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row of elements in each block unusually small, and such elements tend to exhibit characteristic kinds of anomalies for their group. Some chemists arguing for the repositioning of helium have pointed out that helium exhibits these anomalies if it is placed in group 2, but not if it is placed in group 18: on the other hand, neon, which would be the first group 18 element if helium was removed from that spot, does exhibit those anomalies. The relationship between helium and beryllium is then argued to resemble that between hydrogen and lithium, a placement which is much more commonly accepted. For example, because of this trend in the sizes of orbitals, a large difference in atomic radii between the first and second members of each main group is seen in groups 1 and 13–17: it exists between neon and argon, and between helium and beryllium, but not between helium and neon. This similarly affects the noble gases' boiling points and solubilities in water, where helium is too close to neon, and the large difference characteristic between the first two elements of a group appears only between neon and argon. Moving helium to group 2 makes this trend consistent in groups 2 and 18 as well, by making helium the first group 2 element and neon the first group 18 element: both exhibit the characteristic properties of a kainosymmetric first element of a group. The group 18 placement of helium nonetheless remains near-universal due to its extreme inertness. Additionally, tables that float both hydrogen and helium outside all groups may rarely be encountered.
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f-subshells. But the same is true of thorium which is never disputed as an f-block element, and this argument overlooks the problem on the other end: that the f-shells complete filling at ytterbium and nobelium, matching the Sc-Y-Lu-Lr form, and not at lutetium and lawrencium as the Sc-Y-La-Ac form would have it. Not only are such exceptional configurations in the minority, but they have also in any case never been considered as relevant for positioning any other elements on the periodic table: in gaseous atoms, the d-shells complete their filling at copper, palladium, and gold, but it is universally accepted by chemists that these configurations are exceptional and that the d-block really ends in accordance with the
Madelung rule at zinc, cadmium, and mercury. The relevant fact for placement is that lanthanum and actinium (like thorium) have valence f-orbitals that can become occupied in chemical environments, whereas lutetium and lawrencium do not: their f-shells are in the core, and cannot be used for chemical reactions. Thus the relationship between yttrium and lanthanum is only a secondary relationship between elements with the same number of valence electrons but different kinds of valence orbitals, such as that between chromium and uranium; whereas the relationship between yttrium and lutetium is primary, sharing both valence electron count and valence orbital type.
18166:, remained under dispute for decades longer because their electron configurations were initially measured incorrectly. On chemical grounds Bassett, Werner, and Bury grouped scandium and yttrium with lutetium rather than lanthanum (the former two left an empty space below yttrium as lutetium had not yet been discovered). Hund assumed in 1927 that all the lanthanide atoms had configuration 4f5d6s, on account of their prevailing trivalency. It is now known that the relationship between chemistry and electron configuration is more complicated than that. Early spectroscopic evidence seemed to confirm these configurations, and thus the periodic table was structured to have group 3 as scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium, with fourteen f-elements breaking up the d-block between lanthanum and hafnium. But it was later discovered that this is only true for four of the fifteen lanthanides (lanthanum, cerium, gadolinium, and lutetium), and that the other lanthanide atoms do not have a d-electron. In particular, ytterbium completes the 4f shell and thus Soviet physicists Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz noted in 1948 that lutetium is correctly regarded as a d-block rather than an f-block element; that bulk lanthanum is an f-metal was first suggested by
17747:. Although other chemists (including Meyer) had found some other versions of the periodic system at about the same time, Mendeleev was the most dedicated to developing and defending his system, and it was his system that most affected the scientific community. On 17 February 1869 (1 March 1869 in the Gregorian calendar), Mendeleev began arranging the elements and comparing them by their atomic weights. He began with a few elements, and over the course of the day his system grew until it encompassed most of the known elements. After he found a consistent arrangement, his printed table appeared in May 1869 in the journal of the Russian Chemical Society. When elements did not appear to fit in the system, he boldly predicted that either valencies or atomic weights had been measured incorrectly, or that there was a missing element yet to be discovered. In 1871, Mendeleev published a long article, including an updated form of his table, that made his predictions for unknown elements explicit. Mendeleev predicted the properties of three of these unknown elements in detail: as they would be missing heavier homologues of boron, aluminium, and silicon, he named them eka-boron, eka-aluminium, and eka-silicon ("eka" being Sanskrit for "one").
18495:
IUPAC defines an element to exist only if the nucleus lives longer than 10 seconds, the time needed for it to gather an electron cloud. Nonetheless, theoretical estimates of half-lives are very model-dependent, ranging over many orders of magnitude. The extreme repulsion between protons is predicted to result in exotic nuclear topologies, with bubbles, rings, and tori expected: this further complicates extrapolation. It is not clear if any further-out shell closures exist, due to an expected smearing out of distinct nuclear shells (as is already expected for the electron shells at oganesson). Furthermore, even if later shell closures exist, it is not clear if they would allow such heavy elements to exist. As such, it may be that the periodic table practically ends around element 120, as elements become too short-lived to observe, and then too short-lived to have chemistry; the era of discovering new elements would thus be close to its end. If another proton shell closure beyond 126 does exist, then it probably occurs around 164; thus the region where periodicity fails more or less matches the region of instability between the shell closures.
14574:
The 4p and 5d atoms, coming immediately after new types of transition series are first introduced, are smaller than would have been expected, because the added core 3d and 4f subshells provide only incomplete shielding of the nuclear charge for the outer electrons. Hence for example gallium atoms are slightly smaller than aluminium atoms. Together with kainosymmetry, this results in an even-odd difference between the periods (except in the s-block) that is sometimes known as secondary periodicity: elements in even periods have smaller atomic radii and prefer to lose fewer electrons, while elements in odd periods (except the first) differ in the opposite direction. Thus for example many properties in the p-block show a zigzag rather than a smooth trend along the group. For example, phosphorus and antimony in odd periods of group 15 readily reach the +5 oxidation state, whereas nitrogen, arsenic, and bismuth in even periods prefer to stay at +3. A similar situation holds for the d-block, with lutetium through tungsten atoms being slightly smaller than yttrium through molybdenum atoms respectively.
15620:), because repulsion between d-electrons means that the movement of the second electron from the s- to the d-subshell does not appreciably change its ionisation energy. Because ionizing the transition metals further does not uncover any new inner subshells, their oxidation states tend to vary by steps of 1 instead. The lanthanides and late actinides generally show a stable +3 oxidation state, removing the outer s-electrons and then (usually) one electron from the (n−2)f-orbitals, that are similar in energy to ns. The common and maximum oxidation states of the d- and f-block elements tend to depend on the ionisation energies. As the energy difference between the (n−1)d and ns orbitals rises along each transition series, it becomes less energetically favourable to ionize further electrons. Thus, the early transition metal groups tend to prefer higher oxidation states, but the +2 oxidation state becomes more stable for the late transition metal groups. The highest formal oxidation state thus increases from +3 at the beginning of each d-block row, to +7 or +8 in the middle (e.g.
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17322:
category is used, silicon, germanium, arsenic, and tellurium are almost always included, and boron and antimony usually are; but most sources include other elements as well, without agreement on which extra elements should be added, and some others subtract from this list instead. For example, unlike all the other elements generally considered metalloids or nonmetals, antimony's only stable form has metallic conductivity. Moreover, the element resembles bismuth and, more generally, the other p-block metals in its physical and chemical behaviour. On this basis some authors have argued that it is better classified as a metal than as a metalloid. On the other hand, selenium has some semiconducting properties in its most stable form (though it also has insulating allotropes) and it has been argued that it should be considered a metalloid – though this situation also holds for phosphorus, which is a much rarer inclusion among the metalloids.
17318:
thus they tend to have lower melting and boiling points, and many are liquids or gases at room temperature. Nonmetals are often dull-looking. They tend to be reactive towards metals, except for the noble gases, which are inert towards most substances. They are brittle when solid as their atoms are held tightly in place. They are less dense and conduct electricity poorly, because there are no mobile electrons. Near the borderline, band gaps are small and thus many elements in that region are semiconductors, such as silicon, germanium, and tellurium. Selenium has both a semiconducting grey allotrope and an insulating red allotrope; arsenic has a metallic grey allotrope, a semiconducting black allotrope, and an insulating yellow allotrope (though the last is unstable at ambient conditions). Again there are exceptions; for example, diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of all known materials, greater than any metal.
15930:) readily form covalent molecules with few atoms. The heavier ones tend to form long chains (e.g. red phosphorus, grey selenium, tellurium) or layered structures (e.g. carbon as graphite, black phosphorus, grey arsenic, antimony, bismuth) that only extend in one or two rather than three dimensions. Both kinds of structures can be found as allotropes of phosphorus, arsenic, and selenium, although the long-chained allotropes are more stable in all three. As these structures do not use all their orbitals for bonding, they end up with bonding, nonbonding, and antibonding bands in order of increasing energy. Similarly to group 14, the band gaps shrink for the heavier elements and free movement of electrons between the chains or layers becomes possible. Thus for example black phosphorus, black arsenic, grey selenium, tellurium, and iodine are semiconductors; grey arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are
12684:) are gaseous like hydrogen at standard conditions. Some properties of hydrogen are not a good fit for either group: hydrogen is neither highly oxidizing nor highly reducing and is not reactive with water. Hydrogen thus has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens, but matches neither group perfectly, and is thus difficult to place by its chemistry. Therefore, while the electronic placement of hydrogen in group 1 predominates, some rarer arrangements show either hydrogen in group 17, duplicate hydrogen in both groups 1 and 17, or float it separately from all groups. This last option has nonetheless been criticized by the chemist and philosopher of science
14512:, the project's opinion was that such interest-dependent concerns should not have any bearing on how the periodic table is presented to "the general chemical and scientific community". Other authors focusing on superheavy elements since clarified that the "15th entry of the f-block represents the first slot of the d-block which is left vacant to indicate the place of the f-block inserts", which would imply that this form still has lutetium and lawrencium (the 15th entries in question) as d-block elements in group 3. Indeed, when IUPAC publications expand the table to 32 columns, they make this clear and place lutetium and lawrencium under yttrium in group 3.
15706:
18174:. This clarified the importance of looking at low-lying excited states of atoms that can play a role in chemical environments when classifying elements by block and positioning them on the table. Many authors subsequently rediscovered this correction based on physical, chemical, and electronic concerns and applied it to all the relevant elements, thus making group 3 contain scandium, yttrium, lutetium, and lawrencium and having lanthanum through ytterbium and actinium through nobelium as the f-block rows: this corrected version achieves consistency with the Madelung rule and vindicates Bassett, Werner, and Bury's initial chemical placement.
14631:, though it is more difficult to examine because the most common ions of consecutive elements normally differ in charge. Ions with the same electron configuration decrease in size as their atomic number rises, due to increased attraction from the more positively charged nucleus: thus for example ionic radii decrease in the series Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc. Ions of the same element get smaller as more electrons are removed, because the attraction from the nucleus begins to outweigh the repulsion between electrons that causes electron clouds to expand: thus for example ionic radii decrease in the series V, V, V, V.
12692:
elements. However it is unreactive at standard conditions, and has a full outer shell: these properties are like the noble gases in group 18, but not at all like the reactive alkaline earth metals of group 2. For these reasons helium is nearly universally placed in group 18 which its properties best match; a proposal to move helium to group 2 was rejected by IUPAC in 1988 for these reasons. Nonetheless, helium is still occasionally placed in group 2 today, and some of its physical and chemical properties are closer to the group 2 elements and support the electronic placement. Solid helium crystallises in a
15627:), and then decrease to +2 at the end. The lanthanides and late actinides usually have high fourth ionisation energies and hence rarely surpass the +3 oxidation state, whereas early actinides have low fourth ionisation energies and so for example neptunium and plutonium can reach +7. The very last actinides go further than the lanthanides towards low oxidation states: mendelevium is more easily reduced to the +2 state than thulium or even europium (the lanthanide with the most stable +2 state, on account of its half-filled f-shell), and nobelium outright favours +2 over +3, in contrast to ytterbium.
20363:
appear already at protactinium. Uranium's actual configuration of 5f6d7s is in fact analogous to that Hund assumed for the lanthanides, but uranium does not favour the trivalent state, preferring to be tetravalent or hexavalent. On the other hand, lanthanide-like configurations for the actinides begin at plutonium, but the shift towards lanthanide-like behaviour is only clear at curium: the elements between uranium and curium form a transition from transition-metal-like behaviour to lanthanide-like behaviour. Thus chemical behaviour and electron configuration do not exactly match each other.
8988:. These are sometimes termed inner transition elements. As there are now not only 4f but also 5d and 6s subshells at similar energies, competition occurs once again with many irregular configurations; this resulted in some dispute about where exactly the f-block is supposed to begin, but most who study the matter agree that it starts at lanthanum in accordance with the Aufbau principle. Even though lanthanum does not itself fill the 4f subshell as a single atom, because of repulsion between electrons, its 4f orbitals are low enough in energy to participate in chemistry. At
7942:
dumbbell-shaped 2p orbitals, and can thus fill up to eight electrons (2×1 + 2×3 = 8). The third shell contains one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and five 3d orbitals, and thus has a capacity of 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 = 18. The fourth shell contains one 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals, five 4d orbitals, and seven 4f orbitals, thus leading to a capacity of 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 + 2×7 = 32. Higher shells contain more types of orbitals that continue the pattern, but such types of orbitals are not filled in the ground states of known elements. The subshell types are characterized by the
15828:
17645:
case "noble gas" is typically taken to imply the unreactive behaviour of the lighter elements of the group. Since calculations generally predict that oganesson should not be particularly inert due to relativistic effects, and may not even be a gas at room temperature if it could be produced in bulk, its status as a noble gas is often questioned in this context. Furthermore, national variations are sometimes encountered: in Japan, alkaline earth metals often do not include beryllium and magnesium as their behaviour is different from the heavier group 2 metals.
17795:
15600:
electron; but ionizing again to Mg uncovers the core 2p subshell, making the hydration enthalpy large enough to allow magnesium(II) compounds to form. For similar reasons, the common oxidation states of the heavier p-block elements (where the ns electrons become lower in energy than the np) tend to vary by steps of 2, because that is necessary to uncover an inner subshell and decrease the ionic radius (e.g. Tl uncovers 6s, and Tl uncovers 5d, so once thallium loses two electrons it tends to lose the third one as well). Analogous arguments based on
15608:
14677:
17774:, who named it germanium. The properties of gallium, scandium, and germanium matched what Mendeleev had predicted. In 1889, Mendeleev noted at the Faraday Lecture to the Royal Institution in London that he had not expected to live long enough "to mention their discovery to the Chemical Society of Great Britain as a confirmation of the exactitude and generality of the periodic law". Even the discovery of the noble gases at the close of the 19th century, which Mendeleev had not predicted, fitted neatly into his scheme as an eighth main group.
17271:
17310:: they move faster. These properties persist in the liquid state, as although the crystal structure is destroyed on melting, the atoms still touch and the metallic bond persists, though it is weakened. Metals tend to be reactive towards nonmetals. Some exceptions can be found to these generalizations: for example, beryllium, chromium, manganese, antimony, bismuth, and uranium are brittle (not an exhaustive list); chromium is extremely hard; gallium, rubidium, caesium, and mercury are liquid at or close to room temperature; and
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18143:
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40:
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like beryllium and magnesium, but is typically placed in the column of neon and argon to emphasise that its outer shell is full. (Some contemporary authors question even this single exception, preferring to consistently follow the valence configurations and place helium over beryllium.) There are eight columns in this periodic table fragment, corresponding to at most eight outer-shell electrons. A period begins when a new shell starts filling. Finally, the colouring illustrates the
14688:, which is the energy released when adding an electron to the atom. A passing electron will be more readily attracted to an atom if it feels the pull of the nucleus more strongly, and especially if there is an available partially filled outer orbital that can accommodate it. Therefore, electron affinity tends to increase down to up and left to right. The exception is the last column, the noble gases, which have a full shell and have no room for another electron. This gives the
17687:. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine formed a triad; as did calcium, strontium, and barium; lithium, sodium, and potassium; and sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. Today, all these triads form part of modern-day groups: the halogens, alkaline earth metals, alkali metals, and chalcogens. Various chemists continued his work and were able to identify more and more relationships between small groups of elements. However, they could not build one scheme that encompassed them all.
14561:(the size of atoms) are dependent on the sizes of their outermost orbitals. They generally decrease going left to right along the main-group elements, because the nuclear charge increases but the outer electrons are still in the same shell. However, going down a column, the radii generally increase, because the outermost electrons are in higher shells that are thus further away from the nucleus. The first row of each block is abnormally small, due to an effect called
8356:( 3d 4s) the 3d subshell becomes the next highest in energy. The 4s and 3d subshells have approximately the same energy and they compete for filling the electrons, and so the occupation is not quite consistently filling the 3d orbitals one at a time. The precise energy ordering of 3d and 4s changes along the row, and also changes depending on how many electrons are removed from the atom. For example, due to the repulsion between the 3d electrons and the 4s ones, at
7986:
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33249:
18471:
reach the next noble element after 118. However, while these conclusions about elements 157 through 172's chemistry are generally agreed by models, there is disagreement on whether the periodic table should be drawn to reflect chemical analogies, or if it should reflect likely formal electron configurations, which should be quite different from earlier periods and are not agreed between sources. Discussion about the format of the eighth row thus continues.
18187:
18576:, and regularises atomic number triads and the first-row anomaly trend. While he notes that its placement of helium atop the alkaline earth metals can be seen a disadvantage from a chemical perspective, he counters this by appealing to the first-row anomaly, pointing out that the periodic table "fundamentally reduces to quantum mechanics", and that it is concerned with "abstract elements" and hence atomic properties rather than macroscopic properties.
17666:
17335:
uranium somewhat resembles chromium and tungsten in group 6, as all three have six valence electrons. Relationships between elements with the same number of valence electrons but different types of valence orbital have been called secondary or isodonor relationships: they usually have the same maximum oxidation states, but not the same minimum oxidation states. For example, chlorine and manganese both have +7 as their maximum oxidation state (e.g.
14721:
34227:
15950:. The noble gases are coloured in violet: their molecules are single atoms and no covalent bonding occurs. Greyed-out cells are for elements which have not been prepared in sufficient quantities for their most stable allotropes to have been characterized in this way. Theoretical considerations and current experimental evidence suggest that all of those elements would metallise if they could form condensed phases, except perhaps for oganesson.
8364:, whose atom has a 3d 4s configuration rather than the expected 3d 4s. These are violations of the Madelung rule. Such anomalies, however, do not have any chemical significance: most chemistry is not about isolated gaseous atoms, and the various configurations are so close in energy to each other that the presence of a nearby atom can shift the balance. Therefore, the periodic table ignores them and considers only idealized configurations.
3391:
2639:
19489:, as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin (read from top to bottom, left to right). The experimentally determined ground-state electron configurations of the elements differ from the configurations predicted by the Madelung rule in twenty instances, but the Madelung-predicted configurations are always at least close to the ground state. The last two elements shown, elements 119 and 120, have not yet been synthesized.
17915:'s idea of quantization to the atom. He concluded that the energy levels of electrons were quantised: only a discrete set of stable energy states were allowed. Bohr then attempted to understand periodicity through electron configurations, surmising in 1913 that the inner electrons should be responsible for the chemical properties of the element. In 1913, he produced the first electronic periodic table based on a quantum atom.
18288:
15722:
attract the electron pair more, and the less electronegative (or more electropositive) one will attract it less. In extreme cases, the electron can be thought of as having been passed completely from the more electropositive atom to the more electronegative one, though this is a simplification. The bond then binds two ions, one positive (having given up the electron) and one negative (having accepted it), and is termed an
17736:
34239:
33261:
14730:
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17927:< 8." For smaller atoms, the electron shells would be filled as follows: "rings of electrons will only join if they contain equal numbers of electrons; and that accordingly the numbers of electrons on inner rings will only be 2, 4, 8." However, in larger atoms the innermost shell would contain eight electrons: "on the other hand, the periodic system of the elements strongly suggests that already in neon
18034:
which ... only a certain number of electrons—namely, eight in our case—should be arranged. As soon as one ring or shell is completed, a new one has to be started for the next element; the number of electrons, which are most easily accessible, and lie at the outermost periphery, increases again from element to element and, therefore, in the formation of each new shell the chemical periodicity is repeated."
17766:, and named it gallium. He isolated the element and began determining its properties. Mendeleev, reading de Boisbaudran's publication, sent a letter claiming that gallium was his predicted eka-aluminium. Although Lecoq de Boisbaudran was initially sceptical, and suspected that Mendeleev was trying to take credit for his discovery, he later admitted that Mendeleev was correct. In 1879, the Swedish chemist
12732:
13605:
15886:
extent depending on the size of the band gap. Thus metals and nonmetals may be distinguished by the temperature dependence of their electrical conductivity: a metal's conductivity lowers as temperature rises (because thermal motion makes it more difficult for the electrons to flow freely), whereas a nonmetal's conductivity rises (as more electrons may be excited to cross the gap).
15816:
the number of orbitals contributing to the overlap. This is the situation for elements in groups 1 through 13; they also have too few valence electrons to form giant covalent structures where all atoms take equivalent positions, and so almost all of them metallise. The exceptions are hydrogen and boron, which have too high an ionisation energy. Hydrogen thus forms a covalent H
17850:) of each element. Using atomic number gives a definitive, integer-based sequence for the elements. Moseley's research immediately resolved discrepancies between atomic weight and chemical properties; these were cases such as tellurium and iodine, where atomic number increases but atomic weight decreases. Although Moseley was soon killed in World War I, the Swedish physicist
19655:'s most stable isotope is just long enough that it should also be a primordial element. A 1971 study claimed to have detected primordial plutonium, but a more recent study from 2012 could not detect it. Based on its likely initial abundance in the Solar System, present experiments as of 2022 are likely about an order of magnitude away from detecting live primordial Pu.
15938:
the willingness to lose electrons, which increases right to left and up to down. Thus the metals greatly outnumber the nonmetals. Elements near the borderline are difficult to classify: they tend to have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals, and may have some properties characteristic of both. They are often termed semimetals or
14566:
repulsion from the 2p orbitals, which have similar angular charge distributions. Thus higher s-, p-, d-, and f-subshells experience strong repulsion from their inner analogues, which have approximately the same angular distribution of charge, and must expand to avoid this. This makes significant differences arise between the small 2p elements, which prefer
18491:, where superheavy nuclides should be more long-lived than expected: predictions for the longest-lived nuclides on the island range from microseconds to millions of years. It should nonetheless be noted that these are essentially extrapolations into an unknown part of the chart of nuclides, and systematic model uncertainties need to be taken into account.
18252:(1928) had previously suggested this, but their ideas did not then receive general acceptance. Seaborg thus called them the actinides. Elements up to 101 (named mendelevium in honour of Mendeleev) were synthesized up to 1955, either through neutron or alpha-particle irradiation, or in nuclear explosions in the cases of 99 (einsteinium) and 100 (fermium).
17751:
14531:
trends in chemical behaviour as one proceeds down a group. As analogous configurations occur at regular intervals, the properties of the elements thus exhibit periodic recurrences, hence the name of the periodic table and the periodic law. These periodic recurrences were noticed well before the underlying theory that explains them was developed.
22549:
18307:. After priority was assigned, the elements were officially added to the periodic table, and the discoverers were invited to propose their names. By 2016, this had occurred for all elements up to 118, therefore completing the periodic table's first seven rows. The discoveries of elements beyond 106 were made possible by techniques devised by
7662:: different electrons must always be in different states. This allows classification of the possible states an electron can take in various energy levels known as shells, divided into individual subshells, which each contain one or more orbitals. Each orbital can contain up to two electrons: they are distinguished by a quantity known as
17295:
14835:
period 6, Cs–Ba have 1–2 valence electrons; La–Yb have 3–16; Lu–Hg have 3–12; and Tl–Rn have 3–8. However, towards the right side of the d- and f-blocks, the theoretical maximum corresponding to using all valence electrons is not achievable at all; the same situation affects oxygen, fluorine, and the light noble gases up to krypton.
17404:, and so on. Similar periodic variations appear for the compounds of the elements, which can be observed by comparing hydrides, oxides, sulfides, halides, and so on. Chemical properties are more difficult to describe quantitatively, but likewise exhibit their own periodicities. Examples include the variation in the
15758:
1093:, though it is not yet known how many more elements are possible; moreover, theoretical calculations suggest that this unknown region will not follow the patterns of the known part of the table. Some scientific discussion also continues regarding whether some elements are correctly positioned in today's table. Many
8110:, the second shell is full, making the second shell a core shell for this and all heavier elements. The eleventh electron begins the filling of the third shell by occupying a 3s orbital, giving a configuration of 1s 2s 2p 3s for sodium. This configuration is abbreviated 3s, where represents neon's configuration.
17858:, and established that it was the element with the highest atomic number then known (92). Based on Moseley and Siegbahn's research, it was also known which atomic numbers corresponded to missing elements yet to be found: 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, and 87. (Element 75 had in fact already been found by Japanese chemist
18435:
table should take into account the failure of the
Madelung rule in this region, or if such exceptions should be ignored. The shell structure may also be fairly formal at this point: already the electron distribution in an oganesson atom is expected to be rather uniform, with no discernible shell structure.
19557:). Theoretically, neutron capture on the resulting plutonium might produce even higher-numbered elements, but the quantities would be too small to be observed. In the early Solar System, shorter-lived elements had not yet decayed away, and consequently there were more than 94 naturally occurring elements.
17365:). Elements with the same number of valence vacancies but different numbers of valence electrons are related by a tertiary or isoacceptor relationship: they usually have similar minimum but not maximum oxidation states. For example, hydrogen and chlorine both have −1 as their minimum oxidation state (in
24239:
Wulfsberg, p. 53: "As pointed out by W. B. Jensen, the metallurgical resemblance is much stronger for lutetium than for lanthanum, so we have adopted the metallurgist's convention of listing Lu (and by extension Lr) below Sc and Y. An important additional advantage of this is that the periodic table
19902:
shows metallic conduction parallel to its planes, but is a semiconductor perpendicular to them. Some computations predict copernicium and flerovium to be nonmetallic, but the most recent experiments on them suggest that they are metallic. Astatine is calculated to metallise at standard conditions, so
18474:
Beyond element 172, calculation is complicated by the 1s electron energy level becoming imaginary. Such a situation does have physical interpretation, and does not in itself pose an electronic limit to the periodic table, but the correct way to incorporate such states into multi-electron calculations
18470:
ones, making elements 157–172 probably chemically analogous to groups 3–18: for example, element 164 would appear two places below lead in group 14 under the usual pattern, but is calculated to be very analogous to palladium in group 10 instead. Thus, it takes fifty-four elements rather than fifty to
18311:
at the JINR: cold fusion (bombardment of lead and bismuth by heavy ions) made possible the 1981–2004 discoveries of elements 107 through 112 at GSI and 113 at Riken, and he led the JINR team (in collaboration with
American scientists) to discover elements 114 through 118 using hot fusion (bombardment
18033:
in 1914 and in 1916. Kossel explained that in the periodic table new elements would be created as electrons were added to the outer shell. In Kossel's paper, he writes: "This leads to the conclusion that the electrons, which are added further, should be put into concentric rings or shells, on each of
17573:
are acknowledged by IUPAC; the other groups can be referred to by their number, or by their first element (e.g., group 6 is the chromium group). Some divide the p-block elements from groups 13 to 16 by metallicity, although there is neither an IUPAC definition nor a precise consensus on exactly which
17317:
Nonmetals exhibit different properties. Those forming giant covalent crystals exhibit high melting and boiling points, as it takes considerable energy to overcome the strong covalent bonds. Those forming discrete molecules are held together mostly by dispersion forces, which are more easily overcome;
15877:
than the antibonding orbitals, and there is no overlap, so electrical conduction becomes impossible: carbon is a nonmetal. However, covalent bonding becomes weaker for larger atoms and the energy gap between the bonding and antibonding orbitals decreases. Therefore, silicon and germanium have smaller
15876:
In group 14, both metallic and covalent bonding become possible. In a diamond crystal, covalent bonds between carbon atoms are strong, because they have a small atomic radius and thus the nucleus has more of a hold on the electrons. Therefore, the bonding orbitals that result are much lower in energy
15767:
A simple substance is a substance formed from atoms of one chemical element. The simple substances of the more electronegative atoms tend to share electrons (form covalent bonds) with each other. They form either small molecules (like hydrogen or oxygen, whose atoms bond in pairs) or giant structures
15729:
Electronegativity depends on how strongly the nucleus can attract an electron pair, and so it exhibits a similar variation to the other properties already discussed: electronegativity tends to fall going up to down, and rise going left to right. The alkali and alkaline earth metals are among the most
15634:
in the first group all have one valence electron, and form a very homogeneous class of elements: they are all soft and reactive metals. However, there are many factors involved, and groups can often be rather heterogeneous. For instance, hydrogen also has one valence electron and is in the same group
14503:
A third form can sometimes be encountered in which the spaces below yttrium in group 3 are left empty, such as the table appearing on the IUPAC web site, but this creates an inconsistency with quantum mechanics by making the f-block 15 elements wide (La–Lu and Ac–Lr) even though only 14 electrons can
8142:
The first eighteen elements can thus be arranged as the start of a periodic table. Elements in the same column have the same number of valence electrons and have analogous valence electron configurations: these columns are called groups. The single exception is helium, which has two valence electrons
20362:
For example, the early actinides continue to behave more like the d-block transition metals in their propensity towards high oxidation states all the way from actinium to uranium, even though it is actually only actinium and thorium that have d-block-like configurations in the gas phase; f-electrons
19749:
Also, the ordering of the orbitals between each ≪ changes somewhat throughout each period. For example, the ordering in argon and potassium is 3p ≪ 4s < 4p ≪ 3d; by calcium it has become 3p ≪ 4s < 3d < 4p; from scandium to copper it is 3p ≪ 3d < 4s < 4p; and from zinc to krypton it is
17898:
coined the term "isotope" to describe this situation, and considered isotopes to merely be different forms of the same chemical element. This furthermore clarified discrepancies such as tellurium and iodine: tellurium's natural isotopic composition is weighted towards heavier isotopes than iodine's,
17810:
coined the word "atomic number" for this nuclear charge. In van den Broek's published article he illustrated the first electronic periodic table showing the elements arranged according to the number of their electrons. Rutherford confirmed in his 1914 paper that Bohr had accepted the view of van den
17636:
Many more categorizations exist and are used according to certain disciplines. In astrophysics, a metal is defined as any element with atomic number greater than 2, i.e. anything except hydrogen and helium. The term "semimetal" has a different definition in physics than it does in chemistry: bismuth
17584:
being among the possibilities having been used. Some advanced monographs exclude the elements of group 12 from the transition metals on the grounds of their sometimes quite different chemical properties, but this is not a universal practice and IUPAC does not presently mention it as allowable in its
17321:
It is common to designate a class of metalloids straddling the boundary between metals and nonmetals, as elements in that region are intermediate in both physical and chemical properties. However, no consensus exists in the literature for precisely which elements should be so designated. When such a
15885:
at ambient conditions: electrons can cross the gap when thermally excited. (Boron is also a semiconductor at ambient conditions.) The band gap disappears in tin, so that tin and lead become metals. As the temperature rises, all nonmetals develop some semiconducting properties, to a greater or lesser
15815:
of equal capacity, with the antibonding orbitals of higher energy. Net bonding character occurs when there are more electrons in the bonding orbitals than there are in the antibonding orbitals. Metallic bonding is thus possible when the number of electrons delocalized by each atom is less than twice
14664:
In the transition series, the outer electrons are preferentially lost even though the inner orbitals are filling. For example, in the 3d series, the 4s electrons are lost first even though the 3d orbitals are being filled. The shielding effect of adding an extra 3d electron approximately compensates
14565:
or primogenic repulsion: the 1s, 2p, 3d, and 4f subshells have no inner analogues. For example, the 2p orbitals do not experience strong repulsion from the 1s and 2s orbitals, which have quite different angular charge distributions, and hence are not very large; but the 3p orbitals experience strong
14515:
Several arguments in favour of Sc-Y-La-Ac can be encountered in the literature, but they have been challenged as being logically inconsistent. For example, it has been argued that lanthanum and actinium cannot be f-block elements because as individual gas-phase atoms, they have not begun to fill the
12713:
in the periodic table has additionally been cited to support moving helium to group 2. It arises because the first orbital of any type is unusually small, since unlike its higher analogues, it does not experience interelectronic repulsion from a smaller orbital of the same type. This makes the first
12701:
with a structure similar to the analogous beryllium compound (but with no expected neon analogue), have resulted in more chemists advocating a placement of helium in group 2. This relates to the electronic argument, as the reason for neon's greater inertness is repulsion from its filled p-shell that
8138:
fill the three 3p orbitals ( 3s 3p through 3s 3p). This creates an analogous series in which the outer shell structures of sodium through argon are analogous to those of lithium through neon, and is the basis for the periodicity of chemical properties that the periodic table illustrates: at regular
7941:
Elements are known with up to the first seven shells occupied. The first shell contains only one orbital, a spherical s orbital. As it is in the first shell, this is called the 1s orbital. This can hold up to two electrons. The second shell similarly contains a 2s orbital, and it also contains three
1088:
new elements in the laboratory. By 2010, the first 118 elements were known, thereby completing the first seven rows of the table; however, chemical characterization is still needed for the heaviest elements to confirm that their properties match their positions. New discoveries will extend the table
18563:
Alternative periodic tables are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables, with different ones skewed more towards emphasizing chemistry or physics at either end. The standard form, which remains
18522:
Even if eighth-row elements can exist, producing them is likely to be difficult, and it should become even more difficult as atomic number rises. Although the 8s elements 119 and 120 are expected to be reachable with present means, the elements beyond that are expected to require new technology, if
18434:
through 156 thus do not fit well as chemical analogues of any previous group in the earlier parts of the table, although they have sometimes been placed as 5g, 6f, and other series to formally reflect their electron configurations. Eric Scerri has raised the question of whether an extended periodic
18194:
By 1936, the pool of missing elements from hydrogen to uranium had shrunk to four: elements 43, 61, 85, and 87 remained missing. Element 43 eventually became the first element to be synthesized artificially via nuclear reactions rather than discovered in nature. It was discovered in 1937 by
Italian
17709:
showing that if the elements are arranged in the order of their atomic weights, those having consecutive numbers frequently either belong to the same group or occupy similar positions in different groups, and he pointed out that each eighth element starting from a given one is in this arrangement a
15783:
The more electropositive atoms, however, tend to instead lose electrons, creating a "sea" of electrons engulfing cations. The outer orbitals of one atom overlap to share electrons with all its neighbours, creating a giant structure of molecular orbitals extending over all the atoms. This negatively
15590:
A full explanation requires considering the energy that would be released in forming compounds with different valences rather than simply considering electron configurations alone. For example, magnesium forms Mg rather than Mg cations when dissolved in water, because the latter would spontaneously
14651:
of an atom is the energy required to remove an electron from it. This varies with the atomic radius: ionisation energy increases left to right and down to up, because electrons that are closer to the nucleus are held more tightly and are more difficult to remove. Ionisation energy thus is minimized
14573:
In the transition elements, an inner shell is filling, but the size of the atom is still determined by the outer electrons. The increasing nuclear charge across the series and the increased number of inner electrons for shielding somewhat compensate each other, so the decrease in radius is smaller.
14474:
In many periodic tables, the f-block is shifted one element to the right, so that lanthanum and actinium become d-block elements in group 3, and Ce–Lu and Th–Lr form the f-block. Thus the d-block is split into two very uneven portions. This is a holdover from early mistaken measurements of electron
12659:
Although the modern periodic table is standard today, the placement of the period 1 elements hydrogen and helium remains an open issue under discussion, and some variation can be found. Following their respective s and s electron configurations, hydrogen would be placed in group 1, and helium would
5839:
already considered it incorrect in 1948. Arguments can still occasionally be encountered in the contemporary literature purporting to defend it, but most authors consider them logically inconsistent. Some sources follow a compromise that puts La–Lu and Ac–Lr as the f-block rows (despite that giving
5830:
The correct composition of group 3 is scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), and lawrencium (Lr), as shown here: this is endorsed by 1988 and 2021 IUPAC reports on the question. General inorganic chemistry texts often put scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), and actinium (Ac) in group 3,
18494:
As the closed shells are passed, the stabilizing effect should vanish: thus, superheavy nuclides with more than 184 neutrons are expected to have much shorter lifetimes, spontaneously fissioning within 10 seconds. If this is so, then it would not make sense to consider them chemical elements:
18319:
declared the year 2019 as the
International Year of the Periodic Table, celebrating "one of the most significant achievements in science". The discovery criteria set down by the TWG were updated in 2020 in response to experimental and theoretical progress that had not been foreseen in 1991. Today,
17727:—for the first time, elements had been grouped according to their valence. Works on organizing the elements by atomic weight had until then been stymied by inaccurate measurements of the atomic weights. In 1868, he revised his table, but this revision was published as a draft only after his death.
15937:
The dividing line between metals and nonmetals is roughly diagonal from top left to bottom right, with the transition series appearing to the left of this diagonal (as they have many available orbitals for overlap). This is expected, as metallicity tends to be correlated with electropositivity and
14494:
implied the activity of its 4f shell. In 1965, David C. Hamilton linked this observation to its position in the periodic table, and argued that the f-block should be composed of the elements La–Yb and Ac–No. Since then, physical, chemical, and electronic evidence has supported this assignment. The
24843:
Haas, Arthur Erich (1884–1941) Uber die elektrodynamische
Bedeutung des Planckschen Strahlungsgesetzes und uber eine neue Bestimmung des elektrischen Elementarquantums und der dimension des wasserstoffatoms. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. 2a, 119 pp 119–144
19786:
Properties of the p-block elements nevertheless do affect the succeeding s-block elements. The 3s shell in sodium is above a kainosymmetric 2p core, but the 4s shell in potassium is above the much larger 3p core. Hence while one would have already expected potassium atoms to be larger than sodium
18425:
If the eighth period followed the pattern set by the earlier periods, then it would contain fifty elements, filling the 8s, 5g, 6f, 7d, and finally 8p subshells in that order. But by this point, relativistic effects should result in significant deviations from the
Madelung rule. Various different
18150:
The quantum theory clarified the transition metals and lanthanides as forming their own separate groups, transitional between the main groups, although some chemists had already proposed tables showing them this way before then: the
English chemist Henry Bassett did so in 1892, the Danish chemist
17717:
noted the sequences of similar chemical and physical properties repeated at periodic intervals. According to him, if the atomic weights were plotted as ordinates (i.e. vertically) and the atomic volumes as abscissas (i.e. horizontally)—the curve obtained a series of maximums and minimums—the most
17644:
The scope of terms varies significantly between authors. For example, according to IUPAC, the noble gases extend to include the whole group, including the very radioactive superheavy element oganesson. However, among those who specialize in the superheavy elements, this is not often done: in this
14530:
As chemical reactions involve the valence electrons, elements with similar outer electron configurations may be expected to react similarly and form compounds with similar proportions of elements in them. Such elements are placed in the same group, and thus there tend to be clear similarities and
4194:
have six protons and most have six neutrons as well, but about one per cent have seven neutrons, and a very small fraction have eight neutrons. Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table; they are always grouped together under a single element. When atomic mass is shown, it is usually the
27889:
E. Rutherford, Phil. Mag., 27, 488–499 (Mar. 1914). "This has led to an interesting suggestion by van Broek that the number of units of charge on the nucleus, and consequently the number of external electrons, may be equal to the number of the elements when arranged in order of increasing atomic
19897:
Descriptions of the structures formed by the elements can be found throughout
Greenwood and Earnshaw. There are two borderline cases. Arsenic's most stable form conducts electricity like a metal, but the bonding is significantly more localized to the nearest neighbours than it is for the similar
19767:
In fact, electron configurations represent a first-order approximation: an atom really exists in a superposition of multiple configurations, and electrons in an atom are indistinguishable. The elements in the d- and f-blocks have multiple configurations separated by small energies and can change
18567:
The many different forms of the periodic table have prompted the questions of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of the periodic table, and if so, what it might be. There are no current consensus answers to either question. Janet's left-step table is being increasingly discussed as a
14834:
The electron configuration suggests a ready explanation from the number of electrons available for bonding; indeed, the number of valence electrons starts at 1 in group 1, and then increases towards the right side of the periodic table, only resetting at 3 whenever each new block starts. Thus in
12691:
Helium is the only element that routinely occupies a position in the periodic table that is not consistent with its electronic structure. It has two electrons in its outermost shell, whereas the other noble gases have eight; and it is an s-block element, whereas all other noble gases are p-block
4321:
Under an international naming convention, the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column (the alkali metals) to the rightmost column (the noble gases). The f-block groups are ignored in this numbering. Groups can also be named by their first element, e.g. the "scandium
25783:
In Group 15 of the
Periodic Table, as in both neighboring groups, the metallic character increases when going down. More specifically, there is a transition from a purely non-metallic element (N) via elements with nonmetallic and metallic modifications to purely metallic elements (Sb, Bi). This
17305:
Generally, metals are shiny and dense. They usually have high melting and boiling points due to the strength of the metallic bond, and are often malleable and ductile (easily stretched and shaped) because the atoms can move relative to each other without breaking the metallic bond. They conduct
15721:
to each other by sharing electrons in pairs, creating an overlap of valence orbitals. The degree to which each atom attracts the shared electron pair depends on the atom's electronegativity – the tendency of an atom towards gaining or losing electrons. The more electronegative atom will tend to
10292:
The following table shows the electron configuration of a neutral gas-phase atom of each element. Different configurations can be favoured in different chemical environments. The main-group elements have entirely regular electron configurations; the transition and inner transition elements show
4234:
are in the same column because they all have four electrons in the outermost p-subshell). Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table, although in the f-block, and to some respect in the d-block, the elements in the same period tend to have
19705:
rule has yet been derived from quantum mechanics. Scerri claims that it has not, despite several attempts to do so. On the other hand, Ostrovsky, who has claimed such justification from 1971, wrote 'Some authors insist that "still nobody has deduced the n+l rule from the principles of quantum
17334:
between elements that are diagonally adjacent (e.g. lithium and magnesium). Some similarities can also be found between the main groups and the transition metal groups, or between the early actinides and early transition metals, when the elements have the same number of valence electrons. Thus
15945:
The following table considers the most stable allotropes at standard conditions. The elements coloured yellow form simple substances that are well-characterised by metallic bonding. Elements coloured light blue form giant network covalent structures, whereas those coloured dark blue form small
15599:
of hydration (surrounding the cation with water molecules) increases in magnitude with the charge and radius of the ion. In Mg, the outermost orbital (which determines ionic radius) is still 3s, so the hydration enthalpy is small and insufficient to compensate the energy required to remove the
14707:
elements, electron affinity likewise somewhat correlates with reactivity, but not perfectly since other factors are involved. For example, fluorine has a lower electron affinity than chlorine (because of extreme interelectronic repulsion for the very small fluorine atom), but is more reactive.
4312:
elements that survived from the Earth's formation. The remaining eleven natural elements decay quickly enough that their continued trace occurrence rests primarily on being constantly regenerated as intermediate products of the decay of thorium and uranium. All 24 known artificial elements are
18568:
candidate for being the optimal or most fundamental form; Scerri has written in support of it, as it clarifies helium's nature as an s-block element, increases regularity by having all period lengths repeated, faithfully follows Madelung's rule by making each period correspond to one value of
15748:
An element's electronegativity varies with the identity and number of the atoms it is bonded to, as well as how many electrons it has already lost: an atom becomes more electronegative when it has lost more electrons. This sometimes makes a large difference: lead in the +2 oxidation state has
14706:
Some exceptions to the trends occur: oxygen and fluorine have lower electron affinities than their heavier homologues sulfur and chlorine, because they are small atoms and hence the newly added electron would experience significant repulsion from the already present ones. For the nonmetallic
7604:
Both forms represent the same periodic table. The form with the f-block included in the main body is sometimes called the 32-column or long form; the form with the f-block cut out the 18-column or medium-long form. The 32-column form has the advantage of showing all elements in their correct
18177:
In 1988, IUPAC released a report supporting this composition of group 3, a decision that was reaffirmed in 2021. Variation can still be found in textbooks on the composition of group 3, and some argumentation against this format is still published today, but chemists and physicists who have
12660:
be placed in group 2. The group 1 placement of hydrogen is common, but helium is almost always placed in group 18 with the other noble gases. The debate has to do with conflicting understandings of the extent to which chemical or electronic properties should decide periodic table placement.
7617:. For the short-lived elements without standard atomic weights, the mass number of the most stable known isotope is used instead. Other tables may include properties such as state of matter, melting and boiling points, densities, as well as provide different classifications of the elements.
8067:, the first shell is full, so its third electron occupies a 2s orbital, giving a 1s 2s configuration. The 2s electron is lithium's only valence electron, as the 1s subshell is now too tightly bound to the nucleus to participate in chemical bonding to other atoms: such a shell is called a "
7612:
Periodic tables usually at least show the elements' symbols; many also provide supplementary information about the elements, either via colour-coding or as data in the cells. The above table shows the names and atomic numbers of the elements, and also their blocks, natural occurrences and
5821:
Group 1 is composed of hydrogen (H) and the alkali metals. Elements of the group have one s-electron in the outer electron shell. Hydrogen is not considered to be an alkali metal as it is not a metal, though it is more analogous to them than any other group. This makes the group somewhat
27890:
weight. On this view, the nucleus charges of hydrogen, helium, and carbon are 1, 2, 6 respectively, and so on for the other elements, provided there is no gap due to a missing element. This view has been taken by Bohr in his theory of the constitution of simple atoms and molecules."
18417:
suffix for metallic elements). All attempts to synthesize such elements have failed so far. An attempt to make element 119 has been ongoing since 2018 at the Riken research institute in Japan. The LBNL in the United States, the JINR in Russia, and the Heavy Ion Research Facility in
10293:
twenty irregularities due to the aforementioned competition between subshells close in energy level. For the last ten elements (109–118), experimental data is lacking and therefore calculated configurations have been shown instead. Completely filled subshells have been greyed out.
14570:, and the larger 3p and higher p-elements, which do not. Similar anomalies arise for the 1s, 2p, 3d, 4f, and the hypothetical 5g elements: the degree of this first-row anomaly is highest for the s-block, is moderate for the p-block, and is less pronounced for the d- and f-blocks.
18320:
the periodic table is among the most recognisable icons of chemistry. IUPAC is involved today with many processes relating to the periodic table: the recognition and naming of new elements, recommending group numbers and collective names, and the updating of atomic weights.
25784:
chapter addresses the two elements besides nitrogen, which are clearly nonmetallic under standard conditions: phosphorus and arsenic. The chemistry of arsenic, however, is only briefly described as many of the arsenic compounds resemble the corresponding phosphorus species.
18041:
postulated the existence of "cells" which we now call orbitals, which could each only contain two electrons each, and these were arranged in "equidistant layers" which we now call shells. He made an exception for the first shell to only contain two electrons. The chemist
18478:
Nuclear stability will likely prove a decisive factor constraining the number of possible elements. It depends on the balance between the electric repulsion between protons and the strong force binding protons and neutrons together. Protons and neutrons are arranged in
14499:
in 1982, and the reassignment of lutetium and lawrencium to group 3 was supported by IUPAC reports dating from 1988 (when the 1–18 group numbers were recommended) and 2021. The variation nonetheless still exists because most textbook writers are not aware of the issue.
18344:
Energy eigenvalues (in eV) for the outermost electrons of elements with Z = 100 through 172, predicted using Dirac–Fock calculations. The − and + signs refer to orbitals with decreased or increased azimuthal quantum number from spin–orbit splitting respectively: p− is
15768:
stretching indefinitely (like carbon or silicon). The noble gases simply stay as single atoms, as they already have a full shell. Substances composed of discrete molecules or single atoms are held together by weaker attractive forces between the molecules, such as the
17918:
Bohr called his electron shells "rings" in 1913: atomic orbitals within shells did not exist at the time of his planetary model. Bohr explains in Part 3 of his famous 1913 paper that the maximum electrons in a shell is eight, writing, "We see, further, that a ring of
4354:, the lettering was similar, except that "A" was used for groups 1 through 7, and "B" was used for groups 11 through 17. In addition, groups 8, 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple-sized group, known collectively in both notations as group VIII. In 1988, the new
17412:
properties of the elements and their compounds, the stabilities of compounds, and methods of isolating the elements. Periodicity is and has been used very widely to predict the properties of unknown new elements and new compounds, and is central to modern chemistry.
7666:, conventionally labelled "up" or "down". In a cold atom (one in its ground state), electrons arrange themselves in such a way that the total energy they have is minimized by occupying the lowest-energy orbitals available. Only the outermost electrons (so-called
9047:
actually fills the 5f subshell, and lawrencium does not fill the 6d shell, but all these subshells can still become filled in chemical environments. For a very long time, the seventh row was incomplete as most of its elements do not occur in nature. The missing
8037:+ ℓ group. Hence the periodic table is usually drawn to begin each row (often called a period) with the filling of a new s-orbital, which corresponds to the beginning of a new shell. Thus, with the exception of the first row, each period length appears twice:
15889:
Elements in groups 15 through 17 have too many electrons to form giant covalent molecules that stretch in all three dimensions. For the lighter elements, the bonds in small diatomic molecules are so strong that a condensed phase is disfavoured: thus nitrogen
14703:: for example, the lifetime of the most long-lived He level is about 359 microseconds.) The noble gases, having high ionisation energies and no electron affinity, have little inclination towards gaining or losing electrons and are generally unreactive.
