2398:Sights
2346:Shroud
2329:Safety
2223:Linear
2213:Hammer
2141:Roller
2069:Barrel
1822:Medium
1787:Sniper
1728:Double
1704:Battle
1660:Rifles
1599:Pocket
1577:Pistol
1519:Rotary
1477:Musket
1408:Weapon
1398:Safety
1360:topics
1358:, and
1140:3 July
1118:13 May
1111:
1065:
1012:
926:
883:
793:S-mine
641:primer
624:, the
342:, 1854
340:Morges
174:nipple
172:and a
170:hammer
151:copper
143:hammer
127:bullet
112:barrel
109:rifled
103:. Any
89:hammer
3291:Paper
3249:Blank
3216:ABCBC
3201:Minié
3146:HEIAP
3131:Green
3083:Sabot
2816:Group
2724:Gauge
2559:Lever
2534:Break
2431:Laser
2416:Globe
2386:guard
2366:Stock
2361:Choke
2029:Glock
2024:M1911
2009:MP 40
1969:AR-15
1964:AK-47
1827:Heavy
1817:Light
1381:lists
687:fuzes
213:steel
209:flint
187:anvil
155:brass
114:is a
77:locks
63:, or
3659:Laws
3563:Arms
3518:list
3496:list
3336:laws
3284:list
3166:SLAP
3111:Cast
2859:and
2779:Rise
2574:Pump
2519:Bolt
2463:Tang
2426:Iron
2334:Sear
2267:Drum
2262:Clip
2235:Lock
2121:Bolt
2101:Belt
2079:Slug
1941:Slug
1936:Shot
1888:Riot
1850:list
1792:list
1753:Punt
1721:list
1709:list
1692:list
1664:list
1621:list
1609:list
1582:list
1493:list
1352:list
1281:2018
1255:2018
1234:2018
1201:2018
1175:2018
1142:2021
1120:2017
1109:ISSN
1063:ISBN
1042:2018
1010:ISBN
924:ISSN
881:ISBN
733:fuze
729:USSR
678:and
616:and
587:and
567:and
559:and
256:and
222:and
178:cone
55:The
3231:VLD
3078:PCA
2324:Rim
2014:Uzi
1974:M16
1832:SAW
1403:War
1388:Gun
914:doi
714:TNT
710:C-4
244:of
153:or
83:or
3704::
3330:,
3326:,
1354:,
1105:36
1103:.
985:,
948:90
922:.
910:23
908:.
904:.
855:^
689:,
674:,
670:,
658:.
583:,
579:,
252:,
118:.
59:,
3665:)
1852:)
1666:)
1495:)
1362:)
1340:e
1333:t
1326:v
1283:.
1236:.
1203:.
1177:.
1144:.
1122:.
1071:.
1044:.
1018:.
930:.
916::
889:.
814:/
409:"
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