5846:
Group 18, the noble gases, were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev's original table. Later (1902), Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence, and they could be placed in a new "group 0", consistently and without breaking the periodic table
19916:. The same is probably true of francium, but due to its extreme instability, this has never been experimentally confirmed. Copernicium and flerovium are expected to be liquids, similar to mercury, and experimental evidence suggests that they are metals.
14598:
splits the p-subshell: one p-orbital is relativistically stabilized and shrunken (it fills in thallium and lead), but the other two (filling in bismuth through radon) are relativistically destabilized and expanded. Relativistic effects also explain why
14504:
fit in an f-subshell. There is moreover some confusion in the literature on which elements are then implied to be in group 3. While the 2021 IUPAC report noted that 15-element-wide f-blocks are supported by some practitioners of a specialized branch of
18514:
instead of an island. Other effects may come into play: for example, in very heavy elements the 1s electrons are likely to spend a significant amount of time so close to the nucleus that they are actually inside it, which would make them vulnerable to
8379:( 3d 4s 4p), in a manner analogous to the previous p-block elements. From gallium onwards, the 3d orbitals form part of the electronic core, and no longer participate in chemistry. The s- and p-block elements, which fill their outer shells, are called
17722:
elements would appear at the peaks of the curve in the order of their atomic weights. In 1864, a book of his was published; it contained an early version of the periodic table containing 28 elements, and classified elements into six families by their
18109:
which stated that no two electrons could have the same four quantum numbers. This explained the lengths of the periods in the periodic table (2, 8, 18, and 32), which corresponded to the number of electrons that each shell could occupy. In 1925,
4238:
Today, 118 elements are known, the first 94 of which are known to occur naturally on Earth at present. The remaining 24, americium to oganesson (95–118), occur only when synthesized in laboratories. Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, 83 are
18046:
suggested in 1921 that eight and eighteen electrons in a shell form stable configurations. Bury proposed that the electron configurations in transitional elements depended upon the valence electrons in their outer shell. He introduced the word
15831:
Graph of carbon atoms being brought together to form a diamond crystal, demonstrating formation of the electronic band structure and band gap. The right graph shows the energy levels as a function of the spacing between atoms. When far apart
12696:
structure, which matches beryllium and magnesium in group 2, but not the other noble gases in group 18. Recent theoretical developments in noble gas chemistry, in which helium is expected to show slightly less inertness than neon and to form
8008:
respectively). This rule was first observed empirically by Madelung, and Klechkovsky and later authors gave it theoretical justification. The shells overlap in energies, and the Madelung rule specifies the sequence of filling according to:
18284:(TWG, fermium being element 100) in 1985 to set out criteria for discovery, which were published in 1991. After some further controversy, these elements received their final names in 1997, including seaborgium (106) in honour of Seaborg.
18271:
that lasted decades. These elements were made by bombardment of actinides with light ions. IUPAC at first adopted a hands-off approach, preferring to wait and see if a consensus would be forthcoming. But as it was also the height of the
29678:
Smits, O. R.; Indelicato, P.; Nazarewicz, W.; Piibeleht, M.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2023). "Pushing the limits of the periodic table—A review on atomic relativistic electronic structure theory and calculations for the superheavy elements".
14762:
of an element can be defined either as the number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with it to form a simple binary hydride, or as twice the number of oxygen atoms that can combine with it to form a simple binary oxide (that is, not a
4169:; those for hydrogen, helium, and lithium are respectively H, He, and Li. Neutrons do not affect the atom's chemical identity, but do affect its weight. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called
17682:
began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups
4243:
and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements. A few of the latter are so rare that they were not discovered in nature, but were synthesized in the laboratory before it was determined that they do exist in nature after all:
18426:
models have been suggested for the configurations of eighth-period elements, as well as how to show the results in a periodic table. All agree that the eighth period should begin like the previous ones with two 8s elements, 119 and
15772:: as electrons move within the molecules, they create momentary imbalances of electrical charge, which induce similar imbalances on nearby molecules and create synchronized movements of electrons across many neighbouring molecules.
24691:
Festkörper Probleme: Plenary Lectures of the Divisions Semiconductor Physics, Surface Physics, Low Temperature Physics, High Polymers, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, of the German Physical Society, Münster, March 19–24,
12663:
Like the group 1 metals, hydrogen has one electron in its outermost shell and typically loses its only electron in chemical reactions. Hydrogen has some metal-like chemical properties, being able to displace some metals from their
14585:
Thallium and lead atoms are about the same size as indium and tin atoms respectively, but from bismuth to radon the 6p atoms are larger than the analogous 5p atoms. This happens because when atomic nuclei become highly charged,
18556:'s left-step periodic table (pictured below), and the modernised form of Mendeleev's original 8-column layout that is still common in Russia. Other periodic table formats have been shaped much more exotically, such as spirals (
9052:
started to be synthesized in the laboratory in 1940, when neptunium was made. (However, the first element to be discovered by synthesis rather than in nature was technetium in 1937.) The row was completed with the synthesis of
17710:
kind of repetition of the first, like the eighth note of an octave in music (The Law of Octaves). However, Newlands's formulation only worked well for the main-group elements, and encountered serious problems with the others.
19601:, but this has not been confirmed. It is not clear how far they would extend past 100 and how long they would last: calculations suggest that nuclides of mass number around 280 to 290 are formed in the r-process, but quickly
9043:). Starting from lawrencium the 5f orbitals are in the core, and probably the 6d orbitals join the core starting from nihonium. Again there are a few anomalies along the way: for example, as single atoms neither actinium nor
19768:
configuration depending on the chemical environment. In some of the undiscovered g-block elements, mixing of configurations may become so important that the result can no longer be well-described by a single configuration.
20456:
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).
4173:
of the same chemical element. Naturally occurring elements usually occur as mixes of different isotopes; since each isotope usually occurs with a characteristic abundance, naturally occurring elements have well-defined
28302:
The first use of the term "transition" in its modern electronic sense appears to be due to the British chemist C. R.Bury, who first used the term in his 1921 paper on the electronic structure of atoms and the periodic
19866:
The boundary between dispersion forces and metallic bonding is gradual, like that between ionic and covalent bonding. Characteristic metallic properties do not appear in small mercury clusters, but do appear in large
17777:
Mendeleev nevertheless had some trouble fitting the known lanthanides into his scheme, as they did not exhibit the periodic change in valencies that the other elements did. After much investigation, the Czech chemist
14607:
is a liquid at room temperature. They are expected to become very strong in the late seventh period, potentially leading to a collapse of periodicity. Electron configurations are only clearly known until element 108
18247:
in 1941, and discovered that contrary to previous thinking, the elements from actinium onwards were congeners of the lanthanides rather than transition metals. Bassett (1892), Werner (1905), and the French engineer
18430:. However, after that the massive energetic overlaps between the 5g, 6f, 7d, and 8p subshells means that they all begin to fill together, and it is not clear how to separate out specific 5g and 6f series. Elements
15942:. The term "semimetal" used in this sense should not be confused with its strict physical sense having to do with band structure: bismuth is physically a semimetal, but is generally considered a metal by chemists.
18114:
arrived at configurations close to the modern ones. As a result of these advances, periodicity became based on the number of chemically active or valence electrons rather than by the valences of the elements. The
17931:= 10 an inner ring of eight electrons will occur." His proposed electron configurations for the atoms (shown to the right) mostly do not accord with those now known. They were improved further after the work of
17893:
of the primordial radioactive elements thorium and uranium, it soon became evident that there were many apparent new elements that had different atomic weights but exactly the same chemical properties. In 1913,
15615:
For transition metals, common oxidation states are nearly always at least +2 for similar reasons (uncovering the next subshell); this holds even for the metals with anomalous ds or ds configurations (except for
18450:) are destabilized. (Such shifts in the quantum numbers happen for all types of shells, but it makes the biggest difference to the order for the p-shells.) It is likely that by element 157, the filled 8s and 8p
7600:
For reasons of space, the periodic table is commonly presented with the f-block elements cut out and positioned as a distinct part below the main body. This reduces the number of element columns from 32 to 18.
22157:
14660:
at the right edge of the period. There are some exceptions to this trend, such as oxygen, where the electron being removed is paired and thus interelectronic repulsion makes it easier to remove than expected.
24019:
17425:
A periodic table colour-coded to show some commonly used sets of similar elements. The categories and their boundaries differ somewhat between sources. Lutetium and lawrencium in group 3 are also transition
19642:. However, the predicted half-lives are extremely long (e.g. the alpha decay of Pb to the ground state of Hg is expected to have a half-life greater than 10 years), and the decays have never been observed.
24844:(1910). Haas AE. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Satzes von der Erhaltung der Kraft. Habilitation Thesis, Vienna, 1909. Hermann, A. Arthur Erich Haas, Der erste Quantenansatz für das Atom. Stuttgart, 1965
17622:
remain common. With the increasing recognition of lutetium and lawrencium as d-block elements, some authors began to define the lanthanides as La–Yb and the actinides as Ac–No, matching the f-block. The
20756:
Gopka, V.F.; Yushchenko, A.V.; Yushchenko, V.A.; Panov, I.V.; Kim, Ch. (15 May 2008). "Identification of absorption lines of short half-life actinides in the spectrum of Przybylski's star (HD 101065)".
18312:
of actinides by calcium ions) in 1998–2010. The heaviest known element, oganesson (118), is named in Oganessian's honour. Element 114 is named flerovium in honour of his predecessor and mentor Flyorov.
17574:
elements should be considered metals, nonmetals, or semi-metals (sometimes called metalloids). Neither is there a consensus on what the metals succeeding the transition metals ought to be called, with
19898:
structures of antimony and bismuth, and unlike normal metals it does not have a long liquid range, but rather sublimes instead. Hence its structure is better treated as network covalent. Carbon as
26025:
Florez, Edison; Smits, Odile R.; Mewes, Jan-Michael; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2022). "From the gas phase to the solid state: The chemical bonding in the superheavy element flerovium".
20041:
18389:
The most recently named elements – nihonium (113), moscovium (115), tennessine (117), and oganesson (118) – completed the seventh row of the periodic table. Future elements would have to begin an
7605:
sequence, but it has the disadvantage of requiring more space. The form chosen is an editorial choice, and does not imply any change of scientific claim or statement. For example, when discussing
19729:) and neutral atoms (Madelung's rule). Thus for example, the energy order for the 55th electron outside the xenon core proceeds as follows in the isoelectronic series of caesium (55 electrons):
17866:, but he mistakenly assigned it as element 43 instead of 75 and so his discovery was not generally recognized until later. The contemporarily accepted discovery of element 75 came in 1925, when
30354:
27384:
15934:(exhibiting quasi-metallic conduction, with a very small band overlap); and polonium and probably astatine are true metals. Finally, the natural group 18 elements all stay as individual atoms.
15864:
is such a large number, adjacent orbitals are extremely close together in energy so the orbitals can be considered a continuous energy band. At the actual diamond crystal cell size (denoted by
31133:
featuring select visual representations of the periodic table of the elements, with an emphasis on alternative layouts including circular, cylindrical, pyramidal, spiral, and triangular forms.
20199:
19744:
and in the isoelectronic series of holmium (67 electrons), a Ho atom is 4f6s, but Er is 4f6s, Tm through W are 4f, and from Re onward the configuration is 4f5p following the hydrogenic order.
17782:
suggested in 1902 that the lanthanides could all be placed together in one group on the periodic table. He named this the "asteroid hypothesis" as an astronomical analogy: just as there is an
19876:
All this describes the situation at standard pressure. Under sufficiently high pressure, the band gaps of any solid drop to zero and metallization occurs. Thus for example at about 170
25360:
Schmidt, H. T.; Reinhed, P.; Orbán, A.; Rosén, S.; Thomas, R. D.; Johansson, H. A. B.; Werner, J.; Misra, D.; Björkhage, M.; Brännholm, L.; Löfgren, P.; Liljeby, L.; Cederquist, H. (2012).
31158:
30525:
Scerri, ER (2021). "The Impact of Twentieth-Century Physics on the Periodic Table and Some Remaining Questions in the Twenty-First Century". In Giunta, CJ; Mainz, VV; Girolami, GS (eds.).
20892:
Marcillac, Pierre de; Noël Coron; Gérard Dambier; Jacques Leblanc; Jean-Pierre Moalic (April 2003). "Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth".
4195:
weighted average of naturally occurring isotopes; but if no isotopes occur naturally in significant quantities, the mass of the most stable isotope usually appears, often in parentheses.
19932:. For example, a periodic table used by the American Chemical Society includes polonium as a metalloid, but one used by the Royal Society of Chemistry does not, and that included in the
19706:
mechanics", while others present quantum justification of the rule that was not ever disputed.' Other authors argue that such a derivation is not necessary, because it admits exceptions.
8360:
the 4s energy level becomes slightly higher than 3d, and so it becomes more profitable for a chromium atom to have a 3d 4s configuration than an 3d 4s one. A similar anomaly occurs at
18159:
in 1905. Bohr used Thomsen's form in his 1922 Nobel Lecture; Werner's form is very similar to the modern 32-column form. In particular, this supplanted Brauner's asteroidal hypothesis.
15973:
15824:
clusters. In a metal, the bonding and antibonding orbitals have overlapping energies, creating a single band that electrons can freely flow through, allowing for electrical conduction.
30243:
21825:
Thyssen, P.; Binnemans, K. (2011). "Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis". In Gschneidner, K. A. Jr.; Bünzli, J-C.G; Vecharsky, Bünzli (eds.).
30029:
29587:
Jerabek, Paul; Schuetrumpf, Bastian; Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Nazarewicz, Witold (2018). "Electron and Nucleon Localization Functions of Oganesson: Approaching the Thomas-Fermi Limit".
15811:
The metallicity of an element can be predicted from electronic properties. When atomic orbitals overlap during metallic or covalent bonding, they create both bonding and antibonding
24422:
Smits, Odile R.; Düllmann, Christoph E.; Indelicato, Paul; Nazarewicz, Witold; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2023). "The quest for superheavy elements and the limit of the periodic table".
24240:
becomes more symmetrical, and it becomes easier to predict electron configurations. E. R. Scerri points out that recent determinations of the electron configurations of most of the
10316:
14668:
As metal atoms tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions, ionisation energy is generally correlated with chemical reactivity, although there are other factors involved as well.
8352:
the 4s subshell is the lowest in energy, and therefore they fill it. Potassium adds one electron to the 4s shell ( 4s), and calcium then completes it ( 4s). However, starting from
31004:. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 1, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003. Baldock, Hertfordshire: Research Studies Press.
25591:
Carrasco, Rigo A.; Zamarripa, Cesy M.; Zollner, Stefan; Menéndez, José; Chastang, Stephanie A.; Duan, Jinsong; Grzybowski, Gordon J.; Claflin, Bruce B.; Kiefer, Arnold M. (2018).
17606:
are considered to be the elements Ac–Lr (historically Th–Lr), although variation of properties in this set is much greater than within the lanthanides. IUPAC recommends the names
19521:
The question of how many natural elements there are is quite complicated and is not fully resolved. The heaviest element that occurs in large quantities on Earth is element 92,
29305:
30578:
Bent, HA; Weinhold, F (2007). "News from the periodic table: an introduction to periodicity symbols, tables and models for higher order valency and donor-acceptor kinships".
25325:
Cárdenas, Carlos; Ayers, Paul; De Proft, Frank; Tozer, David J.; Geerlings, Paul (2010). "Should negative electron affinities be used for evaluating the chemical hardness?".
22089:
19622:
Some isotopes currently considered stable are theoretically expected to be radioactive with extremely long half-lives: for instance, all the stable isotopes of elements 62 (
18483:, just like electrons, and so a closed shell can significantly increase stability: the known superheavy nuclei exist because of such a shell closure, probably at around 114–
17596:
are considered to be the elements La–Lu, which are all very similar to each other: historically they included only Ce–Lu, but lanthanum became included by common usage. The
14539:
Historically, the physical size of atoms was unknown until the early 20th century. The first calculated estimate of the atomic radius of hydrogen was published by physicist
23689:
19613:
nuclides would decay within a month. If instead they were sufficiently long-lived, they might similarly be brought to Earth via cosmic rays, but again none have been found.
19750:
3p < 3d ≪ 4s < 4p as the d-orbitals fall into the core at gallium. Deeply buried core shells in heavy atoms thus come closer to the hydrogenic order: around osmium (
19685:
Strictly speaking, one cannot draw an orbital such that the electron is guaranteed to be inside it, but it can be drawn to guarantee a 90% probability of this for example.
18281:
15872:
band gap. (Here only the valence 2s and 2p electrons have been illustrated; the 1s orbitals do not significantly overlap, so the bands formed from them are much narrower.)
14665:
the rise in nuclear charge, and therefore the ionisation energies stay mostly constant, though there is a small increase especially at the end of each transition series.
18548:
The periodic law may be represented in multiple ways, of which the standard periodic table is only one. Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev's table in 1869,
17282:
19777:
Compounds that would use the 6d orbitals of nihonium as valence orbitals have been theoretically investigated, but they are all expected to be too unstable to observe.
27664:
29360:
Gan, Z. G.; Huang, W. X.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Zhou, X. H.; Xu, H. S. (2022). "Results and perspectives for study of heavy and super-heavy nuclei and elements at IMP/CAS".
29756:
20231:
26386:
29248:
27342:
22523:
Jørgensen, Christian Klixbüll (1988). "Influence of Rare Earths on Chemical Understanding and Classification". In Gschneidner Jr., Karl A.; Eyring, Leroy (eds.).
20351:
20325:
17637:
is a semimetal by physical definitions, but chemists generally consider it a metal. A few terms are widely used, but without any very formal definition, such as "
30749:
Scerri, Eric (2021). "Various forms of the periodic table including the left-step table, the regularization of atomic number triads and first-member anomalies".
28477:
26807:
15966:
4235:
similar properties, as well. Thus, it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it.
28969:
22699:
20299:
20279:
20259:
20125:
20105:
20081:
20061:
18178:
considered the matter largely agree on group 3 containing scandium, yttrium, lutetium, and lawrencium and challenge the counterarguments as being inconsistent.
8371:( 3d 4s), the 3d orbitals are completely filled with a total of ten electrons. Next come the 4p orbitals, completing the row, which are filled progressively by
8048:
Starting from the simplest atom, this lets us build up the periodic table one at a time in order of atomic number, by considering the cases of single atoms. In
1084:
The periodic table continues to evolve with the progress of science. In nature, only elements up to atomic number 94 exist; to go further, it was necessary to
29857:
Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Pašteka, Lukáš F.; Punnett, Andrew; Bowman, Patrick O. (2015). "Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in superheavy elements".
28357:
25003:
Imyanitov, Naum S. (2018). "Is the periodic table appears doubled? Two variants of division of elements into two subsets. Internal and secondary periodicity".
17786:
instead of a single planet between Mars and Jupiter, so the place below yttrium was thought to be occupied by all the lanthanides instead of just one element.
4379:
23582:
26629:
25695:
Pastor, G. M.; Stampfli, P.; Bennemann, K. (1988). "On the transition from Van der Waals- to metallic bonding in Hg-clusters as a function of cluster size".
22910:
Krinsky, Jamin L.; Minasian, Stefan G.; Arnold, John (8 December 2010). "Covalent Lanthanide Chemistry Near the Limit of Weak Bonding: Observation of (CpSiMe
14771:). The valences of the main-group elements are directly related to the group number: the hydrides in the main groups 1–2 and 13–17 follow the formulae MH, MH
12702:
helium lacks, though realistically it is unlikely that helium-containing molecules will be stable outside extreme low-temperature conditions (around 10
12668:. But it forms a diatomic nonmetallic gas at standard conditions, unlike the alkali metals which are reactive solid metals. This and hydrogen's formation of
10309:
27809:
15745:
is the most electronegative element, but the Pauling scale cannot measure its electronegativity because it does not form covalent bonds with most elements.
14486:
in 1948 considered it incorrect to group lutetium as an f-block element. They did not yet take the step of removing lanthanum from the d-block as well, but
33054:
31023:. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Periodic Table, part 2, Kananaskis Guest Ranch, Alberta, 14–20 July 2003. New York: Nova Science.
28286:
22971:
18597:
17306:
electricity because their electrons are free to move in all three dimensions. Similarly, they conduct heat, which is transferred by the electrons as extra
857:
30494:
27131:
15761:
The diamond-cubic structure, a giant covalent structure adopted by carbon (as diamond), as well as by silicon, germanium, and (grey) tin, all in group 14.
33064:
26877:
26567:
Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P. K.; Thomas, R. L.; Anthony, T. R.; Banholzer, W. F. (1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond".
19846:(sulfur in the +5 oxidation state). Some compounds that appear to be in such intermediate oxidation states are actually mixed-valence compounds, such as
8045:
The overlaps get quite close at the point where the d-orbitals enter the picture, and the order can shift slightly with atomic number and atomic charge.
8017:
Here the sign ≪ means "much less than" as opposed to < meaning just "less than". Phrased differently, electrons enter orbitals in order of increasing
1065:. The periodic law was recognized as a fundamental discovery in the late 19th century. It was explained early in the 20th century, with the discovery of
867:
27521:
22826:
Farberovich, O. V.; Kurganskii, S. I.; Domashevskaya, E. P. (1980). "Problems of the OPW Method. II. Calculation of the Band Structure of ZnS and CdS".
14475:
configurations; modern measurements are more consistent with the form with lutetium and lawrencium in group 3, and with La–Yb and Ac–No as the f-block.
33114:
15959:
7631:
The periodic table is a graphic description of the periodic law, which states that the properties and atomic structures of the chemical elements are a
917:
30344:
27368:
33211:
33089:
31212:
20545:
891:
30558:
Scerri, ER (2009). "The dual sense of the term "element", attempts to derive the Madelung rule and the optimal form of the periodic table, if any".
26703:
5831:
so that Ce–Lu and Th–Lr become the f-block between groups 3 and 4; this was based on incorrectly measured electron configurations from history, and
27469:
22467:
Jørgensen, Christian (1973). "The Loose Connection between Electron Configuration and the Chemical Behavior of the Heavy Elements (Transuranics)".
21874:
10302:
974:
30598:
Allen, LC; Knight, ET (2002). "The Löwdin challenge: origin of the (Madelung) rule for filling the orbital configurations of the periodic table".
23511:
18438:
The situation from elements 157 to 172 should return to normalcy and be more reminiscent of the earlier rows. The heavy p-shells are split by the
33298:
33094:
33069:
32515:
30165:
Giuliani, S. A.; Matheson, Z.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Reinhard, P.-G.; Sadhukhan, J.; Schtruempf, B.; Schunck, N.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019).
29929:
22575:
Tossell, J.A. (1 November 1977). "Theoretical studies of valence orbital binding energies in solid zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, and zinc fluoride".
21424:
18454:
shells with four electrons in total have sunk into the core. Beyond the core, the next orbitals are 7d and 9s at similar energies, followed by 9p
18277:
896:
872:
27536:
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner: "An Attempt to Group Elementary Substances according to Their Analogies" (Lemoyne College (Syracuse, New York, USA))
17633:
are the short-lived elements beyond the actinides, starting at lawrencium or rutherfordium (depending on where the actinides are taken to end).
15659:); they are nonetheless united by having four valence electrons. This often leads to similarities in maximum and minimum oxidation states (e.g.
33049:
32765:
29331:
28129:
Translated in Helge Kragh, Aarhus, Lars Vegard, Atomic Structure, and the Periodic System, Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 37, Number 1 (2012), p.43.
28064:
Niels Bohr, "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III, Systems containing several nuclei" Philosophical Magazine 26:857--875 (1913)
23604:
15709:
Electrostatic potential map of a water molecule, where the oxygen atom has a more negative charge (red) than the positive (blue) hydrogen atoms
852:
500:
21277:
20281:
arises at zero energy and then becomes bound, recovering the Madelung order. Perturbation-theory considerations show that states with smaller
15611:
Oxidation states of the transition metals. The solid dots show common oxidation states, and the hollow dots show possible but unlikely states.
33178:
27200:
26511:
26080:
20372:
Technetium, promethium, astatine, neptunium, and plutonium were eventually discovered to occur in nature as well, albeit in tiny traces. See
18295:
The TWG's criteria were used to arbitrate later element discovery claims from LBNL and JINR, as well as from research institutes in Germany (
18255:
A significant controversy arose with elements 102 through 106 in the 1960s and 1970s, as competition arose between the LBNL team (now led by
4358:(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) naming system (1–18) was put into use, and the old group names (I–VIII) were deprecated.
190:
29999:
29495:
Fricke, B.; Greiner, W.; Waber, J. T. (1971). "The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements".
29122:
1081:
were in fact f-block rather than d-block elements. The periodic table and law are now a central and indispensable part of modern chemistry.
33399:
33188:
33183:
30112:
Cheng-Jun, Xia; She-Sheng, Xue; Ren-Xin, Xu; Shan-Gui, Zhou (2020). "Supercritically charged objects and electron-positron pair creation".
29282:
25523:
Allen, Leland C. (1989). "Electronegativity is the average one-electron energy of the valence-shell electrons in ground-state free atoms".
23022:
Xu, Wei; Ji, Wen-Xin; Qiu, Yi-Xiang; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Wang, Shu-Guang (2013). "On structure and bonding of lanthanoid trifluorides LnF
21352:
19938:
does not refer to metalloids or semi-metals at all. Classification can change even within a single work. For example, Sherwin and Weston's
15763:(In grey tin, the band gap vanishes and metallization occurs. Tin has another allotrope, white tin, whose structure is even more metallic.)
8033:+ ℓ are similar in energy, but in the case of the s-orbitals (with ℓ = 0), quantum effects raise their energy to approach that of the next
185:
180:
26545:
25592:
18552:
had collected an estimated 700 different published versions of the periodic table. Many forms retain the rectangular structure, including
8147:: the elements in the s-block (coloured red) are filling s-orbitals, while those in the p-block (coloured yellow) are filling p-orbitals.
33404:
33124:
33084:
33079:
33039:
31069:. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Periodic Table, Cuzco, Peru 14–16 August 2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28716:
21572:
18296:
926:
887:
883:
842:
31111:]. 1st International Conference on the Periodic Table, Torino-Roma, 15–21 September 1969. Torino: Accademia delle Scienze di Torino.
27646:
24866:
17838:
and showed that Mendeleev's ordering actually places the elements in sequential order by nuclear charge. Nuclear charge is identical to
1073:, both ideas serving to illuminate the internal structure of the atom. A recognisably modern form of the table was reached in 1945 with
33099:
33034:
32820:
30395:
28075:
27279:
19913:
15630:
As elements in the same group share the same valence configurations, they usually exhibit similar chemical behaviour. For example, the
4372:
901:
837:
563:
48:
28612:
26280:
25039:
23260:
Kelley, Morgan P.; Deblonde, Gauthier J.-P.; Su, Jing; Booth, Corwin H.; Abergel, Rebecca J.; Batista, Enrique R.; Yang, Ping (2018).
20610:
19718:
1s ≪ 2s < 2p ≪ 3s < 3p ≪ 3d < 4s < 4p ≪ 4d < 5s < 5p ≪ 4f < 5d < 6s < 6p ≪ 5f < 6d < 7s < 7p ≪ ...
8091:, which states that atoms usually prefer to singly occupy each orbital of the same type before filling them with the second electron.
8013:
1s ≪ 2s < 2p ≪ 3s < 3p ≪ 4s < 3d < 4p ≪ 5s < 4d < 5p ≪ 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p ≪ 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p ≪ ...
33193:
33173:
32960:
28928:
25673:
23003:
Wang, Fan; Le-Min, Li (2002). "镧系元素 4f 轨道在成键中的作用的理论研究" [Theoretical Study on the Role of Lanthanide 4f Orbitals in Bonding].
19554:
729:
200:
170:
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33029:
32993:
28996:
28207:
28148:
27772:
27415:
25303:
25269:
25181:
24689:
Wittig, Jörg (1973). "The pressure variable in solid state physics: What about 4f-band superconductors?". In H. J. Queisser (ed.).
22073:
21640:
Chemey, Alexander T.; Albrecht-Schmitt, Thomas E. (2019). "Evolution of the periodic table through the synthesis of new elements".
20373:
18590:
17660:
1123:
832:
29789:
27428:「12.アルカリ土類金属」の範囲についても,△を含めれば,すべての教科書で提案が考慮されている。歴史的には第4 周期のカルシウム以下を指していた用語だったが,「周期表の2 族に対応する用語とする」というIUPAC の勧告1)に従うのは現在では自然な流れだろう。
17770:
discovered a new element, which he named scandium: it turned out to be eka-boron. Eka-silicon was found in 1886 by German chemist
5840:
15 f-block elements in each row, which contradicts quantum mechanics), leaving the heavier members of group 3 ambiguous. See also
1061:. As not all elements were then known, there were gaps in his periodic table, and Mendeleev successfully used the periodic law to
33382:
28046:
Helge Kragh, Aarhus, Lars Vegard, Atomic Structure, and the Periodic System, Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 37, Number 1 (2012), p.43.
23681:
22023:
18475:
is still an open problem. This would need to be solved to continue calculating the periodic table's structure beyond this point.
14695:
Some atoms, like the noble gases, have no electron affinity: they cannot form stable gas-phase anions. (They can form metastable
25642:
9008:) complete the period. From lutetium onwards the 4f orbitals are in the core, and from thallium onwards so are the 5d orbitals.
7670:) have enough energy to break free of the nucleus and participate in chemical reactions with other atoms. The others are called
33426:
33074:
33024:
29018:
Hofmann, Sigurd; Dmitriev, Sergey N.; Fahlander, Claes; Gates, Jacklyn M.; Roberto, James B.; Sakai, Hideyuki (4 August 2020).
24106:
20863:
Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium and Lawrencium". In Morss, L. R.; Edelstein, N. M.; Fuger, J. (eds.).
20734:
17806:
proposed in 1913 that the nuclear charge determined the placement of elements in the periodic table. The New Zealand physicist
877:
827:
27711:
26243:
23616:
17330:
There are some other relationships throughout the periodic table between elements that are not in the same group, such as the
17294:
14594:
result in heavy elements increasingly having differing properties compared to their lighter homologues in the periodic table.
33119:
33044:
32955:
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31074:
31028:
31009:
30990:
30968:
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30927:
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29339:
29093:
28022:
27918:
27616:
27571:
27538:
27231:
27115:
26995:
26947:
26734:
26404:
26369:
26336:
26311:
25954:
25776:
25563:
25223:
24828:
24795:
24762:
24707:
24565:"A comparison of the structural chemistry of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and lutetium: A contribution to the group 3 debate"
24217:
23954:
23811:
23775:
23741:
23659:
22532:
22083:
21842:
21271:
20876:
20812:
18240:
13600:
12727:
4365:
921:
847:
724:
30458:
27880:
A. van den Broek, Die Radioelemente, das periodische System und die Konstitution der Atom, Physik. Zeitsch., 14, 32, (1913).
25569:
24564:
24223:
23071:"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"
22780:
22201:
12688:
on the grounds that it appears to imply that hydrogen is above the periodic law altogether, unlike all the other elements.
4280:
emitted from microscopic quantities (300,000 atoms). Of the 94 natural elements, eighty have a stable isotope and one more (
34285:
33438:
33377:
31046:
27661:
22630:
19954:
18260:
17830:
confirmed van den Broek's proposal experimentally. Moseley determined the value of the nuclear charge of each element from
967:
30315:
19529:
in nature, and the resulting neutrons can strike other uranium atoms. If neutron capture then occurs, elements 93 and 94,
8071:". The 1s subshell is a core shell for all elements from lithium onward. The 2s subshell is completed by the next element
33291:
32553:
32508:
29725:
25442:
Amador, J.; Puebla, E. Gutierrez; Monge, M. A.; Rasines, I.; Valero, C. Ruiz (1988). "Diantimony Tetraoxides Revisited".
18583:
221:
44:
30672:
Ostrovsky, V. N. (2005). "On Recent Discussion Concerning Quantum Justification of the Periodic Table of the Elements".
26410:
18523:
they can be produced at all. Experimentally characterizing these elements chemically would also pose a great challenge.
8992:, the seven 4f orbitals are completely filled with fourteen electrons; thereafter, a series of ten transition elements (
8414:). Again, from indium onward the 4d orbitals are in the core. Hence the fifth row has the same structure as the fourth.
32988:
32945:
29231:
27305:
23069:
Chi, Chaoxian; Pan, Sudip; Jin, Jiaye; Meng, Luyan; Luo, Mingbiao; Zhao, Lili; Zhou, Mingfei; Frenking, Gernot (2019).
20130:
17384:
Many other physical properties of the elements exhibit periodic variation in accordance with the periodic law, such as
14831:, which is the formal charge left on an element when all other elements in a compound have been removed as their ions.
761:
712:
28508:
26792:
23638:
Fricke, B. (1975). Dunitz, J. D. (ed.). "Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties".
21122:
20943:
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".
20640:
18401:
adopted in 1978, which directly relate to the atomic numbers (e.g. "unhexquadium" for element 164, derived from Latin
17759:
1097:
of the periodic law exist, and there is some discussion as to whether there is an optimal form of the periodic table.
33161:
30899:
28955:
24673:
24506:
24331:
Karol, Paul J.; Barber, Robert C.; Sherrill, Bradley M.; Vardaci, Emanuele; Yamazaki, Toshimitsu (22 December 2015).
22706:
22241:
22017:
21790:
19485:
This form of periodic table is congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to the
8103:(1s 2s 2p) then complete the already singly filled 2p orbitals; the last of these fills the second shell completely.
8060:
adds a second electron, which also goes into 1s, completely filling the first shell and giving the configuration 1s.
1062:
149:
28388:
25134:
Norrby, Lars J. (1991). "Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?".
14547:(~0.529 Å). In his model, Haas used a single-electron configuration based on the classical atomic model proposed by
31198:
28533:
Karapetoff, Vladimir (1930). "A chart of consecutive sets of electronic orbits within atoms of chemical elements".
26934:
23572:
23262:"Bond Covalency and Oxidation State of Actinide Ions Complexed with Therapeutic Chelating Agent 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO)"
21468:
William B. Jensen (1982). "The Positions of Lanthanum (Actinium) and Lutetium (Lawrencium) in the Periodic Table".
20868:
17641:", which has been given such a wide range of definitions that it has been criticized as "effectively meaningless".
15730:
electropositive elements, while the chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases are among the most electronegative ones.
7654:, which characterizes the probability it can be found in any particular region around the atom. Their energies are
302:
26617:
20495:(i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons), is included in a few alternate presentations, for example, in the
4222:
of the atom; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns (e.g.
323:
281:
34243:
33109:
32983:
31130:
27832:
27712:"The natural system of elements and its application to the indication of the properties of undiscovered elements"
25182:"Theoretical Predictions of the Chemistry of Superheavy Elements: Continuation of the Periodic Table up to Z=184"
21041:
Hoffman, D. C.; Lawrence, F. O.; Mewherter, J. L.; Rourke, F. M. (1971). "Detection of Plutonium-244 in Nature".
19578:
19486:
18304:
18066:, but Bury and Bohr had predicted that element 72 could not be a rare earth element and had to be a homologue of
4663:
4603:
960:
911:
295:
288:
31:
28255:
26663:
22978:
19561:(element 96) is the longest-lived element beyond the first 94, and is probably still being brought to Earth via
17541:
Many terms have been used in the literature to describe sets of elements that behave similarly. The group names
4057:
316:
34122:
33284:
33264:
33146:
32501:
30490:
28232:
28173:
27138:
15733:
Electronegativity is generally measured on the Pauling scale, on which the most electronegative reactive atom (
14591:
14505:
789:
158:
17:
32720:
27640:
26908:
22006:
Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1964). "19. The Hydrogen Atom and The Periodic Table".
18139:; the complete rule was derived from a similar potential in 1971 by Yury N. Demkov and Valentin N. Ostrovsky.
17705:
in February 1863 on the periodicity among the chemical elements. In 1864 Newlands published an article in the
15749:
electronegativity 1.87 on the Pauling scale, while lead in the +4 oxidation state has electronegativity 2.33.
330:
309:
34295:
33565:
33319:
33138:
33059:
32949:
31171:
30709:"What is an element? What is the periodic table? And what does quantum mechanics contribute to the question?"
27493:
26112:
23075:
22344:
19715:
Once two to four electrons are removed, the d and f orbitals usually become lower in energy than the s ones:
17654:
12710:
863:
785:
716:
132:
17679:
29726:"Relativistic effects on the electronic structure of the heaviest elements. Is the Periodic Table endless?"
19942:(1966) has a periodic table on p. 7 classifying antimony as a nonmetal, but on p. 115 it is called a metal.
18267:. Each team claimed discovery, and in some cases each proposed their own name for the element, creating an
17762:, working without knowledge of Mendeleev's prediction, discovered a new element in a sample of the mineral
14696:
14643:
Graph of first ionisation energies of the elements in electronvolts (predictions used for elements 109–118)
12676:
which do the same (though it is rarer for hydrogen to form H than H). Moreover, the lightest two halogens (
6720:
1116:
31109:
Proceedings of the Mendeleevian conference: Periodicity and symmetry in the elementary structure of matter
21121:
Wu, Yang; Dai, Xiongxin; Xing, Shan; Luo, Maoyi; Christl, Marcus; Synal, Hans-Arno; Hou, Shaochun (2022).
19725:
instead. There is a gradual transition between the limiting situations of highly charged ions (increasing
33842:
33329:
33168:
31147:
26695:
24496:
4198:
In the standard periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number. A new row (
1094:
166:
32730:
32725:
30214:
Giardina, G.; Fazio, G.; Mandaglio, G.; Manganaro, M.; Nasirov, A.K.; Romaniuk, M.V.; Saccà, C. (2010).
29536:(2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions".
27441:
21870:
20496:
17270:
8139:
but changing intervals of atomic numbers, the properties of the chemical elements approximately repeat.
4178:, defined as the average mass of a naturally occurring atom of that element. All elements have multiple
34270:
34219:
33768:
33739:
33719:
33672:
33003:
28965:
26659:
25883:"Oganesson is a Semiconductor: On the Relativistic Band-Gap Narrowing in the Heaviest Noble-Gas Solids"
21328:
21006:
20427:
18439:
18422:(HIRFL) in China also plan to make their own attempts at synthesizing the first few period 8 elements.
18268:
18029:
The first one to systematically expand and correct the chemical potentials of Bohr's atomic theory was
14595:
797:
388:
52:
29896:
27170:
Kragh, Helge (2017). "The search for superheavy elements: Historical and philosophical perspectives".
26091:
21393:
21167:
Wallner, A.; Faestermann, T.; Feige, J.; Feldstein, C.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; et al. (2015).
19934:
34280:
33357:
32936:
31127:
30391:
30267:"Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?"
27858:
26625:
24300:"Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
18106:
15849:
7659:
4165:, atomic number 3; and so on. Each of these names can be further abbreviated by a one- or two-letter
4149:. Each distinct atomic number therefore corresponds to a class of atom: these classes are called the
705:
27482:
Here, Döbereiner found that strontium's properties were intermediate to those of calcium and barium.
20458:
19721:
and in the limit for extremely highly charged ions, orbitals simply fill in the order of increasing
17684:
9061:
had already been made in 2002), and the last elements in this seventh row were given names in 2016.
34112:
34028:
33667:
32538:
23544:
22266:
Ostrovsky, V. N. (May 2001). "What and How Physics Contributes to Understanding the Periodic Law".
21258:
21169:"Abundance of live Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis"
18606:
18532:
17236:
7954:
7947:
105:
33156:
27940:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
27192:
26503:
24297:
23446:; Abdullin, F.Sh.; Bailey, P.D.; Benker, D.E.; Bennett, M.E.; Dmitriev, S.N.; et al. (2010).
21545:"The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update"
15697:
is not known to form oxidation state +6, despite being in the same group as sulfur and selenium).
14624:), so the chemical characterization of the heaviest elements remains a topic of current research.
4499:
144:
34265:
34050:
33961:
33924:
33808:
33734:
33555:
33538:
33481:
33252:
33221:
32715:
32672:
32543:
31150:, leading philosopher of science specializing in the history and philosophy of the periodic table
31105:
Atti del convegno Mendeleeviano: Periodicità e simmetrie nella struttura elementare della materia
26199:
Hermann, A.; Hoffmann, R.; Ashcroft, N. W. (2013). "Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic".
26087:
25802:
24787:
24694:. Advances in Solid State Physics. Vol. 13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 375–396.
24660:
24298:
Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich W. (2011).
18398:
18394:
18329:
18101:
took up the problem of electron configurations in 1923. Pauli extended Bohr's scheme to use four
17698:
15769:
7958:
4199:
1296:
1109:
1090:
1000:
940:
458:
400:
208:
115:
71:
31153:
29274:
28120:
W. Kossel, "Über Molekülbildung als Folge des Atom- baues", Ann. Phys., 1916, 49, 229–362 (237).
21320:
20234:
15796:. Some elements can form multiple simple substances with different structures: these are called
33968:
33956:
33847:
33712:
33486:
33352:
32742:
32569:
30349:
29077:
29065:
26537:
23358:
20238:
19885:
18511:
18136:
17803:
12693:
10343:
8984:. After this, the first f-block elements (coloured green below) begin to appear, starting with
8144:
8053:
7655:
7640:
7626:
7614:
4399:
4219:
4213:
1142:
1032:
1004:
774:
468:
238:
32975:
30000:"The limits of the nuclear chart set by fission and alpha decay | EPJ Web of Conferences"
28793:"Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized"
28705:
25881:
Mewes, Jan-Michael; Smits, Odile Rosette; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (25 July 2019).
21544:
14699:
if the incoming electron arrives with enough kinetic energy, but these inevitably and rapidly
14581:
Liquid mercury. Its liquid state at standard conditions is the result of relativistic effects.
4342:. The Roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today's naming convention (e.g. the
749:
34290:
34117:
34014:
33999:
33929:
33852:
33684:
33634:
33543:
33468:
33367:
33216:
32797:
30796:
27910:
27904:
25107:
Pyykkö, Pekka; Desclaux, Jean Paul (1979). "Relativity and the periodic system of elements".
24858:
24333:"Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers Z = 113, 115 and 117 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
23903:
19836:
19674:
18119:
that describes the electron configurations of the elements was first empirically observed by
17875:
17576:
17448:
17331:
16093:
15601:
12723:
10284:
This completes the modern periodic table, with all seven rows completely filled to capacity.
7606:
5841:
533:
56:
28792:
27444:[Excerpt of a letter from Court Advisor Wurzer, Professor of Chemistry at Marburg].
27248:
26361:
26354:
24779:
21908:
15635:
as the alkali metals, but its chemical behaviour is quite different. The stable elements of
34107:
34062:
33837:
33657:
33587:
33344:
33324:
32898:
32582:
31241:
31123:
30434:
30291:
30227:
30178:
30131:
30070:
30011:
29911:
29866:
29826:
29698:
29606:
29545:
29411:
29369:
29306:"Berkeley Lab to lead US hunt for element 120 after breakdown of collaboration with Russia"
29186:
29137:
28658:
28569:
28492:
28426:
28372:
28328:
28270:
28198:
27559:
27505:
27453:
26892:
26850:
26762:
26576:
26476:
26433:
26272:
26208:
26153:
26034:
25855:
25810:
25704:
25604:
25373:
25143:
24820:
24813:
24618:
24458:
24270:
24141:
23983:
23466:
23370:
23320:
23224:
23177:
23130:
23035:
22879:
22835:
22408:
22352:
22313:
22165:
21957:
21708:
21477:
21190:
21095:
21052:
21015:
20962:
20901:
20766:
20702:
20602:
20396:
20204:
19812:
19570:
18502:
may become stable at high mass numbers, in which the nucleus is composed of freely flowing
18128:
18043:
17397:
17336:
16084:
15995:
15793:
14851:
10355:
8005:
7658:, which is to say that they can only take discrete values. Furthermore, electrons obey the
4737:
4409:
4129:
atomic orbitals showing probability density and phase (g orbitals and higher are not shown)
1152:
1047:
756:
664:
521:
263:
31136:
30385:
28906:
25665:
22233:
22227:
19541:; these are in fact more common than some of the rarest elements in the first 92, such as
18223:
in 1939. The elements beyond uranium were likewise discovered artificially, starting with
15868:), two bands are formed, called the valence and conduction bands, separated by a 5.5
14791:, and finally MH. The highest oxides instead increase in valence, following the formulae M
254:
8:
34275:
34130:
34084:
34009:
33982:
33880:
33862:
33815:
33753:
33649:
33629:
33498:
33493:
33394:
32815:
30340:
30303:
29924:
29839:
29812:
25386:
25361:
24931:"The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table"
23213:"The chemistry of superheavy elements. III. Theoretical studies on element 113 compounds"
23121:
Singh, Prabhakar P. (1994). "Relativistic effects in mercury: Atom, clusters, and bulk".
22111:
20330:
20304:
20261:
passes through each of these values, a manifold containing all states with that value of
19929:
19801:
19606:
19598:
19526:
18557:
18541:
18488:
18480:
18335:
18124:
18094:(element 71). Hafnium and rhenium thus became the last stable elements to be discovered.
17767:
17724:
17347:
15947:
14759:
9049:
7968:
4289:
809:
30438:
30295:
30231:
30182:
30135:
30074:
30015:
29915:
29870:
29830:
29702:
29610:
29549:
29415:
29373:
29190:
29141:
28992:
28662:
28573:
28496:
28430:
28376:
28332:
28274:
27764:
27563:
27509:
27457:
27407:
26896:
26854:
26766:
26580:
26480:
26437:
26212:
26157:
26038:
25859:
25814:
25708:
25608:
25377:
25295:
25261:
25147:
25069:
P. Pyykkö; M. Atsumi (2009). "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118".
24780:
24622:
24274:
24145:
23987:
23470:
23374:
23324:
23228:
23181:
23134:
23039:
22883:
22839:
22501:. Moscow: State Publishing House of Technical-Theoretical Literature. pp. 382, 397.
22412:
22356:
22317:
22169:
21961:
21712:
21481:
21194:
21099:
21056:
21019:
20966:
20905:
20770:
20706:
18142:
17794:
15827:
8056:
is written 1s, where the superscript indicates the number of electrons in the subshell.
4268:(element 99) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form, nor has
34207:
34173:
34035:
34004:
33885:
33827:
33525:
33508:
33503:
33458:
33421:
33411:
33372:
32903:
32863:
30766:
30731:
30689:
30307:
30281:
30196:
30147:
30121:
30094:
30060:
29971:
29781:
29748:
29688:
29630:
29596:
29569:
29512:
29472:
29437:
29041:
28812:
28773:
28646:
28593:
28581:
28103:
27824:
27334:
27271:
27171:
27085:
26841:
Fernelius, W. C.; Loening, Kurt; Adams, Roy M. (1971). "Names of groups and elements".
26449:
26176:
26141:
26058:
25999:
25974:
25907:
25882:
25720:
25620:
25020:
24960:
24911:
24587:
24545:
24439:
24388:
24365:
24006:
23492:
23404:
23242:
23098:
23070:
22772:
22431:
22396:
22283:
21834:
21724:
21696:
21564:
21416:
21344:
21219:
21180:
21168:
21142:
21068:
21004:
Tretyak, V.I.; Zdesenko, Yu.G. (2002). "Tables of Double Beta Decay Data — An Update".
20986:
20952:
20925:
20845:
20782:
20726:
20284:
20264:
20244:
20110:
20090:
20066:
20046:
19847:
19610:
18131:
derived the first part of the Madelung rule (that orbitals fill in order of increasing
18060:
17827:
17629:
17598:
17401:
15592:
14587:
14552:
14509:
8384:
8380:
4309:
4240:
4126:
4033:
4027:
1050:
character increases going from the bottom left of the periodic table to the top right.
804:
680:
657:
652:
378:
358:
30639:
29954:
Hofmann, Sigurd (2019). "Synthesis and properties of isotopes of the transactinides".
29381:
28546:
22325:
22188:
19589:, but they have long since decayed away. Even heavier elements may be produced in the
1053:
The first periodic table to become generally accepted was that of the Russian chemist
351:
34226:
34188:
34153:
34136:
34074:
33992:
33987:
33915:
33900:
33870:
33791:
33758:
33729:
33724:
33699:
33689:
33609:
33597:
33476:
33389:
32998:
32868:
32092:
31089:
31070:
31024:
31005:
30986:
30964:
30945:
30923:
30895:
30879:
30858:
30841:
30833:
30823:
30816:
30800:
30770:
30735:
30538:
30450:
30215:
30200:
30151:
30086:
29975:
29752:
29653:
29622:
29561:
29516:
29441:
29429:
29212:
29204:
29149:
29089:
29046:
28777:
28585:
28442:
28224:
28165:
28095:
28018:
27957:
27914:
27639:
27612:
27577:
27567:
27338:
27227:
27111:
27089:
27024:
26991:
26943:
26730:
26592:
26400:
26365:
26332:
26307:
26224:
26181:
26062:
26050:
26004:
25950:
25912:
25828:
25772:
25724:
25716:
25638:
25624:
25559:
25342:
25219:
25086:
25024:
24952:
24915:
24824:
24791:
24758:
24703:
24669:
24591:
24549:
24502:
24443:
24392:
24213:
24159:
24011:
23971:
23950:
23827:
Seaborg, G. (1945). "The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements".
23807:
23771:
23737:
23655:
23603:
23484:
23396:
23336:
23289:
23281:
23193:
23146:
23103:
23051:
22947:
22939:
22764:
22695:
22626:
22528:
22436:
22237:
22193:
22079:
22013:
21941:
21838:
21786:
21420:
21267:
21224:
21206:
21146:
20990:
20978:
20917:
20872:
20849:
20808:
20786:
20718:
20528:
20474:
20084:
19881:
19832:
19639:
19224:
18171:
18055:
or transition elements. Bohr's theory was vindicated by the discovery of element 72:
17932:
17807:
17750:
17602:(or rare earth metals) add scandium and yttrium to the lanthanides. Analogously, the
17478:
17358:
16862:
15812:
15714:
15679:
14685:
14648:
14604:
14540:
14496:
14491:
14190:
13317:
11855:
9963:
8997:
7632:
7201:
6439:
5580:
4301:
4041:
2852:
1085:
1070:
1028:
781:
769:
621:
368:
344:
30693:
30311:
30098:
29878:
29573:
28816:
28597:
28414:
27828:
27275:
24964:
24094:
23682:"The periodic table is an icon. But chemists still can't agree on how to arrange it"
23408:
23246:
22776:
22287:
21568:
21348:
20730:
20690:
20555:
19831:
The normally "forbidden" intermediate oxidation states may be stabilized by forming
15607:
14676:
14543:
in 1910 to within an order of magnitude (a factor of 10) of the accepted value, the
8383:; the d-block elements (coloured blue below), which fill an inner shell, are called
264:
34231:
34148:
33803:
33662:
33639:
33592:
33533:
33233:
33151:
32927:
32792:
32750:
32710:
32705:
32700:
32695:
32690:
32685:
32680:
32632:
32627:
32622:
32156:
31861:
31690:
31519:
31438:
31357:
31330:
31293:
31288:
31283:
30788:
30758:
30723:
30681:
30627:
30607:
30587:
30567:
30530:
30442:
30299:
30235:
30186:
30139:
30082:
30078:
30024:
30019:
29963:
29919:
29874:
29834:
29740:
29706:
29634:
29618:
29614:
29553:
29504:
29464:
29419:
29377:
29244:
29240:
29194:
29145:
29081:
29031:
28918:
28882:
28849:
28804:
28763:
28577:
28542:
28500:
28434:
28380:
28336:
28278:
28216:
28202:
28157:
28143:
28087:
27988:
27947:
27723:
27513:
27461:
27376:
27324:
27316:
27263:
27077:
27050:
27020:
26900:
26858:
26770:
26584:
26484:
26453:
26441:
26392:
26220:
26216:
26171:
26161:
26042:
25994:
25986:
25902:
25894:
25863:
25823:
25818:
25797:
25712:
25612:
25532:
25451:
25381:
25334:
25151:
25116:
25078:
25012:
24942:
24901:
24695:
24626:
24579:
24535:
24470:
24431:
24380:
24344:
24311:
24278:
24149:
24073:
24001:
23991:
23915:
23870:
23836:
23791:
23647:
23608:
23496:
23479:
23474:
23447:
23386:
23378:
23328:
23273:
23232:
23185:
23164:
Hu, Shu-Xian; Zou, Wenli (23 September 2021). "Stable copernicium hexafluoride (CnF
23138:
23093:
23083:
23043:
22931:
22887:
22843:
22756:
22584:
22476:
22426:
22416:
22360:
22321:
22275:
22183:
22173:
21965:
21830:
21728:
21716:
21649:
21612:
21556:
21485:
21408:
21336:
21214:
21198:
21134:
21103:
21072:
21060:
21043:
21023:
20970:
20929:
20909:
20837:
20774:
20710:
20559:
20550:
20518:
20510:
20466:
20436:
18549:
18516:
18390:
18236:
18220:
18116:
18075:
18052:
17779:
17744:
17409:
17231:
16926:
16631:
16460:
16289:
16208:
16127:
16100:
16047:
16042:
16037:
15621:
15422:
15255:
15156:
15057:
15008:
14959:
14940:
14903:
14898:
14893:
12665:
12654:
10408:
10403:
10398:
7997:
7667:
5644:
5470:
5299:
5128:
5027:
4926:
4861:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4305:
4150:
3005:
2586:
2166:
1743:
1550:
1357:
1301:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1074:
1054:
996:
947:
694:
528:
484:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
336:
329:
322:
139:
30:
This article is about the table used in chemistry and physics. For other uses, see
29710:
29239:. Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements.
27535:
27496:[An attempt to group elementary substances according to their analogies].
27081:
26326:
25040:"Biron's Secondary Periodicity of the Side d-subgroups of Mendeleev's Short Table"
23277:
22007:
21600:
18078:
searched for the element in zirconium ores and found element 72, which they named
17690:
15775:
8052:, there is only one electron, which must go in the lowest-energy orbital 1s. This
1057:
in 1869; he formulated the periodic law as a dependence of chemical properties on
34089:
34045:
34040:
33934:
33910:
33744:
33707:
33560:
33550:
33433:
33104:
32965:
32617:
32612:
32607:
32602:
32597:
32592:
32587:
31278:
31273:
31268:
31263:
31258:
31253:
31248:
31175:
30534:
30419:
30191:
30166:
28960:
28139:
27820:
27668:
27542:
25551:
24207:
23443:
22741:
22149:
22078:(1st Canadian ed.). Vancouver, British Columbia: BC Campus (opentextbc.ca).
21913:
21512:
20974:
19499:
18308:
18215:) were likewise produced artificially in 1945 and 1940 respectively; element 87 (
18163:
18038:
17895:
17771:
17719:
17614:
to avoid ambiguity, as the -ide suffix typically denotes a negative ion; however
17421:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15672:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14828:
14639:
14577:
14525:
14483:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10363:
8087:(1s 2s 2p) all three 2p orbitals become singly occupied. This is consistent with
7644:
5836:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4404:
4343:
4166:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1039:
1020:
906:
736:
315:
308:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
247:
31039:
30143:
29533:
26588:
26467:
Johnson, P. B.; Christy, R. W. (1972). "Optical Constants of the Noble Metals".
26424:
Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. (1995). "Why gold is the noblest of all the metals".
26396:
21138:
20891:
18340:
18196:
4121:
43:
Periodic table of the chemical elements showing the most or more commonly named
33973:
33951:
33946:
33941:
33896:
33892:
33875:
33832:
33763:
33624:
33619:
33604:
33416:
32913:
32908:
32878:
32873:
32858:
30762:
30266:
29782:"Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed: A Stepping Stone to the Island of Stability"
29199:
29174:
28907:"Mendeleev's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3?"
27993:
27976:
27103:
24540:
24523:
24435:
23840:
23332:
22395:
Cao, Changsu; Vernon, René E.; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (6 January 2021).
21520:
21107:
19664:
Tiny traces of plutonium are also continually brought to Earth via cosmic rays.
18316:
18264:
18256:
18228:
18224:
18152:
18120:
18111:
18102:
18098:
18056:
18030:
17867:
17859:
17851:
17509:
17393:
17307:
14742:
14738:
14700:
14590:
becomes needed to gauge the effect of the nucleus on the electron cloud. These
10325:
8088:
8001:
7943:
7663:
7651:
5825:
4323:
4205:
4146:
1046:
character increases going down a group and from right to left across a period.
676:
672:
616:
609:
604:
479:
459:
60:
39:
31185:
31086:
The Periodic System of Chemical Elements: A History of the First Hundred Years
30727:
30685:
30239:
29123:"Dirac–Fock–Slater calculations for the elements Z = 100, fermium, to Z = 173"
28438:
26166:
25016:
24583:
24078:
24061:
23996:
22760:
22279:
21560:
20841:
20778:
20714:
4153:. The chemical elements are what the periodic table classifies and organizes.
34259:
34178:
34067:
34023:
33748:
33582:
33577:
33570:
33448:
32315:
31067:
Mendeleev to Oganesson: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on the Periodic Table
29208:
29066:"Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties"
28560:
Ostrovsky, Valentin N. (2003). "Physical Explanation of the Periodic Table".
28228:
28169:
28099:
27635:
27517:
27465:
24316:
24299:
23972:"Helium's placement in the Periodic Table from a crystal structure viewpoint"
23947:
Shattered Symmetry: Group Theory from the Eightfold Way to the Periodic Table
23799:
23795:
23142:
22943:
22768:
22421:
21210:
21086:
Lachner, J.; et al. (2012). "Attempt to detect primordial Pu on Earth".
20982:
20554:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
20532:
20478:
19364:
18553:
18537:
18249:
18200:
18156:
18146:
Periodic table of Alfred Werner (1905), the first appearance of the long form
17936:
17923:
electrons cannot rotate in a single ring round a nucleus of charge ne unless
17843:
17823:
17802:
After the internal structure of the atom was probed, amateur Dutch physicist
17783:
17438:
17389:
17385:
17242:
17085:
15882:
15785:
15718:
14567:
14562:
14558:
14548:
14360:
13487:
12324:
10334:(neutral gaseous atoms in the ground state; predictions for elements 109–118)
10157:
8068:
7996:
The sequence in which the subshells are filled is given in most cases by the
7990:
7671:
7636:
7275:
6609:
5684:
4327:
4175:
4134:
3078:
1066:
1024:
1008:
30845:
30708:
28923:
28854:
28837:
28808:
27581:
27380:
27267:
26488:
23920:
23875:
23858:
23261:
22847:
21340:
20563:
17814:
12731:
4330:, the Roman numerals were followed by either an "A" if the group was in the
1035:. Elements in the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics.
1031:
is evident. The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called
337:
34055:
33905:
33820:
33796:
33786:
33778:
33679:
33614:
33513:
33362:
33228:
32893:
32888:
32642:
32577:
32369:
32198:
31903:
31303:
31236:
30454:
30090:
29967:
29626:
29565:
29433:
29424:
29399:
29216:
28589:
28446:
27961:
27952:
27935:
27900:
26596:
26228:
26185:
26054:
26008:
25990:
25916:
25898:
25832:
25346:
25090:
25082:
24956:
24474:
24163:
24015:
23488:
23400:
23340:
23293:
23197:
23150:
23107:
23088:
23055:
22951:
22480:
22440:
22197:
21653:
21228:
21027:
20921:
20722:
20632:
19394:
19299:
19119:
18499:
17714:
17638:
17489:
17139:
16968:
16673:
16057:
15990:
15869:
15852:
prohibits them from having the same energy, so the orbitals hybridize into
15820:
molecule, and boron forms a giant covalent structure based on icosahedral B
15636:
15631:
14913:
14846:
14653:
14628:
14627:
The trend that atomic radii decrease from left to right is also present in
14402:
14269:
14043:
13604:
13529:
13396:
13170:
12438:
12077:
11456:
10418:
10350:
10199:
10066:
9816:
7509:
7405:
7317:
6651:
6518:
6292:
5738:
4769:
4732:
4726:
4472:
4347:
3775:
3443:
3198:
1215:
1147:
640:
628:
516:
350:
253:
30051:
Holdom, B.; Ren, J.; Zhang, C. (2018). "Quark matter may not be strange".
29036:
29019:
28203:"Langmuir's Theory of the Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules"
27320:
24906:
24889:
24384:
24349:
24332:
24244:-block elements now are more compatible with this placement of Lu and Lr."
22870:
Hamilton, David C. (1965). "Position of Lanthanum in the Periodic Table".
22742:"Electronic Configurations and the Periodic Table for Superheavy Elements"
22178:
20470:
20441:
20422:
18393:. These elements may be referred to either by their atomic numbers (e.g. "
18167:
15757:
15705:
14487:
12672:, in which it gains an electron, brings it close to the properties of the
33453:
33008:
32883:
32637:
32423:
32387:
32378:
32288:
32270:
32261:
31298:
30983:
Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years
30978:
30937:
30871:
30527:
150 Years of the Periodic Table: Perspectives on the History of Chemistry
29586:
28902:
28887:
28870:
28838:"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)"
28768:
28751:
27604:
27054:
21412:
19635:
19566:
19424:
19404:
19399:
19349:
19339:
19334:
18071:
17890:
17529:
17458:
17311:
17193:
17157:
17148:
17058:
17040:
17031:
16052:
14908:
14613:
14544:
14444:
14416:
14409:
14339:
14325:
14318:
13571:
13543:
13536:
13466:
13452:
13445:
12685:
12552:
12476:
12457:
12267:
12229:
12210:
10413:
10241:
10213:
10206:
10136:
10122:
10115:
9032:
7579:
7565:
7558:
7359:
7331:
7324:
6693:
6665:
6658:
6588:
6574:
6567:
5792:
5756:
5747:
4789:
4764:
4467:
4265:
4080:
3981:
3941:
3921:
3318:
3238:
3218:
1210:
1058:
645:
633:
343:
33276:
28220:
28161:
28107:
27650:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 515.
27494:"Versuch zu einer Gruppirung der elementaren Stoffe nach ihrer Analogie"
27011:
Villar, G. E. (1966). "A suggested modification to the periodic chart".
26140:
Yakushev, A.; Lens, L.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (25 August 2022).
26113:"Study shows flerovium is the most volatile metal in the periodic table"
25593:"The direct bandgap of gray α-tin investigated by infrared ellipsometry"
25536:
25455:
25120:
23391:
22588:
20913:
18219:) became the last element to be discovered in nature, by French chemist
4308:. The stable elements plus bismuth, thorium, and uranium make up the 83
63:; it is usually shown at the foot of the table to save horizontal space.
34079:
32782:
32432:
32360:
32333:
32306:
31966:
31948:
31921:
31752:
31743:
31482:
30591:
29557:
29508:
29476:
29085:
27329:
26774:
25867:
25338:
24699:
24631:
24606:
24154:
24129:
23651:
23382:
23189:
23047:
21970:
21945:
21720:
21616:
21508:
21202:
20523:
20514:
20492:
20459:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
19877:
19797:
19602:
19562:
19542:
19538:
19444:
19439:
19429:
19389:
19374:
19359:
19154:
19144:
19129:
19019:
19014:
18845:
18510:
instead of binding them into protons and neutrons; this would create a
18507:
18484:
18427:
18208:
18204:
18186:
18083:
17912:
17908:
17763:
17499:
17202:
17130:
17103:
17076:
16736:
16718:
16691:
16522:
16513:
16252:
15723:
14768:
14479:
14451:
14395:
14374:
14353:
14092:
14078:
14057:
13929:
13922:
13723:
13578:
13522:
13501:
13480:
13219:
13205:
13184:
13056:
13049:
12850:
12571:
12419:
12362:
12305:
11589:
11551:
11494:
11167:
11152:
10679:
10248:
10192:
10171:
10150:
9865:
9851:
9830:
9680:
9673:
9378:
9054:
9028:
8874:
8867:
8636:
8301:
8123:
7454:
7440:
7419:
7366:
7310:
7289:
7268:
7036:
7029:
6832:
6700:
6644:
6623:
6602:
6341:
6327:
6306:
6178:
6171:
5972:
5832:
5801:
5729:
5702:
5675:
5493:
5361:
5352:
5091:
4779:
4774:
4249:
4245:
3601:
3555:
3489:
3338:
3178:
3118:
3058:
2312:
2289:
1650:
540:
30814:
Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002).
30631:
30571:
30446:
29744:
28504:
28384:
28282:
27442:"Auszug eines Briefes vom Hofrath Wurzer, Prof. der Chemie zu Marburg"
27132:"A New Era of Discovery: the 2023 Long Range Plan for Nuclear Science"
26904:
26862:
26306:(in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1110–1117.
26046:
25798:"Molecular to Atomic Phase Transition in Hydrogen under High Pressure"
25616:
25155:
24947:
24930:
24062:"On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements"
23285:
22935:
22891:
22397:"Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables"
22364:
21489:
17665:
15737:) is given electronegativity 4.0, and the least electronegative atom (
8976:
The sixth row of the table likewise starts with two s-block elements:
8075:(1s 2s). The following elements then proceed to fill the 2p subshell.
7985:
274:
34141:
33443:
33308:
32838:
32807:
32662:
32652:
32647:
32441:
32414:
32405:
32252:
32234:
32225:
32216:
32002:
31912:
31885:
31833:
31779:
31761:
31725:
31705:
31644:
31581:
31525:
31464:
31453:
31372:
31323:
31313:
31308:
28341:
28316:
28091:
27068:
Neve, Francesco (2022). "Chemistry of superheavy transition metals".
26651:
26445:
24890:"Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements"
24283:
24258:
23237:
23212:
22550:"NIST Atomic Spectra Database: Ionization Energies Data: All Ho-like"
22342:
Wong, D. Pan (1979). "Theoretical justification of Madelung's rule".
21257:
Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; Hutton, A. T. (2005).
21064:
19652:
19594:
19590:
19582:
19534:
19530:
19434:
19419:
19414:
19329:
19319:
19314:
19309:
19174:
19124:
19109:
19064:
19034:
19024:
19004:
18977:
18947:
18912:
18865:
18835:
18816:
18762:
18431:
18276:, it became clear that this would not happen. As such, IUPAC and the
18244:
18232:
18067:
17871:
17831:
17468:
17211:
17184:
17175:
17022:
17004:
16995:
16986:
16772:
16682:
16655:
16603:
16549:
16531:
16495:
16475:
16414:
16351:
16295:
16234:
16223:
16142:
16077:
16067:
16062:
15939:
15931:
15797:
15668:
15648:
14933:
14923:
14918:
14657:
14621:
14612:), and experimental chemistry beyond 108 has only been done for 112 (
14458:
14437:
14430:
14311:
14297:
14290:
14283:
14120:
14050:
14029:
13992:
13950:
13936:
13908:
13890:
13846:
13797:
13753:
13709:
13700:
13640:
13585:
13564:
13557:
13438:
13424:
13417:
13410:
13247:
13177:
13156:
13119:
13077:
13063:
13035:
13017:
12973:
12924:
12880:
12836:
12827:
12767:
12590:
12533:
12514:
12191:
12153:
12134:
12115:
11665:
11475:
11418:
11316:
11214:
11184:
11120:
11084:
10971:
10852:
10752:
10649:
10632:
10501:
10438:
10428:
10423:
10255:
10234:
10227:
10108:
10094:
10087:
10080:
9893:
9823:
9802:
9743:
9701:
9687:
9659:
9617:
9551:
9502:
9432:
9364:
9309:
9179:
9058:
9040:
8989:
8985:
8937:
8895:
8881:
8853:
8839:
8776:
8727:
8685:
8622:
8595:
8498:
8395:
8345:
8287:
8280:
8206:
8115:
8111:
8072:
7551:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7482:
7412:
7391:
7373:
7352:
7345:
7099:
7057:
7043:
7015:
6999:
6955:
6906:
6862:
6818:
6809:
6749:
6707:
6686:
6679:
6560:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6369:
6299:
6278:
6241:
6199:
6185:
6157:
6139:
6095:
6046:
6002:
5958:
5949:
5889:
5810:
5783:
5774:
5442:
5388:
5370:
5334:
5314:
5253:
5190:
5134:
5073:
5042:
4941:
4492:
4482:
4477:
4285:
4261:
4257:
3901:
3861:
3841:
3821:
3693:
3466:
3397:
3358:
3298:
3278:
2516:
2378:
2332:
2243:
2195:
2050:
1889:
1749:
1604:
1579:
1386:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1023:, which states that when the elements are arranged in order of their
1012:
586:
553:
387:
367:
357:
27:
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements ordered by atomic number
30611:
29468:
26385:
G.V. Samsonov, ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements".
26327:
Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils & Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).
23308:
22918:
Ce−ECp* and a Comprehensive Density Functional Theory Analysis of Cp
21394:"Provisional Report on Discussions on Group 3 of the Periodic Table"
14478:
The 4f shell is completely filled at ytterbium, and for that reason
4182:, variants with the same number of protons but different numbers of
34163:
32830:
32787:
32396:
32297:
32180:
32162:
32137:
32128:
32101:
32074:
32038:
32029:
32011:
31939:
31930:
31824:
31696:
31662:
31572:
31563:
31554:
31545:
31500:
31419:
31401:
31336:
30944:(New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 634–651.
30640:"n + ' filling rule in the periodic system and focusing potentials"
30345:"Making New Elements Doesn't Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist"
30126:
30065:
29693:
29601:
27176:
22972:"Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table"
21185:
20957:
19899:
19627:
19623:
19550:
19546:
19409:
19354:
19289:
19259:
19249:
19244:
19229:
19214:
19194:
19189:
19179:
19139:
19134:
19059:
18972:
18957:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18855:
18801:
18791:
18736:
18503:
18273:
18216:
18212:
18162:
The exact position of the lanthanides, and thus the composition of
18091:
17519:
17370:
17166:
17067:
16950:
16932:
16907:
16898:
16871:
16844:
16808:
16799:
16781:
16709:
16700:
16594:
16466:
16432:
16342:
16333:
16324:
16315:
16270:
16189:
16171:
16106:
15878:
15805:
15734:
15690:
15664:
15596:
14764:
14617:
14423:
14346:
14255:
14241:
14225:
14218:
14197:
14176:
14148:
14141:
14127:
14071:
14064:
13985:
13883:
13860:
13790:
13783:
13776:
13767:
13737:
13677:
13663:
13615:
13550:
13473:
13382:
13368:
13352:
13345:
13324:
13303:
13275:
13268:
13254:
13198:
13191:
13112:
13010:
12987:
12917:
12910:
12903:
12896:
12864:
12804:
12790:
12742:
12681:
12677:
12495:
12286:
12039:
12003:
11950:
11931:
11874:
11817:
11741:
11722:
11684:
11532:
11513:
11299:
11069:
11005:
10837:
10820:
10803:
10786:
10709:
10578:
10548:
10451:
10220:
10143:
10052:
10038:
9998:
9991:
9970:
9949:
9921:
9914:
9900:
9844:
9837:
9736:
9610:
9565:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9474:
9392:
9262:
9248:
9070:
9036:
9024:
9020:
9012:
9001:
8993:
8930:
8832:
8790:
8720:
8713:
8706:
8699:
8650:
8553:
8539:
8422:
8391:
8357:
8353:
8315:
8241:
8227:
8155:
8131:
8096:
8084:
8049:
7586:
7495:
7433:
7426:
7338:
7252:
7236:
7229:
7208:
7187:
7159:
7152:
7138:
7092:
6992:
6969:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6846:
6786:
6772:
6724:
6672:
6595:
6504:
6490:
6474:
6467:
6446:
6425:
6397:
6390:
6376:
6320:
6313:
6234:
6132:
6109:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
5986:
5926:
5912:
5864:
5765:
5668:
5650:
5625:
5616:
5589:
5562:
5526:
5517:
5499:
5433:
5305:
5271:
5181:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5109:
5008:
4990:
4867:
4784:
4273:
4269:
4253:
4231:
4209:
4154:
4001:
3732:
3532:
3509:
3258:
3011:
2964:
2944:
2875:
2806:
2714:
2691:
2645:
2493:
2172:
2096:
1866:
1843:
1820:
1797:
1696:
1503:
1457:
1308:
1078:
573:
545:
30837:
30286:
29677:
29175:"Extreme chemistry: experiments at the edge of the periodic table"
28613:"Justification of the Rule for Successive Filling of (n+l) Groups"
26302:
Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Mangan".
25973:
Mewes, J.-M.; Smits, O. R.; Kresse, G.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019).
25949:(5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 194.
24888:
Cao, Chang-Su; Hu, Han-Shi; Li, Jun; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen (2019).
23573:"IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118"
22825:
20828:
Panov, I.V. (2017). "Formation of Superheavy Elements in Nature".
18303:). Currently, consideration of discovery claims is performed by a
18287:
18243:(LBNL) continued discovering transuranium elements, starting with
34183:
32657:
32493:
32478:
32473:
32468:
32463:
32351:
32342:
32324:
32279:
32207:
32189:
32119:
32065:
32047:
32020:
31993:
31975:
31957:
31867:
31797:
31770:
31734:
31716:
31680:
31671:
31653:
31635:
31534:
31473:
31363:
31318:
31190:
30618:
Wong, DP (1979). "Theoretical justification of Madelung's rule".
30111:
29856:
29332:"Berkeley Lab to Test New Approach to Making Superheavy Elements"
28647:"n+l Filling Rule in the Periodic System and Focusing Potentials"
24421:
22304:
Ostrovsky, V. N. (1981). "Dynamic symmetry of atomic potential".
19631:
19574:
19522:
19478:
19473:
19468:
19463:
19384:
19379:
19369:
19344:
19304:
19294:
19239:
19209:
19199:
19184:
19169:
19159:
19149:
19079:
19044:
19029:
19009:
18999:
18967:
18962:
18952:
18942:
18870:
18840:
18757:
18717:
18697:
18665:
18621:
18487:
protons and 184 neutrons. They are probably close to a predicted
18419:
18079:
17886:
17879:
17855:
17735:
17366:
17121:
17112:
17094:
17049:
16977:
16959:
16889:
16835:
16817:
16790:
16763:
16745:
16727:
16637:
16567:
16540:
16504:
16486:
16450:
16441:
16423:
16405:
16304:
16243:
16133:
16072:
15801:
15784:
charged "sea" pulls on all the ions and keeps them together in a
15738:
15686:
15644:
14928:
14689:
14609:
14388:
14381:
14367:
14332:
14276:
14262:
14211:
14169:
14155:
14134:
14113:
14099:
14085:
14015:
13964:
13943:
13915:
13897:
13874:
13867:
13853:
13839:
13760:
13716:
13633:
13515:
13508:
13494:
13459:
13403:
13389:
13338:
13296:
13282:
13261:
13240:
13226:
13212:
13142:
13091:
13070:
13042:
13028:
13001:
12994:
12980:
12966:
12887:
12843:
12760:
12673:
12669:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12400:
12381:
12343:
12248:
12096:
12058:
11912:
11798:
11760:
11703:
11646:
11608:
11570:
11382:
11248:
11199:
11137:
11103:
11039:
11022:
10988:
10954:
10767:
10664:
10488:
10433:
10185:
10178:
10164:
10129:
10073:
10059:
9984:
9942:
9928:
9907:
9886:
9872:
9858:
9788:
9715:
9694:
9666:
9652:
9579:
9572:
9558:
9544:
9439:
9371:
9172:
9044:
8977:
8909:
8888:
8860:
8846:
8804:
8797:
8783:
8769:
8692:
8629:
8491:
8403:
8399:
8376:
8372:
8349:
8294:
8199:
8119:
8064:
7609:, the options can be shown equally (unprejudiced) in both forms.
7572:
7516:
7502:
7475:
7461:
7447:
7303:
7296:
7282:
7222:
7180:
7166:
7145:
7122:
7071:
7050:
7022:
7008:
6983:
6976:
6962:
6948:
6869:
6825:
6742:
6637:
6630:
6616:
6581:
6525:
6511:
6460:
6418:
6404:
6383:
6362:
6348:
6334:
6264:
6213:
6192:
6164:
6150:
6123:
6116:
6102:
6088:
6009:
5965:
5882:
5720:
5711:
5693:
5607:
5553:
5535:
5508:
5476:
5406:
5379:
5343:
5325:
5289:
5280:
5262:
5244:
5143:
5082:
4932:
4487:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4297:
4293:
4281:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4162:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
3961:
3798:
3752:
3670:
3624:
3578:
3158:
3138:
3098:
2921:
2783:
2737:
2668:
2592:
2424:
2355:
2266:
2220:
2142:
2119:
2073:
2027:
1772:
1627:
1363:
1230:
1016:
581:
377:
248:
30959:
Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2007).
26301:
26139:
25590:
22739:
21166:
20942:
19884:
should form at pressures of about four million atmospheres. See
17261:. If there are several, the most stable allotrope is considered.
32243:
32171:
32056:
31984:
31894:
31876:
31842:
31806:
31788:
31617:
31608:
31599:
31491:
31444:
31410:
31392:
31347:
30265:
Zagrebaev, Valeriy; Karpov, Alexander; Greiner, Walter (2013).
30213:
30164:
29233:
Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory
28256:"The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table"
27660:
Meyer, Julius Lothar; Die modernen Theorien der Chemie (1864);
26964:
26878:"The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table"
24607:"Lanthanum (La) and Actinium (Ac) Should Remain in the d-block"
24524:"The location and composition of Group 3 of the periodic table"
24498:
Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry : recommendations 1990
24209:
Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules
22740:
Nefedov, V.I.; Trzhaskovskaya, M.B.; Yarzhemskii, V.G. (2006).
21260:
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005
20455:
19558:
19324:
19264:
19204:
19164:
19114:
19084:
19069:
19049:
19039:
18932:
18927:
18922:
18850:
18811:
18796:
18786:
18741:
17839:
17013:
16941:
16826:
16754:
16664:
16646:
16612:
16576:
16558:
16387:
16378:
16369:
16261:
16214:
16180:
16162:
16117:
15694:
15660:
15640:
15617:
14827:. Today the notion of valence has been extended by that of the
14304:
14248:
14162:
14106:
14036:
14022:
13999:
13971:
13957:
13825:
13818:
13811:
13730:
13693:
13670:
13656:
13624:
13431:
13375:
13289:
13233:
13163:
13149:
13126:
13098:
13084:
12952:
12945:
12938:
12857:
12820:
12797:
12783:
12751:
12703:
12172:
12020:
11779:
11627:
11437:
11399:
11333:
11265:
11231:
10920:
10903:
10886:
10694:
10619:
10563:
10533:
10464:
10101:
10045:
9935:
9879:
9809:
9795:
9750:
9722:
9708:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9385:
9302:
9255:
9241:
9137:
9016:
8981:
8944:
8916:
8902:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8643:
8588:
8546:
8532:
8461:
8407:
8361:
8308:
8273:
8234:
8220:
8174:
8127:
8114:( 3s) finishes this 3s orbital, and the following six elements
8107:
8092:
8080:
8057:
8029:
is occupied first. In general, orbitals with the same value of
7639:. Elements are placed in the periodic table according to their
7544:
7468:
7398:
7259:
7173:
7129:
7106:
7078:
7064:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6839:
6802:
6779:
6765:
6733:
6553:
6497:
6411:
6355:
6285:
6271:
6248:
6220:
6206:
6074:
6067:
6060:
5979:
5942:
5919:
5905:
5873:
5659:
5544:
5485:
5451:
5415:
5397:
5226:
5217:
5208:
5100:
5033:
4999:
4981:
4916:
4351:
4227:
4223:
4187:
4158:
4142:
3881:
3647:
3420:
3031:
2760:
2615:
2539:
2447:
2401:
1981:
1958:
1935:
1673:
1556:
1480:
1434:
1333:
30491:"Happy sesquicentennial to the periodic table of the elements"
27975:
Hisamatsu, Yoji; Egashira, Kazuhiro; Maeno, Yoshiteru (2022).
25880:
23442:
21040:
20755:
20423:"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"
18462:
at similar energies, and then a large gap. Thus, the 9s and 9p
18315:
In celebration of the periodic table's 150th anniversary, the
17357:), but their respective minimum oxidation states are −1 (e.g.
8021:+ ℓ, and if two orbitals are available with the same value of
7946:. Four numbers describe an orbital in an atom completely: the
4141:— for "Zahl", German for "number") representing the number of
32774:
32457:
32146:
31851:
31509:
31383:
31168:
29897:"Nuclei: superheavy-superneutronic-strange-and of antimatter"
29017:
27405:
25972:
23577:
21256:
19586:
19254:
19074:
18860:
18781:
18323:
18300:
17374:
17226:
16916:
16621:
16279:
16153:
15946:
covalently bonded molecules that are held together by weaker
15789:
14232:
14006:
13744:
13649:
13359:
13133:
12871:
12776:
12608:
11969:
11350:
10724:
10518:
10005:
9757:
9399:
9234:
9005:
8951:
8657:
8525:
8411:
8322:
8213:
8135:
8076:
7243:
7113:
6853:
6758:
6481:
6255:
5993:
5898:
5634:
5460:
5118:
4972:
4355:
4277:
4024:
2984:
2562:
1719:
1411:
1043:
508:
31163:
29813:"Nuclei in the "Island of Stability" of Superheavy Elements"
26142:"On the adsorption and reactivity of element 114, flerovium"
25552:"Transmetalation reactions producing organocopper compounds"
24757:. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 32.
23736:. Translated by Sobolev, D. Mir Publishers. pp. 23–27.
23307:
Johansson, B.; Abuja, R.; Eriksson, O.; et al. (1995).
21697:"Die Befruchtung der Chemie durch die Röntgenstrahlenphysik"
21507:
18385:= 157; between them, a very different situation is observed.
17878:
independently rediscovered it and gave it its present name,
15844:
with the same energies. However, when the atoms come closer
14692:
in the next-to-last column the highest electron affinities.
34158:
32110:
32083:
31626:
31590:
31428:
30216:"Expectations and limits to synthesize nuclei with Z ≥ 120"
29230:
Dmitriev, Sergey; Itkis, Mikhail; Oganessian, Yuri (2016).
26538:"The Trend From Non-Metal to Metal In the Group 4 Elements"
23790:
23306:
22625:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 257–260.
20639:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2019.
19234:
19219:
18937:
18917:
18806:
17885:
The dawn of atomic physics also clarified the situation of
17835:
17405:
16880:
16853:
16396:
16360:
16198:
15952:
15742:
15656:
15604:
can be used for the less electronegative p-block elements.
14750:
14600:
14204:
14183:
13832:
13804:
13684:
13331:
13310:
12959:
12931:
12811:
11893:
11836:
10937:
10869:
10593:
9977:
9956:
9537:
9509:
9269:
8762:
8734:
8560:
8368:
8248:
8100:
7215:
7194:
6941:
6913:
6793:
6453:
6432:
6081:
6053:
5933:
5598:
5571:
5235:
5199:
5017:
4395:
4191:
2898:
2829:
2004:
1912:
1526:
31180:
31141:
27936:"Henry Moseley, X-ray spectroscopy and the periodic table"
26388:
Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements
26360:(81st ed.). Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. pp.
25324:
24330:
21123:"Direct search for primordial Pu in Bayan Obo bastnaesite"
17743:
The definitive breakthrough came from the Russian chemist
17300:
Arsenic, an element often called a semi-metal or metalloid
15848:, their electron orbitals begin to spatially overlap. The
8406:, again with a few anomalies along the way), and then 5p (
34168:
31815:
31230:
30822:(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
27810:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Moseley and Atomic Numbers"
27158:> 102) are teetering at the limits of mass and charge.
27137:. U.S. Department of Energy. October 2023. Archived from
27041:
Cotton, S. A. (1996). "After the actinides, then what?".
26504:"Atomic and Physical Properties of the Period 3 Elements"
24212:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 69–71.
23211:
Seth, Michael; Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Fægri, Knut (1999).
20501:
Labarca, M. (2016). "An element of atomic number zero?".
20401:
IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
19054:
18090:
in Latin). Urbain's celtium proved to be simply purified
16585:
15652:
13978:
13105:
11282:
9729:
9011:
The seventh row is analogous to the sixth row: 7s fills (
8923:
7085:
6227:
5424:
2470:
27556:
Eureka!: Scientific Breakthroughs That Changed The World
25796:
McMinis, J.; Clay, R.C.; Lee, D.; Morales, M.A. (2015).
25558:. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 443–526.
25441:
25359:
20865:
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
20420:
17325:
8000:, also known as the Madelung or Klechkovsky rule (after
30167:"Colloquium: Superheavy elements: Oganesson and beyond"
29229:
29020:"On the discovery of new elements (IUPAC/IUPAP Report)"
26725:
Sherwin, E.; Weston, G. J. (1966). Spice, J. E. (ed.).
26198:
26024:
25694:
23859:"A Central Position for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table"
20807:(New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
15856:
molecular orbitals each with a different energy, where
14652:
at the first element of each period – hydrogen and the
4276:(element 87) has been only photographed in the form of
1063:
predict some properties of some of the missing elements
30942:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements
30813:
30387:
Edward G. Mazurs Collection of Periodic Systems Images
30264:
28993:"150 years of the periodic table: Test your knowledge"
27974:
25218:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 277.
23210:
21639:
21160:
20805:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z guide to the elements
20237:
for this potential can be described analytically with
18207:, after the Greek word for "artificial". Elements 61 (
17373:), but hydrogen's maximum oxidation state is +1 (e.g.
30818:
General chemistry: principles and modern applications
28144:"The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules"
26967:. The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd, UK
26840:
25795:
24786:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
23259:
22909:
20333:
20307:
20287:
20267:
20247:
20207:
20133:
20113:
20093:
20069:
20049:
20036:{\displaystyle U_{1/2}(r)=-{\frac {2v}{rR(r+R)^{2}}}}
19957:
7989:
Idealized order of subshell filling according to the
4322:
group" for group 3. Previously, groups were known by
452:
27977:"Ogawa's nipponium and its re-assignment to rhenium"
25944:
25766:
22525:
Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths
22005:
21829:. Vol. 41. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1–93.
21827:
Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths
20637:
Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
18564:
by far the most common, is somewhere in the middle.
445:
438:
424:
30961:
The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side
26566:
24562:
21871:"The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table"
20684:
20682:
20680:
20678:
20676:
8387:(or transition metals, since they are all metals).
4190:has three naturally occurring isotopes: all of its
431:
417:
30876:The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance
30815:
29494:
29393:
29391:
29273:Sokolova, Svetlana; Popeko, Andrei (24 May 2021).
26356:The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
26353:
25207:
25068:
24812:
24501:. Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 283.
23949:. Oxford University Press. pp. 336, 360–381.
23509:
23309:"Anomalous fcc crystal structure of thorium metal"
22394:
22306:Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics
20345:
20319:
20293:
20273:
20253:
20225:
20193:
20119:
20099:
20075:
20055:
20035:
19796:There are many lower oxides as well: for example,
18560:'s pictured to the right), circles and triangles.
17943:Bohr's electron configurations for light elements
15982:Bonding of simple substances in the periodic table
14684:The opposite property to ionisation energy is the
14490:realized in 1963 that lanthanum's low-temperature
8079:(1s 2s 2p) puts its new electron in a 2p orbital;
30852:
30787:
30408:Click on 'Finding Aid' to go to full finding aid.
29890:
29888:
29404:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
29359:
28308:
27534:For an English translation of this article, see:
27406:The Chemical Society of Japan (25 January 2018).
26793:"Classification, symmetry and the periodic table"
25771:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 154–155, 425, 436.
23904:"The Placement of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table"
23567:
23565:
21467:
20301:have lower energy, and that the s-orbitals (with
20194:{\displaystyle v=v_{N}={\frac {1}{4}}R^{2}N(N+1)}
19787:atoms, the size difference is greater than usual.
8390:The next eighteen elements fill the 5s orbitals (
4076:— Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)
98:
34257:
30963:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 508.
30958:
28645:Demkov, Yury N.; Ostrovsky, Valentin N. (1972).
28412:
28314:
28017:. Oxford University Press. pp. 47–53, 115.
27807:
27611:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 100.
26320:
25522:
23944:
22496:
22299:
22297:
22147:
21824:
20688:
20673:
20597:
20595:
20593:
20591:
19835:, as in (gallium in the +2 oxidation state) or
19675:the periodic table poster sold by Sigma-Aldrich.
19565:, but it has not been found. Elements up to 99 (
15713:Another important property of elements is their
14656:– and then generally rises until it reaches the
14469:
13596:
9000:) follows, and finally six main-group elements (
7643:, the periodic recurrences of which explain the
4288:of 2.01×10 years, over a billion times the
410:
30637:
29673:
29671:
29669:
29388:
29130:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry
29116:
29114:
29112:
29070:Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry
28651:Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics
28644:
28617:Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics
28413:Burdette, Shawn C.; Thornton, Brett F. (2018).
27803:
27801:
27799:
26990:. University of California Press. p. 598.
26825:
26753:Hawkes, Stephen J. (2001). "Semimetallicity?".
26391:. New York, USA: IFI-Plenum. pp. 387–446.
25846:Hawkes, Stephen J. (2001). "Semimetallicity?".
25657:
25639:"Intermolecular bonding – van der Waals forces"
25509:
25507:
25505:
25503:
25289:
25287:
25255:
25253:
25102:
25100:
24852:
24850:
24739:
24737:
24735:
24733:
24731:
24721:
24719:
24235:
24233:
23761:
23759:
23757:
23755:
23753:
23448:"Synthesis of a new element with atomic number
22930:(1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 345–357.
22150:"The Order of Electron Shells in Ionized Atoms"
21003:
20689:Thornton, Brett F.; Burdette, Shawn C. (2019).
20589:
20587:
20585:
20583:
20581:
20579:
20577:
20575:
20573:
20571:
18278:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
18170:in 1963, on the grounds of its low-temperature
15788:. Elements forming such bonds are often called
14710:
10287:
8083:(1s 2s 2p) fills a second 2p orbital; and with
7650:An electron can be thought of as inhabiting an
31064:
31040:"Books on the Elements and the Periodic Table"
30878:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, New York,
30050:
29885:
29580:
29400:"Recent attempts to change the periodic table"
29272:
29168:
29166:
28749:
27968:
27934:Egdell, Russell G.; Bruton, Elizabeth (2020).
27703:
27609:The Ingredients: A Guided Tour of the Elements
26466:
26266:
26264:
26074:
26072:
25932:The Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
25874:
25746:
25744:
25742:
25740:
25738:
25736:
25734:
25106:
24887:
24819:(7 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
23731:
23605:National Institute of Standards and Technology
23562:
23021:
22812:
22810:
22492:
22490:
22378:
22376:
22374:
21681:
21679:
21677:
21675:
21673:
21671:
21669:
21667:
21665:
21663:
19924:
19922:
19517:
19515:
18526:
15779:Graphite and diamond, two allotropes of carbon
13601:
12728:
33292:
32509:
31206:
30475:
30473:
30471:
29947:
28478:"The Origin of the s, p, d, f Orbital Labels"
28008:
28006:
28004:
27899:
27696:
27694:
26942:. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 9.
26724:
26423:
26384:
25412:
25241:
23940:
23938:
23892:Greenwood & Earnshaw, throughout the book
23765:
23068:
22690:
22688:
22686:
22684:
22682:
22680:
22678:
22676:
22674:
22672:
22670:
22668:
22666:
22664:
22662:
22620:
22518:
22516:
22514:
22512:
22510:
22508:
22294:
21936:
21934:
21932:
21780:
21594:
21592:
21590:
21538:
21536:
21534:
21532:
21530:
21463:
21461:
21459:
21457:
21455:
21453:
21451:
21449:
21447:
21445:
19754:= 76) 4f falls below 5p, and around bismuth (
18591:
18381:= 120 is normal, and becomes normal again at
17416:
15967:
15860:is the number of atoms in the crystal. Since
15836:all the atoms have discrete valence orbitals
10310:
4373:
1117:
1019:and other sciences. It is a depiction of the
968:
31083:
30577:
30004:European Physical Journal Web of Conferences
29997:
29666:
29109:
28610:
28317:"On the Missing Element of Atomic Number 72"
27933:
27796:
27654:
27036:
27034:
26244:"Metallic properties predicted for astatine"
26135:
26133:
26081:"Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"
25975:"Copernicium is a Relativistic Noble Liquid"
25945:Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Overton, Tina (2008).
25767:Steudel, Ralf; Scheschkewitz, David (2020).
25549:
25500:
25493:
25491:
25284:
25250:
25097:
24987:
24847:
24728:
24716:
24230:
24055:
24053:
23770:. World Scientific. pp. 53–70, 85–102.
23750:
23429:
23427:
23425:
22660:
22658:
22656:
22654:
22652:
22650:
22648:
22646:
22644:
22642:
22527:. Vol. 11. Elsevier. pp. 197–292.
22462:
22460:
22458:
22456:
22454:
22452:
22450:
22261:
22259:
22257:
22255:
22253:
21865:
21863:
21387:
21385:
21383:
21381:
21379:
21377:
21375:
21373:
21120:
20691:"Neutron stardust and the elements of Earth"
20568:
19951:Demkov and Ostrovsky consider the potential
18235:(via bombardment of uranium with neutrons).
18123:in 1926, though the first to publish it was
15671:both have maximum oxidation state +6, as in
15595:into Mg and Mg cations. This is because the
7980:
31018:
30999:
30597:
30339:
29455:Frazier, K. (1978). "Superheavy Elements".
29223:
29163:
29059:
29057:
28949:
28947:
28699:
28697:
28247:
28080:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
26962:
26261:
26069:
25762:
25760:
25758:
25756:
25731:
25179:
24654:
24652:
24650:
24648:
24646:
24644:
24642:
24563:Cotton, SA; Raithby, BR; Shield, A (2022).
24127:
24092:
23945:Thyssen, Pieter; Ceulemans, Arnout (2017).
23856:
23675:
23673:
23671:
23352:
23350:
22965:
22963:
22961:
22865:
22863:
22861:
22859:
22857:
22807:
22487:
22371:
22148:Goudsmit, S. A.; Richards, Paul I. (1964).
22143:
22141:
22139:
22137:
21894:
21892:
21776:
21774:
21772:
21770:
21768:
21766:
21764:
21762:
21760:
21758:
21660:
20997:
20885:
20327:) have their energies approaching the next
20083:are constant parameters; this approaches a
19919:
19512:
15741:) is given electronegativity 0.79. In fact
33299:
33285:
32516:
32502:
31213:
31199:
30529:. Book Publishers. pp. 409–423(414).
30468:
30333:
30258:
29852:
29850:
29810:
29490:
29488:
29486:
28750:Öhrström, Lars; Holden, Norman E. (2016).
28562:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
28532:
28460:
28049:
28001:
27787:
27691:
27630:
27628:
27491:
27013:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
26988:The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra
26786:
26784:
26748:
26746:
26693:
26531:
26529:
26020:
26018:
25175:
25173:
25171:
25169:
25167:
25165:
25037:
23963:
23935:
23357:Xu, Wen-Hua; Pyykkö, Pekka (8 June 2016).
23002:
22735:
22733:
22731:
22729:
22727:
22505:
22001:
21929:
21820:
21818:
21816:
21814:
21812:
21810:
21808:
21806:
21804:
21802:
21756:
21754:
21752:
21750:
21748:
21746:
21744:
21742:
21740:
21738:
21587:
21527:
21517:Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory
21442:
20936:
20759:Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies
19914:melting points of the elements (data page)
18598:
18584:
18446:) is more stabilized, and the other two (p
18324:Future extension beyond the seventh period
17257:shows bonding of simple substances in the
15974:
15960:
10317:
10303:
7620:
4380:
4366:
4316:
1124:
1110:
975:
961:
49:dividing line between metals and nonmetals
33306:
31019:Rouvray, D.H.; King, R. B., eds. (2006).
31002:The Periodic Table: Into the 21st Century
31000:Rouvray, D.H.; King, R. B., eds. (2004).
30889:
30671:
30285:
30220:International Journal of Modern Physics E
30190:
30125:
30064:
30023:
29923:
29838:
29692:
29600:
29528:
29526:
29423:
29198:
29045:
29035:
28922:
28886:
28853:
28767:
28559:
28355:
28340:
27992:
27951:
27909:. HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. p.
27709:
27328:
27175:
27031:
26696:"transuranium element (chemical element)"
26175:
26165:
26130:
25998:
25906:
25822:
25488:
25481:
25479:
25469:
25467:
25465:
25385:
25002:
24980:
24978:
24976:
24974:
24946:
24905:
24630:
24539:
24417:
24415:
24413:
24411:
24409:
24348:
24315:
24282:
24252:
24250:
24153:
24077:
24050:
24005:
23995:
23969:
23919:
23874:
23806:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
23768:The Periodic Table: Past, Present, Future
23727:
23725:
23723:
23721:
23719:
23709:
23707:
23478:
23422:
23390:
23359:"Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar"
23300:
23236:
23097:
23087:
22639:
22522:
22466:
22447:
22430:
22420:
22303:
22265:
22250:
22187:
22177:
22164:(4): 664–671 (with correction on p 906).
21999:
21997:
21995:
21993:
21991:
21989:
21987:
21985:
21983:
21981:
21969:
21860:
21635:
21633:
21503:
21501:
21499:
21370:
21218:
21184:
20956:
20798:
20796:
20522:
20485:
20440:
19693:
19691:
18466:orbitals in essence replace the 8s and 8p
18259:) and a team of Soviet scientists at the
17899:but tellurium has a lower atomic number.
17694:Newlands's table of the elements in 1866.
15898:), white phosphorus and yellow arsenic (P
7647:in properties across the periodic table.
3079:
31154:The Internet Database of Periodic Tables
30985:. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
30922:. Zaragoza, Spain: Prames. p. 407.
30105:
29774:
29723:
29652:. Oxford University Press. p. vii.
29641:
29054:
28944:
28895:
28694:
28208:Journal of the American Chemical Society
28193:
28191:
28149:Journal of the American Chemical Society
28138:
27634:
27303:
27226:. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 339–40.
27110:. Oxford University Press. p. 387.
26192:
26106:
26104:
26078:
25968:
25966:
25753:
25525:Journal of the American Chemical Society
25428:
25426:
25424:
25044:Journal of General Chemistry of the USSR
24639:
24598:
24259:"Superconductivity in Transition Metals"
24183:
24181:
24179:
24177:
24175:
24173:
24059:
24043:
24041:
24039:
24037:
23852:
23850:
23679:
23668:
23510:Oganessian, Yu. T.; et al. (2002).
23356:
23347:
22958:
22905:
22903:
22901:
22869:
22854:
22134:
22118:. Florida State University. 6 May 2020.
21889:
21694:
21314:
21312:
21310:
21308:
21306:
21304:
21302:
21300:
21298:
21252:
21250:
21248:
21246:
21244:
21242:
21240:
21238:
20655:
20449:
20414:
20374:timeline of chemical element discoveries
19857:, which contains both Sb(III) and Sb(V).
18536:
18339:
18286:
18185:
18141:
17813:
17793:
17749:
17734:
17689:
17664:
17661:Timeline of chemical element discoveries
17420:
17314:such as gold are chemically very inert.
15826:
15774:
15756:
15704:
15685:, and minimum oxidation state −2, as in
15606:
14675:
14638:
14576:
7984:
4120:
3776:
3444:
3199:
47:(in periodic tables), and a traditional
38:
32313:
30482:
30378:
30158:
29953:
29894:
29847:
29804:
29647:
29483:
29454:
29303:
28953:
28868:
28790:
28703:
27808:Marshall, J.L.; Marshall, V.R. (2010).
27716:Journal of the Russian Chemical Society
27625:
27553:
27108:Essential Trends in Inorganic Chemistry
27096:
26781:
26743:
26612:
26610:
26608:
26606:
26526:
26351:
26015:
25979:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
25556:The Chemistry of Organocopper Compounds
25435:
25213:
25180:Fricke, Burkhard; Waber, J. T. (1971).
25162:
25127:
24804:
24752:
24682:
24658:
24604:
23826:
22724:
22574:
22469:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
22337:
22335:
22072:Ball, David W.; Key, Jessie A. (2011).
22071:
21799:
21735:
21085:
20749:
20500:
17083:
14495:issue was brought to wide attention by
5682:
4284:) has an almost-stable isotope (with a
4050:shows natural occurrence of the element
3982:
3942:
3922:
3319:
3239:
3219:
14:
34258:
32367:
32196:
31901:
31065:Scerri, E.; Restrepo, G, eds. (2018).
31037:
30977:
30936:
30748:
30706:
30557:
30524:
30488:
30417:
29982:
29532:
29523:
29397:
29120:
29063:
28990:
28901:
28640:
28638:
28553:
28475:
28253:
28012:
27641:"Newlands, John Alexander Reina"
27439:
27246:
27203:from the original on 27 September 2021
27102:
27040:
27010:
26875:
26790:
26752:
26727:Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements
26689:
26687:
26685:
26683:
26681:
25845:
25554:. In Rappoport, Z.; Marek, I. (eds.).
25476:
25462:
25133:
25062:
24971:
24922:
24771:
24755:The essence of materials for engineers
24688:
24521:
24406:
24363:
24324:
24247:
24205:
24093:Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019).
24060:Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017).
23901:
23716:
23704:
23637:
23503:
23062:
22969:
22694:
22621:Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014).
22390:
22388:
22232:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp.
21978:
21940:
21781:Gonick, First; Criddle, Craig (2005).
21630:
21598:
21542:
21496:
21391:
20802:
20793:
19940:Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements
19741:Ce: 4f < 5d < 6s < 6p < 7s
19738:La: 5d < 4f < 6s < 6p < 7s
19735:Ba: 6s < 5d < 6p < 7s < 4f
19732:Cs: 6s < 6p < 5d < 7s < 4f
19688:
19555:Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
18051:to describe the elements now known as
17842:count and determines the value of the
17137:
16966:
16671:
15792:; those which do not are often called
5736:
4264:(element 94). No element heavier than
3602:
3556:
3490:
3339:
3179:
3119:
3059:
2313:
2290:
1651:
33280:
32497:
32421:
32385:
32376:
32286:
32268:
32259:
31194:
31159:Periodic table of endangered elements
31102:
31021:The Mathematics of the Periodic Table
30917:
30464:from the original on 25 October 2012.
30357:from the original on 11 December 2019
30044:
29904:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
29818:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
29762:from the original on 11 December 2020
29340:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
29329:
29275:"How are new chemical elements born?"
28956:"What it takes to make a new element"
28188:
28073:
28037:See Bohr table from 1913 paper below.
27221:
27169:
27061:
26985:
26932:
26706:from the original on 30 November 2010
26618:"Periodic Table of Chemical Elements"
26535:
26501:
26295:
26270:
26101:
25963:
25929:
25663:
25550:Dieter, R. K.; Watson, R. T. (2009).
25421:
25366:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
25293:
25259:
24928:
24869:from the original on 14 November 2020
24856:
24810:
24777:
24494:
24456:
24256:
24170:
24128:Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013).
24034:
23888:
23886:
23847:
23585:from the original on 30 November 2016
23163:
23120:
22898:
22616:
22614:
22612:
22610:
22608:
22606:
22604:
22602:
22600:
22598:
22225:
22219:
21321:"New Notations in the Periodic Table"
21318:
21295:
21283:from the original on 23 November 2018
21235:
21034:
20862:
20827:
19903:presumably tennessine should as well.
18377:. The spacing of energy levels up to
18241:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
18181:
18059:claimed to have discovered it as the
17326:Further manifestations of periodicity
17191:
17155:
17146:
17056:
17038:
17029:
5854:
5828:(columns) do not have a group number.
5790:
5754:
5745:
4865:
4157:is the element with atomic number 1;
3902:
3862:
3842:
3822:
3694:
3467:
3398:
3359:
3299:
3279:
2517:
2379:
2333:
2244:
2196:
2051:
1890:
1750:
1605:
1580:
1387:
34214:
32430:
32358:
32331:
32304:
31964:
31946:
31919:
31750:
31741:
31137:IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements
30853:Siekierski, S.; Burgess, J. (2002).
30617:
30246:from the original on 19 October 2021
29285:from the original on 4 November 2021
29172:
28999:from the original on 9 February 2019
28972:from the original on 28 October 2017
28871:"Criteria for New Element Discovery"
28235:from the original on 30 October 2021
28197:
28176:from the original on 26 January 2021
27603:
27558:. New York: John Wiley. p. 43.
27366:
27249:""Heavy Metals"–A Meaningless Term?"
27067:
26813:from the original on 31 January 2017
26632:from the original on 3 February 2021
26603:
26560:
26345:
26241:
26110:
25645:from the original on 22 January 2022
25572:from the original on 17 October 2022
25216:The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements
24291:
24206:Lewars, Errol G. (5 December 2008).
24109:from the original on 1 February 2020
24022:from the original on 19 October 2021
23692:from the original on 28 January 2021
23619:from the original on 8 February 2021
23436:
23204:
23015:
22786:from the original on 13 October 2016
22547:
22341:
22332:
22207:from the original on 10 October 2017
22026:from the original on 19 October 2021
21575:from the original on 30 January 2021
20625:
18261:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
17428:
17200:
17128:
17101:
17074:
16734:
16716:
16689:
16520:
16511:
16250:
15700:
14671:
14634:
5799:
5727:
5700:
5673:
5359:
5350:
4002:
3733:
3533:
3510:
3259:
3012:
2965:
2945:
2876:
2807:
2715:
2692:
2646:
2494:
2173:
2097:
1867:
1844:
1821:
1798:
1697:
1504:
1458:
1309:
34238:
33260:
32439:
32412:
32403:
32250:
32232:
32223:
32214:
32000:
31910:
31883:
31831:
31777:
31759:
31723:
31703:
31642:
31579:
31480:
31462:
31451:
31370:
31052:from the original on 11 August 2020
30321:from the original on 3 October 2015
29538:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
29254:from the original on 28 August 2021
28984:
28722:from the original on 15 August 2021
28635:
28415:"Hafnium the lutécium I used to be"
28076:"Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory"
27775:from the original on 15 August 2021
27762:
27524:from the original on 8 October 2021
27472:from the original on 8 October 2021
27306:"How to name new chemical elements"
26936:Principles of Chemical Nomenclature
26678:
26378:
25485:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 178–180
25473:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 134–137
25327:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
23857:Kaesz, Herb; Atkins, Peter (2009).
23646:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 89–144.
23170:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
23168:) with an oxidation state of VI+".
23028:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
22385:
22092:from the original on 15 August 2021
21601:"Which Elements Belong in Group 3?"
21079:
20737:from the original on 14 August 2021
20661:Greenwood & Earnshaw, pp. 24–27
20233:, the zero-energy solutions to the
17587:Principles of Chemical Nomenclature
17209:
17182:
17173:
17020:
17002:
16993:
16984:
16770:
16680:
16653:
16601:
16547:
16529:
16493:
16473:
16412:
16349:
16293:
16232:
16221:
16140:
14749:, right), the two stable oxides of
5849:Group name as recommended by IUPAC.
5808:
5781:
5772:
5440:
5386:
5368:
5332:
5312:
5251:
5188:
5089:
5071:
5040:
4939:
4338:, or a "B" if the group was in the
4304:with a half-life comparable to the
4133:Each chemical element has a unique
3962:
3799:
3753:
3671:
3625:
3579:
3159:
3139:
3099:
2922:
2853:
2784:
2738:
2669:
2593:
2425:
2356:
2267:
2221:
2143:
2120:
2074:
2028:
1773:
1628:
1364:
995:, is an ordered arrangement of the
93:
24:
32523:
32394:
32295:
32178:
32160:
32135:
32126:
32099:
32072:
32027:
32009:
31937:
31928:
31822:
31694:
31660:
31570:
31552:
31543:
31523:
31498:
31220:
30910:
30497:from the original on 27 March 2019
30398:from the original on 27 March 2019
30280:(1). IOP Publishing Ltd.: 012001.
29935:from the original on 30 March 2019
29650:Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf
28752:"The Three-letter Element Symbols"
28715:. Los Alamos National Laboratory.
28582:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06097.x
28292:from the original on 19 April 2012
27285:from the original on 11 April 2021
27190:
26666:from the original on 21 March 2021
26548:from the original on 27 April 2021
26514:from the original on 22 April 2021
26283:from the original on 24 April 2021
26242:Ball, Philip (13 September 2013).
25676:from the original on 21 April 2021
25362:"The lifetime of the helium anion"
25306:from the original on 23 April 2021
25272:from the original on 22 April 2021
24935:Journal of Computational Chemistry
24668:. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
23883:
23157:
22595:
21835:10.1016/B978-0-444-53590-0.00001-7
21430:from the original on 13 April 2021
21358:from the original on 25 March 2012
20643:from the original on 8 August 2020
20613:from the original on 10 April 2016
20551:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
20421:Meija, Juris; et al. (2016).
17902:
17164:
17065:
16948:
16930:
16905:
16896:
16869:
16842:
16806:
16797:
16779:
16707:
16698:
16592:
16464:
16430:
16340:
16331:
16322:
16313:
16268:
16187:
16169:
16104:
14519:
12724:Group 3 element § Composition
5763:
5648:
5623:
5614:
5587:
5560:
5515:
5497:
5431:
5303:
5269:
5179:
5161:
5152:
5132:
5107:
3882:
3648:
3421:
3032:
2761:
2616:
2540:
2448:
2402:
1982:
1959:
1936:
1674:
1557:
1481:
1435:
1334:
1069:and associated pioneering work in
1038:Vertical, horizontal and diagonal
25:
34307:
32349:
32340:
32322:
32277:
32187:
32117:
32090:
32063:
32045:
32036:
32018:
31991:
31973:
31955:
31865:
31795:
31768:
31732:
31678:
31669:
31651:
31633:
31561:
31532:
31471:
31417:
31399:
31361:
31334:
31186:The Periodic Graphics of Elements
31117:
30855:Concise Chemistry of the Elements
30638:Demkov, YN; Ostrovsky, V (1972).
30032:from the original on 20 June 2022
29792:from the original on 20 July 2019
29330:Biron, Lauren (16 October 2023).
28991:Briggs, Helen (29 January 2019).
28954:Chapman, Kit (30 November 2016).
28931:from the original on 5 July 2017.
28535:Journal of the Franklin Institute
27414:. The Chemical Society of Japan.
27408:"【お知らせ】高等学校化学で用いる用語に関する提案(1)への反応"
27387:from the original on 2 March 2021
27070:Journal of Coordination Chemistry
26831:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 29–31
26304:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
26111:Ingo, Peter (15 September 2022).
25750:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 60–66
25432:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 45–54
24929:Kaupp, Martin (1 December 2006).
24226:from the original on 19 May 2016.
24187:Siekierski and Burgess, pp. 23–26
23732:Vlasov, L.; Trifonov, D. (1970).
22623:Chemical Structure and Reactivity
19634:) onward are expected to undergo
17939:discovered more quantum numbers.
17822:The same year, English physicist
17119:
17110:
17092:
17047:
16975:
16957:
16887:
16860:
16833:
16815:
16788:
16761:
16743:
16725:
16635:
16565:
16538:
16502:
16484:
16448:
16439:
16421:
16403:
16302:
16241:
16131:
8063:Starting from the third element,
5718:
5709:
5691:
5605:
5578:
5551:
5533:
5524:
5506:
5474:
5404:
5377:
5341:
5287:
5278:
5260:
5242:
5170:
5141:
5080:
5006:
4988:
4930:
2985:
2563:
1720:
1412:
1042:characterize the periodic table.
34237:
34225:
34213:
34202:
34201:
33259:
33248:
33247:
32241:
32205:
32169:
32054:
31982:
31892:
31874:
31804:
31786:
31714:
31615:
31606:
31597:
31442:
31345:
30742:
30700:
30665:
30551:
30518:
30509:
30489:Scerri, Eric (29 January 2019).
30411:
30369:
30207:
29991:
29717:
29448:
29353:
29323:
29304:Chapman, Kit (10 October 2023).
29297:
29266:
29011:
28935:
28862:
28830:
28784:
28743:
28734:
28706:"Source of the Actinide Concept"
28685:
28676:
28604:
28526:
28469:
28406:
28349:
28132:
28123:
28114:
28067:
28058:
28040:
28031:
27927:
27893:
27883:
27874:
27865:
27850:
27756:
27747:
27738:
27682:
27673:
27597:
27588:
27547:
27485:
27433:
27418:from the original on 16 May 2021
27399:
27360:
27348:from the original on 11 May 2020
27297:
27240:
27215:
27184:
27163:
27124:
27004:
26979:
26956:
26926:
26869:
26834:
26718:
26644:
26495:
26460:
26417:
26235:
26090:. pp. 26–28. Archived from
25938:
25923:
25839:
25789:
25688:
25631:
25584:
25543:
25516:
25513:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 25–6
25403:
25394:
25353:
25318:
25247:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 24–5
25232:
25031:
24996:
24881:
24837:
24746:
24743:Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 27–9
24556:
24515:
24488:
24450:
24357:
24199:
24190:
24121:
24086:
23766:Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2020).
23609:"Periodic Table of the Elements"
21877:from the original on 5 July 2016
21392:Scerri, Eric (18 January 2021).
20366:
20356:
19945:
19906:
19891:
19870:
19860:
19825:
19790:
19780:
19758:= 83) 4f falls below 5s as well.
19609:, so that 99.9% of the produced
17789:
17673:
17293:
17281:
17269:
17011:
16939:
16824:
16752:
16662:
16644:
16610:
16574:
16556:
16385:
16376:
16367:
16259:
16212:
16178:
16160:
16115:
14728:
14719:
14534:
13603:
12730:
5657:
5542:
5483:
5413:
5395:
5323:
5224:
5215:
5206:
5031:
4914:
3724:
3389:
3050:
2899:
2830:
2637:
2005:
1913:
1527:
32144:
31849:
31840:
31507:
31489:
31408:
31390:
30920:Construyendo la Tabla Periódica
30780:
29879:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.02.005
29382:10.1140/epja/s10050-022-00811-w
29362:The European Physical Journal A
28315:Coster, D.; Hevesy, G. (1923).
28074:Kragh, Helge (1 January 1979).
26331:. Academic Press. p. 758.
26027:The Journal of Chemical Physics
25947:Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry
24495:Leigh, G. Jeffrey, ed. (1990).
24263:Progress of Theoretical Physics
24099:Chemical & Engineering News
23895:
23829:Chemical & Engineering News
23820:
23784:
23631:
23597:
23253:
23114:
22996:
22819:
22798:
22568:
22541:
22122:from the original on 6 May 2022
22104:
22065:
22056:
22047:
22038:
22012:. Vol. 3. Addison–Wesley.
22009:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
21901:
21851:
21688:
21114:
20869:Springer Science+Business Media
20856:
20821:
20664:
19771:
19761:
19709:
19679:
19667:
19658:
19645:
19616:
19579:natural nuclear fission reactor
19525:. However, uranium can undergo
18544:'s spiral periodic table (1964)
18305:IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party
18155:in 1895, and the Swiss chemist
17798:Periodic table of van den Broek
17760:Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
17754:Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table
17669:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table
16914:
16619:
16277:
16151:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15486:
15481:
15476:
15471:
15466:
15461:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15384:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15364:
15359:
15354:
15349:
15344:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15314:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15192:
15187:
15182:
15177:
15172:
15165:
15160:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15073:
15066:
15061:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15017:
15012:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14968:
14963:
14951:
14944:
10252:
10245:
10238:
10231:
10224:
10217:
10210:
10203:
10196:
10189:
10182:
10175:
10168:
10161:
10154:
10147:
10140:
10133:
10126:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10098:
10091:
10084:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10056:
10049:
10042:
10035:
10002:
9995:
9988:
9981:
9974:
9967:
9960:
9953:
9946:
9939:
9932:
9925:
9918:
9911:
9904:
9897:
9890:
9883:
9876:
9869:
9862:
9855:
9848:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9792:
9785:
9754:
9747:
9740:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9712:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9684:
9677:
9670:
9663:
9656:
9649:
9614:
9607:
9576:
9569:
9562:
9555:
9548:
9541:
9534:
9527:
9520:
9513:
9506:
9499:
9492:
9485:
9478:
9471:
9436:
9429:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9368:
9361:
9306:
9299:
9266:
9259:
9252:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9176:
9169:
9134:
9067:
8948:
8941:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8913:
8906:
8899:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8843:
8836:
8829:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8780:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8592:
8585:
8557:
8550:
8543:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8495:
8488:
8458:
8419:
8319:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8171:
8152:
7959:orbital magnetic quantum number
7903:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7763:
7760:
7744:
5632:
5458:
5449:
5116:
5098:
4997:
4979:
2471:
32:Periodic table (disambiguation)
32578:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
32108:
32081:
31624:
31588:
31426:
31381:
30940:(2011). "The Periodic Table".
30304:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001
30083:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.222001
30010:. Epj-conferences.org: 03002.
29925:10.1088/1742-6596/413/1/012002
29840:10.1088/1742-6596/337/1/012005
29619:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.053001
26221:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404
25934:. Pergamon Press. p. 556.
25824:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.105305
25418:Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 113
25387:10.1088/1742-6596/388/1/012006
24572:Coordination Chemistry Reviews
24196:Siekierski and Burgess, p. 128
23480:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502
21946:"Misapplying the Periodic Law"
21914:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
21783:The Cartoon Guide to Chemistry
21519:. Vol. 3 (1st ed.).
21266:. RSC Publishing. p. 51.
20539:
20389:
20188:
20176:
20021:
20008:
19982:
19976:
19800:in group 15 forms two oxides,
19697:Authors differ on whether the
16878:
16851:
16394:
16358:
16196:
15808:are two allotropes of carbon.
15752:
14508:focusing on the properties of
14506:relativistic quantum mechanics
14470:Incorrect depiction of Group 3
5596:
5569:
5233:
5197:
5015:
4970:
1029:recurrence of their properties
993:periodic table of the elements
13:
1:
33566:Interface and colloid science
33320:Glossary of chemical formulae
33120:Thermal expansion coefficient
32816:Lists of metalloids by source
31813:
29711:10.1016/j.physrep.2023.09.004
28547:10.1016/S0016-0032(30)91131-3
28485:Journal of Chemical Education
28365:Journal of Chemical Education
28263:Journal of Chemical Education
27819:. Vol. 101, no. 3.
27498:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
27369:"Is Element 118 a Noble Gas?"
27082:10.1080/00958972.2022.2084394
26885:Journal of Chemical Education
26843:Journal of Chemical Education
26800:Comp. & Maths. With Appls
26755:Journal of Chemical Education
25848:Journal of Chemical Education
25136:Journal of Chemical Education
25109:Accounts of Chemical Research
25071:Chemistry: A European Journal
24993:Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 29
24611:Journal of Chemical Education
24366:"An essay on periodic tables"
23278:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00345
21950:Journal of Chemical Education
21605:Journal of Chemical Education
20383:
19888:for values for all nonmetals.
19630:), and all elements from 67 (
17655:History of the periodic table
16583:
15914:), and the stable halogens (F
15906:), sulfur and red selenium (S
12643:
5422:
564:dividing metals and nonmetals
31084:van Spronsen, J. W. (1969).
30894:. University Science Books.
30535:10.1007/978-3-030-67910-1_16
30192:10.1103/RevModPhys.91.011001
30025:10.1051/epjconf/201613103002
29811:Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2012).
29245:10.1051/epjconf/201613108001
29150:10.1016/0092-640X(77)90010-9
27367:Roth, Klaus (3 April 2018).
27025:10.1016/0022-1902(66)80224-5
22700:"The Periodic Law and Table"
22497:El'yashevich, M. A. (1953).
20603:"Periodic Table of Elements"
20397:"Periodic Table of Elements"
19880:iodine becomes a metal, and
18413:"four", and the traditional
18203:, who named their discovery
17758:In 1875, the French chemist
17730:
14839:Number of valence electrons
14711:Valence and oxidation states
14680:Trend in electron affinities
13602:Group 3: Sc, Y, La, Ac
13597:Correct depiction of Group 3
12729:Group 3: Sc, Y, Lu, Lr
10288:Electron configuration table
8041:2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32, ...
7969:spin magnetic quantum number
4819:manganese group
1100:
7:
34286:Science education materials
33843:Bioorganometallic chemistry
33330:List of inorganic compounds
32859:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
32562:By periodic table structure
30493:. Oxford University Press.
30144:10.1103/PhysRevD.101.103031
28611:Klechkovskii, V.M. (1962).
28476:Jensen, William B. (2007).
28254:Jensen, William B. (2003).
26876:Jensen, William B. (2003).
26791:Jensen, William B. (1986).
26589:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764
26397:10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7_7
25769:Chemistry of the Non-Metals
24459:"Periodic Tables and IUPAC"
24257:Kondō, Jun (January 1963).
23970:Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020).
23734:107 Stories About Chemistry
23217:Journal of Chemical Physics
22872:American Journal of Physics
22326:10.1088/0022-3700/14/23/008
21785:. Collins. pp. 17–65.
21543:Jensen, William B. (2015).
21139:10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.036
20945:European Physical Journal A
20867:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht:
19577:) probably occurred in the
19493:
18527:Alternative periodic tables
12648:
8344:Starting the next row, for
5842:Group 3 element#Composition
4300:, have isotopes undergoing
1095:alternative representations
232:By periodic table structure
10:
34312:
33769:Dynamic covalent chemistry
33740:Enantioselective synthesis
33720:Physical organic chemistry
33673:Organolanthanide chemistry
33004:Goldschmidt classification
31712:
31541:
31460:
31379:
31343:
31245:
31144:, with interactive layouts
30763:10.1007/s40828-021-00157-8
29865:(December 2015): 551–577.
29724:Pershina, Valeria (2020).
29200:10.1038/d41586-019-00285-9
29024:Pure and Applied Chemistry
28966:Royal Society of Chemistry
28842:Pure and Applied Chemistry
28797:Pure and Applied Chemistry
28704:Seaborg, Glenn T. (1997).
27994:10.1007/s10698-021-09410-x
27500:. 2nd series (in German).
27492:Döbereiner, J. W. (1829).
27440:Wurzer, Ferdinand (1817).
27313:Pure and Applied Chemistry
27256:Pure and Applied Chemistry
26963:Winter, Mark (1993–2022).
26933:Leigh, G. J., ed. (2011).
26660:Royal Society of Chemistry
25717:10.1088/0031-8949/38/4/022
25038:Chistyakov, V. M. (1968).
24894:Pure and Applied Chemistry
24605:Lavelle, Laurence (2008).
24541:10.1007/s10698-020-09384-2
24457:Leigh, G. Jeffrey (2009).
24436:10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y
24373:Pure and Applied Chemistry
23841:10.1021/cen-v023n023.p2190
23333:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.280
22816:Petrucci et al., pp. 326–7
22749:Doklady Physical Chemistry
22499:Spectra of the Rare Earths
22229:Modern Inorganic Chemistry
22226:Jolly, William L. (1984).
21108:10.1103/PhysRevC.85.015801
21007:At. Data Nucl. Data Tables
20975:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2
20463:Pure and Applied Chemistry
20428:Pure and Applied Chemistry
19467:
19462:
19454:
18996:
18889:
18832:
18778:
18754:
18733:
18530:
18333:
18327:
18282:Transfermium Working Group
18269:element naming controversy
17701:published a letter in the
17680:Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
17678:In 1817, German physicist
17658:
17652:
17648:
17417:Classification of elements
17381:) while chlorine's is +7.
16482:
16311:
16230:
16149:
16113:
15999:
15955:
15170:
15071:
15022:
14973:
14949:
14855:
14551:in 1904, often called the
14523:
13905:
13773:
13706:
13646:
13621:
13025:
12893:
12833:
12773:
12748:
12721:
12717:
12652:
12607:
11097:
10780:
10643:
10512:
10458:
10359:
10298:
9057:in 2010 (the last element
8106:Starting from element 11,
7957:ℓ (the orbital type), the
7624:
7607:the composition of group 3
6815:
6755:
6730:
6147:
6015:
5955:
5895:
5870:
4083:of the most stable isotope
3378:
1600:
1407:
1329:
922:expansion coefficient
798:Goldschmidt classification
29:
34197:
34100:
33861:
33777:
33698:
33648:
33524:
33467:
33358:Electroanalytical methods
33343:
33315:
33242:
33204:
33137:
33017:
32974:
32935:
32926:
32851:
32829:
32806:
32773:
32763:
32741:
32671:
32583:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
32568:
32561:
32552:
32531:
32455:
32155:
31860:
31689:
31518:
31437:
31356:
31329:
31322:
31317:
31312:
31307:
31302:
31297:
31292:
31287:
31282:
31277:
31272:
31267:
31262:
31257:
31252:
31247:
31240:
31235:
31228:
31164:Periodic table of samples
31128:Science History Institute
30793:Chemistry of the Elements
30791:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
30728:10.1007/s10698-011-9124-y
30686:10.1007/s10698-005-2141-y
30392:Science History Institute
30240:10.1142/S0218301310015333
30177:(1): 011001-1–011001-25.
30171:Reviews of Modern Physics
29121:Fricke, Burkhard (1977).
29072:. Structure and Bonding.
29064:Fricke, Burkhard (1975).
28439:10.1038/s41557-018-0140-6
28356:Fernelius, W. C. (1982).
27859:Physikalische Zeitschrift
26986:Cowan, Robert D. (1981).
26626:American Chemical Society
26207:(11): 116404-1–116404-5.
26167:10.3389/fchem.2022.976635
25017:10.1007/s10698-018-9321-z
24859:"Atomic and Ionic Radius"
24584:10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214366
24079:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7
23997:10.1107/S2052252520007769
22761:10.1134/S0012501606060029
22112:"Electron Configurations"
21561:10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1
20842:10.1134/S1063778818010167
20779:10.3103/S0884591308020049
20715:10.1038/s41557-018-0190-9
20633:"Standard Atomic Weights"
19477:
19472:
18082:after Bohr's hometown of
17854:continued his work up to
16091:
16083:
15850:Pauli exclusion principle
10341:
7981:Order of subshell filling
7912:Subshell capacity (4ℓ+2)
7841:
7813:
7788:
7766:
7747:
7703:
7660:Pauli exclusion principle
7490:
7386:
4693:
4633:
4550:
3721:
706:List of chemical elements
34113:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
34029:Supramolecular chemistry
33668:Organometallic chemistry
31169:Periodic table of videos
30890:Wulfsberg, Gary (2000).
30716:Foundations of Chemistry
30674:Foundations of Chemistry
30059:(1): 222001-1–222001-6.
29910:(1): 012002-1–012002-9.
28869:Hofmann, Sigurd (2019).
28015:A Tale of Seven Elements
27981:Foundations of Chemistry
27518:10.1002/andp.18290910217
27466:10.1002/andp.18170560709
27247:Duffus, John H. (2002).
27043:Chemical Society Reviews
26079:Gäggeler, H. W. (2007).
25005:Foundations of Chemistry
24528:Foundations of Chemistry
24317:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01
24066:Foundations of Chemistry
23512:"Results from the first
23143:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.4954
22422:10.3389/fchem.2020.00813
22268:Foundations of Chemistry
21549:Foundations of Chemistry
21127:Chinese Chemical Letters
20830:Physics of Atomic Nuclei
20503:New Journal of Chemistry
20127:satisfies the condition
19605:to nuclides that suffer
19569:) have been observed in
19505:
19263:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19183:
19178:
19173:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19153:
19148:
19143:
19138:
19133:
19128:
19123:
19118:
19113:
19108:
19106:
19090:
18607:Left-step periodic table
18533:Types of periodic tables
18399:systematic element names
15693:); but not always (e.g.
8025:+ ℓ, the one with lower
7955:azimuthal quantum number
7948:principal quantum number
4346:were group IVB, and the
4218:) are determined by the
4204:) is started when a new
599:By other characteristics
209:Systematic element names
34051:Combinatorial chemistry
33962:Food physical chemistry
33925:Environmental chemistry
33809:Bioorthogonal chemistry
33735:Retrosynthetic analysis
33556:Chemical thermodynamics
33539:Spectroelectrochemistry
33482:Computational chemistry
33222:systematic element name
33194:in East Asian languages
32544:Extended periodic table
31126:featured topic page on
31103:Verde, M., ed. (1971).
31088:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
30418:Francl, M. (May 2009).
30053:Physical Review Letters
29648:Wothers, Peter (2019).
29497:Theoretica Chimica Acta
28924:10.1515/ci.2012.34.4.28
28911:Chemistry International
28875:Chemistry International
28855:10.1351/pac199769122471
28848:(12): 2471–2474. 1997.
28809:10.1351/pac199163060879
28791:Wapstra, A. H. (1991).
28756:Chemistry International
27722:: 25–56. Archived from
27647:Encyclopædia Britannica
27381:10.1002/chemv.201800029
27268:10.1351/pac200274050793
26700:Encyclopædia Britannica
26694:Seaborg, G. (c. 2006).
26569:Physical Review Letters
26489:10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370
26352:Hammond, C. R. (2004).
26201:Physical Review Letters
26088:Paul Scherrer Institute
25597:Applied Physics Letters
24782:The basics of chemistry
24753:Messler, R. W. (2010).
24659:Johnson, David (1984).
24463:Chemistry International
24130:"Neon behind the signs"
23921:10.1515/ci.2004.26.3.21
23908:Chemistry International
23876:10.1515/ci.2003.25.6.14
23863:Chemistry International
23459:Physical Review Letters
23313:Physical Review Letters
22848:10.1002/pssb.2220970230
22828:Physica Status Solidi B
22382:Petrucci et al., p. 328
22280:10.1023/A:1011476405933
22062:Petrucci et al., p. 322
22053:Petrucci et al., p. 306
22044:Petrucci et al., p. 323
21695:Pfeiffer, Paul (1920).
21685:Petrucci et al., p. 331
21401:Chemistry International
21341:10.1351/pac198860030431
20564:10.1351/goldbook.C01022
19935:Encyclopædia Britannica
18330:Extended periodic table
15770:London dispersion force
15643:), two semiconductors (
10326:Electron configurations
9050:elements beyond uranium
7641:electron configurations
7621:Electron configurations
7615:standard atomic weights
4317:Group names and numbers
1283:Chalcogens
1091:beyond these seven rows
822:Data pages for elements
501:metallic classification
267:(alkaline earth metals)
34123:of element discoveries
33969:Agricultural chemistry
33957:Carbohydrate chemistry
33848:Bioinorganic chemistry
33713:Alkane stereochemistry
33658:Coordination chemistry
33487:Mathematical chemistry
33353:Instrumental chemistry
33065:Electron configuration
33055:Electrical resistivity
32994:Electron configuration
32798:Post-transition metals
31142:Dynamic periodic table
30918:Calvo, Miguel (2019).
30350:Bloomberg Businessweek
30226:(5 & 6): 882–893.
29968:10.1515/ract-2019-3104
29425:10.1098/rsta.2019.0300
27953:10.1002/chem.202004775
27710:Mendeleev, D. (1871).
27667:2 January 2019 at the
27373:Chemie in unserer Zeit
27222:Burns, Gerald (1985).
27193:"Metallicity of stars"
26146:Frontiers in Chemistry
25991:10.1002/anie.201906966
25899:10.1002/anie.201908327
25083:10.1002/chem.200800987
24475:10.1515/ci.2009.31.1.4
24424:Nature Reviews Physics
24364:Pyykkö, Pekka (2019).
24095:""The" periodic table"
23680:Lemonick, Sam (2019).
23607:(NIST) (August 2019).
23363:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys
23089:10.1002/chem.201902625
22970:Jensen, W. B. (2015).
22922:Ln−ECp (E = Al, Ga)".
22481:10.1002/anie.197300121
22401:Frontiers in Chemistry
22158:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
22075:Introductory Chemistry
21654:10.1515/ract-2018-3082
21028:10.1006/adnd.2001.0873
20347:
20321:
20295:
20275:
20255:
20239:Gegenbauer polynomials
20227:
20195:
20121:
20101:
20077:
20057:
20037:
19886:metallization pressure
19573:. Elements up to 100 (
18545:
18512:continent of stability
18440:spin–orbit interaction
18386:
18292:
18191:
18147:
17819:
17804:Antonius van den Broek
17799:
17755:
17740:
17695:
17670:
17538:
17332:diagonal relationships
15873:
15780:
15764:
15710:
15612:
14681:
14644:
14596:Spin–orbit interaction
14582:
12694:hexagonal close-packed
8054:electron configuration
7993:
7627:Electron configuration
4802:beryllium group
4780:chalcogens
4220:electron configuration
4130:
4058:Standard atomic weight
1249:Alkaline earth metals
1077:'s discovery that the
1015:and is widely used in
858:Electrical resistivity
750:Properties of elements
133:Periodic table history
64:
55:actually fits between
34118:Timeline of chemistry
34015:Post-mortem chemistry
34000:Clandestine chemistry
33930:Atmospheric chemistry
33853:Biophysical chemistry
33685:Solid-state chemistry
33635:Equilibrium chemistry
33544:Photoelectrochemistry
32899:Transuranium elements
30797:Butterworth-Heinemann
30789:Greenwood, Norman N.
30707:Scerri, Eric (2012).
29998:Peter Möller (2016).
29733:Comptes Rendus Chimie
29398:Scerri, Eric (2020).
29037:10.1515/pac-2020-2926
28013:Scerri, Eric (2013).
27321:10.1515/pac-2015-0802
27304:Koppenol, W. (2016).
27199:. Durham University.
27154:Superheavy elements (
26273:"Metallic Structures"
25930:Smith, J. D. (1973).
24907:10.1515/pac-2019-0901
24385:10.1515/pac-2019-0801
24350:10.1515/pac-2015-0502
23902:Scerri, Eric (2004).
23640:Structure and Bonding
22179:10.1073/pnas.51.4.664
21599:Scerri, Eric (2009).
21173:Nature Communications
20803:Emsley, John (2011).
20471:10.1515/pac-2019-0603
20442:10.1515/pac-2015-0305
20348:
20322:
20296:
20276:
20256:
20228:
20226:{\displaystyle N=n+l}
20196:
20122:
20102:
20078:
20058:
20038:
18540:
18343:
18290:
18231:'s 1940 discovery of
18189:
18145:
18105:, and formulated his
17907:The Danish physicist
17817:
17797:
17753:
17738:
17693:
17668:
17577:post-transition metal
17449:Alkaline earth metals
17424:
17398:heats of vaporization
15834:(right side of graph)
15830:
15778:
15760:
15708:
15639:comprise a nonmetal (
15610:
15602:orbital hybridization
14679:
14642:
14580:
7988:
4849:fluorine group
4843:nitrogen group
4816:chromium group
4813:vanadium group
4810:titanium group
4807:scandium group
4738:alkaline earth metals
4124:
610:Platinum-group metals
159:Discovery of elements
42:
34296:Tables (information)
34108:History of chemistry
34063:Chemical engineering
33838:Bioorganic chemistry
33588:Structural chemistry
33325:List of biomolecules
33115:Thermal conductivity
33090:Heat of vaporization
32532:Periodic table forms
29895:Greiner, W. (2013).
28888:10.1515/ci-2019-0103
28769:10.1515/ci-2016-0204
27906:The Periodic Kingdom
27554:Horvitz, L. (2002).
27541:9 March 2019 at the
27076:(17–18): 2287–2307.
27055:10.1039/CS9962500219
26097:on 20 February 2012.
25238:Wulfsberg, pp. 33–34
25214:Schädel, M. (2003).
23581:. 30 November 2016.
21413:10.1515/ci-2021-0115
20331:
20305:
20285:
20265:
20245:
20235:Schrödinger equation
20205:
20131:
20111:
20091:
20067:
20047:
19955:
19599:neutron star mergers
18397:"), or by the IUPAC
18239:and his team at the
18129:Vsevolod Klechkovsky
18044:Charles Rugeley Bury
17951:Electrons per shell
17547:alkaline earth metal
15948:van der Waals forces
14592:relativistic effects
8375:( 3d 4s 4p) through
8006:Vsevolod Klechkovsky
4799:lithium group
4350:were group IVA). In
991:, also known as the
892:of vaporization
757:Relative atomic mass
730:by isotope stability
725:by atomic properties
88:Periodic table forms
34131:The central science
34085:Ceramic engineering
34010:Forensic toxicology
33983:Chemistry education
33881:Radiation chemistry
33863:Interdisciplinarity
33816:Medicinal chemistry
33754:Fullerene chemistry
33630:Microwave chemistry
33499:Molecular mechanics
33494:Molecular modelling
33147:Element discoveries
32904:Superheavy elements
32864:Rare-earth elements
31174:3 July 2023 at the
31131:Digital Collections
30892:Inorganic Chemistry
30647:Soviet Physics JETP
30439:2009NatCh...1...97F
30296:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z
30232:2010IJMPE..19..882G
30183:2019RvMP...91a1001G
30136:2020PhRvD.101j3031X
30075:2018PhRvL.120v2001H
30016:2016EPJWC.13103002M
29916:2013JPhCS.413a2002G
29871:2015NuPhA.944..551S
29831:2012JPhCS.337a2005O
29703:2023PhR..1035....1S
29611:2018PhRvL.120e3001J
29550:2011PCCP...13..161P
29416:2020RSPTA.37890300S
29374:2022EPJA...58..158G
29191:2019Natur.565..552B
29142:1977ADNDT..19...83F
28941:Scerri, pp. 356–363
28691:Scerri, pp. 322–340
28682:Scerri, pp. 313–321
28663:1972JETP...35...66D
28574:2003NYASA.988..182O
28514:on 23 November 2018
28497:2007JChEd..84..757J
28431:2018NatCh..10.1074B
28377:1982JChEd..59..242F
28333:1923Natur.111...79C
28275:2003JChEd..80..952J
28221:10.1021/ja01440a023
28162:10.1021/ja02227a002
28055:Scerri, pp. 208–218
27862:, 14, (1913), 32–41
27793:Scerri, pp. 164–169
27700:Scerri, pp. 117–123
27679:Scerri, pp. 106–108
27564:2001esbt.book.....H
27510:1829AnP....91..301D
27458:1817AnP....56..331.
27412:www.chemistry.or.jp
27224:Solid State Physics
26897:2003JChEd..80..952J
26855:1971JChEd..48..730F
26767:2001JChEd..78.1686H
26581:1993PhRvL..70.3764W
26536:Clark, Jim (2015).
26502:Clark, Jim (2018).
26481:1972PhRvB...6.4370J
26438:1995Natur.376..238H
26329:Inorganic chemistry
26271:Clark, Jim (2012).
26213:2013PhRvL.111k6404H
26158:2022FrCh...10.6635Y
26039:2022JChPh.157f4304F
25985:(50): 17964–17968.
25893:(40): 14260–14264.
25860:2001JChEd..78.1686H
25815:2015PhRvL.114j5305M
25709:1988PhyS...38..623P
25664:Clark, Jim (2019).
25609:2018ApPhL.113w2104C
25537:10.1021/ja00207a003
25456:10.1021/ic00281a011
25444:Inorganic Chemistry
25378:2012JPhCS.388a2006S
25296:"Electron Affinity"
25294:Clark, Jim (2012).
25262:"Ionisation Energy"
25260:Clark, Jim (2016).
25148:1991JChEd..68..110N
25121:10.1021/ar50140a002
24984:Scerri, pp. 407–420
24857:Clark, Jim (2012).
24623:2008JChEd..85.1482L
24275:1963PThPh..29....1K
24146:2013NatCh...5..438G
24047:Scerri, pp. 392−401
23988:2020IUCrJ...7..577K
23550:on 13 December 2004
23471:2010PhRvL.104n2502O
23375:2016PCCP...1817351X
23325:1995PhRvL..75..280J
23266:Inorganic Chemistry
23229:1999JChPh.111.6422S
23182:2021PCCP...24..321H
23135:1994PhRvB..49.4954S
23082:(50): 11772–11784.
23040:2013PCCP...15.7839X
23005:Acta Chimica Sinica
22984:on 23 December 2015
22924:Inorganic Chemistry
22884:1965AmJPh..33..637H
22840:1980PSSBR..97..631F
22712:on 10 November 2020
22589:10.1021/ic50177a056
22577:Inorganic Chemistry
22413:2021FrCh....8..813S
22357:1979JChEd..56..714W
22318:1981JPhB...14.4425O
22170:1964PNAS...51..664G
21962:2009JChEd..86.1186J
21713:1920NW......8..984P
21701:Naturwissenschaften
21482:1982JChEd..59..634J
21195:2015NatCo...6.5956W
21100:2012PhRvC..85a5801L
21057:1971Natur.234..132H
21020:2002ADNDT..80...83T
20967:2019EPJA...55..140B
20914:10.1038/nature01541
20906:2003Natur.422..876D
20771:2008KPCB...24...89G
20707:2019NatCh..11....4T
20346:{\displaystyle n+l}
20320:{\displaystyle l=0}
19930:lists of metalloids
19607:spontaneous fission
19527:spontaneous fission
18558:Otto Theodor Benfey
18542:Otto Theodor Benfey
18489:island of stability
18336:Island of stability
18125:Vladimir Karapetoff
18107:exclusion principle
17944:
17768:Lars Fredrik Nilson
17630:superheavy elements
17599:rare earth elements
15651:), and two metals (
14840:
14510:superheavy elements
9035:), and finally 7p (
8385:transition elements
8381:main-group elements
4846:oxygen group
4840:carbon group
4831:copper group
4825:cobalt group
4290:age of the universe
4161:, atomic number 2;
3081:Rutherfordium
658:Rare-earth elements
653:Main-group elements
34174:Chemical substance
34036:Chemical synthesis
34005:Forensic chemistry
33886:Actinide chemistry
33828:Clinical chemistry
33509:Molecular geometry
33504:Molecular dynamics
33459:Elemental analysis
33412:Separation process
31038:Scerri, E (n.d.).
30592:10.1021/ed084p1145
30560:Int J Quantum Chem
30274:Journal of Physics
29558:10.1039/c0cp01575j
29509:10.1007/BF01172015
29086:10.1007/BFb0116498
28466:Scerri, pp. 218–23
27856:A. van den Broek,
27823:. pp. 42–47.
27765:"Dmitri Mendeleev"
27446:Annalen der Physik
27152:– via OSTI.
26775:10.1021/ed078p1686
26729:. Pergamon Press.
26152:(976635): 976635.
25868:10.1021/ed078p1686
25666:"Metallic Bonding"
25339:10.1039/C0CP01785J
24811:Chang, R. (2002).
24778:Myers, R. (2003).
24700:10.1007/BFb0108579
24632:10.1021/ed085p1482
24522:Vernon, R (2021).
24155:10.1038/nchem.1631
23652:10.1007/BFb0116496
23541:JINR Communication
23444:Oganessian, Yu.Ts.
23383:10.1039/c6cp02706g
23190:10.1039/D1CP04360A
23048:10.1039/C3CP50717C
23026:(Ln = La to Lu)".
22696:Jensen, William B.
21971:10.1021/ed086p1186
21942:Jensen, William B.
21721:10.1007/BF02448807
21617:10.1021/ed086p1188
21319:Fluck, E. (1988).
21203:10.1038/ncomms6956
20951:(8): 140–1–140–7.
20515:10.1039/C6NJ02076C
20343:
20317:
20291:
20271:
20251:
20223:
20191:
20117:
20097:
20073:
20053:
20033:
18609:(by Charles Janet)
18546:
18442:: one p-orbital (p
18387:
18293:
18280:(IUPAP) created a
18192:
18182:Synthetic elements
18148:
18137:Thomas–Fermi model
18127:in 1930. In 1961,
18097:Prompted by Bohr,
18061:rare earth element
17942:
17862:in 1908 and named
17828:X-ray spectroscopy
17820:
17800:
17756:
17741:
17696:
17671:
17539:
17402:atomisation energy
17288:Sulfur, a nonmetal
15874:
15813:molecular orbitals
15781:
15765:
15711:
15613:
14838:
14682:
14645:
14588:special relativity
14583:
14553:plum-pudding model
7994:
7704:Shell capacity (2
5855:Presentation forms
4260:(element 93), and
4131:
4079:Po: —
3778:Protactinium
3446:Praseodymium
3201:Darmstadtium
65:
34271:Chemical elements
34253:
34252:
34189:Quantum mechanics
34154:Chemical compound
34137:Chemical reaction
34075:Materials science
33993:General chemistry
33988:Amateur chemistry
33916:Photogeochemistry
33901:Stellar chemistry
33871:Nuclear chemistry
33792:Molecular biology
33759:Polymer chemistry
33730:Organic synthesis
33725:Organic reactions
33690:Ceramic chemistry
33680:Cluster chemistry
33610:Chemical kinetics
33598:Molecular physics
33477:Quantum chemistry
33390:Mass spectrometry
33274:
33273:
33133:
33132:
33095:Ionization energy
33070:Electronegativity
33060:Electron affinity
32999:Electronegativity
32989:Crystal structure
32984:Aqueous chemistry
32961:Nuclear stability
32956:Atomic properties
32922:
32921:
32869:Refractory metals
32847:
32846:
32793:Transition metals
32759:
32758:
32491:
32490:
32484:
32483:
32450:
32449:
31095:978-0-444-40776-4
31076:978-0-86380-292-8
31030:978-1-59454-259-6
31011:978-0-86380-292-8
30992:978-0-19-960563-7
30970:978-0-19-938334-4
30951:978-0-19-960563-7
30929:978-84-8321-908-9
30884:978-0-19-091436-3
30864:978-1-898563-71-6
30829:978-0-13-014329-7
30806:978-0-08-037941-8
30632:10.1021/ed056p714
30572:10.1002/qua.21914
30544:978-3-030-67909-5
30479:Scerri, pp. 402–3
30447:10.1038/nchem.183
30114:Physical Review D
29962:(9–11): 879–915.
29956:Radiochimica Acta
29859:Nuclear Physics A
29745:10.5802/crchim.25
29659:978-0-19-965272-3
29185:(7741): 552–555.
29173:Ball, P. (2019).
29095:978-3-540-07109-9
28740:Scerri, pp. 356–9
28505:10.1021/ed084p757
28385:10.1021/ed059p242
28283:10.1021/ed080p952
28024:978-0-19-539131-2
27920:978-0-465-07265-1
27726:on 13 August 2017
27662:table on page 137
27618:978-0-19-284100-1
27573:978-0-471-23341-1
27233:978-0-12-146070-9
27144:on 5 October 2023
27117:978-0-19-850109-1
26997:978-0-520-90615-0
26949:978-1-84973-007-5
26905:10.1021/ed080p952
26863:10.1021/ed048p730
26761:(12): 1686–1687.
26736:978-1-4831-3905-0
26575:(24): 3764–3767.
26475:(12): 4370–4379.
26469:Physical Review B
26432:(6537): 238–240.
26406:978-1-4684-6066-7
26371:978-0-8493-0485-9
26338:978-0-12-352651-9
26313:978-3-11-007511-3
26047:10.1063/5.0097642
25956:978-1-4292-2434-5
25887:Angewandte Chemie
25778:978-3-11-057805-8
25617:10.1063/1.5053884
25565:978-0-470-77296-6
25531:(25): 9003–9014.
25497:Scerri, pp. 14–15
25409:Wulfsberg, p. 274
25225:978-1-4020-1250-1
25189:Actinides Reviews
25156:10.1021/ed068p110
24948:10.1002/jcc.20522
24900:(12): 1969–1999.
24830:978-0-07-112072-2
24797:978-0-313-31664-7
24764:978-0-7637-7833-0
24709:978-3-528-08019-8
24617:(11): 1482–1483.
24379:(12): 1959–1967.
24219:978-1-4020-6973-4
24072:(2018): 191–207.
23956:978-0-19-061139-2
23813:978-0-19-850346-0
23804:Organic Chemistry
23794:; Greeves, Nick;
23792:Clayden, Jonathan
23777:978-981-12-1850-7
23743:978-0-8285-5067-3
23661:978-3-540-07109-9
23223:(14): 6422–6433.
23123:Physical Review B
22936:10.1021/ic102028d
22892:10.1119/1.1972042
22583:(11): 2944–2949.
22534:978-0-444-87080-3
22365:10.1021/ed056p714
22312:(23): 4425–4439.
22085:978-1-77420-003-2
21917:. Merriam-Webster
21844:978-0-444-53590-0
21642:Radiochimica Acta
21523:. pp. 256–7.
21490:10.1021/ed059p634
21273:978-0-85404-438-2
21088:Physical Review C
21051:(5325): 132–134.
20900:(6934): 876–878.
20878:978-1-4020-3555-5
20814:978-0-19-960563-7
20509:(11): 9002–9006.
20294:{\displaystyle n}
20274:{\displaystyle N}
20254:{\displaystyle v}
20161:
20120:{\displaystyle v}
20100:{\displaystyle r}
20085:Coulomb potential
20076:{\displaystyle v}
20056:{\displaystyle R}
20031:
19882:metallic hydrogen
19651:The half-life of
19640:double beta decay
19571:Przybylski's Star
19537:, are formed via
19484:
19483:
18172:superconductivity
18053:transition metals
18037:In a 1919 paper,
18027:
18026:
17933:Arnold Sommerfeld
17808:Ernest Rutherford
17536:
17535:
17479:Transition metals
17225:
17224:
15717:. Atoms can form
15715:electronegativity
15701:Electronegativity
15588:
15587:
14686:electron affinity
14672:Electron affinity
14649:ionisation energy
14635:Ionisation energy
14497:William B. Jensen
14492:superconductivity
14466:
14465:
14192:Mercury (element)
13593:
13592:
13319:Mercury (element)
12711:first-row anomaly
12641:
12640:
12635:
12634:
11989:
11368:
11057:
10740:
10609:
10478:
10347:
10335:
10330:chemical elements
10281:
10280:
8974:
8973:
8342:
8341:
7939:
7938:
7668:valence electrons
7633:periodic function
7594:
7593:
7203:Mercury (element)
6715:
6714:
6441:Mercury (element)
5819:
5818:
4668:
4608:
4504:
4348:group 14 elements
4302:radioactive decay
4151:chemical elements
4125:3D views of some
4115:
4114:
4023:
4022:
3984:Mendelevium
3944:Einsteinium
3924:Californium
3321:Livermorium
3241:Copernicium
3221:Roentgenium
1280:Pnictogens
1071:quantum mechanics
1003:") and columns ("
997:chemical elements
985:
984:
897:Ionization energy
873:Electronegativity
782:Electronegativity
762:Crystal structure
622:Refractory metals
471:(s, p, d, f, ...)
16:(Redirected from
34303:
34281:Dmitri Mendeleev
34241:
34240:
34229:
34217:
34216:
34205:
34204:
34149:Chemical element
33804:Chemical biology
33663:Magnetochemistry
33640:Mechanochemistry
33593:Chemical physics
33534:Electrochemistry
33439:Characterization
33301:
33294:
33287:
33278:
33277:
33263:
33262:
33251:
33250:
33234:Dmitri Mendeleev
33162:1869 predictions
33152:Dmitri Mendeleev
32933:
32932:
32771:
32770:
32751:Aufbau principle
32663:18 (Noble gases)
32566:
32565:
32559:
32558:
32554:Sets of elements
32518:
32511:
32504:
32495:
32494:
32460:
32459:
32446:
32444:
32437:
32435:
32428:
32426:
32419:
32417:
32410:
32408:
32401:
32399:
32392:
32390:
32383:
32381:
32374:
32372:
32365:
32363:
32356:
32354:
32347:
32345:
32338:
32336:
32329:
32327:
32320:
32318:
32311:
32309:
32302:
32300:
32293:
32291:
32284:
32282:
32275:
32273:
32266:
32264:
32257:
32255:
32248:
32246:
32239:
32237:
32230:
32228:
32221:
32219:
32212:
32210:
32203:
32201:
32194:
32192:
32185:
32183:
32176:
32174:
32167:
32165:
32151:
32149:
32142:
32140:
32133:
32131:
32124:
32122:
32115:
32113:
32106:
32104:
32097:
32095:
32088:
32086:
32079:
32077:
32070:
32068:
32061:
32059:
32052:
32050:
32043:
32041:
32034:
32032:
32025:
32023:
32016:
32014:
32007:
32005:
31998:
31996:
31989:
31987:
31980:
31978:
31971:
31969:
31962:
31960:
31953:
31951:
31944:
31942:
31935:
31933:
31926:
31924:
31917:
31915:
31908:
31906:
31899:
31897:
31890:
31888:
31881:
31879:
31872:
31870:
31856:
31854:
31847:
31845:
31838:
31836:
31829:
31827:
31820:
31818:
31811:
31809:
31802:
31800:
31793:
31791:
31784:
31782:
31775:
31773:
31766:
31764:
31757:
31755:
31748:
31746:
31739:
31737:
31730:
31728:
31721:
31719:
31710:
31708:
31701:
31699:
31685:
31683:
31676:
31674:
31667:
31665:
31658:
31656:
31649:
31647:
31640:
31638:
31631:
31629:
31622:
31620:
31613:
31611:
31604:
31602:
31595:
31593:
31586:
31584:
31577:
31575:
31568:
31566:
31559:
31557:
31550:
31548:
31539:
31537:
31530:
31528:
31514:
31512:
31505:
31503:
31496:
31494:
31487:
31485:
31478:
31476:
31469:
31467:
31458:
31456:
31449:
31447:
31433:
31431:
31424:
31422:
31415:
31413:
31406:
31404:
31397:
31395:
31388:
31386:
31377:
31375:
31368:
31366:
31352:
31350:
31341:
31339:
31231:
31215:
31208:
31201:
31192:
31191:
31112:
31099:
31080:
31061:
31059:
31057:
31051:
31044:
31034:
31015:
30996:
30974:
30955:
30933:
30905:
30868:
30849:
30821:
30810:
30795:(2nd ed.).
30775:
30774:
30746:
30740:
30739:
30713:
30704:
30698:
30697:
30669:
30663:
30662:
30660:
30658:
30644:
30635:
30615:
30595:
30575:
30555:
30549:
30548:
30522:
30516:
30513:
30507:
30506:
30504:
30502:
30486:
30480:
30477:
30466:
30465:
30463:
30427:Nature Chemistry
30424:
30415:
30409:
30407:
30405:
30403:
30382:
30376:
30373:
30367:
30366:
30364:
30362:
30337:
30331:
30330:
30328:
30326:
30320:
30289:
30271:
30262:
30256:
30255:
30253:
30251:
30211:
30205:
30204:
30194:
30162:
30156:
30155:
30129:
30109:
30103:
30102:
30068:
30048:
30042:
30041:
30039:
30037:
30027:
29995:
29989:
29986:
29980:
29979:
29951:
29945:
29944:
29942:
29940:
29934:
29927:
29901:
29892:
29883:
29882:
29854:
29845:
29844:
29842:
29808:
29802:
29801:
29799:
29797:
29778:
29772:
29771:
29769:
29767:
29761:
29730:
29721:
29715:
29714:
29696:
29675:
29664:
29663:
29645:
29639:
29638:
29604:
29584:
29578:
29577:
29530:
29521:
29520:
29492:
29481:
29480:
29452:
29446:
29445:
29427:
29395:
29386:
29385:
29357:
29351:
29350:
29348:
29346:
29327:
29321:
29320:
29318:
29316:
29301:
29295:
29294:
29292:
29290:
29270:
29264:
29263:
29261:
29259:
29253:
29238:
29227:
29221:
29220:
29202:
29170:
29161:
29160:
29158:
29156:
29127:
29118:
29107:
29106:
29104:
29102:
29061:
29052:
29051:
29049:
29039:
29030:(9): 1387–1446.
29015:
29009:
29008:
29006:
29004:
28988:
28982:
28981:
28979:
28977:
28951:
28942:
28939:
28933:
28932:
28926:
28899:
28893:
28892:
28890:
28866:
28860:
28859:
28857:
28834:
28828:
28827:
28825:
28823:
28788:
28782:
28781:
28771:
28747:
28741:
28738:
28732:
28731:
28729:
28727:
28721:
28710:
28701:
28692:
28689:
28683:
28680:
28674:
28673:
28671:
28669:
28642:
28633:
28632:
28630:
28628:
28608:
28602:
28601:
28557:
28551:
28550:
28530:
28524:
28523:
28521:
28519:
28513:
28507:. Archived from
28482:
28473:
28467:
28464:
28458:
28457:
28455:
28453:
28419:Nature Chemistry
28410:
28404:
28403:
28401:
28399:
28394:on 15 March 2020
28393:
28387:. Archived from
28362:
28353:
28347:
28346:
28344:
28342:10.1038/111079a0
28312:
28306:
28305:
28299:
28297:
28291:
28260:
28251:
28245:
28244:
28242:
28240:
28215:(7): 1602–1609.
28199:Bury, Charles R.
28195:
28186:
28185:
28183:
28181:
28140:Langmuir, Irving
28136:
28130:
28127:
28121:
28118:
28112:
28111:
28092:10.2307/27757389
28071:
28065:
28062:
28056:
28053:
28047:
28044:
28038:
28035:
28029:
28028:
28010:
27999:
27998:
27996:
27972:
27966:
27965:
27955:
27931:
27925:
27924:
27897:
27891:
27887:
27881:
27878:
27872:
27869:
27863:
27854:
27848:
27847:
27845:
27843:
27837:
27831:. Archived from
27814:
27805:
27794:
27791:
27785:
27784:
27782:
27780:
27760:
27754:
27753:Scerri, p. 151–2
27751:
27745:
27742:
27736:
27735:
27733:
27731:
27707:
27701:
27698:
27689:
27686:
27680:
27677:
27671:
27658:
27652:
27651:
27643:
27632:
27623:
27622:
27601:
27595:
27592:
27586:
27585:
27551:
27545:
27533:
27531:
27529:
27489:
27483:
27481:
27479:
27477:
27437:
27431:
27430:
27425:
27423:
27403:
27397:
27396:
27394:
27392:
27364:
27358:
27357:
27355:
27353:
27347:
27332:
27310:
27301:
27295:
27294:
27292:
27290:
27284:
27253:
27244:
27238:
27237:
27219:
27213:
27212:
27210:
27208:
27188:
27182:
27181:
27179:
27167:
27161:
27160:
27151:
27149:
27143:
27136:
27128:
27122:
27121:
27100:
27094:
27093:
27065:
27059:
27058:
27038:
27029:
27028:
27008:
27002:
27001:
26983:
26977:
26976:
26974:
26972:
26960:
26954:
26953:
26941:
26930:
26924:
26923:
26921:
26919:
26913:
26907:. Archived from
26882:
26873:
26867:
26866:
26838:
26832:
26829:
26823:
26822:
26820:
26818:
26812:
26797:
26788:
26779:
26778:
26750:
26741:
26740:
26722:
26716:
26715:
26713:
26711:
26691:
26676:
26675:
26673:
26671:
26652:"Periodic Table"
26648:
26642:
26641:
26639:
26637:
26614:
26601:
26600:
26564:
26558:
26557:
26555:
26553:
26533:
26524:
26523:
26521:
26519:
26499:
26493:
26492:
26464:
26458:
26457:
26446:10.1038/376238a0
26421:
26415:
26414:
26413:on 2 April 2015.
26409:. Archived from
26382:
26376:
26375:
26359:
26349:
26343:
26342:
26324:
26318:
26317:
26299:
26293:
26292:
26290:
26288:
26268:
26259:
26258:
26256:
26254:
26239:
26233:
26232:
26196:
26190:
26189:
26179:
26169:
26137:
26128:
26127:
26125:
26123:
26108:
26099:
26098:
26096:
26085:
26076:
26067:
26066:
26022:
26013:
26012:
26002:
25970:
25961:
25960:
25942:
25936:
25935:
25927:
25921:
25920:
25910:
25878:
25872:
25871:
25843:
25837:
25836:
25826:
25803:Phys. Rev. Lett.
25793:
25787:
25786:
25764:
25751:
25748:
25729:
25728:
25692:
25686:
25685:
25683:
25681:
25661:
25655:
25654:
25652:
25650:
25635:
25629:
25628:
25588:
25582:
25581:
25579:
25577:
25547:
25541:
25540:
25520:
25514:
25511:
25498:
25495:
25486:
25483:
25474:
25471:
25460:
25459:
25450:(8): 1367–1370.
25439:
25433:
25430:
25419:
25416:
25410:
25407:
25401:
25400:Wulfsberg, p. 28
25398:
25392:
25391:
25389:
25357:
25351:
25350:
25333:(6): 2285–2293.
25322:
25316:
25315:
25313:
25311:
25291:
25282:
25281:
25279:
25277:
25257:
25248:
25245:
25239:
25236:
25230:
25229:
25211:
25205:
25204:
25202:
25200:
25186:
25177:
25160:
25159:
25131:
25125:
25124:
25104:
25095:
25094:
25066:
25060:
25059:
25057:
25055:
25035:
25029:
25028:
25000:
24994:
24991:
24985:
24982:
24969:
24968:
24950:
24926:
24920:
24919:
24909:
24885:
24879:
24878:
24876:
24874:
24854:
24845:
24841:
24835:
24834:
24818:
24808:
24802:
24801:
24785:
24775:
24769:
24768:
24750:
24744:
24741:
24726:
24725:Wulfsberg, p. 26
24723:
24714:
24713:
24686:
24680:
24679:
24667:
24662:The Periodic Law
24656:
24637:
24636:
24634:
24602:
24596:
24595:
24569:
24560:
24554:
24553:
24543:
24519:
24513:
24512:
24492:
24486:
24485:
24483:
24481:
24454:
24448:
24447:
24419:
24404:
24403:
24401:
24399:
24370:
24361:
24355:
24354:
24352:
24343:(1–2): 139–153.
24328:
24322:
24321:
24319:
24295:
24289:
24288:
24286:
24284:10.1143/PTP.29.1
24254:
24245:
24237:
24228:
24227:
24203:
24197:
24194:
24188:
24185:
24168:
24167:
24157:
24134:Nature Chemistry
24125:
24119:
24118:
24116:
24114:
24090:
24084:
24083:
24081:
24057:
24048:
24045:
24032:
24031:
24029:
24027:
24009:
23999:
23967:
23961:
23960:
23942:
23933:
23932:
23930:
23928:
23923:
23899:
23893:
23890:
23881:
23880:
23878:
23854:
23845:
23844:
23824:
23818:
23817:
23788:
23782:
23781:
23763:
23748:
23747:
23729:
23714:
23711:
23702:
23701:
23699:
23697:
23677:
23666:
23665:
23635:
23629:
23628:
23626:
23624:
23601:
23595:
23594:
23592:
23590:
23569:
23560:
23559:
23557:
23555:
23549:
23543:. Archived from
23538:
23533:
23531:
23530:
23522:
23520:
23519:
23507:
23501:
23500:
23482:
23454:
23440:
23434:
23433:Scerri, p. 354–6
23431:
23420:
23419:
23417:
23415:
23394:
23354:
23345:
23344:
23304:
23298:
23297:
23272:(9): 5352–5363.
23257:
23251:
23250:
23240:
23238:10.1063/1.480168
23208:
23202:
23201:
23161:
23155:
23154:
23129:(7): 4954–4958.
23118:
23112:
23111:
23101:
23091:
23066:
23060:
23059:
23019:
23013:
23012:
23000:
22994:
22993:
22991:
22989:
22983:
22977:. Archived from
22976:
22967:
22956:
22955:
22907:
22896:
22895:
22867:
22852:
22851:
22823:
22817:
22814:
22805:
22804:Wulfsberg, p. 27
22802:
22796:
22795:
22793:
22791:
22785:
22746:
22737:
22722:
22721:
22719:
22717:
22711:
22705:. Archived from
22704:
22692:
22637:
22636:
22632:978-0-19-9604135
22618:
22593:
22592:
22572:
22566:
22565:
22563:
22561:
22545:
22539:
22538:
22520:
22503:
22502:
22494:
22485:
22484:
22464:
22445:
22444:
22434:
22424:
22392:
22383:
22380:
22369:
22368:
22339:
22330:
22329:
22301:
22292:
22291:
22263:
22248:
22247:
22223:
22217:
22216:
22214:
22212:
22206:
22191:
22181:
22154:
22145:
22132:
22131:
22129:
22127:
22116:www.chem.fsu.edu
22108:
22102:
22101:
22099:
22097:
22069:
22063:
22060:
22054:
22051:
22045:
22042:
22036:
22035:
22033:
22031:
22003:
21976:
21975:
21973:
21938:
21927:
21926:
21924:
21922:
21905:
21899:
21896:
21887:
21886:
21884:
21882:
21867:
21858:
21855:
21849:
21848:
21822:
21797:
21796:
21778:
21733:
21732:
21692:
21686:
21683:
21658:
21657:
21637:
21628:
21627:
21625:
21623:
21596:
21585:
21584:
21582:
21580:
21540:
21525:
21524:
21505:
21494:
21493:
21465:
21440:
21439:
21437:
21435:
21429:
21398:
21389:
21368:
21367:
21365:
21363:
21357:
21329:Pure Appl. Chem.
21325:
21316:
21293:
21292:
21290:
21288:
21282:
21265:
21254:
21233:
21232:
21222:
21188:
21164:
21158:
21157:
21155:
21153:
21133:(7): 3522–3526.
21118:
21112:
21111:
21083:
21077:
21076:
21065:10.1038/234132a0
21038:
21032:
21031:
21001:
20995:
20994:
20960:
20940:
20934:
20933:
20889:
20883:
20882:
20860:
20854:
20853:
20825:
20819:
20818:
20800:
20791:
20790:
20753:
20747:
20746:
20744:
20742:
20695:Nature Chemistry
20686:
20671:
20668:
20662:
20659:
20653:
20652:
20650:
20648:
20629:
20623:
20622:
20620:
20618:
20599:
20566:
20556:Chemical element
20543:
20537:
20536:
20526:
20489:
20483:
20482:
20453:
20447:
20446:
20444:
20418:
20412:
20411:
20409:
20407:
20393:
20377:
20370:
20364:
20360:
20354:
20352:
20350:
20349:
20344:
20326:
20324:
20323:
20318:
20300:
20298:
20297:
20292:
20280:
20278:
20277:
20272:
20260:
20258:
20257:
20252:
20232:
20230:
20229:
20224:
20200:
20198:
20197:
20192:
20172:
20171:
20162:
20154:
20149:
20148:
20126:
20124:
20123:
20118:
20106:
20104:
20103:
20098:
20082:
20080:
20079:
20074:
20062:
20060:
20059:
20054:
20042:
20040:
20039:
20034:
20032:
20030:
20029:
20028:
20000:
19992:
19975:
19974:
19970:
19949:
19943:
19926:
19917:
19910:
19904:
19895:
19889:
19874:
19868:
19864:
19858:
19829:
19823:
19794:
19788:
19784:
19778:
19775:
19769:
19765:
19759:
19713:
19707:
19704:
19700:
19695:
19686:
19683:
19677:
19673:See for example
19671:
19665:
19662:
19656:
19649:
19643:
19620:
19614:
19519:
19284:
19283:
19280:
19277:
19274:
19104:
19103:
19100:
19097:
19094:
18992:
18989:
18986:
18885:
18882:
18879:
18828:
18825:
18774:
18771:
18750:
18729:
18614:
18613:
18600:
18593:
18586:
18575:
18571:
18550:Edward G. Mazurs
18517:electron capture
18237:Glenn T. Seaborg
18221:Marguerite Perey
18190:Glenn T. Seaborg
18117:Aufbau principle
18076:Georg von Hevesy
17945:
17941:
17780:Bohuslav Brauner
17745:Dmitri Mendeleev
17739:Dmitri Mendeleev
17528:
17526:
17518:
17516:
17508:
17506:
17498:
17496:
17488:
17486:
17477:
17475:
17467:
17465:
17457:
17455:
17447:
17445:
17437:
17435:
17429:
17297:
17285:
17273:
17262:
17255:Background color
17252:
17251:
17248:
17245:
17239:
17237:Network covalent
17234:
17216:
17214:
17207:
17205:
17198:
17196:
17189:
17187:
17180:
17178:
17171:
17169:
17162:
17160:
17153:
17151:
17144:
17142:
17135:
17133:
17126:
17124:
17117:
17115:
17108:
17106:
17099:
17097:
17090:
17088:
17081:
17079:
17072:
17070:
17063:
17061:
17054:
17052:
17045:
17043:
17036:
17034:
17027:
17025:
17018:
17016:
17009:
17007:
17000:
16998:
16991:
16989:
16982:
16980:
16973:
16971:
16964:
16962:
16955:
16953:
16946:
16944:
16937:
16935:
16921:
16919:
16912:
16910:
16903:
16901:
16894:
16892:
16885:
16883:
16876:
16874:
16867:
16865:
16858:
16856:
16849:
16847:
16840:
16838:
16831:
16829:
16822:
16820:
16813:
16811:
16804:
16802:
16795:
16793:
16786:
16784:
16777:
16775:
16768:
16766:
16759:
16757:
16750:
16748:
16741:
16739:
16732:
16730:
16723:
16721:
16714:
16712:
16705:
16703:
16696:
16694:
16687:
16685:
16678:
16676:
16669:
16667:
16660:
16658:
16651:
16649:
16642:
16640:
16626:
16624:
16617:
16615:
16608:
16606:
16599:
16597:
16590:
16588:
16581:
16579:
16572:
16570:
16563:
16561:
16554:
16552:
16545:
16543:
16536:
16534:
16527:
16525:
16518:
16516:
16509:
16507:
16500:
16498:
16491:
16489:
16480:
16478:
16471:
16469:
16455:
16453:
16446:
16444:
16437:
16435:
16428:
16426:
16419:
16417:
16410:
16408:
16401:
16399:
16392:
16390:
16383:
16381:
16374:
16372:
16365:
16363:
16356:
16354:
16347:
16345:
16338:
16336:
16329:
16327:
16320:
16318:
16309:
16307:
16300:
16298:
16284:
16282:
16275:
16273:
16266:
16264:
16257:
16255:
16248:
16246:
16239:
16237:
16228:
16226:
16219:
16217:
16203:
16201:
16194:
16192:
16185:
16183:
16176:
16174:
16167:
16165:
16158:
16156:
16147:
16145:
16138:
16136:
16122:
16120:
16111:
16109:
15976:
15969:
15962:
15953:
15593:disproportionate
14841:
14837:
14741:(PbO, left) and
14732:
14731:
14723:
14722:
14568:multiple bonding
14461:
14454:
14447:
14440:
14433:
14426:
14419:
14412:
14405:
14398:
14391:
14384:
14377:
14370:
14363:
14356:
14349:
14342:
14335:
14328:
14321:
14314:
14307:
14300:
14293:
14286:
14279:
14272:
14265:
14258:
14251:
14244:
14235:
14228:
14221:
14214:
14207:
14200:
14193:
14186:
14179:
14172:
14165:
14158:
14151:
14144:
14137:
14130:
14123:
14116:
14109:
14102:
14095:
14088:
14081:
14074:
14067:
14060:
14053:
14046:
14039:
14032:
14025:
14018:
14009:
14002:
13995:
13988:
13981:
13974:
13967:
13960:
13953:
13946:
13939:
13932:
13925:
13918:
13911:
13900:
13893:
13886:
13877:
13870:
13863:
13856:
13849:
13842:
13835:
13828:
13821:
13814:
13807:
13800:
13793:
13786:
13779:
13770:
13763:
13756:
13747:
13740:
13733:
13726:
13719:
13712:
13703:
13696:
13687:
13680:
13673:
13666:
13659:
13652:
13643:
13636:
13627:
13618:
13612:
13611:
13607:
13588:
13581:
13574:
13567:
13560:
13553:
13546:
13539:
13532:
13525:
13518:
13511:
13504:
13497:
13490:
13483:
13476:
13469:
13462:
13455:
13448:
13441:
13434:
13427:
13420:
13413:
13406:
13399:
13392:
13385:
13378:
13371:
13362:
13355:
13348:
13341:
13334:
13327:
13320:
13313:
13306:
13299:
13292:
13285:
13278:
13271:
13264:
13257:
13250:
13243:
13236:
13229:
13222:
13215:
13208:
13201:
13194:
13187:
13180:
13173:
13166:
13159:
13152:
13145:
13136:
13129:
13122:
13115:
13108:
13101:
13094:
13087:
13080:
13073:
13066:
13059:
13052:
13045:
13038:
13031:
13020:
13013:
13004:
12997:
12990:
12983:
12976:
12969:
12962:
12955:
12948:
12941:
12934:
12927:
12920:
12913:
12906:
12899:
12890:
12883:
12874:
12867:
12860:
12853:
12846:
12839:
12830:
12823:
12814:
12807:
12800:
12793:
12786:
12779:
12770:
12763:
12754:
12745:
12739:
12738:
12734:
12655:Period 1 element
12611:
12610:
12603:
12582:
12563:
12544:
12525:
12506:
12487:
12466:
12447:
12428:
12409:
12390:
12371:
12352:
12333:
12314:
12295:
12274:
12255:
12236:
12217:
12198:
12179:
12160:
12141:
12122:
12103:
12084:
12065:
12046:
12027:
11987:
11982:
11961:
11942:
11923:
11904:
11885:
11866:
11847:
11826:
11807:
11788:
11769:
11750:
11731:
11712:
11693:
11674:
11653:
11634:
11615:
11596:
11577:
11558:
11539:
11520:
11501:
11482:
11463:
11444:
11425:
11406:
11366:
11361:
11342:
11325:
11308:
11291:
11274:
11257:
11240:
11223:
11174:
11127:
11110:
11091:
11055:
11050:
11031:
11014:
10997:
10980:
10963:
10946:
10929:
10910:
10893:
10876:
10859:
10827:
10810:
10793:
10774:
10738:
10733:
10716:
10701:
10686:
10671:
10656:
10639:
10607:
10602:
10585:
10570:
10555:
10540:
10525:
10508:
10476:
10471:
10342:
10336:
10333:
10319:
10312:
10305:
10296:
10295:
10277:
10274:
10271:
10268:
10031:
10030:
10027:
10024:
10021:
10016:
9781:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9770:
9603:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9592:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9287:
9286:
9282:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9065:
9064:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8825:
8822:
8819:
8815:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8670:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8573:
8484:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8417:
8416:
8338:
8335:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8192:
8191:
8187:
8150:
8149:
8099:(1s 2s 2p), and
7998:Aufbau principle
7677:
7676:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7341:
7334:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7262:
7255:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7132:
7125:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7002:
6995:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6872:
6865:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6812:
6805:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6752:
6745:
6736:
6727:
6721:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6142:
6135:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6012:
6005:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5952:
5945:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5892:
5885:
5876:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5815:
5813:
5806:
5804:
5797:
5795:
5788:
5786:
5779:
5777:
5770:
5768:
5761:
5759:
5752:
5750:
5743:
5741:
5734:
5732:
5725:
5723:
5716:
5714:
5707:
5705:
5698:
5696:
5689:
5687:
5680:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5662:
5655:
5653:
5639:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5619:
5612:
5610:
5603:
5601:
5594:
5592:
5585:
5583:
5576:
5574:
5567:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5549:
5547:
5540:
5538:
5531:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5502:
5490:
5488:
5481:
5479:
5465:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5447:
5445:
5438:
5436:
5429:
5427:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5409:
5402:
5400:
5393:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5375:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5339:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5319:
5317:
5310:
5308:
5294:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5258:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5240:
5238:
5231:
5229:
5222:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5166:
5159:
5157:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5137:
5123:
5121:
5114:
5112:
5105:
5103:
5096:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5047:
5045:
5038:
5036:
5022:
5020:
5013:
5011:
5004:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4986:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4946:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4921:
4919:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4796:Name by element
4775:pnictogens
4697:
4666:
4606:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4516:
4510:
4502:
4396:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4344:group 4 elements
4306:age of the Earth
4091:
4090:
4075:
4068:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3728:
3727:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:Dysprosium
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3558:Gadolinium
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:Promethium
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:Tennessine
3334:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:Meitnerium
3174:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:Seaborgium
3114:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3061:Lawrencium
3054:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:Technetium
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:Molybdenum
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:Phosphorus
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1075:Glenn T. Seaborg
1055:Dmitri Mendeleev
977:
970:
963:
948:Chemistry Portal
582:nonmetal halogen
485:Aufbau principle
461:
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
419:
412:
393:
383:
373:
363:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
258:
250:
222:Sets of elements
150:1869 predictions
120:
114:
110:
67:
66:
45:sets of elements
21:
34311:
34310:
34306:
34305:
34304:
34302:
34301:
34300:
34256:
34255:
34254:
34249:
34193:
34096:
34090:Polymer science
34046:Click chemistry
34041:Green chemistry
33935:Ocean chemistry
33911:Biogeochemistry
33857:
33773:
33745:Total synthesis
33708:Stereochemistry
33694:
33644:
33561:Surface science
33551:Thermochemistry
33520:
33463:
33434:Crystallography
33339:
33311:
33305:
33275:
33270:
33238:
33200:
33129:
33105:Oxidation state
33013:
32970:
32918:
32914:Minor actinides
32909:Major actinides
32874:Precious metals
32843:
32825:
32802:
32755:
32737:
32667:
32653:16 (Chalcogens)
32648:15 (Pnictogens)
32548:
32527:
32522:
32492:
32487:
32486:
32485:
32451:
32442:
32440:
32433:
32431:
32424:
32422:
32415:
32413:
32406:
32404:
32397:
32395:
32388:
32386:
32379:
32377:
32370:
32368:
32361:
32359:
32352:
32350:
32343:
32341:
32334:
32332:
32325:
32323:
32316:
32314:
32307:
32305:
32298:
32296:
32289:
32287:
32280:
32278:
32271:
32269:
32262:
32260:
32253:
32251:
32244:
32242:
32235:
32233:
32226:
32224:
32217:
32215:
32208:
32206:
32199:
32197:
32190:
32188:
32181:
32179:
32172:
32170:
32163:
32161:
32147:
32145:
32138:
32136:
32129:
32127:
32120:
32118:
32111:
32109:
32102:
32100:
32093:
32091:
32084:
32082:
32075:
32073:
32066:
32064:
32057:
32055:
32048:
32046:
32039:
32037:
32030:
32028:
32021:
32019:
32012:
32010:
32003:
32001:
31994:
31992:
31985:
31983:
31976:
31974:
31967:
31965:
31958:
31956:
31949:
31947:
31940:
31938:
31931:
31929:
31922:
31920:
31913:
31911:
31904:
31902:
31895:
31893:
31886:
31884:
31877:
31875:
31868:
31866:
31852:
31850:
31843:
31841:
31834:
31832:
31825:
31823:
31816:
31814:
31807:
31805:
31798:
31796:
31789:
31787:
31780:
31778:
31771:
31769:
31762:
31760:
31753:
31751:
31744:
31742:
31735:
31733:
31726:
31724:
31717:
31715:
31706:
31704:
31697:
31695:
31681:
31679:
31672:
31670:
31663:
31661:
31654:
31652:
31645:
31643:
31636:
31634:
31627:
31625:
31618:
31616:
31609:
31607:
31600:
31598:
31591:
31589:
31582:
31580:
31573:
31571:
31564:
31562:
31555:
31553:
31546:
31544:
31535:
31533:
31526:
31524:
31510:
31508:
31501:
31499:
31492:
31490:
31483:
31481:
31474:
31472:
31465:
31463:
31454:
31452:
31445:
31443:
31429:
31427:
31420:
31418:
31411:
31409:
31402:
31400:
31393:
31391:
31384:
31382:
31373:
31371:
31364:
31362:
31348:
31346:
31337:
31335:
31224:
31219:
31176:Wayback Machine
31120:
31115:
31096:
31077:
31055:
31053:
31049:
31042:
31031:
31012:
30993:
30971:
30952:
30930:
30913:
30911:Further reading
30908:
30902:
30865:
30830:
30807:
30783:
30778:
30747:
30743:
30711:
30705:
30701:
30670:
30666:
30656:
30654:
30642:
30626:(11): 714–717.
30612:10.1002/qua.965
30556:
30552:
30545:
30523:
30519:
30514:
30510:
30500:
30498:
30487:
30483:
30478:
30469:
30461:
30422:
30420:"Table manners"
30416:
30412:
30401:
30399:
30390:(Finding Aid).
30384:
30383:
30379:
30374:
30370:
30360:
30358:
30341:Subramanian, S.
30338:
30334:
30324:
30322:
30318:
30269:
30263:
30259:
30249:
30247:
30212:
30208:
30163:
30159:
30110:
30106:
30049:
30045:
30035:
30033:
29996:
29992:
29987:
29983:
29952:
29948:
29938:
29936:
29932:
29899:
29893:
29886:
29855:
29848:
29809:
29805:
29795:
29793:
29780:
29779:
29775:
29765:
29763:
29759:
29728:
29722:
29718:
29681:Physics Reports
29676:
29667:
29660:
29646:
29642:
29589:Phys. Rev. Lett
29585:
29581:
29531:
29524:
29493:
29484:
29469:10.2307/3963006
29453:
29449:
29396:
29389:
29358:
29354:
29344:
29342:
29328:
29324:
29314:
29312:
29310:Chemistry World
29302:
29298:
29288:
29286:
29271:
29267:
29257:
29255:
29251:
29236:
29228:
29224:
29171:
29164:
29154:
29152:
29125:
29119:
29110:
29100:
29098:
29096:
29062:
29055:
29016:
29012:
29002:
29000:
28989:
28985:
28975:
28973:
28961:Chemistry World
28952:
28945:
28940:
28936:
28900:
28896:
28867:
28863:
28836:
28835:
28831:
28821:
28819:
28789:
28785:
28748:
28744:
28739:
28735:
28725:
28723:
28719:
28708:
28702:
28695:
28690:
28686:
28681:
28677:
28667:
28665:
28643:
28636:
28626:
28624:
28609:
28605:
28558:
28554:
28531:
28527:
28517:
28515:
28511:
28480:
28474:
28470:
28465:
28461:
28451:
28449:
28411:
28407:
28397:
28395:
28391:
28360:
28354:
28350:
28313:
28309:
28295:
28293:
28289:
28258:
28252:
28248:
28238:
28236:
28196:
28189:
28179:
28177:
28137:
28133:
28128:
28124:
28119:
28115:
28072:
28068:
28063:
28059:
28054:
28050:
28045:
28041:
28036:
28032:
28025:
28011:
28002:
27973:
27969:
27932:
27928:
27921:
27898:
27894:
27888:
27884:
27879:
27875:
27870:
27866:
27855:
27851:
27841:
27839:
27838:on 16 July 2019
27835:
27821:Alpha Chi Sigma
27812:
27806:
27797:
27792:
27788:
27778:
27776:
27761:
27757:
27752:
27748:
27743:
27739:
27729:
27727:
27708:
27704:
27699:
27692:
27687:
27683:
27678:
27674:
27669:Wayback Machine
27659:
27655:
27633:
27626:
27619:
27602:
27598:
27593:
27589:
27574:
27552:
27548:
27543:Wayback Machine
27527:
27525:
27490:
27486:
27475:
27473:
27438:
27434:
27421:
27419:
27404:
27400:
27390:
27388:
27365:
27361:
27351:
27349:
27345:
27308:
27302:
27298:
27288:
27286:
27282:
27251:
27245:
27241:
27234:
27220:
27216:
27206:
27204:
27189:
27185:
27168:
27164:
27147:
27145:
27141:
27134:
27130:
27129:
27125:
27118:
27104:Mingos, Michael
27101:
27097:
27066:
27062:
27039:
27032:
27009:
27005:
26998:
26984:
26980:
26970:
26968:
26961:
26957:
26950:
26939:
26931:
26927:
26917:
26915:
26914:on 11 June 2010
26911:
26880:
26874:
26870:
26849:(11): 730–731.
26839:
26835:
26830:
26826:
26816:
26814:
26810:
26795:
26789:
26782:
26751:
26744:
26737:
26723:
26719:
26709:
26707:
26692:
26679:
26669:
26667:
26650:
26649:
26645:
26635:
26633:
26616:
26615:
26604:
26565:
26561:
26551:
26549:
26534:
26527:
26517:
26515:
26500:
26496:
26465:
26461:
26422:
26418:
26407:
26383:
26379:
26372:
26350:
26346:
26339:
26325:
26321:
26314:
26300:
26296:
26286:
26284:
26269:
26262:
26252:
26250:
26248:Chemistry World
26240:
26236:
26197:
26193:
26138:
26131:
26121:
26119:
26109:
26102:
26094:
26083:
26077:
26070:
26023:
26016:
25971:
25964:
25957:
25943:
25939:
25928:
25924:
25879:
25875:
25844:
25840:
25794:
25790:
25779:
25765:
25754:
25749:
25732:
25697:Physica Scripta
25693:
25689:
25679:
25677:
25662:
25658:
25648:
25646:
25637:
25636:
25632:
25589:
25585:
25575:
25573:
25566:
25548:
25544:
25521:
25517:
25512:
25501:
25496:
25489:
25484:
25477:
25472:
25463:
25440:
25436:
25431:
25422:
25417:
25413:
25408:
25404:
25399:
25395:
25358:
25354:
25323:
25319:
25309:
25307:
25292:
25285:
25275:
25273:
25258:
25251:
25246:
25242:
25237:
25233:
25226:
25212:
25208:
25198:
25196:
25184:
25178:
25163:
25132:
25128:
25105:
25098:
25067:
25063:
25053:
25051:
25036:
25032:
25001:
24997:
24992:
24988:
24983:
24972:
24927:
24923:
24886:
24882:
24872:
24870:
24855:
24848:
24842:
24838:
24831:
24821:289–310, 340–42
24809:
24805:
24798:
24776:
24772:
24765:
24751:
24747:
24742:
24729:
24724:
24717:
24710:
24687:
24683:
24676:
24665:
24657:
24640:
24603:
24599:
24567:
24561:
24557:
24520:
24516:
24509:
24493:
24489:
24479:
24477:
24455:
24451:
24420:
24407:
24397:
24395:
24368:
24362:
24358:
24337:Pure Appl. Chem
24329:
24325:
24304:Pure Appl. Chem
24296:
24292:
24255:
24248:
24238:
24231:
24220:
24204:
24200:
24195:
24191:
24186:
24171:
24126:
24122:
24112:
24110:
24091:
24087:
24058:
24051:
24046:
24035:
24025:
24023:
23968:
23964:
23957:
23943:
23936:
23926:
23924:
23900:
23896:
23891:
23884:
23855:
23848:
23835:(23): 2190–93.
23825:
23821:
23814:
23789:
23785:
23778:
23764:
23751:
23744:
23730:
23717:
23712:
23705:
23695:
23693:
23678:
23669:
23662:
23636:
23632:
23622:
23620:
23602:
23598:
23588:
23586:
23571:
23570:
23563:
23553:
23551:
23547:
23536:
23529:
23527:
23526:
23525:
23524:
23518:
23516:
23515:
23514:
23513:
23508:
23504:
23449:
23441:
23437:
23432:
23423:
23413:
23411:
23369:(18): 17351–5.
23355:
23348:
23305:
23301:
23258:
23254:
23209:
23205:
23176:(24): 321–325.
23167:
23162:
23158:
23119:
23115:
23067:
23063:
23034:(15): 7839–47.
23025:
23020:
23016:
23001:
22997:
22987:
22985:
22981:
22974:
22968:
22959:
22921:
22917:
22913:
22908:
22899:
22868:
22855:
22824:
22820:
22815:
22808:
22803:
22799:
22789:
22787:
22783:
22744:
22738:
22725:
22715:
22713:
22709:
22702:
22693:
22640:
22633:
22619:
22596:
22573:
22569:
22559:
22557:
22546:
22542:
22535:
22521:
22506:
22495:
22488:
22465:
22448:
22393:
22386:
22381:
22372:
22351:(11): 714–718.
22340:
22333:
22302:
22295:
22264:
22251:
22244:
22224:
22220:
22210:
22208:
22204:
22152:
22146:
22135:
22125:
22123:
22110:
22109:
22105:
22095:
22093:
22086:
22070:
22066:
22061:
22057:
22052:
22048:
22043:
22039:
22029:
22027:
22020:
22004:
21979:
21939:
21930:
21920:
21918:
21907:
21906:
21902:
21897:
21890:
21880:
21878:
21873:. IUPAC. 2015.
21869:
21868:
21861:
21856:
21852:
21845:
21823:
21800:
21793:
21779:
21736:
21707:(50): 984–991.
21693:
21689:
21684:
21661:
21638:
21631:
21621:
21619:
21597:
21588:
21578:
21576:
21541:
21528:
21506:
21497:
21466:
21443:
21433:
21431:
21427:
21396:
21390:
21371:
21361:
21359:
21355:
21323:
21317:
21296:
21286:
21284:
21280:
21274:
21263:
21255:
21236:
21165:
21161:
21151:
21149:
21119:
21115:
21084:
21080:
21039:
21035:
21002:
20998:
20941:
20937:
20890:
20886:
20879:
20861:
20857:
20826:
20822:
20815:
20801:
20794:
20754:
20750:
20740:
20738:
20687:
20674:
20669:
20665:
20660:
20656:
20646:
20644:
20631:
20630:
20626:
20616:
20614:
20609:. IUPAC. 2021.
20601:
20600:
20569:
20544:
20540:
20497:Chemical Galaxy
20490:
20486:
20454:
20450:
20419:
20415:
20405:
20403:
20395:
20394:
20390:
20386:
20381:
20380:
20371:
20367:
20361:
20357:
20332:
20329:
20328:
20306:
20303:
20302:
20286:
20283:
20282:
20266:
20263:
20262:
20246:
20243:
20242:
20206:
20203:
20202:
20167:
20163:
20153:
20144:
20140:
20132:
20129:
20128:
20112:
20109:
20108:
20092:
20089:
20088:
20068:
20065:
20064:
20048:
20045:
20044:
20024:
20020:
20001:
19993:
19991:
19966:
19962:
19958:
19956:
19953:
19952:
19950:
19946:
19927:
19920:
19911:
19907:
19896:
19892:
19875:
19871:
19865:
19861:
19855:
19851:
19844:
19840:
19830:
19826:
19820:
19816:
19809:
19805:
19795:
19791:
19785:
19781:
19776:
19772:
19766:
19762:
19714:
19710:
19702:
19698:
19696:
19689:
19684:
19680:
19672:
19668:
19663:
19659:
19650:
19646:
19621:
19617:
19520:
19513:
19508:
19500:Nucleosynthesis
19496:
19491:
19490:
19281:
19278:
19275:
19272:
19271:
19101:
19098:
19095:
19092:
19091:
19070: I
18990:
18987:
18984:
18883:
18880:
18877:
18826:
18823:
18772:
18769:
18748:
18727:
18611:
18610:
18604:
18573:
18569:
18535:
18529:
18498:Alternatively,
18469:
18465:
18461:
18457:
18453:
18449:
18445:
18376:
18372:
18368:
18364:
18360:
18356:
18352:
18348:
18338:
18332:
18326:
18309:Yuri Oganessian
18291:Yuri Oganessian
18184:
18103:quantum numbers
18039:Irving Langmuir
17930:
17926:
17922:
17905:
17903:Electron shells
17896:Frederick Soddy
17792:
17772:Clemens Winkler
17733:
17720:electropositive
17713:German chemist
17676:
17663:
17657:
17651:
17537:
17524:
17523:
17522:
17514:
17513:
17512:
17510:Other nonmetals
17504:
17503:
17502:
17494:
17493:
17492:
17484:
17483:
17473:
17472:
17471:
17463:
17462:
17461:
17453:
17452:
17451:
17443:
17442:
17441:
17433:
17432:
17419:
17394:heats of fusion
17378:
17364:
17355:
17351:
17344:
17340:
17328:
17301:
17298:
17289:
17286:
17277:
17274:
17265:
17264:
17253:
17249:
17246:
17240:
17235:
17230:
17229:
17221:
17212:
17210:
17203:
17201:
17194:
17192:
17185:
17183:
17176:
17174:
17167:
17165:
17158:
17156:
17149:
17147:
17140:
17138:
17131:
17129:
17122:
17120:
17113:
17111:
17104:
17102:
17095:
17093:
17086:
17084:
17077:
17075:
17068:
17066:
17059:
17057:
17050:
17048:
17041:
17039:
17032:
17030:
17023:
17021:
17014:
17012:
17005:
17003:
16996:
16994:
16987:
16985:
16978:
16976:
16969:
16967:
16960:
16958:
16951:
16949:
16942:
16940:
16933:
16931:
16917:
16915:
16908:
16906:
16899:
16897:
16890:
16888:
16881:
16879:
16872:
16870:
16863:
16861:
16854:
16852:
16845:
16843:
16836:
16834:
16827:
16825:
16818:
16816:
16809:
16807:
16800:
16798:
16791:
16789:
16782:
16780:
16773:
16771:
16764:
16762:
16755:
16753:
16746:
16744:
16737:
16735:
16728:
16726:
16719:
16717:
16710:
16708:
16701:
16699:
16692:
16690:
16683:
16681:
16674:
16672:
16665:
16663:
16656:
16654:
16647:
16645:
16638:
16636:
16622:
16620:
16613:
16611:
16604:
16602:
16595:
16593:
16586:
16584:
16577:
16575:
16568:
16566:
16559:
16557:
16550:
16548:
16541:
16539:
16532:
16530:
16523:
16521:
16514:
16512:
16505:
16503:
16496:
16494:
16487:
16485:
16476:
16474:
16467:
16465:
16451:
16449:
16442:
16440:
16433:
16431:
16424:
16422:
16415:
16413:
16406:
16404:
16397:
16395:
16388:
16386:
16379:
16377:
16370:
16368:
16361:
16359:
16352:
16350:
16343:
16341:
16334:
16332:
16325:
16323:
16316:
16314:
16305:
16303:
16296:
16294:
16280:
16278:
16271:
16269:
16262:
16260:
16253:
16251:
16244:
16242:
16235:
16233:
16224:
16222:
16215:
16213:
16199:
16197:
16190:
16188:
16181:
16179:
16172:
16170:
16163:
16161:
16154:
16152:
16143:
16141:
16134:
16132:
16118:
16116:
16107:
16105:
15983:
15980:
15929:
15925:
15921:
15917:
15913:
15909:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15893:
15823:
15819:
15800:. For example,
15762:
15755:
15703:
15683:
15676:
15625:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15433:
15428:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15316:
15311:
15306:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15167:
15162:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15068:
15063:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15019:
15014:
15002:
14997:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14970:
14965:
14953:
14946:
14829:oxidation state
14826:
14822:
14818:
14814:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14798:
14794:
14790:
14786:
14782:
14778:
14774:
14756:
14755:
14754:
14753:
14748:
14735:
14734:
14733:
14729:
14725:
14724:
14720:
14713:
14674:
14637:
14537:
14528:
14526:Periodic trends
14522:
14520:Periodic trends
14484:Evgeny Lifshitz
14472:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14459:
14452:
14445:
14438:
14431:
14424:
14417:
14410:
14403:
14396:
14389:
14382:
14375:
14368:
14361:
14354:
14347:
14340:
14333:
14326:
14319:
14312:
14305:
14298:
14291:
14284:
14277:
14270:
14263:
14256:
14249:
14242:
14233:
14226:
14219:
14212:
14205:
14198:
14191:
14184:
14177:
14170:
14163:
14156:
14149:
14142:
14135:
14128:
14121:
14114:
14107:
14100:
14093:
14086:
14079:
14072:
14065:
14058:
14051:
14044:
14037:
14030:
14023:
14016:
14007:
14000:
13993:
13986:
13979:
13972:
13965:
13958:
13951:
13944:
13937:
13930:
13923:
13916:
13909:
13898:
13891:
13884:
13875:
13868:
13861:
13854:
13847:
13840:
13833:
13826:
13819:
13812:
13805:
13798:
13791:
13784:
13777:
13768:
13761:
13754:
13745:
13738:
13731:
13724:
13717:
13710:
13701:
13694:
13685:
13678:
13671:
13664:
13657:
13650:
13641:
13634:
13625:
13616:
13608:
13599:
13598:
13595:
13594:
13586:
13579:
13572:
13565:
13558:
13551:
13544:
13537:
13530:
13523:
13516:
13509:
13502:
13495:
13488:
13481:
13474:
13467:
13460:
13453:
13446:
13439:
13432:
13425:
13418:
13411:
13404:
13397:
13390:
13383:
13376:
13369:
13360:
13353:
13346:
13339:
13332:
13325:
13318:
13311:
13304:
13297:
13290:
13283:
13276:
13269:
13262:
13255:
13248:
13241:
13234:
13227:
13220:
13213:
13206:
13199:
13192:
13185:
13178:
13171:
13164:
13157:
13150:
13143:
13134:
13127:
13120:
13113:
13106:
13099:
13092:
13085:
13078:
13071:
13064:
13057:
13050:
13043:
13036:
13029:
13018:
13011:
13002:
12995:
12988:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12939:
12932:
12925:
12918:
12911:
12904:
12897:
12888:
12881:
12872:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12844:
12837:
12828:
12821:
12812:
12805:
12798:
12791:
12784:
12777:
12768:
12761:
12752:
12743:
12735:
12726:
12720:
12700:
12657:
12651:
12646:
12637:
12636:
12601:
12599:
12597:
12595:
12594:
12588:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12569:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12557:
12556:
12550:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12538:
12537:
12531:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12519:
12518:
12512:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12493:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12481:
12480:
12474:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12461:
12455:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12442:
12436:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12423:
12417:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12404:
12398:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12385:
12379:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12366:
12360:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12347:
12341:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12328:
12322:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12309:
12303:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12290:
12284:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12271:
12265:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12252:
12246:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12233:
12227:
12222:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12208:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12195:
12189:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12170:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12157:
12151:
12146:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12138:
12132:
12127:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12113:
12108:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12100:
12094:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12075:
12070:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12062:
12056:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12043:
12037:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12018:
12013:
12011:
12009:
12007:
12001:
11996:
11994:
11992:
11990:
11980:
11978:
11976:
11974:
11973:
11967:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11954:
11948:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11936:
11935:
11929:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11916:
11910:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11898:
11897:
11891:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11879:
11878:
11872:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11860:
11859:
11853:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11834:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11821:
11815:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11802:
11796:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11783:
11777:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11764:
11758:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11745:
11739:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11726:
11720:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11707:
11701:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11688:
11682:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11669:
11663:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11644:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11631:
11625:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11606:
11601:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11587:
11582:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11574:
11568:
11563:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11549:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11530:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11511:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11492:
11487:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11473:
11468:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11460:
11454:
11449:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11435:
11430:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11416:
11411:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11403:
11397:
11392:
11390:
11388:
11386:
11380:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11369:
11359:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11348:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11337:
11331:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11314:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11303:
11297:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11280:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11269:
11263:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11252:
11246:
11241:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11229:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11212:
11207:
11205:
11203:
11197:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11182:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11171:
11165:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11150:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11135:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11118:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11101:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11088:
11082:
11077:
11075:
11073:
11067:
11062:
11060:
11058:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11043:
11037:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11026:
11020:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11009:
11003:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10992:
10986:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10975:
10969:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10958:
10952:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10941:
10935:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10924:
10918:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10907:
10901:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10890:
10884:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10867:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10856:
10850:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10835:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10818:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10801:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10784:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10765:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10750:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10731:
10729:
10728:
10722:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10707:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10692:
10687:
10684:
10683:
10677:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10662:
10657:
10654:
10653:
10647:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10630:
10625:
10623:
10617:
10612:
10610:
10600:
10598:
10597:
10591:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10576:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10561:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10546:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10531:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10516:
10509:
10506:
10505:
10499:
10494:
10492:
10486:
10481:
10479:
10469:
10468:
10462:
10455:
10449:
10337:
10332:
10323:
10290:
10282:
10275:
10272:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10254:
10247:
10240:
10233:
10226:
10219:
10212:
10205:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10177:
10170:
10163:
10156:
10149:
10142:
10135:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10107:
10100:
10093:
10086:
10079:
10072:
10065:
10058:
10051:
10044:
10037:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10019:
10018:
10017:
10010:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9969:
9962:
9955:
9948:
9941:
9934:
9927:
9920:
9913:
9906:
9899:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9779:
9776:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9767:
9756:
9749:
9742:
9735:
9728:
9721:
9714:
9707:
9700:
9693:
9686:
9679:
9672:
9665:
9658:
9651:
9616:
9609:
9601:
9598:
9594:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9578:
9571:
9564:
9557:
9550:
9543:
9536:
9529:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9501:
9494:
9487:
9480:
9473:
9438:
9431:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9398:
9391:
9384:
9377:
9370:
9363:
9308:
9301:
9293:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9240:
9233:
9178:
9171:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9136:
9069:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8950:
8943:
8936:
8929:
8922:
8915:
8908:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8838:
8831:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8809:
8803:
8796:
8789:
8782:
8775:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8705:
8698:
8691:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8635:
8628:
8621:
8594:
8587:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8559:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8524:
8497:
8490:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8460:
8421:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8253:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8173:
8154:
7983:
7975:
7966:
7944:quantum numbers
7629:
7623:
7598:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7260:
7253:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7130:
7123:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7000:
6993:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6870:
6863:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6810:
6803:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6750:
6743:
6734:
6725:
6716:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6140:
6133:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6010:
6003:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5950:
5943:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5890:
5883:
5874:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5837:Evgeny Lifshitz
5829:
5823:
5811:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5793:
5791:
5784:
5782:
5775:
5773:
5766:
5764:
5757:
5755:
5748:
5746:
5739:
5737:
5730:
5728:
5721:
5719:
5712:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5694:
5692:
5685:
5683:
5676:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5658:
5651:
5649:
5635:
5633:
5626:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5608:
5606:
5599:
5597:
5590:
5588:
5581:
5579:
5572:
5570:
5563:
5561:
5554:
5552:
5545:
5543:
5536:
5534:
5527:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5509:
5507:
5500:
5498:
5486:
5484:
5477:
5475:
5461:
5459:
5452:
5450:
5443:
5441:
5434:
5432:
5425:
5423:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5405:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5371:
5369:
5362:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5344:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5326:
5324:
5315:
5313:
5306:
5304:
5290:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5272:
5270:
5263:
5261:
5254:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5119:
5117:
5110:
5108:
5101:
5099:
5092:
5090:
5083:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5043:
5041:
5034:
5032:
5018:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4971:
4942:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4917:
4915:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4695:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4514:
4508:
4393:
4392:
4386:
4319:
4186:. For example,
4167:chemical symbol
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4073:
4066:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:Berkelium
3903:
3900:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:Americium
3863:
3860:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:Plutonium
3843:
3840:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:Neptunium
3823:
3820:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:Ytterbium
3695:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3469:Neodymium
3468:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:Lanthanum
3399:
3396:
3390:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3361:Oganesson
3360:
3357:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:Moscovium
3300:
3297:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:Flerovium
3280:
3277:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:Tellurium
2518:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:Palladium
2380:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:Ruthenium
2334:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2246:Zirconium
2245:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:Strontium
2197:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:Germanium
2052:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:Manganese
1891:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:Potassium
1751:
1748:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1607:Aluminium
1606:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:Magnesium
1581:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:Beryllium
1388:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1286:Halogens
1245:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1103:
1027:an approximate
981:
932:
931:
907:Oxidation state
823:
815:
814:
752:
742:
741:
708:
698:
687:
686:
617:Precious metals
600:
592:
591:
534:post-transition
503:
492:
491:
480:Atomic orbitals
233:
225:
214:
213:
135:
125:
124:
118:
112:
108:
89:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
34309:
34299:
34298:
34293:
34288:
34283:
34278:
34273:
34268:
34266:Periodic table
34251:
34250:
34248:
34247:
34235:
34223:
34211:
34198:
34195:
34194:
34192:
34191:
34186:
34181:
34176:
34171:
34166:
34161:
34156:
34151:
34146:
34145:
34144:
34134:
34127:
34126:
34125:
34115:
34110:
34104:
34102:
34098:
34097:
34095:
34094:
34093:
34092:
34087:
34082:
34072:
34071:
34070:
34060:
34059:
34058:
34053:
34048:
34043:
34033:
34032:
34031:
34020:
34019:
34018:
34017:
34012:
34002:
33997:
33996:
33995:
33990:
33979:
33978:
33977:
33976:
33974:Soil chemistry
33966:
33965:
33964:
33959:
33952:Food chemistry
33949:
33947:Carbochemistry
33944:
33942:Clay chemistry
33939:
33938:
33937:
33932:
33921:
33920:
33919:
33918:
33913:
33903:
33897:Astrochemistry
33893:Cosmochemistry
33890:
33889:
33888:
33883:
33878:
33876:Radiochemistry
33867:
33865:
33859:
33858:
33856:
33855:
33850:
33845:
33840:
33835:
33833:Neurochemistry
33830:
33825:
33824:
33823:
33813:
33812:
33811:
33801:
33800:
33799:
33794:
33783:
33781:
33775:
33774:
33772:
33771:
33766:
33764:Petrochemistry
33761:
33756:
33751:
33742:
33737:
33732:
33727:
33722:
33717:
33716:
33715:
33704:
33702:
33696:
33695:
33693:
33692:
33687:
33682:
33677:
33676:
33675:
33665:
33660:
33654:
33652:
33646:
33645:
33643:
33642:
33637:
33632:
33627:
33625:Spin chemistry
33622:
33620:Photochemistry
33617:
33612:
33607:
33605:Femtochemistry
33602:
33601:
33600:
33590:
33585:
33580:
33575:
33574:
33573:
33563:
33558:
33553:
33548:
33547:
33546:
33541:
33530:
33528:
33522:
33521:
33519:
33518:
33517:
33516:
33506:
33501:
33496:
33491:
33490:
33489:
33479:
33473:
33471:
33465:
33464:
33462:
33461:
33456:
33451:
33446:
33441:
33436:
33431:
33430:
33429:
33424:
33417:Chromatography
33414:
33409:
33408:
33407:
33402:
33397:
33387:
33386:
33385:
33380:
33375:
33370:
33360:
33355:
33349:
33347:
33341:
33340:
33338:
33337:
33335:Periodic table
33332:
33327:
33322:
33316:
33313:
33312:
33304:
33303:
33296:
33289:
33281:
33272:
33271:
33269:
33268:
33256:
33243:
33240:
33239:
33237:
33236:
33231:
33226:
33225:
33224:
33219:
33208:
33206:
33202:
33201:
33199:
33198:
33197:
33196:
33191:
33186:
33181:
33176:
33166:
33165:
33164:
33159:
33154:
33143:
33141:
33135:
33134:
33131:
33130:
33128:
33127:
33125:Vapor pressure
33122:
33117:
33112:
33110:Speed of sound
33107:
33102:
33097:
33092:
33087:
33085:Heat of fusion
33082:
33077:
33072:
33067:
33062:
33057:
33052:
33047:
33042:
33040:Critical point
33037:
33032:
33027:
33021:
33019:
33015:
33014:
33012:
33011:
33006:
33001:
32996:
32991:
32986:
32980:
32978:
32972:
32971:
32969:
32968:
32963:
32958:
32953:
32941:
32939:
32930:
32924:
32923:
32920:
32919:
32917:
32916:
32911:
32906:
32901:
32896:
32891:
32886:
32881:
32879:Coinage metals
32876:
32871:
32866:
32861:
32855:
32853:
32849:
32848:
32845:
32844:
32842:
32841:
32835:
32833:
32827:
32826:
32824:
32823:
32818:
32812:
32810:
32804:
32803:
32801:
32800:
32795:
32790:
32785:
32779:
32777:
32768:
32761:
32760:
32757:
32756:
32754:
32753:
32747:
32745:
32739:
32738:
32736:
32735:
32734:
32733:
32728:
32723:
32713:
32708:
32703:
32698:
32693:
32688:
32683:
32677:
32675:
32669:
32668:
32666:
32665:
32660:
32655:
32650:
32645:
32640:
32635:
32630:
32625:
32620:
32615:
32610:
32605:
32600:
32595:
32590:
32585:
32580:
32574:
32572:
32563:
32556:
32550:
32549:
32547:
32546:
32541:
32535:
32533:
32529:
32528:
32525:Periodic table
32521:
32520:
32513:
32506:
32498:
32489:
32488:
32482:
32481:
32476:
32471:
32466:
32458:
32456:
32453:
32452:
32448:
32447:
32438:
32429:
32420:
32411:
32402:
32393:
32384:
32375:
32366:
32357:
32348:
32339:
32330:
32321:
32312:
32303:
32294:
32285:
32276:
32267:
32258:
32249:
32240:
32231:
32222:
32213:
32204:
32195:
32186:
32177:
32168:
32159:
32153:
32152:
32143:
32134:
32125:
32116:
32107:
32098:
32089:
32080:
32071:
32062:
32053:
32044:
32035:
32026:
32017:
32008:
31999:
31990:
31981:
31972:
31963:
31954:
31945:
31936:
31927:
31918:
31909:
31900:
31891:
31882:
31873:
31864:
31858:
31857:
31848:
31839:
31830:
31821:
31812:
31803:
31794:
31785:
31776:
31767:
31758:
31749:
31740:
31731:
31722:
31713:
31711:
31702:
31693:
31687:
31686:
31677:
31668:
31659:
31650:
31641:
31632:
31623:
31614:
31605:
31596:
31587:
31578:
31569:
31560:
31551:
31542:
31540:
31531:
31522:
31516:
31515:
31506:
31497:
31488:
31479:
31470:
31461:
31459:
31450:
31441:
31435:
31434:
31425:
31416:
31407:
31398:
31389:
31380:
31378:
31369:
31360:
31354:
31353:
31344:
31342:
31333:
31327:
31326:
31321:
31316:
31311:
31306:
31301:
31296:
31291:
31286:
31281:
31276:
31271:
31266:
31261:
31256:
31251:
31246:
31244:
31239:
31234:
31229:
31226:
31225:
31222:Periodic table
31218:
31217:
31210:
31203:
31195:
31189:
31188:
31183:
31178:
31166:
31161:
31156:
31151:
31145:
31139:
31134:
31124:Periodic Table
31119:
31118:External links
31116:
31114:
31113:
31100:
31094:
31081:
31075:
31062:
31035:
31029:
31016:
31010:
30997:
30991:
30975:
30969:
30956:
30950:
30934:
30928:
30914:
30912:
30909:
30907:
30906:
30900:
30887:
30872:Scerri, Eric R
30869:
30863:
30850:
30828:
30811:
30805:
30784:
30782:
30779:
30777:
30776:
30741:
30699:
30680:(3): 235–239.
30664:
30600:J Quantum Chem
30566:(5): 959–971.
30550:
30543:
30517:
30515:Scerri, p. 255
30508:
30481:
30467:
30410:
30377:
30368:
30332:
30257:
30206:
30157:
30120:(10): 103031.
30104:
30043:
29990:
29988:Scerri, p. 386
29981:
29946:
29884:
29846:
29803:
29773:
29739:(3): 255–265.
29716:
29665:
29658:
29640:
29579:
29522:
29482:
29463:(15): 236–38.
29447:
29387:
29352:
29322:
29296:
29265:
29222:
29162:
29108:
29094:
29053:
29010:
28983:
28943:
28934:
28894:
28861:
28829:
28803:(6): 879–886.
28783:
28742:
28733:
28693:
28684:
28675:
28634:
28603:
28568:(1): 182–192.
28552:
28541:(5): 609–624.
28525:
28468:
28459:
28405:
28348:
28307:
28269:(8): 952–961.
28246:
28187:
28156:(6): 868–934.
28131:
28122:
28113:
28066:
28057:
28048:
28039:
28030:
28023:
28000:
27967:
27926:
27919:
27892:
27882:
27873:
27871:Scerri, p. 185
27864:
27849:
27795:
27786:
27755:
27746:
27744:Scerri, p. 149
27737:
27718:(in Russian).
27702:
27690:
27688:Scerri, p. 113
27681:
27672:
27653:
27638:, ed. (1911).
27636:Chisholm, Hugh
27624:
27617:
27596:
27587:
27572:
27546:
27504:(2): 301–307.
27484:
27452:(7): 331–334.
27432:
27398:
27359:
27296:
27262:(5): 793–807.
27239:
27232:
27214:
27183:
27162:
27123:
27116:
27095:
27060:
27049:(3): 219–227.
27030:
27003:
26996:
26978:
26955:
26948:
26925:
26891:(8): 952–961.
26868:
26833:
26824:
26780:
26742:
26735:
26717:
26677:
26643:
26602:
26559:
26525:
26494:
26459:
26416:
26405:
26377:
26370:
26344:
26337:
26319:
26312:
26294:
26260:
26234:
26191:
26129:
26100:
26068:
26014:
25962:
25955:
25937:
25922:
25873:
25838:
25809:(10): 105305.
25788:
25777:
25752:
25730:
25703:(4): 623–626.
25687:
25656:
25630:
25603:(23): 232104.
25583:
25564:
25542:
25515:
25499:
25487:
25475:
25461:
25434:
25420:
25411:
25402:
25393:
25352:
25317:
25283:
25249:
25240:
25231:
25224:
25206:
25161:
25126:
25096:
25077:(1): 186–197.
25061:
25030:
24995:
24986:
24970:
24921:
24880:
24846:
24836:
24829:
24803:
24796:
24770:
24763:
24745:
24727:
24715:
24708:
24681:
24674:
24638:
24597:
24555:
24534:(2): 155–197.
24514:
24507:
24487:
24449:
24405:
24356:
24323:
24290:
24246:
24229:
24218:
24198:
24189:
24169:
24120:
24085:
24049:
24033:
23982:(4): 577–578.
23962:
23955:
23934:
23894:
23882:
23846:
23819:
23812:
23800:Wothers, Peter
23796:Warren, Stuart
23783:
23776:
23749:
23742:
23715:
23703:
23667:
23660:
23630:
23596:
23561:
23528:
23517:
23502:
23465:(14): 142502.
23435:
23421:
23346:
23319:(2): 280–283.
23299:
23252:
23203:
23165:
23156:
23113:
23061:
23023:
23014:
23007:(in Chinese).
22995:
22957:
22919:
22915:
22911:
22897:
22878:(8): 637–640.
22853:
22834:(2): 631–640.
22818:
22806:
22797:
22755:(2): 149–151.
22723:
22638:
22631:
22594:
22567:
22540:
22533:
22504:
22486:
22446:
22384:
22370:
22345:J. Chem. Educ.
22331:
22293:
22274:(2): 145–181.
22249:
22242:
22218:
22133:
22103:
22084:
22064:
22055:
22046:
22037:
22018:
21977:
21928:
21909:"periodic law"
21900:
21888:
21859:
21857:Scerri, p. 375
21850:
21843:
21798:
21791:
21734:
21687:
21659:
21648:(9–11): 1–31.
21629:
21586:
21526:
21521:Pergamon Press
21513:E. M. Lifshitz
21495:
21476:(8): 634–636.
21441:
21369:
21335:(3): 431–436.
21294:
21272:
21234:
21159:
21113:
21078:
21033:
20996:
20935:
20884:
20877:
20855:
20820:
20813:
20792:
20748:
20672:
20663:
20654:
20624:
20567:
20538:
20484:
20448:
20413:
20387:
20385:
20382:
20379:
20378:
20365:
20355:
20342:
20339:
20336:
20316:
20313:
20310:
20290:
20270:
20250:
20222:
20219:
20216:
20213:
20210:
20190:
20187:
20184:
20181:
20178:
20175:
20170:
20166:
20160:
20157:
20152:
20147:
20143:
20139:
20136:
20116:
20096:
20072:
20052:
20027:
20023:
20019:
20016:
20013:
20010:
20007:
20004:
19999:
19996:
19990:
19987:
19984:
19981:
19978:
19973:
19969:
19965:
19961:
19944:
19918:
19905:
19890:
19869:
19859:
19853:
19849:
19842:
19838:
19824:
19818:
19814:
19807:
19803:
19789:
19779:
19770:
19760:
19748:
19747:
19743:
19742:
19739:
19736:
19733:
19720:
19719:
19708:
19687:
19678:
19666:
19657:
19644:
19615:
19510:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19503:
19502:
19495:
19492:
19482:
19481:
19476:
19471:
19466:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19455:
19453:
19451:
19448:
19447:
19442:
19437:
19432:
19427:
19422:
19417:
19412:
19407:
19402:
19397:
19392:
19387:
19382:
19377:
19372:
19367:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19342:
19337:
19332:
19327:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19285:
19268:
19267:
19262:
19257:
19252:
19247:
19242:
19237:
19232:
19227:
19222:
19217:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19197:
19192:
19187:
19182:
19177:
19172:
19167:
19162:
19157:
19152:
19147:
19142:
19137:
19132:
19127:
19122:
19117:
19112:
19107:
19105:
19088:
19087:
19082:
19077:
19072:
19067:
19062:
19057:
19052:
19047:
19042:
19037:
19032:
19027:
19022:
19017:
19012:
19007:
19002:
18997:
18995:
18993:
18981:
18980:
18975:
18970:
18965:
18960:
18955:
18950:
18945:
18940:
18935:
18930:
18925:
18920:
18915:
18910:
18905:
18900:
18895:
18890:
18888:
18886:
18874:
18873:
18868:
18863:
18858:
18853:
18848:
18843:
18838:
18833:
18831:
18829:
18820:
18819:
18814:
18809:
18804:
18799:
18794:
18789:
18784:
18779:
18777:
18775:
18766:
18765:
18760:
18755:
18753:
18751:
18745:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18732:
18730:
18724:
18723:
18720:
18715:
18712:
18709:
18706:
18703:
18700:
18695:
18692:
18689:
18686:
18683:
18680:
18677:
18674:
18671:
18668:
18663:
18660:
18657:
18654:
18651:
18648:
18645:
18642:
18639:
18636:
18633:
18630:
18627:
18624:
18619:
18617:
18612:
18605:
18603:
18602:
18595:
18588:
18580:
18579:
18578:
18531:Main article:
18528:
18525:
18467:
18463:
18459:
18455:
18451:
18447:
18443:
18374:
18370:
18366:
18362:
18358:
18354:
18350:
18346:
18328:Main article:
18325:
18322:
18317:United Nations
18265:Georgy Flyorov
18263:(JINR) led by
18257:Albert Ghiorso
18229:Philip Abelson
18225:Edwin McMillan
18183:
18180:
18153:Julius Thomsen
18135:+ ℓ) from the
18121:Erwin Madelung
18112:Friedrich Hund
18099:Wolfgang Pauli
18057:Georges Urbain
18031:Walther Kossel
18025:
18024:
18021:
18017:
18016:
18013:
18009:
18008:
18005:
18001:
18000:
17997:
17993:
17992:
17989:
17985:
17984:
17981:
17977:
17976:
17973:
17969:
17968:
17965:
17961:
17960:
17957:
17953:
17952:
17949:
17928:
17924:
17920:
17904:
17901:
17868:Walter Noddack
17860:Masataka Ogawa
17852:Manne Siegbahn
17791:
17788:
17732:
17729:
17675:
17672:
17653:Main article:
17650:
17647:
17625:transactinides
17534:
17533:
17481:
17427:
17418:
17415:
17390:boiling points
17386:melting points
17376:
17362:
17353:
17349:
17342:
17338:
17327:
17324:
17308:kinetic energy
17303:
17302:
17299:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17268:
17259:periodic table
17227:
17223:
17222:
17218:
17217:
17208:
17199:
17190:
17181:
17172:
17163:
17154:
17145:
17136:
17127:
17118:
17109:
17100:
17091:
17082:
17073:
17064:
17055:
17046:
17037:
17028:
17019:
17010:
17001:
16992:
16983:
16974:
16965:
16956:
16947:
16938:
16929:
16923:
16922:
16913:
16904:
16895:
16886:
16877:
16868:
16859:
16850:
16841:
16832:
16823:
16814:
16805:
16796:
16787:
16778:
16769:
16760:
16751:
16742:
16733:
16724:
16715:
16706:
16697:
16688:
16679:
16670:
16661:
16652:
16643:
16634:
16628:
16627:
16618:
16609:
16600:
16591:
16582:
16573:
16564:
16555:
16546:
16537:
16528:
16519:
16510:
16501:
16492:
16483:
16481:
16472:
16463:
16457:
16456:
16447:
16438:
16429:
16420:
16411:
16402:
16393:
16384:
16375:
16366:
16357:
16348:
16339:
16330:
16321:
16312:
16310:
16301:
16292:
16286:
16285:
16276:
16267:
16258:
16249:
16240:
16231:
16229:
16220:
16211:
16205:
16204:
16195:
16186:
16177:
16168:
16159:
16150:
16148:
16139:
16130:
16124:
16123:
16114:
16112:
16103:
16097:
16096:
16089:
16088:
16081:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16060:
16055:
16050:
16045:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15998:
15993:
15988:
15985:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15978:
15971:
15964:
15956:
15927:
15923:
15919:
15915:
15911:
15907:
15903:
15899:
15895:
15891:
15883:semiconductors
15821:
15817:
15754:
15751:
15719:covalent bonds
15702:
15699:
15681:
15674:
15623:
15586:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15419:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15252:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15226:
15221:
15216:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15153:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15054:
15053:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15005:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14972:
14967:
14962:
14956:
14955:
14950:
14948:
14943:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14824:
14820:
14816:
14812:
14808:
14804:
14800:
14796:
14792:
14788:
14784:
14780:
14776:
14772:
14746:
14743:lead(IV) oxide
14739:Lead(II) oxide
14737:
14736:
14727:
14726:
14718:
14717:
14716:
14715:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14673:
14670:
14636:
14633:
14603:is golden and
14536:
14533:
14524:Main article:
14521:
14518:
14464:
14463:
14456:
14449:
14442:
14435:
14428:
14421:
14414:
14407:
14400:
14393:
14386:
14379:
14372:
14365:
14358:
14351:
14344:
14337:
14330:
14323:
14316:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14288:
14281:
14274:
14267:
14260:
14253:
14246:
14238:
14237:
14230:
14223:
14216:
14209:
14202:
14195:
14188:
14181:
14174:
14167:
14160:
14153:
14146:
14139:
14132:
14125:
14118:
14111:
14104:
14097:
14090:
14083:
14076:
14069:
14062:
14055:
14048:
14041:
14034:
14027:
14020:
14012:
14011:
14004:
13997:
13990:
13983:
13976:
13969:
13962:
13955:
13948:
13941:
13934:
13927:
13920:
13913:
13906:
13904:
13902:
13895:
13888:
13880:
13879:
13872:
13865:
13858:
13851:
13844:
13837:
13830:
13823:
13816:
13809:
13802:
13795:
13788:
13781:
13774:
13772:
13765:
13758:
13750:
13749:
13742:
13735:
13728:
13721:
13714:
13707:
13705:
13698:
13690:
13689:
13682:
13675:
13668:
13661:
13654:
13647:
13645:
13638:
13630:
13629:
13622:
13620:
13610:
13609:
13591:
13590:
13583:
13576:
13569:
13562:
13555:
13548:
13541:
13534:
13527:
13520:
13513:
13506:
13499:
13492:
13485:
13478:
13471:
13464:
13457:
13450:
13443:
13436:
13429:
13422:
13415:
13408:
13401:
13394:
13387:
13380:
13373:
13365:
13364:
13357:
13350:
13343:
13336:
13329:
13322:
13315:
13308:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13280:
13273:
13266:
13259:
13252:
13245:
13238:
13231:
13224:
13217:
13210:
13203:
13196:
13189:
13182:
13175:
13168:
13161:
13154:
13147:
13139:
13138:
13131:
13124:
13117:
13110:
13103:
13096:
13089:
13082:
13075:
13068:
13061:
13054:
13047:
13040:
13033:
13026:
13024:
13022:
13015:
13007:
13006:
12999:
12992:
12985:
12978:
12971:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12943:
12936:
12929:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12892:
12885:
12877:
12876:
12869:
12862:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12834:
12832:
12825:
12817:
12816:
12809:
12802:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12774:
12772:
12765:
12757:
12756:
12749:
12747:
12737:
12736:
12722:Main article:
12719:
12716:
12698:
12653:Main article:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12633:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12609:
12605:
12604:
12585:
12566:
12547:
12528:
12509:
12490:
12471:
12452:
12433:
12414:
12395:
12376:
12357:
12338:
12319:
12300:
12281:
12262:
12243:
12224:
12205:
12186:
12167:
12148:
12129:
12110:
12091:
12072:
12053:
12034:
12015:
11998:
11984:
11983:
11964:
11945:
11926:
11907:
11888:
11869:
11850:
11831:
11812:
11793:
11774:
11755:
11736:
11717:
11698:
11679:
11660:
11641:
11622:
11603:
11584:
11565:
11546:
11527:
11508:
11489:
11470:
11451:
11432:
11413:
11394:
11377:
11363:
11362:
11345:
11328:
11311:
11294:
11277:
11260:
11243:
11226:
11209:
11194:
11179:
11162:
11147:
11132:
11115:
11098:
11096:
11079:
11064:
11052:
11051:
11034:
11017:
11000:
10983:
10966:
10949:
10932:
10915:
10898:
10881:
10864:
10847:
10832:
10815:
10798:
10781:
10779:
10762:
10747:
10735:
10734:
10719:
10704:
10689:
10674:
10659:
10644:
10642:
10627:
10614:
10604:
10603:
10588:
10573:
10558:
10543:
10528:
10513:
10511:
10496:
10483:
10473:
10472:
10459:
10457:
10446:
10442:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10339:
10338:
10324:
10322:
10321:
10314:
10307:
10299:
10289:
10286:
10279:
10278:
10260:2×(1+3+5+7) =
10258:
10251:
10244:
10237:
10230:
10223:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10195:
10188:
10181:
10174:
10167:
10160:
10153:
10146:
10139:
10132:
10125:
10118:
10111:
10104:
10097:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10033:
10032:
10011:2×(1+3+5+7) =
10008:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9980:
9973:
9966:
9959:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9903:
9896:
9889:
9882:
9875:
9868:
9861:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9805:
9798:
9791:
9783:
9782:
9760:
9753:
9746:
9739:
9732:
9725:
9718:
9711:
9704:
9697:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9642:
9640:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9613:
9605:
9604:
9582:
9575:
9568:
9561:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9477:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9435:
9427:
9426:
9402:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9305:
9297:
9296:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9237:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9175:
9167:
9166:
9140:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9063:
8972:
8971:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8926:
8919:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8827:
8826:
8807:
8800:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8772:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8680:
8679:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8591:
8583:
8582:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8494:
8486:
8485:
8464:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8425:
8340:
8339:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8276:
8268:
8267:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8194:
8193:
8177:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8043:
8042:
8015:
8014:
8002:Erwin Madelung
7982:
7979:
7973:
7964:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7672:core electrons
7652:atomic orbital
7625:Main article:
7622:
7619:
7592:
7591:
7584:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7264:
7257:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7118:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7013:
7006:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6814:
6807:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6754:
6747:
6739:
6738:
6731:
6729:
6713:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6261:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6014:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5871:
5869:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5826:f-block groups
5820:
5817:
5816:
5807:
5798:
5789:
5780:
5771:
5762:
5753:
5744:
5735:
5726:
5717:
5708:
5699:
5690:
5681:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5505:
5496:
5491:
5482:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5457:
5448:
5439:
5430:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5340:
5331:
5322:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5286:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5097:
5088:
5079:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4785:halogens
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4664:Old IUPAC
4660:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4503:(I–VIII)
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4394:
4390:periodic table
4388:Groups in the
4387:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4324:Roman numerals
4318:
4315:
4256:(element 85),
4252:(element 61),
4248:(element 43),
4208:has its first
4206:electron shell
4176:atomic weights
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4004:Nobelium
3998:
3978:
3958:
3938:
3918:
3898:
3878:
3858:
3838:
3818:
3795:
3772:
3749:
3735:Actinium
3729:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3690:
3667:
3644:
3621:
3598:
3575:
3552:
3535:Europium
3529:
3512:Samarium
3506:
3486:
3463:
3440:
3417:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3355:
3335:
3315:
3295:
3275:
3261:Nihonium
3255:
3235:
3215:
3195:
3175:
3155:
3135:
3115:
3095:
3075:
3055:
3048:
3028:
3014:Francium
3008:
3002:
3001:
2981:
2967:Astatine
2961:
2947:Polonium
2941:
2918:
2895:
2872:
2849:
2826:
2809:Platinum
2803:
2780:
2757:
2734:
2717:Tungsten
2711:
2694:Tantalum
2688:
2665:
2648:Lutetium
2642:
2635:
2612:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2559:
2536:
2513:
2496:Antimony
2490:
2467:
2444:
2421:
2398:
2375:
2352:
2329:
2309:
2286:
2263:
2240:
2217:
2215:
2192:
2175:Rubidium
2169:
2163:
2162:
2139:
2116:
2099:Selenium
2093:
2070:
2047:
2024:
2001:
1978:
1955:
1932:
1909:
1886:
1869:Chromium
1863:
1846:Vanadium
1840:
1823:Titanium
1817:
1800:Scandium
1794:
1792:
1769:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1716:
1699:Chlorine
1693:
1670:
1647:
1624:
1601:
1599:
1576:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1523:
1506:Fluorine
1500:
1477:
1460:Nitrogen
1454:
1431:
1408:
1406:
1383:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1330:
1328:
1311:Hydrogen
1305:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:alkali metals
1244:Hydrogen &
1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1133:Periodic table
1131:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1067:atomic numbers
1025:atomic numbers
989:periodic table
983:
982:
980:
979:
972:
965:
957:
954:
953:
952:
951:
944:
934:
933:
930:
929:
927:Vapor pressure
924:
914:
912:Speed of sound
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:of fusion
880:
875:
870:
862:Electron
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Critical point
840:
835:
830:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
807:
801:
800:
794:
793:
778:
777:
772:
765:
764:
759:
753:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
733:
732:
727:
721:
720:
709:
704:
703:
700:
699:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
669:
668:
661:
660:
655:
649:
648:
643:
637:
636:
631:
625:
624:
619:
613:
612:
607:
605:Coinage metals
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
578:
577:
569:
568:
567:
566:
558:
557:
549:
548:
543:
537:
536:
531:
525:
524:
522:alkaline earth
519:
513:
512:
504:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
474:
473:
464:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
406:
405:
396:
395:
385:
375:
365:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
261:
244:
243:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
205:
204:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
175:
174:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
136:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
102:
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
80:Periodic table
76:
75:
26:
18:Periodic Table
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
34308:
34297:
34294:
34292:
34289:
34287:
34284:
34282:
34279:
34277:
34274:
34272:
34269:
34267:
34264:
34263:
34261:
34246:
34245:
34236:
34234:
34233:
34228:
34224:
34222:
34221:
34212:
34210:
34209:
34200:
34199:
34196:
34190:
34187:
34185:
34182:
34180:
34179:Chemical bond
34177:
34175:
34172:
34170:
34167:
34165:
34162:
34160:
34157:
34155:
34152:
34150:
34147:
34143:
34140:
34139:
34138:
34135:
34132:
34128:
34124:
34121:
34120:
34119:
34116:
34114:
34111:
34109:
34106:
34105:
34103:
34099:
34091:
34088:
34086:
34083:
34081:
34078:
34077:
34076:
34073:
34069:
34068:Stoichiometry
34066:
34065:
34064:
34061:
34057:
34054:
34052:
34049:
34047:
34044:
34042:
34039:
34038:
34037:
34034:
34030:
34027:
34026:
34025:
34024:Nanochemistry
34022:
34021:
34016:
34013:
34011:
34008:
34007:
34006:
34003:
34001:
33998:
33994:
33991:
33989:
33986:
33985:
33984:
33981:
33980:
33975:
33972:
33971:
33970:
33967:
33963:
33960:
33958:
33955:
33954:
33953:
33950:
33948:
33945:
33943:
33940:
33936:
33933:
33931:
33928:
33927:
33926:
33923:
33922:
33917:
33914:
33912:
33909:
33908:
33907:
33904:
33902:
33898:
33894:
33891:
33887:
33884:
33882:
33879:
33877:
33874:
33873:
33872:
33869:
33868:
33866:
33864:
33860:
33854:
33851:
33849:
33846:
33844:
33841:
33839:
33836:
33834:
33831:
33829:
33826:
33822:
33819:
33818:
33817:
33814:
33810:
33807:
33806:
33805:
33802:
33798:
33795:
33793:
33790:
33789:
33788:
33785:
33784:
33782:
33780:
33776:
33770:
33767:
33765:
33762:
33760:
33757:
33755:
33752:
33750:
33749:Semisynthesis
33746:
33743:
33741:
33738:
33736:
33733:
33731:
33728:
33726:
33723:
33721:
33718:
33714:
33711:
33710:
33709:
33706:
33705:
33703:
33701:
33697:
33691:
33688:
33686:
33683:
33681:
33678:
33674:
33671:
33670:
33669:
33666:
33664:
33661:
33659:
33656:
33655:
33653:
33651:
33647:
33641:
33638:
33636:
33633:
33631:
33628:
33626:
33623:
33621:
33618:
33616:
33613:
33611:
33608:
33606:
33603:
33599:
33596:
33595:
33594:
33591:
33589:
33586:
33584:
33583:Sonochemistry
33581:
33579:
33578:Cryochemistry
33576:
33572:
33571:Micromeritics
33569:
33568:
33567:
33564:
33562:
33559:
33557:
33554:
33552:
33549:
33545:
33542:
33540:
33537:
33536:
33535:
33532:
33531:
33529:
33527:
33523:
33515:
33512:
33511:
33510:
33507:
33505:
33502:
33500:
33497:
33495:
33492:
33488:
33485:
33484:
33483:
33480:
33478:
33475:
33474:
33472:
33470:
33466:
33460:
33457:
33455:
33452:
33450:
33449:Wet chemistry
33447:
33445:
33442:
33440:
33437:
33435:
33432:
33428:
33425:
33423:
33420:
33419:
33418:
33415:
33413:
33410:
33406:
33403:
33401:
33398:
33396:
33393:
33392:
33391:
33388:
33384:
33381:
33379:
33376:
33374:
33371:
33369:
33366:
33365:
33364:
33361:
33359:
33356:
33354:
33351:
33350:
33348:
33346:
33342:
33336:
33333:
33331:
33328:
33326:
33323:
33321:
33318:
33317:
33314:
33310:
33302:
33297:
33295:
33290:
33288:
33283:
33282:
33279:
33267:
33266:
33257:
33255:
33254:
33245:
33244:
33241:
33235:
33232:
33230:
33227:
33223:
33220:
33218:
33215:
33214:
33213:
33210:
33209:
33207:
33203:
33195:
33192:
33190:
33187:
33185:
33182:
33180:
33179:controversies
33177:
33175:
33172:
33171:
33170:
33167:
33163:
33160:
33158:
33155:
33153:
33150:
33149:
33148:
33145:
33144:
33142:
33140:
33136:
33126:
33123:
33121:
33118:
33116:
33113:
33111:
33108:
33106:
33103:
33101:
33100:Melting point
33098:
33096:
33093:
33091:
33088:
33086:
33083:
33081:
33080:Heat capacity
33078:
33076:
33073:
33071:
33068:
33066:
33063:
33061:
33058:
33056:
33053:
33051:
33048:
33046:
33043:
33041:
33038:
33036:
33035:Boiling point
33033:
33031:
33030:Atomic radius
33028:
33026:
33023:
33022:
33020:
33016:
33010:
33007:
33005:
33002:
33000:
32997:
32995:
32992:
32990:
32987:
32985:
32982:
32981:
32979:
32977:
32973:
32967:
32964:
32962:
32959:
32957:
32954:
32951:
32947:
32943:
32942:
32940:
32938:
32934:
32931:
32929:
32925:
32915:
32912:
32910:
32907:
32905:
32902:
32900:
32897:
32895:
32894:Native metals
32892:
32890:
32887:
32885:
32882:
32880:
32877:
32875:
32872:
32870:
32867:
32865:
32862:
32860:
32857:
32856:
32854:
32850:
32840:
32837:
32836:
32834:
32832:
32828:
32822:
32821:Dividing line
32819:
32817:
32814:
32813:
32811:
32809:
32805:
32799:
32796:
32794:
32791:
32789:
32786:
32784:
32781:
32780:
32778:
32776:
32772:
32769:
32767:
32762:
32752:
32749:
32748:
32746:
32744:
32740:
32732:
32729:
32727:
32724:
32722:
32719:
32718:
32717:
32714:
32712:
32709:
32707:
32704:
32702:
32699:
32697:
32694:
32692:
32689:
32687:
32684:
32682:
32679:
32678:
32676:
32674:
32670:
32664:
32661:
32659:
32658:17 (Halogens)
32656:
32654:
32651:
32649:
32646:
32644:
32641:
32639:
32636:
32634:
32631:
32629:
32626:
32624:
32621:
32619:
32616:
32614:
32611:
32609:
32606:
32604:
32601:
32599:
32596:
32594:
32591:
32589:
32586:
32584:
32581:
32579:
32576:
32575:
32573:
32571:
32567:
32564:
32560:
32557:
32555:
32551:
32545:
32542:
32540:
32537:
32536:
32534:
32530:
32526:
32519:
32514:
32512:
32507:
32505:
32500:
32499:
32496:
32480:
32477:
32475:
32472:
32470:
32467:
32465:
32462:
32461:
32454:
32445:
32436:
32427:
32418:
32409:
32400:
32391:
32382:
32373:
32364:
32355:
32346:
32337:
32328:
32319:
32310:
32301:
32292:
32283:
32274:
32265:
32256:
32247:
32238:
32229:
32220:
32211:
32202:
32193:
32184:
32175:
32166:
32158:
32154:
32150:
32141:
32132:
32123:
32114:
32105:
32096:
32087:
32078:
32069:
32060:
32051:
32042:
32033:
32024:
32015:
32006:
31997:
31988:
31979:
31970:
31961:
31952:
31943:
31934:
31925:
31916:
31907:
31898:
31889:
31880:
31871:
31863:
31859:
31855:
31846:
31837:
31828:
31819:
31810:
31801:
31792:
31783:
31774:
31765:
31756:
31747:
31738:
31729:
31720:
31709:
31700:
31692:
31688:
31684:
31675:
31666:
31657:
31648:
31639:
31630:
31621:
31612:
31603:
31594:
31585:
31576:
31567:
31558:
31549:
31538:
31529:
31521:
31517:
31513:
31504:
31495:
31486:
31477:
31468:
31457:
31448:
31440:
31436:
31432:
31423:
31414:
31405:
31396:
31387:
31376:
31367:
31359:
31355:
31351:
31340:
31332:
31328:
31325:
31320:
31315:
31310:
31305:
31300:
31295:
31290:
31285:
31280:
31275:
31270:
31265:
31260:
31255:
31250:
31243:
31238:
31233:
31232:
31227:
31223:
31216:
31211:
31209:
31204:
31202:
31197:
31196:
31193:
31187:
31184:
31182:
31179:
31177:
31173:
31170:
31167:
31165:
31162:
31160:
31157:
31155:
31152:
31149:
31146:
31143:
31140:
31138:
31135:
31132:
31129:
31125:
31122:
31121:
31110:
31106:
31101:
31097:
31091:
31087:
31082:
31078:
31072:
31068:
31063:
31048:
31041:
31036:
31032:
31026:
31022:
31017:
31013:
31007:
31003:
30998:
30994:
30988:
30984:
30980:
30979:Mazurs, E. G.
30976:
30972:
30966:
30962:
30957:
30953:
30947:
30943:
30939:
30935:
30931:
30925:
30921:
30916:
30915:
30903:
30901:9781891389016
30897:
30893:
30888:
30885:
30881:
30877:
30873:
30870:
30866:
30860:
30856:
30851:
30847:
30843:
30839:
30835:
30831:
30825:
30820:
30819:
30812:
30808:
30802:
30798:
30794:
30790:
30786:
30785:
30772:
30768:
30764:
30760:
30756:
30752:
30745:
30737:
30733:
30729:
30725:
30721:
30717:
30710:
30703:
30695:
30691:
30687:
30683:
30679:
30675:
30668:
30652:
30648:
30641:
30633:
30629:
30625:
30621:
30613:
30609:
30605:
30601:
30593:
30589:
30586:: 1145–1146.
30585:
30581:
30573:
30569:
30565:
30561:
30554:
30546:
30540:
30536:
30532:
30528:
30521:
30512:
30496:
30492:
30485:
30476:
30474:
30472:
30460:
30456:
30452:
30448:
30444:
30440:
30436:
30432:
30428:
30421:
30414:
30397:
30393:
30389:
30388:
30381:
30375:Scerri, p. 20
30372:
30356:
30352:
30351:
30346:
30342:
30336:
30317:
30313:
30309:
30305:
30301:
30297:
30293:
30288:
30283:
30279:
30275:
30268:
30261:
30245:
30241:
30237:
30233:
30229:
30225:
30221:
30217:
30210:
30202:
30198:
30193:
30188:
30184:
30180:
30176:
30172:
30168:
30161:
30153:
30149:
30145:
30141:
30137:
30133:
30128:
30123:
30119:
30115:
30108:
30100:
30096:
30092:
30088:
30084:
30080:
30076:
30072:
30067:
30062:
30058:
30054:
30047:
30031:
30026:
30021:
30017:
30013:
30009:
30005:
30001:
29994:
29985:
29977:
29973:
29969:
29965:
29961:
29957:
29950:
29931:
29926:
29921:
29917:
29913:
29909:
29905:
29898:
29891:
29889:
29880:
29876:
29872:
29868:
29864:
29860:
29853:
29851:
29841:
29836:
29832:
29828:
29825:(1): 012005.
29824:
29820:
29819:
29814:
29807:
29791:
29787:
29783:
29777:
29758:
29754:
29750:
29746:
29742:
29738:
29734:
29727:
29720:
29712:
29708:
29704:
29700:
29695:
29690:
29686:
29682:
29674:
29672:
29670:
29661:
29655:
29651:
29644:
29636:
29632:
29628:
29624:
29620:
29616:
29612:
29608:
29603:
29598:
29595:(5): 053001.
29594:
29590:
29583:
29575:
29571:
29567:
29563:
29559:
29555:
29551:
29547:
29544:(1): 161–68.
29543:
29539:
29535:
29529:
29527:
29518:
29514:
29510:
29506:
29503:(3): 235–60.
29502:
29498:
29491:
29489:
29487:
29478:
29474:
29470:
29466:
29462:
29458:
29451:
29443:
29439:
29435:
29431:
29426:
29421:
29417:
29413:
29409:
29405:
29401:
29394:
29392:
29383:
29379:
29375:
29371:
29367:
29363:
29356:
29341:
29337:
29333:
29326:
29311:
29307:
29300:
29284:
29280:
29276:
29269:
29250:
29246:
29242:
29235:
29234:
29226:
29218:
29214:
29210:
29206:
29201:
29196:
29192:
29188:
29184:
29180:
29176:
29169:
29167:
29151:
29147:
29143:
29139:
29135:
29131:
29124:
29117:
29115:
29113:
29097:
29091:
29087:
29083:
29079:
29075:
29071:
29067:
29060:
29058:
29048:
29043:
29038:
29033:
29029:
29025:
29021:
29014:
28998:
28994:
28987:
28971:
28967:
28963:
28962:
28957:
28950:
28948:
28938:
28930:
28925:
28920:
28916:
28912:
28908:
28904:
28898:
28889:
28884:
28880:
28876:
28872:
28865:
28856:
28851:
28847:
28843:
28839:
28833:
28818:
28814:
28810:
28806:
28802:
28798:
28794:
28787:
28779:
28775:
28770:
28765:
28761:
28757:
28753:
28746:
28737:
28718:
28714:
28707:
28700:
28698:
28688:
28679:
28664:
28660:
28656:
28652:
28648:
28641:
28639:
28622:
28618:
28614:
28607:
28599:
28595:
28591:
28587:
28583:
28579:
28575:
28571:
28567:
28563:
28556:
28548:
28544:
28540:
28536:
28529:
28510:
28506:
28502:
28498:
28494:
28490:
28486:
28479:
28472:
28463:
28448:
28444:
28440:
28436:
28432:
28428:
28424:
28420:
28416:
28409:
28390:
28386:
28382:
28378:
28374:
28370:
28366:
28359:
28352:
28343:
28338:
28334:
28330:
28326:
28322:
28318:
28311:
28304:
28288:
28284:
28280:
28276:
28272:
28268:
28264:
28257:
28250:
28234:
28230:
28226:
28222:
28218:
28214:
28210:
28209:
28204:
28201:(July 1921).
28200:
28194:
28192:
28175:
28171:
28167:
28163:
28159:
28155:
28151:
28150:
28145:
28142:(June 1919).
28141:
28135:
28126:
28117:
28109:
28105:
28101:
28097:
28093:
28089:
28085:
28081:
28077:
28070:
28061:
28052:
28043:
28034:
28026:
28020:
28016:
28009:
28007:
28005:
27995:
27990:
27986:
27982:
27978:
27971:
27963:
27959:
27954:
27949:
27945:
27941:
27937:
27930:
27922:
27916:
27912:
27908:
27907:
27902:
27901:Atkins, P. W.
27896:
27886:
27877:
27868:
27861:
27860:
27853:
27834:
27830:
27826:
27822:
27818:
27811:
27804:
27802:
27800:
27790:
27774:
27770:
27769:New Scientist
27766:
27759:
27750:
27741:
27725:
27721:
27717:
27713:
27706:
27697:
27695:
27685:
27676:
27670:
27666:
27663:
27657:
27649:
27648:
27642:
27637:
27631:
27629:
27620:
27614:
27610:
27606:
27600:
27594:Scerri, p. 47
27591:
27583:
27579:
27575:
27569:
27565:
27561:
27557:
27550:
27544:
27540:
27537:
27523:
27519:
27515:
27511:
27507:
27503:
27499:
27495:
27488:
27471:
27467:
27463:
27459:
27455:
27451:
27448:(in German).
27447:
27443:
27436:
27429:
27417:
27413:
27409:
27402:
27386:
27382:
27378:
27374:
27370:
27363:
27344:
27340:
27336:
27331:
27326:
27322:
27318:
27315:. DeGruyter.
27314:
27307:
27300:
27281:
27277:
27273:
27269:
27265:
27261:
27257:
27250:
27243:
27235:
27229:
27225:
27218:
27202:
27198:
27197:icc.dur.ac.uk
27194:
27191:Theuns, Tom.
27187:
27178:
27173:
27166:
27159:
27157:
27140:
27133:
27127:
27119:
27113:
27109:
27105:
27099:
27091:
27087:
27083:
27079:
27075:
27071:
27064:
27056:
27052:
27048:
27044:
27037:
27035:
27026:
27022:
27018:
27014:
27007:
26999:
26993:
26989:
26982:
26966:
26965:"WebElements"
26959:
26951:
26945:
26938:
26937:
26929:
26910:
26906:
26902:
26898:
26894:
26890:
26886:
26879:
26872:
26864:
26860:
26856:
26852:
26848:
26844:
26837:
26828:
26809:
26805:
26801:
26794:
26787:
26785:
26776:
26772:
26768:
26764:
26760:
26756:
26749:
26747:
26738:
26732:
26728:
26721:
26705:
26701:
26697:
26690:
26688:
26686:
26684:
26682:
26665:
26661:
26657:
26653:
26647:
26631:
26627:
26623:
26619:
26613:
26611:
26609:
26607:
26598:
26594:
26590:
26586:
26582:
26578:
26574:
26570:
26563:
26547:
26543:
26539:
26532:
26530:
26513:
26509:
26505:
26498:
26490:
26486:
26482:
26478:
26474:
26470:
26463:
26455:
26451:
26447:
26443:
26439:
26435:
26431:
26427:
26420:
26412:
26408:
26402:
26398:
26394:
26390:
26389:
26381:
26373:
26367:
26363:
26358:
26357:
26348:
26340:
26334:
26330:
26323:
26315:
26309:
26305:
26298:
26282:
26278:
26274:
26267:
26265:
26249:
26245:
26238:
26230:
26226:
26222:
26218:
26214:
26210:
26206:
26202:
26195:
26187:
26183:
26178:
26173:
26168:
26163:
26159:
26155:
26151:
26147:
26143:
26136:
26134:
26118:
26114:
26107:
26105:
26093:
26089:
26082:
26075:
26073:
26064:
26060:
26056:
26052:
26048:
26044:
26040:
26036:
26033:(6): 064304.
26032:
26028:
26021:
26019:
26010:
26006:
26001:
25996:
25992:
25988:
25984:
25980:
25976:
25969:
25967:
25958:
25952:
25948:
25941:
25933:
25926:
25918:
25914:
25909:
25904:
25900:
25896:
25892:
25888:
25884:
25877:
25869:
25865:
25861:
25857:
25853:
25849:
25842:
25834:
25830:
25825:
25820:
25816:
25812:
25808:
25805:
25804:
25799:
25792:
25785:
25780:
25774:
25770:
25763:
25761:
25759:
25757:
25747:
25745:
25743:
25741:
25739:
25737:
25735:
25726:
25722:
25718:
25714:
25710:
25706:
25702:
25698:
25691:
25675:
25671:
25667:
25660:
25644:
25640:
25634:
25626:
25622:
25618:
25614:
25610:
25606:
25602:
25598:
25594:
25587:
25571:
25567:
25561:
25557:
25553:
25546:
25538:
25534:
25530:
25526:
25519:
25510:
25508:
25506:
25504:
25494:
25492:
25482:
25480:
25470:
25468:
25466:
25457:
25453:
25449:
25445:
25438:
25429:
25427:
25425:
25415:
25406:
25397:
25388:
25383:
25379:
25375:
25372:(1): 012006.
25371:
25367:
25363:
25356:
25348:
25344:
25340:
25336:
25332:
25328:
25321:
25305:
25301:
25297:
25290:
25288:
25271:
25267:
25263:
25256:
25254:
25244:
25235:
25227:
25221:
25217:
25210:
25194:
25190:
25183:
25176:
25174:
25172:
25170:
25168:
25166:
25157:
25153:
25149:
25145:
25141:
25137:
25130:
25122:
25118:
25114:
25110:
25103:
25101:
25092:
25088:
25084:
25080:
25076:
25072:
25065:
25049:
25045:
25041:
25034:
25026:
25022:
25018:
25014:
25010:
25006:
24999:
24990:
24981:
24979:
24977:
24975:
24966:
24962:
24958:
24954:
24949:
24944:
24941:(1): 320–25.
24940:
24936:
24932:
24925:
24917:
24913:
24908:
24903:
24899:
24895:
24891:
24884:
24868:
24864:
24860:
24853:
24851:
24840:
24832:
24826:
24822:
24817:
24816:
24807:
24799:
24793:
24789:
24784:
24783:
24774:
24766:
24760:
24756:
24749:
24740:
24738:
24736:
24734:
24732:
24722:
24720:
24711:
24705:
24701:
24697:
24693:
24685:
24677:
24675:0-85186-428-7
24671:
24664:
24663:
24655:
24653:
24651:
24649:
24647:
24645:
24643:
24633:
24628:
24624:
24620:
24616:
24612:
24608:
24601:
24593:
24589:
24585:
24581:
24577:
24573:
24566:
24559:
24551:
24547:
24542:
24537:
24533:
24529:
24525:
24518:
24510:
24508:0-632-02319-8
24504:
24500:
24499:
24491:
24476:
24472:
24468:
24464:
24460:
24453:
24445:
24441:
24437:
24433:
24429:
24425:
24418:
24416:
24414:
24412:
24410:
24394:
24390:
24386:
24382:
24378:
24374:
24367:
24360:
24351:
24346:
24342:
24338:
24334:
24327:
24318:
24313:
24309:
24305:
24301:
24294:
24285:
24280:
24276:
24272:
24268:
24264:
24260:
24253:
24251:
24243:
24236:
24234:
24225:
24221:
24215:
24211:
24210:
24202:
24193:
24184:
24182:
24180:
24178:
24176:
24174:
24165:
24161:
24156:
24151:
24147:
24143:
24140:(2013): 438.
24139:
24135:
24131:
24124:
24108:
24104:
24100:
24096:
24089:
24080:
24075:
24071:
24067:
24063:
24056:
24054:
24044:
24042:
24040:
24038:
24021:
24017:
24013:
24008:
24003:
23998:
23993:
23989:
23985:
23981:
23977:
23973:
23966:
23958:
23952:
23948:
23941:
23939:
23922:
23917:
23913:
23909:
23905:
23898:
23889:
23887:
23877:
23872:
23868:
23864:
23860:
23853:
23851:
23842:
23838:
23834:
23830:
23823:
23815:
23809:
23805:
23801:
23797:
23793:
23787:
23779:
23773:
23769:
23762:
23760:
23758:
23756:
23754:
23745:
23739:
23735:
23728:
23726:
23724:
23722:
23720:
23710:
23708:
23691:
23687:
23686:C&EN News
23683:
23676:
23674:
23672:
23663:
23657:
23653:
23649:
23645:
23641:
23634:
23618:
23614:
23610:
23606:
23600:
23584:
23580:
23579:
23574:
23568:
23566:
23546:
23542:
23535:
23506:
23498:
23494:
23490:
23486:
23481:
23476:
23472:
23468:
23464:
23460:
23456:
23452:
23445:
23439:
23430:
23428:
23426:
23410:
23406:
23402:
23398:
23393:
23388:
23384:
23380:
23376:
23372:
23368:
23364:
23360:
23353:
23351:
23342:
23338:
23334:
23330:
23326:
23322:
23318:
23314:
23310:
23303:
23295:
23291:
23287:
23283:
23279:
23275:
23271:
23267:
23263:
23256:
23248:
23244:
23239:
23234:
23230:
23226:
23222:
23218:
23214:
23207:
23199:
23195:
23191:
23187:
23183:
23179:
23175:
23171:
23160:
23152:
23148:
23144:
23140:
23136:
23132:
23128:
23124:
23117:
23109:
23105:
23100:
23095:
23090:
23085:
23081:
23078:
23077:
23076:Chem. Eur. J.
23072:
23065:
23057:
23053:
23049:
23045:
23041:
23037:
23033:
23029:
23018:
23011:(8): 1379–84.
23010:
23006:
22999:
22980:
22973:
22966:
22964:
22962:
22953:
22949:
22945:
22941:
22937:
22933:
22929:
22925:
22906:
22904:
22902:
22893:
22889:
22885:
22881:
22877:
22873:
22866:
22864:
22862:
22860:
22858:
22849:
22845:
22841:
22837:
22833:
22829:
22822:
22813:
22811:
22801:
22782:
22778:
22774:
22770:
22766:
22762:
22758:
22754:
22750:
22743:
22736:
22734:
22732:
22730:
22728:
22708:
22701:
22697:
22691:
22689:
22687:
22685:
22683:
22681:
22679:
22677:
22675:
22673:
22671:
22669:
22667:
22665:
22663:
22661:
22659:
22657:
22655:
22653:
22651:
22649:
22647:
22645:
22643:
22634:
22628:
22624:
22617:
22615:
22613:
22611:
22609:
22607:
22605:
22603:
22601:
22599:
22590:
22586:
22582:
22578:
22571:
22555:
22551:
22548:NIST (2023).
22544:
22536:
22530:
22526:
22519:
22517:
22515:
22513:
22511:
22509:
22500:
22493:
22491:
22482:
22478:
22474:
22470:
22463:
22461:
22459:
22457:
22455:
22453:
22451:
22442:
22438:
22433:
22428:
22423:
22418:
22414:
22410:
22406:
22402:
22398:
22391:
22389:
22379:
22377:
22375:
22366:
22362:
22358:
22354:
22350:
22347:
22346:
22338:
22336:
22327:
22323:
22319:
22315:
22311:
22307:
22300:
22298:
22289:
22285:
22281:
22277:
22273:
22269:
22262:
22260:
22258:
22256:
22254:
22245:
22243:0-07-032760-2
22239:
22235:
22231:
22230:
22222:
22203:
22199:
22195:
22190:
22185:
22180:
22175:
22171:
22167:
22163:
22160:
22159:
22151:
22144:
22142:
22140:
22138:
22121:
22117:
22113:
22107:
22091:
22087:
22081:
22077:
22076:
22068:
22059:
22050:
22041:
22025:
22021:
22019:0-201-02115-3
22015:
22011:
22010:
22002:
22000:
21998:
21996:
21994:
21992:
21990:
21988:
21986:
21984:
21982:
21972:
21967:
21963:
21959:
21955:
21951:
21947:
21943:
21937:
21935:
21933:
21916:
21915:
21910:
21904:
21898:Scerri, p. 17
21895:
21893:
21876:
21872:
21866:
21864:
21854:
21846:
21840:
21836:
21832:
21828:
21821:
21819:
21817:
21815:
21813:
21811:
21809:
21807:
21805:
21803:
21794:
21792:0-06-093677-0
21788:
21784:
21777:
21775:
21773:
21771:
21769:
21767:
21765:
21763:
21761:
21759:
21757:
21755:
21753:
21751:
21749:
21747:
21745:
21743:
21741:
21739:
21730:
21726:
21722:
21718:
21714:
21710:
21706:
21703:(in German).
21702:
21698:
21691:
21682:
21680:
21678:
21676:
21674:
21672:
21670:
21668:
21666:
21664:
21655:
21651:
21647:
21643:
21636:
21634:
21618:
21614:
21610:
21606:
21602:
21595:
21593:
21591:
21574:
21570:
21566:
21562:
21558:
21554:
21550:
21546:
21539:
21537:
21535:
21533:
21531:
21522:
21518:
21514:
21510:
21504:
21502:
21500:
21491:
21487:
21483:
21479:
21475:
21471:
21470:J. Chem. Educ
21464:
21462:
21460:
21458:
21456:
21454:
21452:
21450:
21448:
21446:
21426:
21422:
21418:
21414:
21410:
21406:
21402:
21395:
21388:
21386:
21384:
21382:
21380:
21378:
21376:
21374:
21354:
21350:
21346:
21342:
21338:
21334:
21331:
21330:
21322:
21315:
21313:
21311:
21309:
21307:
21305:
21303:
21301:
21299:
21279:
21275:
21269:
21262:
21261:
21253:
21251:
21249:
21247:
21245:
21243:
21241:
21239:
21230:
21226:
21221:
21216:
21212:
21208:
21204:
21200:
21196:
21192:
21187:
21182:
21178:
21174:
21170:
21163:
21148:
21144:
21140:
21136:
21132:
21128:
21124:
21117:
21109:
21105:
21101:
21097:
21094:(1): 015801.
21093:
21089:
21082:
21074:
21070:
21066:
21062:
21058:
21054:
21050:
21046:
21045:
21037:
21029:
21025:
21021:
21017:
21014:(1): 83–116.
21013:
21009:
21008:
21000:
20992:
20988:
20984:
20980:
20976:
20972:
20968:
20964:
20959:
20954:
20950:
20946:
20939:
20931:
20927:
20923:
20919:
20915:
20911:
20907:
20903:
20899:
20895:
20888:
20880:
20874:
20870:
20866:
20859:
20851:
20847:
20843:
20839:
20835:
20831:
20824:
20816:
20810:
20806:
20799:
20797:
20788:
20784:
20780:
20776:
20772:
20768:
20764:
20760:
20752:
20736:
20732:
20728:
20724:
20720:
20716:
20712:
20708:
20704:
20700:
20696:
20692:
20685:
20683:
20681:
20679:
20677:
20667:
20658:
20642:
20638:
20634:
20628:
20612:
20608:
20604:
20598:
20596:
20594:
20592:
20590:
20588:
20586:
20584:
20582:
20580:
20578:
20576:
20574:
20572:
20565:
20561:
20557:
20553:
20552:
20547:
20542:
20534:
20530:
20525:
20520:
20516:
20512:
20508:
20504:
20498:
20494:
20488:
20480:
20476:
20472:
20468:
20464:
20460:
20452:
20443:
20438:
20435:(3): 265–91.
20434:
20430:
20429:
20424:
20417:
20402:
20398:
20392:
20388:
20375:
20369:
20359:
20340:
20337:
20334:
20314:
20311:
20308:
20288:
20268:
20248:
20240:
20236:
20220:
20217:
20214:
20211:
20208:
20185:
20182:
20179:
20173:
20168:
20164:
20158:
20155:
20150:
20145:
20141:
20137:
20134:
20114:
20094:
20086:
20070:
20050:
20025:
20017:
20014:
20011:
20005:
20002:
19997:
19994:
19988:
19985:
19979:
19971:
19967:
19963:
19959:
19948:
19941:
19937:
19936:
19931:
19925:
19923:
19915:
19909:
19901:
19894:
19887:
19883:
19879:
19873:
19863:
19856:
19845:
19834:
19828:
19821:
19810:
19799:
19793:
19783:
19774:
19764:
19757:
19753:
19746:
19745:
19740:
19737:
19734:
19731:
19730:
19728:
19724:
19717:
19716:
19712:
19694:
19692:
19682:
19676:
19670:
19661:
19654:
19648:
19641:
19637:
19633:
19629:
19625:
19619:
19612:
19608:
19604:
19600:
19596:
19592:
19588:
19584:
19580:
19576:
19572:
19568:
19564:
19560:
19556:
19552:
19548:
19544:
19540:
19536:
19532:
19528:
19524:
19518:
19516:
19511:
19501:
19498:
19497:
19488:
19487:Madelung rule
19480:
19475:
19470:
19465:
19460:
19458:
19457:
19452:
19450:
19449:
19446:
19443:
19441:
19438:
19436:
19433:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19413:
19411:
19408:
19406:
19403:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19348:
19346:
19343:
19341:
19338:
19336:
19333:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19270:
19269:
19266:
19261:
19256:
19251:
19246:
19241:
19236:
19231:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19211:
19206:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19181:
19176:
19171:
19166:
19161:
19156:
19151:
19146:
19141:
19136:
19131:
19126:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19089:
19086:
19083:
19081:
19078:
19076:
19073:
19071:
19068:
19066:
19063:
19061:
19058:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19048:
19046:
19043:
19041:
19038:
19036:
19033:
19031:
19028:
19026:
19023:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19006:
19003:
19001:
18998:
18994:
18983:
18982:
18979:
18976:
18974:
18971:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18961:
18959:
18956:
18954:
18951:
18949:
18946:
18944:
18941:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18931:
18929:
18926:
18924:
18921:
18919:
18916:
18914:
18911:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18896:
18894:
18891:
18887:
18876:
18875:
18872:
18869:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18830:
18822:
18821:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18776:
18768:
18767:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18752:
18747:
18746:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18731:
18726:
18725:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18713:
18710:
18707:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18693:
18690:
18687:
18684:
18681:
18678:
18675:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18661:
18658:
18655:
18652:
18649:
18646:
18643:
18640:
18637:
18634:
18631:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18616:
18615:
18608:
18601:
18596:
18594:
18589:
18587:
18582:
18581:
18577:
18565:
18561:
18559:
18555:
18554:Charles Janet
18551:
18543:
18539:
18534:
18524:
18520:
18518:
18513:
18509:
18505:
18501:
18496:
18492:
18490:
18486:
18482:
18476:
18472:
18441:
18436:
18433:
18429:
18423:
18421:
18416:
18412:
18409:"six", Latin
18408:
18405:"one", Greek
18404:
18400:
18396:
18392:
18384:
18380:
18373:, and g+ is g
18342:
18337:
18331:
18321:
18318:
18313:
18310:
18306:
18302:
18299:) and Japan (
18298:
18289:
18285:
18283:
18279:
18275:
18270:
18266:
18262:
18258:
18253:
18251:
18250:Charles Janet
18246:
18242:
18238:
18234:
18230:
18226:
18222:
18218:
18214:
18210:
18206:
18202:
18201:Carlo Perrier
18198:
18188:
18179:
18175:
18173:
18169:
18165:
18160:
18158:
18157:Alfred Werner
18154:
18144:
18140:
18138:
18134:
18130:
18126:
18122:
18118:
18113:
18108:
18104:
18100:
18095:
18093:
18089:
18085:
18081:
18077:
18073:
18069:
18065:
18062:
18058:
18054:
18050:
18045:
18040:
18035:
18032:
18022:
18019:
18018:
18014:
18011:
18010:
18006:
18003:
18002:
17998:
17995:
17994:
17990:
17987:
17986:
17982:
17979:
17978:
17974:
17971:
17970:
17966:
17963:
17962:
17958:
17955:
17954:
17950:
17947:
17946:
17940:
17938:
17937:Edmund Stoner
17934:
17916:
17914:
17910:
17900:
17897:
17892:
17888:
17883:
17881:
17877:
17873:
17869:
17865:
17861:
17857:
17853:
17849:
17845:
17844:atomic number
17841:
17837:
17833:
17829:
17825:
17824:Henry Moseley
17818:Henry Moseley
17816:
17812:
17809:
17805:
17796:
17790:Atomic number
17787:
17785:
17784:asteroid belt
17781:
17775:
17773:
17769:
17765:
17761:
17752:
17748:
17746:
17737:
17728:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17711:
17708:
17707:Chemical News
17704:
17703:Chemical News
17700:
17699:John Newlands
17692:
17688:
17686:
17681:
17674:Early history
17667:
17662:
17656:
17646:
17642:
17640:
17634:
17632:
17631:
17626:
17621:
17617:
17613:
17609:
17605:
17601:
17600:
17595:
17590:
17588:
17583:
17579:
17578:
17572:
17568:
17564:
17560:
17556:
17552:
17548:
17544:
17531:
17521:
17511:
17501:
17491:
17482:
17480:
17470:
17460:
17450:
17440:
17439:Alkali metals
17431:
17430:
17423:
17414:
17411:
17407:
17403:
17399:
17395:
17391:
17387:
17382:
17380:
17372:
17368:
17360:
17356:
17345:
17333:
17323:
17319:
17315:
17313:
17309:
17296:
17291:
17284:
17279:
17276:Iron, a metal
17272:
17267:
17266:
17263:
17260:
17256:
17244:
17238:
17233:
17220:
17219:
17215:
17206:
17197:
17188:
17179:
17170:
17161:
17152:
17143:
17134:
17125:
17116:
17107:
17098:
17089:
17080:
17071:
17062:
17053:
17044:
17035:
17026:
17017:
17008:
16999:
16990:
16981:
16972:
16963:
16954:
16945:
16936:
16928:
16925:
16924:
16920:
16911:
16902:
16893:
16884:
16875:
16866:
16857:
16848:
16839:
16830:
16821:
16812:
16803:
16794:
16785:
16776:
16767:
16758:
16749:
16740:
16731:
16722:
16713:
16704:
16695:
16686:
16677:
16668:
16659:
16650:
16641:
16633:
16630:
16629:
16625:
16616:
16607:
16598:
16589:
16580:
16571:
16562:
16553:
16544:
16535:
16526:
16517:
16508:
16499:
16490:
16479:
16470:
16462:
16459:
16458:
16454:
16445:
16436:
16427:
16418:
16409:
16400:
16391:
16382:
16373:
16364:
16355:
16346:
16337:
16328:
16319:
16308:
16299:
16291:
16288:
16287:
16283:
16274:
16265:
16256:
16247:
16238:
16227:
16218:
16210:
16207:
16206:
16202:
16193:
16184:
16175:
16166:
16157:
16146:
16137:
16129:
16126:
16125:
16121:
16110:
16102:
16099:
16098:
16095:
16090:
16086:
16082:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16064:
16061:
16059:
16056:
16054:
16051:
16049:
16046:
16044:
16041:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15987:
15986:
15977:
15972:
15970:
15965:
15963:
15958:
15957:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15943:
15941:
15935:
15933:
15887:
15884:
15880:
15871:
15867:
15863:
15859:
15855:
15851:
15847:
15843:
15839:
15835:
15829:
15825:
15814:
15809:
15807:
15803:
15799:
15795:
15791:
15787:
15786:metallic bond
15777:
15773:
15771:
15759:
15750:
15746:
15744:
15740:
15736:
15731:
15727:
15725:
15720:
15716:
15707:
15698:
15696:
15692:
15688:
15684:
15677:
15670:
15666:
15662:
15658:
15654:
15650:
15646:
15642:
15638:
15633:
15632:alkali metals
15628:
15626:
15619:
15609:
15605:
15603:
15598:
15594:
15424:
15421:
15420:
15257:
15254:
15253:
15158:
15155:
15154:
15059:
15056:
15055:
15010:
15007:
15006:
14961:
14958:
14957:
14942:
14939:
14938:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14842:
14836:
14832:
14830:
14770:
14766:
14761:
14752:
14744:
14740:
14708:
14704:
14702:
14698:
14693:
14691:
14687:
14678:
14669:
14666:
14662:
14659:
14655:
14654:alkali metals
14650:
14641:
14632:
14630:
14625:
14623:
14619:
14615:
14611:
14606:
14602:
14597:
14593:
14589:
14579:
14575:
14571:
14569:
14564:
14563:kainosymmetry
14560:
14556:
14554:
14550:
14549:J. J. Thomson
14546:
14542:
14535:Atomic radius
14532:
14527:
14517:
14513:
14511:
14507:
14501:
14498:
14493:
14489:
14485:
14481:
14476:
14462:
14457:
14455:
14450:
14448:
14443:
14441:
14436:
14434:
14429:
14427:
14422:
14420:
14415:
14413:
14408:
14406:
14401:
14399:
14394:
14392:
14387:
14385:
14380:
14378:
14373:
14371:
14366:
14364:
14362:Rutherfordium
14359:
14357:
14352:
14350:
14345:
14343:
14338:
14336:
14331:
14329:
14324:
14322:
14317:
14315:
14310:
14308:
14303:
14301:
14296:
14294:
14289:
14287:
14282:
14280:
14275:
14273:
14268:
14266:
14261:
14259:
14254:
14252:
14247:
14245:
14240:
14239:
14236:
14231:
14229:
14224:
14222:
14217:
14215:
14210:
14208:
14203:
14201:
14196:
14194:
14189:
14187:
14182:
14180:
14175:
14173:
14168:
14166:
14161:
14159:
14154:
14152:
14147:
14145:
14140:
14138:
14133:
14131:
14126:
14124:
14119:
14117:
14112:
14110:
14105:
14103:
14098:
14096:
14091:
14089:
14084:
14082:
14077:
14075:
14070:
14068:
14063:
14061:
14056:
14054:
14049:
14047:
14042:
14040:
14035:
14033:
14028:
14026:
14021:
14019:
14014:
14013:
14010:
14005:
14003:
13998:
13996:
13991:
13989:
13984:
13982:
13977:
13975:
13970:
13968:
13963:
13961:
13956:
13954:
13949:
13947:
13942:
13940:
13935:
13933:
13928:
13926:
13921:
13919:
13914:
13912:
13907:
13903:
13901:
13896:
13894:
13889:
13887:
13882:
13881:
13878:
13873:
13871:
13866:
13864:
13859:
13857:
13852:
13850:
13845:
13843:
13838:
13836:
13831:
13829:
13824:
13822:
13817:
13815:
13810:
13808:
13803:
13801:
13796:
13794:
13789:
13787:
13782:
13780:
13775:
13771:
13766:
13764:
13759:
13757:
13752:
13751:
13748:
13743:
13741:
13736:
13734:
13729:
13727:
13722:
13720:
13715:
13713:
13708:
13704:
13699:
13697:
13692:
13691:
13688:
13683:
13681:
13676:
13674:
13669:
13667:
13662:
13660:
13655:
13653:
13648:
13644:
13639:
13637:
13632:
13631:
13628:
13623:
13619:
13614:
13613:
13606:
13589:
13584:
13582:
13577:
13575:
13570:
13568:
13563:
13561:
13556:
13554:
13549:
13547:
13542:
13540:
13535:
13533:
13528:
13526:
13521:
13519:
13514:
13512:
13507:
13505:
13500:
13498:
13493:
13491:
13489:Rutherfordium
13486:
13484:
13479:
13477:
13472:
13470:
13465:
13463:
13458:
13456:
13451:
13449:
13444:
13442:
13437:
13435:
13430:
13428:
13423:
13421:
13416:
13414:
13409:
13407:
13402:
13400:
13395:
13393:
13388:
13386:
13381:
13379:
13374:
13372:
13367:
13366:
13363:
13358:
13356:
13351:
13349:
13344:
13342:
13337:
13335:
13330:
13328:
13323:
13321:
13316:
13314:
13309:
13307:
13302:
13300:
13295:
13293:
13288:
13286:
13281:
13279:
13274:
13272:
13267:
13265:
13260:
13258:
13253:
13251:
13246:
13244:
13239:
13237:
13232:
13230:
13225:
13223:
13218:
13216:
13211:
13209:
13204:
13202:
13197:
13195:
13190:
13188:
13183:
13181:
13176:
13174:
13169:
13167:
13162:
13160:
13155:
13153:
13148:
13146:
13141:
13140:
13137:
13132:
13130:
13125:
13123:
13118:
13116:
13111:
13109:
13104:
13102:
13097:
13095:
13090:
13088:
13083:
13081:
13076:
13074:
13069:
13067:
13062:
13060:
13055:
13053:
13048:
13046:
13041:
13039:
13034:
13032:
13027:
13023:
13021:
13016:
13014:
13009:
13008:
13005:
13000:
12998:
12993:
12991:
12986:
12984:
12979:
12977:
12972:
12970:
12965:
12963:
12958:
12956:
12951:
12949:
12944:
12942:
12937:
12935:
12930:
12928:
12923:
12921:
12916:
12914:
12909:
12907:
12902:
12900:
12895:
12891:
12886:
12884:
12879:
12878:
12875:
12870:
12868:
12863:
12861:
12856:
12854:
12849:
12847:
12842:
12840:
12835:
12831:
12826:
12824:
12819:
12818:
12815:
12810:
12808:
12803:
12801:
12796:
12794:
12789:
12787:
12782:
12780:
12775:
12771:
12766:
12764:
12759:
12758:
12755:
12750:
12746:
12741:
12740:
12733:
12725:
12715:
12712:
12707:
12705:
12695:
12689:
12687:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12661:
12656:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12612:
12606:
12593:
12592:
12586:
12574:
12573:
12567:
12555:
12554:
12548:
12536:
12535:
12529:
12517:
12516:
12510:
12498:
12497:
12491:
12479:
12478:
12472:
12460:
12459:
12453:
12441:
12440:
12434:
12422:
12421:
12415:
12403:
12402:
12396:
12384:
12383:
12377:
12365:
12364:
12358:
12346:
12345:
12339:
12327:
12326:
12320:
12308:
12307:
12301:
12289:
12288:
12282:
12270:
12269:
12263:
12251:
12250:
12244:
12232:
12231:
12225:
12213:
12212:
12206:
12194:
12193:
12187:
12175:
12174:
12168:
12156:
12155:
12149:
12137:
12136:
12130:
12118:
12117:
12111:
12099:
12098:
12092:
12080:
12079:
12073:
12061:
12060:
12054:
12042:
12041:
12035:
12023:
12022:
12016:
12006:
12005:
11999:
11986:
11985:
11972:
11971:
11965:
11953:
11952:
11946:
11934:
11933:
11927:
11915:
11914:
11908:
11896:
11895:
11889:
11877:
11876:
11870:
11858:
11857:
11851:
11839:
11838:
11832:
11820:
11819:
11813:
11801:
11800:
11794:
11782:
11781:
11775:
11763:
11762:
11756:
11744:
11743:
11737:
11725:
11724:
11718:
11706:
11705:
11699:
11687:
11686:
11680:
11668:
11667:
11661:
11649:
11648:
11642:
11630:
11629:
11623:
11611:
11610:
11604:
11592:
11591:
11585:
11573:
11572:
11566:
11554:
11553:
11547:
11535:
11534:
11528:
11516:
11515:
11509:
11497:
11496:
11490:
11478:
11477:
11471:
11459:
11458:
11452:
11440:
11439:
11433:
11421:
11420:
11414:
11402:
11401:
11395:
11385:
11384:
11378:
11365:
11364:
11353:
11352:
11346:
11336:
11335:
11329:
11319:
11318:
11312:
11302:
11301:
11295:
11285:
11284:
11278:
11268:
11267:
11261:
11251:
11250:
11244:
11234:
11233:
11227:
11217:
11216:
11210:
11202:
11201:
11195:
11187:
11186:
11180:
11170:
11169:
11163:
11155:
11154:
11148:
11140:
11139:
11133:
11123:
11122:
11116:
11106:
11105:
11099:
11087:
11086:
11080:
11072:
11071:
11065:
11054:
11053:
11042:
11041:
11035:
11025:
11024:
11018:
11008:
11007:
11001:
10991:
10990:
10984:
10974:
10973:
10967:
10957:
10956:
10950:
10940:
10939:
10933:
10923:
10922:
10916:
10906:
10905:
10899:
10889:
10888:
10882:
10872:
10871:
10865:
10855:
10854:
10848:
10840:
10839:
10833:
10823:
10822:
10816:
10806:
10805:
10799:
10789:
10788:
10782:
10770:
10769:
10763:
10755:
10754:
10748:
10737:
10736:
10727:
10726:
10720:
10712:
10711:
10705:
10697:
10696:
10690:
10682:
10681:
10675:
10667:
10666:
10660:
10652:
10651:
10645:
10635:
10634:
10628:
10622:
10621:
10615:
10606:
10605:
10596:
10595:
10589:
10581:
10580:
10574:
10566:
10565:
10559:
10551:
10550:
10544:
10536:
10535:
10529:
10521:
10520:
10514:
10504:
10503:
10497:
10491:
10490:
10484:
10475:
10474:
10467:
10466:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10345:
10340:
10331:
10327:
10320:
10315:
10313:
10308:
10306:
10301:
10300:
10297:
10294:
10285:
10263:
10259:
10257:
10250:
10243:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10201:
10194:
10187:
10180:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10145:
10138:
10131:
10124:
10117:
10110:
10103:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10054:
10047:
10040:
10034:
10014:
10009:
10007:
10000:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9944:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9909:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9846:
9839:
9832:
9825:
9818:
9811:
9804:
9797:
9790:
9784:
9765:
9761:
9759:
9752:
9745:
9738:
9731:
9724:
9717:
9710:
9703:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9612:
9606:
9587:
9583:
9581:
9574:
9567:
9560:
9553:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9497:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9441:
9434:
9428:
9407:
9403:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9380:
9373:
9366:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9304:
9298:
9277:
9273:
9271:
9264:
9257:
9250:
9243:
9236:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9174:
9168:
9145:
9141:
9139:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9066:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9009:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8959:
8955:
8953:
8946:
8939:
8932:
8925:
8918:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8890:
8883:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8855:
8848:
8841:
8834:
8828:
8813:
8808:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8785:
8778:
8771:
8764:
8757:
8750:
8743:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8681:
8665:
8661:
8659:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8590:
8584:
8568:
8564:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8493:
8487:
8469:
8465:
8463:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8269:
8257:
8252:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8195:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8061:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7992:
7991:Madelung rule
7987:
7978:
7976:
7970:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7945:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7872:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7768:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7749:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7637:atomic number
7634:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7602:
7597:
7590:
7585:
7583:
7578:
7576:
7571:
7569:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7555:
7550:
7548:
7543:
7541:
7536:
7534:
7529:
7527:
7522:
7520:
7515:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7481:
7479:
7474:
7472:
7467:
7465:
7460:
7458:
7453:
7451:
7446:
7444:
7439:
7437:
7432:
7430:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7416:
7411:
7409:
7404:
7402:
7397:
7395:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7372:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7356:
7351:
7349:
7344:
7342:
7337:
7335:
7330:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7307:
7302:
7300:
7295:
7293:
7288:
7286:
7281:
7279:
7277:Rutherfordium
7274:
7272:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7258:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7242:
7240:
7235:
7233:
7228:
7226:
7221:
7219:
7214:
7212:
7207:
7205:
7200:
7198:
7193:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7179:
7177:
7172:
7170:
7165:
7163:
7158:
7156:
7151:
7149:
7144:
7142:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7128:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7112:
7110:
7105:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7091:
7089:
7084:
7082:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7068:
7063:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7049:
7047:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7028:
7026:
7021:
7019:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6982:
6980:
6975:
6973:
6968:
6966:
6961:
6959:
6954:
6952:
6947:
6945:
6940:
6938:
6933:
6931:
6926:
6924:
6919:
6917:
6912:
6910:
6905:
6903:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6868:
6866:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6852:
6850:
6845:
6843:
6838:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6824:
6822:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6792:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6776:
6771:
6769:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6746:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6711:
6706:
6704:
6699:
6697:
6692:
6690:
6685:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6669:
6664:
6662:
6657:
6655:
6650:
6648:
6643:
6641:
6636:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6611:Rutherfordium
6608:
6606:
6601:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6587:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6566:
6564:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6550:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6515:
6510:
6508:
6503:
6501:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6445:
6443:
6438:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6424:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6410:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6361:
6359:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6326:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6270:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6254:
6252:
6247:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6212:
6210:
6205:
6203:
6198:
6196:
6191:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6170:
6168:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6122:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6101:
6099:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6085:
6080:
6078:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5964:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5932:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5918:
5916:
5911:
5909:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5814:
5805:
5796:
5787:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5724:
5715:
5706:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5654:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5593:
5584:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5548:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5503:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5480:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5455:
5446:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5410:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5347:
5338:
5329:
5321:
5318:
5309:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5150:
5147:
5138:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5077:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5037:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4936:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4828:nickel group
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:alkali metals
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:(Europe, A-B)
4665:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4328:United States
4325:
4314:
4313:radioactive.
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4292:). Two more,
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4135:atomic number
4128:
4127:hydrogen-like
4123:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4019:
4016:
3999:
3996:
3979:
3976:
3964:Fermium
3959:
3956:
3939:
3936:
3919:
3916:
3899:
3896:
3879:
3876:
3859:
3856:
3839:
3836:
3819:
3816:
3801:Uranium
3796:
3793:
3773:
3770:
3755:Thorium
3750:
3747:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3691:
3688:
3668:
3665:
3645:
3642:
3627:Holmium
3622:
3619:
3599:
3596:
3581:Terbium
3576:
3573:
3553:
3550:
3530:
3527:
3507:
3504:
3487:
3484:
3464:
3461:
3441:
3438:
3418:
3415:
3395:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3356:
3353:
3336:
3333:
3316:
3313:
3296:
3293:
3276:
3273:
3256:
3253:
3236:
3233:
3216:
3213:
3196:
3193:
3176:
3173:
3161:Hassium
3156:
3153:
3141:Bohrium
3136:
3133:
3116:
3113:
3101:Dubnium
3096:
3093:
3076:
3073:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3029:
3026:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2982:
2979:
2962:
2959:
2942:
2939:
2924:Bismuth
2919:
2916:
2896:
2893:
2873:
2870:
2855:Mercury
2850:
2847:
2827:
2824:
2804:
2801:
2781:
2778:
2758:
2755:
2740:Rhenium
2735:
2732:
2712:
2709:
2689:
2686:
2671:Hafnium
2666:
2663:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2613:
2610:
2595:Caesium
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2560:
2557:
2537:
2534:
2514:
2511:
2491:
2488:
2468:
2465:
2445:
2442:
2427:Cadmium
2422:
2419:
2399:
2396:
2376:
2373:
2358:Rhodium
2353:
2350:
2330:
2327:
2310:
2307:
2287:
2284:
2269:Niobium
2264:
2261:
2241:
2238:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2193:
2190:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2145:Krypton
2140:
2137:
2117:
2114:
2094:
2091:
2071:
2068:
2048:
2045:
2025:
2022:
2002:
1999:
1979:
1976:
1956:
1953:
1933:
1930:
1910:
1907:
1887:
1884:
1864:
1861:
1841:
1838:
1818:
1815:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1775:Calcium
1770:
1767:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1717:
1714:
1694:
1691:
1671:
1668:
1648:
1645:
1630:Silicon
1625:
1622:
1602:
1597:
1577:
1574:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1524:
1521:
1501:
1498:
1478:
1475:
1455:
1452:
1432:
1429:
1409:
1404:
1384:
1381:
1366:Lithium
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1331:
1326:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
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1255:
1253:
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1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:"). It is an
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
949:
945:
943:
942:
938:
937:
936:
935:
928:
925:
923:
920: /
919:
916:Thermal
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:Melting point
900:
898:
895:
893:
890: /
889:
886: /
885:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:configuration
866: /
865:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Boiling point
836:
834:
833:Atomic radius
831:
829:
826:
825:
819:
818:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:configuration
773:
771:
767:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
746:
745:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:in human body
714:
711:
710:
707:
702:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
682:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
647:
644:
642:
641:Native metals
639:
638:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
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583:
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579:
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570:
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561:
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559:
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547:
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523:
520:
518:
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510:
506:
505:
502:
496:
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483:
481:
478:
477:
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472:
470:
466:
465:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
422:
420:
415:
413:
408:
407:
404:
402:
398:
397:
394:
392:
391:(noble gases)
386:
384:
382:
376:
374:
372:
366:
364:
362:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
270:
268:
262:
259:
257:
256:alkali metals
251:
246:
245:
242:
240:
236:
235:
229:
228:
224:
223:
218:
217:
210:
207:
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
191:controversies
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
164:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
129:
128:
117:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
85:
84:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
34291:Infographics
34242:
34230:
34218:
34206:
34056:Biosynthesis
33906:Geochemistry
33821:Pharmacology
33797:Cell biology
33787:Biochemistry
33615:Spectroscopy
33514:VSEPR theory
33363:Spectroscopy
33334:
33307:Branches of
33258:
33246:
33229:Trivial name
33217:nomenclature
32889:Heavy metals
32884:Noble metals
32643:14 (Tetrels)
32539:Alternatives
32524:
31221:
31108:
31104:
31085:
31066:
31054:. Retrieved
31020:
31001:
30982:
30960:
30941:
30919:
30891:
30875:
30854:
30817:
30792:
30781:Bibliography
30754:
30750:
30744:
30719:
30715:
30702:
30677:
30673:
30667:
30655:. Retrieved
30650:
30646:
30623:
30619:
30603:
30599:
30583:
30579:
30563:
30559:
30553:
30526:
30520:
30511:
30499:. Retrieved
30484:
30433:(2): 97–98.
30430:
30426:
30413:
30400:. Retrieved
30386:
30380:
30371:
30359:. Retrieved
30348:
30335:
30323:. Retrieved
30277:
30273:
30260:
30248:. Retrieved
30223:
30219:
30209:
30174:
30170:
30160:
30117:
30113:
30107:
30056:
30052:
30046:
30034:. Retrieved
30007:
30003:
29993:
29984:
29959:
29955:
29949:
29937:. Retrieved
29907:
29903:
29862:
29858:
29822:
29816:
29806:
29794:. Retrieved
29786:Berkeley Lab
29776:
29764:. Retrieved
29736:
29732:
29719:
29684:
29680:
29649:
29643:
29592:
29588:
29582:
29541:
29537:
29500:
29496:
29460:
29457:Science News
29456:
29450:
29407:
29403:
29365:
29361:
29355:
29343:. Retrieved
29335:
29325:
29313:. Retrieved
29309:
29299:
29287:. Retrieved
29278:
29268:
29256:. Retrieved
29232:
29225:
29182:
29178:
29153:. Retrieved
29133:
29129:
29099:. Retrieved
29073:
29069:
29027:
29023:
29013:
29001:. Retrieved
28986:
28974:. Retrieved
28959:
28937:
28914:
28910:
28897:
28881:(1): 10–15.
28878:
28874:
28864:
28845:
28841:
28832:
28820:. Retrieved
28800:
28796:
28786:
28759:
28755:
28745:
28736:
28724:. Retrieved
28712:
28687:
28678:
28666:. Retrieved
28657:(1): 66–69.
28654:
28650:
28625:. Retrieved
28620:
28616:
28606:
28565:
28561:
28555:
28538:
28534:
28528:
28516:. Retrieved
28509:the original
28491:(5): 757–8.
28488:
28484:
28471:
28462:
28450:. Retrieved
28425:(10): 1074.
28422:
28418:
28408:
28396:. Retrieved
28389:the original
28368:
28364:
28351:
28327:(2777): 79.
28324:
28320:
28310:
28301:
28296:18 September
28294:. Retrieved
28266:
28262:
28249:
28237:. Retrieved
28212:
28206:
28178:. Retrieved
28153:
28147:
28134:
28125:
28116:
28083:
28079:
28069:
28060:
28051:
28042:
28033:
28014:
27984:
27980:
27970:
27943:
27939:
27929:
27905:
27895:
27885:
27876:
27867:
27857:
27852:
27840:. Retrieved
27833:the original
27816:
27789:
27777:. Retrieved
27768:
27763:Rouvray, R.
27758:
27749:
27740:
27728:. Retrieved
27724:the original
27719:
27715:
27705:
27684:
27675:
27656:
27645:
27608:
27599:
27590:
27555:
27549:
27526:. Retrieved
27501:
27497:
27487:
27474:. Retrieved
27449:
27445:
27435:
27427:
27420:. Retrieved
27411:
27401:
27389:. Retrieved
27372:
27362:
27350:. Retrieved
27312:
27299:
27287:. Retrieved
27259:
27255:
27242:
27223:
27217:
27205:. Retrieved
27196:
27186:
27165:
27155:
27153:
27146:. Retrieved
27139:the original
27126:
27107:
27098:
27073:
27069:
27063:
27046:
27042:
27019:(1): 25–29.
27016:
27012:
27006:
26987:
26981:
26969:. Retrieved
26958:
26935:
26928:
26916:. Retrieved
26909:the original
26888:
26884:
26871:
26846:
26842:
26836:
26827:
26815:. Retrieved
26803:
26799:
26758:
26754:
26726:
26720:
26708:. Retrieved
26699:
26668:. Retrieved
26655:
26646:
26634:. Retrieved
26621:
26572:
26568:
26562:
26550:. Retrieved
26541:
26516:. Retrieved
26507:
26497:
26472:
26468:
26462:
26429:
26425:
26419:
26411:the original
26387:
26380:
26355:
26347:
26328:
26322:
26303:
26297:
26285:. Retrieved
26276:
26251:. Retrieved
26247:
26237:
26204:
26200:
26194:
26149:
26145:
26120:. Retrieved
26116:
26092:the original
26030:
26026:
25982:
25978:
25946:
25940:
25931:
25925:
25890:
25886:
25876:
25854:(12): 1686.
25851:
25847:
25841:
25806:
25801:
25791:
25782:
25768:
25700:
25696:
25690:
25678:. Retrieved
25669:
25659:
25647:. Retrieved
25633:
25600:
25596:
25586:
25574:. Retrieved
25555:
25545:
25528:
25524:
25518:
25447:
25443:
25437:
25414:
25405:
25396:
25369:
25365:
25355:
25330:
25326:
25320:
25308:. Retrieved
25299:
25274:. Retrieved
25265:
25243:
25234:
25215:
25209:
25197:. Retrieved
25192:
25188:
25139:
25135:
25129:
25112:
25108:
25074:
25070:
25064:
25052:. Retrieved
25050:(2): 213–214
25047:
25043:
25033:
25008:
25004:
24998:
24989:
24938:
24934:
24924:
24897:
24893:
24883:
24871:. Retrieved
24862:
24839:
24814:
24806:
24781:
24773:
24754:
24748:
24690:
24684:
24661:
24614:
24610:
24600:
24575:
24571:
24558:
24531:
24527:
24517:
24497:
24490:
24478:. Retrieved
24466:
24462:
24452:
24430:(2): 86–98.
24427:
24423:
24396:. Retrieved
24376:
24372:
24359:
24340:
24336:
24326:
24307:
24303:
24293:
24266:
24262:
24241:
24208:
24201:
24192:
24137:
24133:
24123:
24111:. Retrieved
24102:
24098:
24088:
24069:
24065:
24024:. Retrieved
23979:
23975:
23965:
23946:
23925:. Retrieved
23914:(3): 21–22.
23911:
23907:
23897:
23866:
23862:
23832:
23828:
23822:
23803:
23786:
23767:
23733:
23694:. Retrieved
23685:
23643:
23639:
23633:
23621:. Retrieved
23612:
23599:
23587:. Retrieved
23576:
23552:. Retrieved
23545:the original
23540:
23505:
23462:
23458:
23450:
23438:
23412:. Retrieved
23392:10138/224395
23366:
23362:
23316:
23312:
23302:
23269:
23265:
23255:
23220:
23216:
23206:
23173:
23169:
23159:
23126:
23122:
23116:
23079:
23074:
23064:
23031:
23027:
23017:
23008:
23004:
22998:
22988:20 September
22986:. Retrieved
22979:the original
22927:
22923:
22875:
22871:
22831:
22827:
22821:
22800:
22788:. Retrieved
22752:
22748:
22714:. Retrieved
22707:the original
22622:
22580:
22576:
22570:
22558:. Retrieved
22553:
22543:
22524:
22498:
22475:(1): 12–19.
22472:
22468:
22407:(813): 813.
22404:
22400:
22348:
22343:
22309:
22305:
22271:
22267:
22228:
22221:
22209:. Retrieved
22161:
22156:
22124:. Retrieved
22115:
22106:
22094:. Retrieved
22074:
22067:
22058:
22049:
22040:
22028:. Retrieved
22008:
21956:(10): 1186.
21953:
21949:
21919:. Retrieved
21912:
21903:
21879:. Retrieved
21853:
21826:
21782:
21704:
21700:
21690:
21645:
21641:
21620:. Retrieved
21611:(10): 1188.
21608:
21604:
21577:. Retrieved
21552:
21548:
21516:
21509:L. D. Landau
21473:
21469:
21432:. Retrieved
21407:(1): 31–34.
21404:
21400:
21360:. Retrieved
21332:
21327:
21285:. Retrieved
21259:
21176:
21172:
21162:
21150:. Retrieved
21130:
21126:
21116:
21091:
21087:
21081:
21048:
21042:
21036:
21011:
21005:
20999:
20948:
20944:
20938:
20897:
20893:
20887:
20864:
20858:
20836:(1): 57–65.
20833:
20829:
20823:
20804:
20765:(2): 89–98.
20762:
20758:
20751:
20739:. Retrieved
20698:
20694:
20666:
20657:
20645:. Retrieved
20636:
20627:
20615:. Retrieved
20606:
20549:
20541:
20506:
20502:
20493:element zero
20487:
20462:
20451:
20432:
20426:
20416:
20404:. Retrieved
20400:
20391:
20368:
20358:
19947:
19939:
19933:
19908:
19893:
19872:
19862:
19827:
19792:
19782:
19773:
19763:
19755:
19751:
19726:
19722:
19711:
19681:
19669:
19660:
19647:
19618:
18566:
18562:
18547:
18521:
18500:quark matter
18497:
18493:
18477:
18473:
18437:
18424:
18414:
18410:
18406:
18402:
18388:
18382:
18378:
18314:
18294:
18254:
18197:Emilio Segrè
18193:
18176:
18161:
18149:
18132:
18096:
18087:
18063:
18048:
18036:
18028:
17917:
17906:
17891:decay chains
17884:
17863:
17847:
17821:
17801:
17776:
17757:
17742:
17715:Lothar Meyer
17712:
17706:
17702:
17697:
17677:
17643:
17635:
17628:
17624:
17619:
17615:
17611:
17607:
17603:
17597:
17593:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17575:
17570:
17566:
17562:
17558:
17554:
17550:
17546:
17543:alkali metal
17542:
17540:
17490:Other metals
17383:
17329:
17320:
17316:
17312:noble metals
17304:
17258:
17254:
17247:Single atoms
17228:
15944:
15936:
15894:), oxygen (O
15888:
15875:
15865:
15861:
15857:
15853:
15845:
15841:
15837:
15833:
15810:
15782:
15766:
15747:
15732:
15728:
15712:
15629:
15614:
15589:
14833:
14757:
14705:
14694:
14683:
14667:
14663:
14646:
14626:
14620:), and 114 (
14584:
14572:
14559:Atomic radii
14557:
14538:
14529:
14514:
14502:
14477:
14473:
14404:Darmstadtium
14271:Protactinium
14045:Praseodymium
13531:Darmstadtium
13398:Protactinium
13172:Praseodymium
12708:
12690:
12662:
12658:
12589:
12570:
12551:
12532:
12513:
12494:
12475:
12456:
12437:
12418:
12399:
12380:
12361:
12342:
12323:
12304:
12285:
12266:
12247:
12228:
12209:
12190:
12171:
12152:
12133:
12114:
12095:
12076:
12057:
12038:
12019:
12002:
11988:[Rn]
11968:
11949:
11930:
11911:
11892:
11873:
11854:
11835:
11816:
11797:
11778:
11759:
11740:
11721:
11702:
11683:
11664:
11645:
11626:
11607:
11588:
11569:
11550:
11531:
11512:
11493:
11474:
11455:
11436:
11417:
11398:
11381:
11367:[Xe]
11349:
11332:
11315:
11298:
11281:
11264:
11247:
11230:
11213:
11198:
11183:
11166:
11151:
11136:
11119:
11102:
11083:
11068:
11056:[Kr]
11038:
11021:
11004:
10987:
10970:
10953:
10936:
10919:
10902:
10885:
10868:
10851:
10836:
10819:
10802:
10785:
10766:
10751:
10739:[Ar]
10723:
10708:
10693:
10678:
10663:
10648:
10631:
10618:
10608:[Ne]
10592:
10577:
10562:
10547:
10532:
10517:
10500:
10487:
10477:[He]
10463:
10450:
10329:
10291:
10283:
10261:
10012:
9763:
9762:2×(1+3+5) =
9585:
9584:2×(1+3+5) =
9405:
9275:
9143:
9027:), then 6d (
9019:), then 5f (
9010:
8975:
8957:
8956:2×(1+3+5) =
8811:
8810:2×(1+3+5) =
8663:
8566:
8467:
8398:), then 4d (
8389:
8366:
8343:
8328:
8255:
8180:
8141:
8105:
8095:(1s 2s 2p),
8062:
8047:
8044:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8016:
7995:
7971:
7961:
7950:
7940:
7880:
7849:
7821:
7796:
7774:
7755:
7739:
7705:
7649:
7630:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7511:Protactinium
7407:Praseodymium
7319:Darmstadtium
6717:
6653:Darmstadtium
6520:Protactinium
6294:Praseodymium
5822:exceptional.
4853:
4837:boron group
4727:Trivial name
4389:
4320:
4237:
4214:
4200:
4197:
4138:
4132:
4061:
4056:
4047:
3034:Radium
2763:Osmium
2618:Barium
1559:Sodium
1483:Oxygen
1336:Helium
1300:
1132:
1083:
1052:
1037:
1021:periodic law
999:into rows ("
992:
988:
986:
946:
939:
918:conductivity
713:by abundance
693:
665:Transuranium
646:Noble metals
634:Light metals
629:Heavy metals
572:
552:
507:
467:
399:
390:
380:
371:(chalcogens)
370:
361:(pnictogens)
360:
266:
255:
237:
220:
201:in East Asia
165:
140:D. Mendeleev
79:
36:
34244:WikiProject
33469:Theoretical
33454:Calorimetry
33265:WikiProject
33009:Term symbol
32839:Noble gases
32783:Lanthanides
32766:metallicity
32638:13 (Triels)
31181:WebElements
31148:Eric Scerri
30857:. Horwood.
30620:J Chem Educ
30580:J Chem Educ
29155:25 February
28668:25 November
28398:3 September
28086:: 123–186.
27817:The Hexagon
27330:10045/55935
26656:www.rsc.org
26622:www.acs.org
26122:22 November
25649:17 November
25011:: 255–284.
24398:27 November
24310:(7): 1485.
23713:Gray, p. 12
23696:16 December
23534:experiment"
22716:10 December
21287:26 November
20741:19 February
20701:(1): 4–10.
20524:11336/46854
19636:alpha decay
19567:einsteinium
19563:cosmic rays
18508:down quarks
18395:element 164
18072:Dirk Coster
17639:heavy metal
17616:lanthanides
17608:lanthanoids
17594:lanthanides
17530:Noble gases
17459:Lanthanides
17361:) and −3 (K
15846:(left side)
15753:Metallicity
14629:ionic radii
14614:copernicium
14545:Bohr radius
14541:Arthur Haas
14446:Livermorium
14418:Copernicium
14411:Roentgenium
14341:Mendelevium
14327:Einsteinium
14320:Californium
13573:Livermorium
13545:Copernicium
13538:Roentgenium
13468:Mendelevium
13454:Einsteinium
13447:Californium
12686:Eric Scerri
9033:copernicium
8089:Hund's rule
7596:18 columns
7581:Mendelevium
7567:Einsteinium
7560:Californium
7361:Livermorium
7333:Copernicium
7326:Roentgenium
6718:32 columns
6695:Livermorium
6667:Copernicium
6660:Roentgenium
6590:Mendelevium
6576:Einsteinium
6569:Californium
5669:Ac–No
5494:La–Yb
4856:neon group
4834:zinc group
4822:iron group
4790:noble gases
4607:(US, A-B-A)
4400:IUPAC group
4266:einsteinium
4212:. Columns (
4081:mass number
1059:atomic mass
1048:Nonmetallic
106:Alternative
34276:1869 works
34260:Categories
34080:Metallurgy
33779:Biological
33345:Analytical
33189:for people
33184:for places
33157:1871 table
33050:Elasticity
33018:Data pages
32976:Properties
32852:Other sets
32808:Metalloids
30938:Emsley, J.
30838:2001032331
30657:8 February
30361:18 January
30325:1 December
30127:2001.03531
30066:1707.06610
29796:23 October
29694:2301.02553
29602:1707.08710
29534:Pyykkö, P.
29345:20 October
29315:20 October
29289:4 November
29136:: 83–192.
29003:8 February
28903:Scerri, E.
28822:18 October
28762:(2): 4–8.
28452:8 February
28371:(3): 242.
28239:22 October
28180:22 October
27177:1708.04064
27148:20 October
26971:5 December
26817:18 January
25142:(2): 110.
25115:(8): 276.
24578:: 214366.
24469:(1): 4–6.
24269:(1): 1–9.
23623:7 February
23589:1 December
21579:28 January
21186:1509.08054
21152:29 January
20958:1908.11458
20670:Gray, p. 6
20647:7 February
20384:References
20087:for small
19798:phosphorus
19611:superheavy
19603:beta decay
19595:supernovae
19543:promethium
19539:beta decay
18391:eighth row
18334:See also:
18211:) and 85 (
18209:promethium
18205:technetium
18084:Copenhagen
18049:transition
17913:Max Planck
17909:Niels Bohr
17764:sphalerite
17659:See also:
17582:poor metal
17500:Metalloids
17241:Molecular
15940:metalloids
15932:semimetals
15798:allotropes
15724:ionic bond
14769:superoxide
14701:autodetach
14697:resonances
14647:The first
14480:Lev Landau
14453:Tennessine
14397:Meitnerium
14376:Seaborgium
14355:Lawrencium
14094:Dysprosium
14080:Gadolinium
14059:Promethium
13931:Technetium
13924:Molybdenum
13725:Phosphorus
13580:Tennessine
13524:Meitnerium
13503:Seaborgium
13482:Lawrencium
13221:Dysprosium
13207:Gadolinium
13186:Promethium
13058:Technetium
13051:Molybdenum
12852:Phosphorus
12697:(HeO)(LiF)
12644:Variations
9404:2×(1+3) =
9274:2×(1+3) =
9055:tennessine
9029:lawrencium
8662:2×(1+3) =
8565:2×(1+3) =
8327:2×(1+3) =
8254:2×(1+3) =
8124:phosphorus
8069:core shell
7967:, and the
7456:Dysprosium
7442:Gadolinium
7421:Promethium
7368:Tennessine
7312:Meitnerium
7291:Seaborgium
7270:Lawrencium
7038:Technetium
7031:Molybdenum
6834:Phosphorus
6702:Tennessine
6646:Meitnerium
6625:Seaborgium
6604:Lawrencium
6343:Dysprosium
6329:Gadolinium
6308:Promethium
6180:Technetium
6173:Molybdenum
5974:Phosphorus
5847:principle.
5833:Lev Landau
4310:primordial
4250:promethium
4246:technetium
4241:primordial
4035:From decay
4028:Primordial
1086:synthesize
882:Heat
853:Elasticity
554:Metalloids
541:lanthanide
529:transition
403:(1–7, ...)
381:(halogens)
186:for places
181:for people
145:1871 table
34142:Catalysis
33650:Inorganic
33444:Titration
33309:chemistry
33174:etymology
33025:Abundance
32950:in humans
32946:Abundance
32831:Nonmetals
32788:Actinides
30771:245540088
30751:ChemTexts
30736:254503469
30722:: 69–81.
30606:: 80–82.
30402:2 October
30287:1207.5700
30250:15 August
30201:126906074
30152:210157134
29976:203848120
29939:15 August
29753:222225772
29517:117157377
29442:221136189
29258:15 August
29209:1476-4687
29101:4 October
29047:225377737
28778:124737708
28518:15 August
28358:"Hafnium"
28229:0002-7863
28170:0002-7863
28100:0073-2672
27987:: 15–57.
27842:15 August
27730:23 August
27528:15 August
27476:15 August
27352:15 August
27339:102245448
27090:254097024
26542:Chemguide
26508:Chemguide
26277:Chemguide
26063:250539378
25725:250842014
25670:Chemguide
25625:125130534
25300:Chemguide
25266:Chemguide
25199:5 January
25195:: 433–485
25054:6 January
25025:254514910
24916:208868546
24863:Chemguide
24815:Chemistry
24592:245712597
24550:254501533
24480:8 January
24444:266276980
24393:203944816
23927:1 January
23869:(6): 14.
22944:0020-1669
22790:15 August
22769:0012-5016
22560:5 January
22211:15 August
22096:15 August
22030:15 August
21622:1 January
21555:: 23–31.
21421:231694898
21211:2041-1723
21147:247443809
20991:201664098
20983:1434-601X
20850:125149409
20787:120526363
20607:iupac.org
20533:1144-0546
20479:1365-3075
19989:−
19653:plutonium
19591:r-process
19583:Oklo Mine
19535:plutonium
19531:neptunium
18369:, g− is g
18365:, f+ is f
18361:, f− is f
18357:, d+ is d
18353:, d− is d
18349:, p+ is p
18245:plutonium
18233:neptunium
18195:chemists
18168:Jun Kondō
18068:zirconium
17889:. In the
17876:Otto Berg
17872:Ida Tacke
17864:nipponium
17832:aluminium
17731:Mendeleev
17620:actinides
17612:actinoids
17604:actinides
17571:noble gas
17563:chalcogen
17559:pnictogen
17469:Actinides
17371:chlorides
15879:band gaps
15794:nonmetals
15691:selenides
15649:germanium
14658:noble gas
14622:flerovium
14488:Jun Kondō
14460:Oganesson
14439:Moscovium
14432:Flerovium
14313:Berkelium
14299:Americium
14292:Plutonium
14285:Neptunium
14122:Ytterbium
14052:Neodymium
14031:Lanthanum
13994:Tellurium
13952:Palladium
13938:Ruthenium
13910:Zirconium
13892:Strontium
13848:Germanium
13799:Manganese
13755:Potassium
13711:Aluminium
13702:Magnesium
13642:Beryllium
13587:Oganesson
13566:Moscovium
13559:Flerovium
13440:Berkelium
13426:Americium
13419:Plutonium
13412:Neptunium
13249:Ytterbium
13179:Neodymium
13158:Lanthanum
13121:Tellurium
13079:Palladium
13065:Ruthenium
13037:Zirconium
13019:Strontium
12975:Germanium
12926:Manganese
12882:Potassium
12838:Aluminium
12829:Magnesium
12769:Beryllium
10360:
9059:oganesson
9041:oganesson
8990:ytterbium
8986:lanthanum
8396:strontium
8346:potassium
8116:aluminium
8112:Magnesium
8073:beryllium
7656:quantised
7635:of their
7553:Berkelium
7539:Americium
7532:Plutonium
7525:Neptunium
7484:Ytterbium
7414:Neodymium
7393:Lanthanum
7382:
7375:Oganesson
7354:Moscovium
7347:Flerovium
7101:Tellurium
7059:Palladium
7045:Ruthenium
7017:Zirconium
7001:Strontium
6957:Germanium
6908:Manganese
6864:Potassium
6820:Aluminium
6811:Magnesium
6751:Beryllium
6709:Oganesson
6688:Moscovium
6681:Flerovium
6562:Berkelium
6548:Americium
6541:Plutonium
6534:Neptunium
6371:Ytterbium
6301:Neodymium
6280:Lanthanum
6243:Tellurium
6201:Palladium
6187:Ruthenium
6159:Zirconium
6141:Strontium
6097:Germanium
6048:Manganese
6004:Potassium
5960:Aluminium
5951:Magnesium
5891:Beryllium
4500:Mendeleev
4326:. In the
4286:half-life
4262:plutonium
4258:neptunium
4072:Ca:
4042:Synthetic
1101:Structure
1079:actinides
1013:chemistry
828:Abundance
805:Nutrition
768:Electron
737:by symbol
683:actinides
587:noble gas
574:Nonmetals
171:etymology
99:32-column
94:18-column
34208:Category
34164:Molecule
34101:See also
33526:Physical
33253:Category
33205:See also
33075:Hardness
32928:Elements
31172:Archived
31047:Archived
30981:(1974).
30874:(2020).
30846:46872308
30694:93589189
30501:12 April
30495:Archived
30459:Archived
30455:21378810
30396:Archived
30355:Archived
30343:(2019).
30316:Archived
30312:55434734
30244:Archived
30099:49216916
30091:29906186
30030:Archived
29930:Archived
29790:Archived
29788:. 2009.
29766:28 March
29757:Archived
29687:: 1–57.
29627:29481184
29574:31590563
29566:20967377
29434:32811365
29410:(2180).
29283:Archived
29281:. JINR.
29249:Archived
29217:30700884
28997:Archived
28976:22 March
28970:Archived
28929:Archived
28905:(2012).
28817:95737691
28726:28 March
28717:Archived
28623:(2): 334
28598:21629328
28590:12796101
28447:30237529
28287:Archived
28233:Archived
28174:Archived
28108:27757389
27962:32811359
27946:(2180).
27903:(1995).
27829:94398490
27779:19 April
27773:Archived
27665:Archived
27607:(2002).
27605:Ball, P.
27582:50766822
27539:Archived
27522:Archived
27470:Archived
27416:Archived
27391:27 March
27385:Archived
27343:Archived
27289:27 March
27280:Archived
27276:46602106
27207:27 March
27201:Archived
27106:(1998).
26808:Archived
26710:16 March
26704:Archived
26670:27 March
26664:Archived
26662:. 2021.
26636:27 March
26630:Archived
26628:. 2021.
26597:10053956
26552:30 March
26546:Archived
26518:30 March
26512:Archived
26287:30 March
26281:Archived
26229:24074111
26186:36092655
26117:phys.org
26055:35963734
26009:31596013
25917:31343819
25833:25815944
25680:30 March
25674:Archived
25643:Archived
25570:Archived
25347:21113528
25310:30 March
25304:Archived
25276:30 March
25270:Archived
25091:19058281
24965:12677737
24957:17143872
24873:30 March
24867:Archived
24224:Archived
24164:23609097
24113:27 March
24107:Archived
24020:Archived
24016:32695406
23802:(2001).
23690:Archived
23617:Archived
23583:Archived
23489:20481935
23414:24 April
23409:31224634
23401:27314425
23341:10059654
23294:29624372
23247:41854842
23198:34889909
23151:10011429
23108:31276242
23056:23598823
22952:21141834
22781:Archived
22777:95738861
22698:(2000).
22554:nist.gov
22441:33490030
22288:15679915
22202:Archived
22198:16591167
22126:17 April
22120:Archived
22090:Archived
22024:Archived
21944:(2009).
21921:29 March
21875:Archived
21573:Archived
21569:98624395
21515:(1958).
21425:Archived
21362:24 March
21353:Archived
21349:96704008
21278:Archived
21229:25601158
21179:: 5956.
20922:12712201
20735:Archived
20731:54632815
20723:30552435
20641:Archived
20611:Archived
20201:, where
19900:graphite
19628:europium
19624:samarium
19551:francium
19547:astatine
19494:See also
18274:Cold War
18217:francium
18213:astatine
18092:lutetium
18015:8,4,2,2
17911:applied
17887:isotopes
17520:Halogens
17367:hydrides
17243:covalent
17232:Metallic
16087: →
15881:and are
15806:graphite
15735:fluorine
15687:sulfides
15669:group 16
15665:selenium
15637:group 14
15597:enthalpy
14795:O, MO, M
14765:peroxide
14690:halogens
14618:nihonium
14616:), 113 (
14425:Nihonium
14348:Nobelium
14257:Actinium
14243:Francium
14227:Astatine
14220:Polonium
14199:Thallium
14178:Platinum
14150:Tungsten
14143:Tantalum
14129:Lutetium
14073:Europium
14066:Samarium
13987:Antimony
13885:Rubidium
13862:Selenium
13792:Chromium
13785:Vanadium
13778:Titanium
13769:Scandium
13739:Chlorine
13679:Fluorine
13665:Nitrogen
13617:Hydrogen
13552:Nihonium
13475:Nobelium
13384:Actinium
13370:Francium
13354:Astatine
13347:Polonium
13326:Thallium
13305:Platinum
13277:Tungsten
13270:Tantalum
13256:Lutetium
13200:Europium
13193:Samarium
13114:Antimony
13012:Rubidium
12989:Selenium
12919:Chromium
12912:Vanadium
12905:Titanium
12898:Scandium
12866:Chlorine
12806:Fluorine
12792:Nitrogen
12744:Hydrogen
12682:chlorine
12678:fluorine
12674:halogens
12670:hydrides
12649:Period 1
10264:elements
10015:elements
9766:elements
9588:elements
9408:elements
9278:elements
9146:elements
9037:nihonium
9025:nobelium
9021:actinium
9013:francium
9004:through
9002:thallium
8996:through
8994:lutetium
8960:elements
8814:elements
8666:elements
8569:elements
8470:elements
8410:through
8402:through
8392:rubidium
8358:chromium
8354:scandium
8331:elements
8258:elements
8183:elements
8132:chlorine
8097:fluorine
8085:nitrogen
8050:hydrogen
7713:Orbital
7588:Nobelium
7497:Actinium
7435:Europium
7428:Samarium
7340:Nihonium
7254:Francium
7238:Astatine
7231:Polonium
7210:Thallium
7189:Platinum
7161:Tungsten
7154:Tantalum
7140:Lutetium
7094:Antimony
6994:Rubidium
6971:Selenium
6901:Chromium
6894:Vanadium
6887:Titanium
6880:Scandium
6848:Chlorine
6788:Fluorine
6774:Nitrogen
6726:Hydrogen
6674:Nihonium
6597:Nobelium
6506:Actinium
6492:Francium
6476:Astatine
6469:Polonium
6448:Thallium
6427:Platinum
6399:Tungsten
6392:Tantalum
6378:Lutetium
6322:Europium
6315:Samarium
6236:Antimony
6134:Rubidium
6111:Selenium
6041:Chromium
6034:Vanadium
6027:Titanium
6020:Scandium
5988:Chlorine
5928:Fluorine
5914:Nitrogen
5866:Hydrogen
5645:Period 7
5471:Period 6
5300:Period 5
5129:Period 4
5028:Period 3
4927:Period 2
4862:Period 1
4414:—
4274:francium
4270:astatine
4254:astatine
4232:selenium
4210:electron
4184:neutrons
4180:isotopes
4171:isotopes
4155:Hydrogen
2878:Thallium
1277:Tetrels
1044:Metallic
941:Category
884:capacity
878:Hardness
864:affinity
770:affinity
695:Elements
667:elements
546:actinide
116:extended
72:a series
70:Part of
57:groups 2
34220:Commons
34184:Alchemy
33700:Organic
33139:History
33045:Density
32673:Periods
32479:p-block
32474:d-block
32469:f-block
32464:s-block
30653:: 66–69
30435:Bibcode
30292:Bibcode
30228:Bibcode
30179:Bibcode
30132:Bibcode
30071:Bibcode
30036:13 June
30012:Bibcode
29912:Bibcode
29867:Bibcode
29827:Bibcode
29699:Bibcode
29635:3575243
29607:Bibcode
29546:Bibcode
29477:3963006
29412:Bibcode
29370:Bibcode
29368:(158).
29336:lbl.gov
29279:jinr.ru
29187:Bibcode
29138:Bibcode
28713:fas.org
28659:Bibcode
28627:23 June
28570:Bibcode
28493:Bibcode
28427:Bibcode
28373:Bibcode
28329:Bibcode
28271:Bibcode
27560:Bibcode
27506:Bibcode
27454:Bibcode
27422:3 April
26893:Bibcode
26851:Bibcode
26806:(I/2).
26763:Bibcode
26577:Bibcode
26477:Bibcode
26454:4334587
26434:Bibcode
26253:7 April
26209:Bibcode
26177:9453156
26154:Bibcode
26035:Bibcode
26000:6916354
25908:6790653
25856:Bibcode
25811:Bibcode
25705:Bibcode
25605:Bibcode
25576:6 April
25374:Bibcode
25144:Bibcode
24619:Bibcode
24271:Bibcode
24142:Bibcode
24026:19 June
24007:7340260
23984:Bibcode
23554:13 June
23497:3263480
23467:Bibcode
23371:Bibcode
23321:Bibcode
23286:1458511
23225:Bibcode
23178:Bibcode
23131:Bibcode
23099:6772027
23036:Bibcode
22880:Bibcode
22836:Bibcode
22432:7818537
22409:Bibcode
22353:Bibcode
22314:Bibcode
22166:Bibcode
21958:Bibcode
21881:30 July
21729:7071495
21709:Bibcode
21478:Bibcode
21434:9 April
21220:4309418
21191:Bibcode
21096:Bibcode
21073:4283169
21053:Bibcode
21016:Bibcode
20963:Bibcode
20930:4415582
20902:Bibcode
20767:Bibcode
20703:Bibcode
20617:3 April
20107:. When
19632:holmium
19626:), 63 (
19575:fermium
19523:uranium
19479:s-block
19474:p-block
19469:d-block
19464:f-block
18420:Lanzhou
18164:group 3
18080:hafnium
18064:celtium
17948:Element
17880:rhenium
17856:uranium
17811:Broek.
17725:valence
17649:History
17567:halogen
17426:metals.
17250:Unknown
16092:↓
15926:, and I
15802:diamond
15739:caesium
15645:silicon
14760:valence
14610:hassium
14605:mercury
14390:Hassium
14383:Bohrium
14369:Dubnium
14334:Fermium
14278:Uranium
14264:Thorium
14213:Bismuth
14171:Iridium
14157:Rhenium
14136:Hafnium
14115:Thulium
14101:Holmium
14087:Terbium
14017:Caesium
13966:Cadmium
13945:Rhodium
13917:Niobium
13899:Yttrium
13876:Krypton
13869:Bromine
13855:Arsenic
13841:Gallium
13762:Calcium
13718:Silicon
13635:Lithium
13517:Hassium
13510:Bohrium
13496:Dubnium
13461:Fermium
13405:Uranium
13391:Thorium
13340:Bismuth
13298:Iridium
13284:Rhenium
13263:Hafnium
13242:Thulium
13228:Holmium
13214:Terbium
13144:Caesium
13093:Cadmium
13072:Rhodium
13044:Niobium
13030:Yttrium
13003:Krypton
12996:Bromine
12982:Arsenic
12968:Gallium
12889:Calcium
12845:Silicon
12762:Lithium
12718:Group 3
12630:p-block
12625:d-block
12620:f-block
12615:s-block
10328:of the
9045:thorium
8998:mercury
8978:caesium
8404:cadmium
8400:yttrium
8377:krypton
8373:gallium
8350:calcium
8120:silicon
8065:lithium
7574:Fermium
7518:Uranium
7504:Thorium
7477:Thulium
7463:Holmium
7449:Terbium
7305:Hassium
7298:Bohrium
7284:Dubnium
7224:Bismuth
7182:Iridium
7168:Rhenium
7147:Hafnium
7124:Caesium
7073:Cadmium
7052:Rhodium
7024:Niobium
7010:Yttrium
6985:Krypton
6978:Bromine
6964:Arsenic
6950:Gallium
6871:Calcium
6827:Silicon
6744:Lithium
6639:Hassium
6632:Bohrium
6618:Dubnium
6583:Fermium
6527:Uranium
6513:Thorium
6462:Bismuth
6420:Iridium
6406:Rhenium
6385:Hafnium
6364:Thulium
6350:Holmium
6336:Terbium
6266:Caesium
6215:Cadmium
6194:Rhodium
6166:Niobium
6152:Yttrium
6125:Krypton
6118:Bromine
6104:Arsenic
6090:Gallium
6011:Calcium
5967:Silicon
5884:Lithium
5824:The 14
4852:helium
4770:tetrels
4340:d-block
4336:p-block
4298:uranium
4294:thorium
4282:bismuth
4163:lithium
4147:nucleus
4145:in its
4143:protons
4110:p-block
4105:d-block
4100:f-block
4095:s-block
4045:
4039:
4031:
4013:
3993:
3973:
3953:
3933:
3913:
3893:
3873:
3853:
3833:
3810:
3787:
3764:
3744:
3717:
3705:
3682:
3673:Thulium
3659:
3636:
3613:
3590:
3567:
3544:
3521:
3501:
3478:
3455:
3432:
3409:
3370:
3350:
3330:
3310:
3290:
3270:
3250:
3230:
3210:
3190:
3170:
3150:
3130:
3110:
3090:
3070:
3043:
3023:
2996:
2976:
2956:
2933:
2910:
2887:
2864:
2841:
2818:
2795:
2786:Iridium
2772:
2749:
2726:
2703:
2680:
2657:
2627:
2604:
2574:
2551:
2528:
2505:
2482:
2459:
2436:
2413:
2390:
2367:
2344:
2324:
2301:
2278:
2255:
2232:
2223:Yttrium
2207:
2184:
2154:
2131:
2122:Bromine
2108:
2085:
2076:Arsenic
2062:
2039:
2030:Gallium
2016:
1993:
1970:
1947:
1924:
1901:
1878:
1855:
1832:
1809:
1784:
1761:
1731:
1708:
1685:
1662:
1639:
1616:
1591:
1568:
1538:
1515:
1492:
1469:
1446:
1423:
1398:
1375:
1345:
1320:
1274:Triels
1157:
1017:physics
1001:periods
848:Density
810:Valence
790:Pauling
401:Periods
53:f-block
34232:Portal
33378:UV-Vis
33169:Naming
32966:Symbol
32775:Metals
32743:Blocks
32731:Pyykkö
32726:Fricke
32721:Aufbau
32570:Groups
31092:
31073:
31056:9 July
31027:
31008:
30989:
30967:
30948:
30926:
30898:
30882:
30861:
30844:
30836:
30826:
30803:
30769:
30734:
30692:
30541:
30453:
30310:
30199:
30150:
30097:
30089:
29974:
29751:
29656:
29633:
29625:
29572:
29564:
29515:
29475:
29440:
29432:
29215:
29207:
29179:Nature
29092:
29078:89–144
29044:
28815:
28776:
28596:
28588:
28445:
28321:Nature
28227:
28168:
28106:
28098:
28021:
27960:
27917:
27827:
27615:
27580:
27570:
27337:
27274:
27230:
27114:
27088:
26994:
26946:
26733:
26595:
26452:
26426:Nature
26403:
26368:
26335:
26310:
26227:
26184:
26174:
26061:
26053:
26007:
25997:
25953:
25915:
25905:
25831:
25775:
25723:
25623:
25562:
25345:
25222:
25089:
25023:
24963:
24955:
24914:
24827:
24794:
24761:
24706:
24672:
24590:
24548:
24505:
24442:
24391:
24216:
24162:
24014:
24004:
23953:
23810:
23774:
23740:
23658:
23495:
23487:
23407:
23399:
23339:
23292:
23284:
23245:
23196:
23149:
23106:
23096:
23054:
22950:
22942:
22775:
22767:
22629:
22556:. NIST
22531:
22439:
22429:
22286:
22240:
22196:
22189:300183
22186:
22082:
22016:
21841:
21789:
21727:
21567:
21419:
21347:
21270:
21227:
21217:
21209:
21145:
21071:
21044:Nature
20989:
20981:
20928:
20920:
20894:Nature
20875:
20848:
20811:
20785:
20729:
20721:
20531:
20499:. See
20477:
20406:11 May
20353:group.
20043:where
19833:dimers
19559:Curium
19549:, and
18481:shells
18458:and 8p
18411:quadra
18088:Hafnia
18023:8,8,2
18007:8,2,1
17991:4,4,1
17983:4,2,2
17874:, and
17840:proton
17826:using
17685:triads
17569:, and
17555:tetrel
17532:
17527:
17525:
17517:
17515:
17507:
17505:
17497:
17495:
17487:
17485:
17476:
17474:
17466:
17464:
17456:
17454:
17446:
17444:
17436:
17434:
17406:acidic
16094:Period
15910:and Se
15902:and As
15790:metals
15695:oxygen
15661:sulfur
15641:carbon
15618:silver
14306:Curium
14250:Radium
14164:Osmium
14108:Erbium
14038:Cerium
14024:Barium
14001:Iodine
13973:Indium
13959:Silver
13827:Copper
13820:Nickel
13813:Cobalt
13732:Sulfur
13695:Sodium
13672:Oxygen
13658:Carbon
13626:Helium
13433:Curium
13377:Radium
13291:Osmium
13235:Erbium
13165:Cerium
13151:Barium
13128:Iodine
13100:Indium
13086:Silver
12954:Copper
12947:Nickel
12940:Cobalt
12859:Sulfur
12822:Sodium
12799:Oxygen
12785:Carbon
12753:Helium
9142:2×1 =
9017:radium
8982:barium
8466:2×1 =
8408:indium
8362:copper
8179:2×1 =
8145:blocks
8134:, and
8128:sulfur
8108:sodium
8093:Oxygen
8081:carbon
8058:Helium
7953:, the
7645:trends
7546:Curium
7470:Erbium
7400:Cerium
7261:Radium
7175:Osmium
7131:Barium
7108:Iodine
7080:Indium
7066:Silver
6936:Copper
6929:Nickel
6922:Cobalt
6841:Sulfur
6804:Sodium
6781:Oxygen
6767:Carbon
6735:Helium
6555:Curium
6499:Radium
6413:Osmium
6357:Erbium
6287:Cerium
6273:Barium
6250:Iodine
6222:Indium
6208:Silver
6076:Copper
6069:Nickel
6062:Cobalt
5981:Sulfur
5944:Sodium
5921:Oxygen
5907:Carbon
5875:Helium
4874:
4870:
4765:triels
4731:H and
4658:VIIIA
4634:VIIIB
4352:Europe
4230:, and
4228:sulfur
4224:oxygen
4215:groups
4201:period
4188:carbon
4159:helium
4074:40.078
4065:r, std
4048:Border
3884:Curium
3812:238.03
3789:231.04
3766:232.04
3707:173.05
3684:168.93
3661:167.26
3650:Erbium
3638:164.93
3615:162.50
3592:158.93
3569:157.25
3546:151.96
3523:150.36
3480:144.24
3457:140.91
3434:140.12
3423:Cerium
3411:138.91
2935:208.98
2889:204.38
2866:200.59
2843:196.97
2820:195.08
2797:192.22
2774:190.23
2751:186.21
2728:183.84
2705:180.95
2682:178.49
2659:174.97
2629:137.33
2606:132.91
2576:131.29
2553:126.90
2542:Iodine
2530:127.60
2507:121.76
2484:118.71
2461:114.82
2450:Indium
2438:112.41
2415:107.87
2404:Silver
2392:106.42
2369:102.91
2346:101.07
2280:92.906
2257:91.224
2234:88.906
2186:85.468
2156:83.798
2133:79.904
2110:78.971
2087:74.922
2064:72.630
2041:69.723
1995:63.546
1984:Copper
1972:58.693
1961:Nickel
1949:58.933
1938:Cobalt
1926:55.845
1903:54.938
1880:51.996
1857:50.942
1834:47.867
1811:44.956
1786:40.078
1763:39.098
1676:Sulfur
1664:30.974
1641:28.085
1618:26.982
1593:24.305
1570:22.990
1540:20.180
1517:18.998
1494:15.999
1471:14.007
1448:12.011
1437:Carbon
1400:9.0122
1347:4.0026
1322:1.0080
1297:Period
1291:gases
1040:trends
1033:blocks
1005:groups
681:trans-
517:alkali
509:Metals
469:Blocks
241:(1–18)
239:Groups
167:Naming
119:
113:
109:
74:on the
51:. The
33405:MALDI
33373:Raman
33212:IUPAC
32937:Lists
31107:[
31050:(PDF)
31043:(PDF)
30767:S2CID
30757:(6).
30732:S2CID
30712:(PDF)
30690:S2CID
30643:(PDF)
30462:(PDF)
30423:(PDF)
30319:(PDF)
30308:S2CID
30282:arXiv
30270:(PDF)
30197:S2CID
30148:S2CID
30122:arXiv
30095:S2CID
30061:arXiv
29972:S2CID
29933:(PDF)
29900:(PDF)
29760:(PDF)
29749:S2CID
29729:(PDF)
29689:arXiv
29631:S2CID
29597:arXiv
29570:S2CID
29513:S2CID
29473:JSTOR
29438:S2CID
29252:(PDF)
29237:(PDF)
29126:(PDF)
29042:S2CID
28917:(4).
28813:S2CID
28774:S2CID
28720:(PDF)
28709:(PDF)
28594:S2CID
28512:(PDF)
28481:(PDF)
28392:(PDF)
28361:(PDF)
28303:table
28290:(PDF)
28259:(PDF)
28104:JSTOR
27836:(PDF)
27825:S2CID
27813:(PDF)
27346:(PDF)
27335:S2CID
27309:(PDF)
27283:(PDF)
27272:S2CID
27252:(PDF)
27172:arXiv
27142:(PDF)
27135:(PDF)
27086:S2CID
26940:(PDF)
26918:6 May
26912:(PDF)
26881:(PDF)
26811:(PDF)
26796:(PDF)
26450:S2CID
26095:(PDF)
26084:(PDF)
26059:S2CID
25721:S2CID
25621:S2CID
25185:(PDF)
25021:S2CID
24961:S2CID
24912:S2CID
24790:–67.
24666:(PDF)
24588:S2CID
24568:(PDF)
24546:S2CID
24440:S2CID
24389:S2CID
24369:(PDF)
24105:(3).
23976:IUCrJ
23578:IUPAC
23548:(PDF)
23537:(PDF)
23493:S2CID
23453:= 117
23405:S2CID
23243:S2CID
22982:(PDF)
22975:(PDF)
22784:(PDF)
22773:S2CID
22745:(PDF)
22710:(PDF)
22703:(PDF)
22284:S2CID
22234:10–12
22205:(PDF)
22153:(PDF)
21725:S2CID
21565:S2CID
21428:(PDF)
21417:S2CID
21397:(PDF)
21356:(PDF)
21345:S2CID
21324:(PDF)
21281:(PDF)
21264:(PDF)
21181:arXiv
21143:S2CID
21069:S2CID
20987:S2CID
20953:arXiv
20926:S2CID
20846:S2CID
20783:S2CID
20727:S2CID
20546:IUPAC
20241:. As
19867:ones.
19587:Gabon
19553:(see
19506:Notes
18407:hexa
18301:Riken
17551:triel
17410:basic
16085:Group
14767:or a
14234:Radon
14008:Xenon
13746:Argon
13651:Boron
13361:Radon
13135:Xenon
12873:Argon
12778:Boron
12666:salts
10344:Group
9006:radon
8412:xenon
8136:argon
8077:Boron
7245:Radon
7115:Xenon
6855:Argon
6760:Boron
6483:Radon
6257:Xenon
5995:Argon
5900:Boron
4718:VIIB
4706:IIIB
4691:VIIA
4679:IIIA
4655:VIIA
4643:IIIA
4631:VIIB
4619:IIIB
4356:IUPAC
4278:light
4192:atoms
2987:Radon
2912:207.2
2565:Xenon
2303:95.95
2209:87.62
2018:65.38
1733:39.95
1722:Argon
1710:35.45
1687:32.06
1425:10.81
1414:Boron
1289:Noble
1143:Group
786:Allen
677:minor
673:Major
121:forms
34159:Atom
33427:HPLC
32944:By:
31090:ISBN
31071:ISBN
31058:2018
31025:ISBN
31006:ISBN
30987:ISBN
30965:ISBN
30946:ISBN
30924:ISBN
30896:ISBN
30880:ISBN
30859:ISBN
30842:OCLC
30834:LCCN
30824:ISBN
30801:ISBN
30659:2024
30539:ISBN
30503:2019
30451:PMID
30404:2018
30363:2020
30327:2020
30252:2021
30087:PMID
30038:2022
29941:2021
29798:2019
29768:2021
29685:1035
29654:ISBN
29623:PMID
29562:PMID
29430:PMID
29347:2023
29317:2023
29291:2021
29260:2021
29213:PMID
29205:ISSN
29157:2016
29103:2013
29090:ISBN
29005:2019
28978:2022
28824:2022
28728:2021
28670:2022
28629:2022
28586:PMID
28520:2021
28454:2024
28443:PMID
28400:2009
28298:2021
28241:2021
28225:ISSN
28182:2021
28166:ISSN
28096:ISSN
28019:ISBN
27958:PMID
27915:ISBN
27844:2021
27781:2020
27732:2017
27613:ISBN
27578:OCLC
27568:ISBN
27530:2021
27478:2021
27424:2021
27393:2021
27354:2021
27291:2021
27228:ISBN
27209:2021
27150:2023
27112:ISBN
26992:ISBN
26973:2022
26944:ISBN
26920:2012
26819:2017
26731:ISBN
26712:2010
26672:2021
26638:2021
26593:PMID
26554:2021
26520:2021
26401:ISBN
26366:ISBN
26333:ISBN
26308:ISBN
26289:2021
26255:2023
26225:PMID
26182:PMID
26124:2022
26051:PMID
26005:PMID
25951:ISBN
25913:PMID
25829:PMID
25773:ISBN
25682:2021
25651:2021
25578:2022
25560:ISBN
25343:PMID
25312:2021
25278:2021
25220:ISBN
25201:2024
25087:PMID
25056:2024
24953:PMID
24875:2021
24825:ISBN
24792:ISBN
24759:ISBN
24704:ISBN
24692:1973
24670:ISBN
24503:ISBN
24482:2024
24400:2022
24214:ISBN
24160:PMID
24115:2020
24028:2020
24012:PMID
23951:ISBN
23929:2023
23808:ISBN
23772:ISBN
23738:ISBN
23698:2020
23656:ISBN
23625:2021
23613:NIST
23591:2016
23556:2009
23485:PMID
23416:2017
23397:PMID
23367:2016
23337:PMID
23290:PMID
23282:OSTI
23194:PMID
23174:2022
23147:PMID
23104:PMID
23052:PMID
23032:2013
22990:2015
22948:PMID
22940:ISSN
22792:2021
22765:ISSN
22718:2022
22627:ISBN
22562:2024
22529:ISBN
22437:PMID
22238:ISBN
22213:2021
22194:PMID
22128:2022
22098:2021
22080:ISBN
22032:2021
22014:ISBN
21923:2021
21883:2016
21839:ISBN
21787:ISBN
21624:2023
21581:2021
21436:2021
21364:2012
21289:2018
21268:ISBN
21225:PMID
21207:ISSN
21154:2024
20979:ISSN
20918:PMID
20873:ISBN
20809:ISBN
20743:2022
20719:PMID
20649:2021
20619:2021
20529:ISSN
20475:ISSN
20408:2024
20063:and
19928:See
19912:See
19878:kbar
19811:and
19593:via
19533:and
18506:and
18415:-ium
18403:unus
18227:and
18199:and
18074:and
17999:8,2
17975:4,3
17967:2,4
17959:2,2
17935:and
17836:gold
17618:and
17610:and
17592:The
17580:and
17408:and
17369:and
17346:and
15922:, Br
15918:, Cl
15840:and
15804:and
15743:neon
15689:and
15678:and
15663:and
15657:lead
15655:and
15647:and
14815:, MO
14803:, MO
14787:, MH
14783:, MH
14779:, MH
14775:, MH
14758:The
14751:lead
14745:(PbO
14601:gold
14482:and
14206:Lead
14185:Gold
13834:Zinc
13806:Iron
13686:Neon
13333:Lead
13312:Gold
12961:Zinc
12933:Iron
12813:Neon
12709:The
12680:and
11997:7p:
11376:6p:
11063:5p:
10746:4p:
10613:3p:
10482:2p:
10445:1s:
9015:and
8980:and
8394:and
8369:zinc
8348:and
8101:neon
8004:and
7883:= 7
7852:= 6
7824:= 5
7799:= 4
7777:= 3
7758:= 2
7742:= 1
7680:ℓ =
7664:spin
7217:Lead
7196:Gold
6943:Zinc
6915:Iron
6795:Neon
6455:Lead
6434:Gold
6083:Zinc
6055:Iron
5935:Neon
5835:and
4715:VIB
4709:IVB
4703:IIB
4694:VIII
4688:VIA
4682:IVA
4674:IIA
4652:VIA
4646:IVA
4640:IIB
4628:VIB
4622:IVB
4614:IIA
4551:VIII
4296:and
2901:Lead
2832:Gold
2007:Zinc
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17159:Cn
17150:Rg
17141:Ds
17132:Mt
17123:Hs
17114:Bh
17105:Sg
17096:Db
17087:Rf
17078:Lr
17069:No
17060:Md
17051:Fm
17042:Es
17033:Cf
17024:Bk
17015:Cm
17006:Am
16997:Pu
16988:Np
16970:Pa
16961:Th
16952:Ac
16943:Ra
16934:Fr
16918:Rn
16909:At
16900:Po
16891:Bi
16882:Pb
16873:Tl
16864:Hg
16855:Au
16846:Pt
16837:Ir
16828:Os
16819:Re
16801:Ta
16792:Hf
16783:Lu
16774:Yb
16765:Tm
16756:Er
16747:Ho
16738:Dy
16729:Tb
16720:Gd
16711:Eu
16702:Sm
16693:Pm
16684:Nd
16675:Pr
16666:Ce
16657:La
16648:Ba
16639:Cs
16623:Xe
16605:Te
16596:Sb
16587:Sn
16578:In
16569:Cd
16560:Ag
16551:Pd
16542:Rh
16533:Ru
16524:Tc
16515:Mo
16506:Nb
16497:Zr
16477:Sr
16468:Rb
16452:Kr
16443:Br
16434:Se
16425:As
16416:Ge
16407:Ga
16398:Zn
16389:Cu
16380:Ni
16371:Co
16362:Fe
16353:Mn
16344:Cr
16326:Ti
16317:Sc
16306:Ca
16281:Ar
16272:Cl
16245:Si
16236:Al
16225:Mg
16216:Na
16200:Ne
16144:Be
16135:Li
16119:He
16078:18
16073:17
16068:16
16063:15
16058:14
16053:13
16048:12
16043:11
16038:10
15890:(N
15870:eV
15822:12
15726:.
15673:SO
15584:8
15582:Og
15579:7
15577:Ts
15574:6
15572:Lv
15569:5
15567:Mc
15564:4
15562:Fl
15559:3
15557:Nh
15552:Cn
15547:Rg
15542:Ds
15539:9
15537:Mt
15534:8
15532:Hs
15529:7
15527:Bh
15524:6
15522:Sg
15519:5
15517:Db
15514:4
15512:Rf
15509:3
15507:Lr
15502:No
15497:Md
15492:Fm
15487:Es
15482:Cf
15477:Bk
15472:Cm
15469:9
15467:Am
15464:8
15462:Pu
15459:7
15457:Np
15454:6
15449:5
15447:Pa
15444:4
15442:Th
15439:3
15437:Ac
15434:2
15432:Ra
15429:1
15427:Fr
15417:8
15415:Rn
15412:7
15410:At
15407:6
15405:Po
15402:5
15400:Bi
15397:4
15395:Pb
15392:3
15390:Tl
15385:Hg
15380:Au
15375:Pt
15372:9
15370:Ir
15367:8
15365:Os
15362:7
15360:Re
15357:6
15352:5
15350:Ta
15347:4
15345:Hf
15342:3
15340:Lu
15335:Yb
15330:Tm
15325:Er
15320:Ho
15315:Dy
15310:Tb
15305:Gd
15302:9
15300:Eu
15297:8
15295:Sm
15292:7
15290:Pm
15287:6
15285:Nd
15282:5
15280:Pr
15277:4
15275:Ce
15272:3
15270:La
15267:2
15265:Ba
15262:1
15260:Cs
15250:8
15248:Xe
15245:7
15240:6
15238:Te
15235:5
15233:Sb
15230:4
15228:Sn
15225:3
15223:In
15218:Cd
15213:Ag
15208:Pd
15205:9
15203:Rh
15200:8
15198:Ru
15195:7
15193:Tc
15190:6
15188:Mo
15185:5
15183:Nb
15180:4
15178:Zr
15175:3
15168:2
15166:Sr
15163:1
15161:Rb
15151:8
15149:Kr
15146:7
15144:Br
15141:6
15139:Se
15136:5
15134:As
15131:4
15129:Ge
15126:3
15124:Ga
15119:Zn
15114:Cu
15109:Ni
15106:9
15104:Co
15101:8
15099:Fe
15096:7
15094:Mn
15091:6
15089:Cr
15086:5
15081:4
15079:Ti
15076:3
15074:Sc
15069:2
15067:Ca
15064:1
15052:8
15050:Ar
15047:7
15045:Cl
15042:6
15037:5
15032:4
15030:Si
15027:3
15025:Al
15020:2
15018:Mg
15015:1
15013:Na
15003:8
15001:Ne
14998:7
14993:6
14988:5
14983:4
14978:3
14971:2
14969:Be
14966:1
14964:Li
14954:2
14952:He
14947:1
14934:18
14929:17
14924:16
14919:15
14914:14
14909:13
14904:12
14899:11
14894:10
14555:.
12600:10
12598:14
12591:Og
12584:5
12581:10
12579:14
12572:Ts
12565:4
12562:10
12560:14
12553:Lv
12546:3
12543:10
12541:14
12534:Mc
12527:2
12524:10
12522:14
12515:Fl
12508:1
12505:10
12503:14
12496:Nh
12489:-
12486:10
12484:14
12477:Cn
12470:-
12465:14
12458:Rg
12451:-
12446:14
12439:Ds
12432:-
12427:14
12420:Mt
12413:-
12408:14
12401:Hs
12394:-
12389:14
12382:Bh
12375:-
12370:14
12363:Sg
12356:-
12351:14
12344:Db
12337:-
12332:14
12325:Rf
12318:1
12313:14
12306:Lr
12299:-
12294:14
12287:No
12280:-
12276:13
12268:Md
12261:-
12257:12
12249:Fm
12242:-
12238:11
12230:Es
12226:99
12223:-
12219:10
12211:Cf
12207:98
12204:-
12192:Bk
12188:97
12185:-
12173:Cm
12169:96
12166:-
12154:Am
12150:95
12147:-
12135:Pu
12131:94
12128:-
12116:Np
12112:93
12109:-
12093:92
12090:-
12078:Pa
12074:91
12071:-
12059:Th
12055:90
12052:-
12040:Ac
12036:89
12033:-
12021:Ra
12017:88
12014:-
12004:Fr
12000:87
11979:10
11977:14
11970:Rn
11966:86
11963:5
11960:10
11958:14
11951:At
11947:85
11944:4
11941:10
11939:14
11932:Po
11928:84
11925:3
11922:10
11920:14
11913:Bi
11909:83
11906:2
11903:10
11901:14
11894:Pb
11890:82
11887:1
11884:10
11882:14
11875:Tl
11871:81
11868:-
11865:10
11863:14
11856:Hg
11852:80
11849:-
11846:10
11844:14
11837:Au
11833:79
11830:-
11825:14
11818:Pt
11814:78
11811:-
11806:14
11799:Ir
11795:77
11792:-
11787:14
11780:Os
11776:76
11773:-
11768:14
11761:Re
11757:75
11754:-
11749:14
11738:74
11735:-
11730:14
11723:Ta
11719:73
11716:-
11711:14
11704:Hf
11700:72
11697:-
11692:14
11685:Lu
11681:71
11678:-
11673:14
11666:Yb
11662:70
11659:-
11655:13
11647:Tm
11643:69
11640:-
11636:12
11628:Er
11624:68
11621:-
11617:11
11609:Ho
11605:67
11602:-
11598:10
11590:Dy
11586:66
11583:-
11571:Tb
11567:65
11564:-
11552:Gd
11548:64
11545:-
11533:Eu
11529:63
11526:-
11514:Sm
11510:62
11507:-
11495:Pm
11491:61
11488:-
11476:Nd
11472:60
11469:-
11457:Pr
11453:59
11450:-
11438:Ce
11434:58
11431:-
11419:La
11415:57
11412:-
11400:Ba
11396:56
11393:-
11383:Cs
11379:55
11358:10
11351:Xe
11347:54
11344:5
11341:10
11330:53
11327:4
11324:10
11317:Te
11313:52
11310:3
11307:10
11300:Sb
11296:51
11293:2
11290:10
11283:Sn
11279:50
11276:1
11273:10
11266:In
11262:49
11259:-
11256:10
11249:Cd
11245:48
11242:-
11239:10
11232:Ag
11228:47
11225:-
11222:10
11215:Pd
11211:46
11208:-
11200:Rh
11196:45
11193:-
11185:Ru
11181:44
11178:-
11168:Tc
11164:43
11161:-
11153:Mo
11149:42
11146:-
11138:Nb
11134:41
11131:-
11121:Zr
11117:40
11114:-
11100:39
11095:-
11085:Sr
11081:38
11078:-
11070:Rb
11066:37
11047:10
11040:Kr
11036:36
11033:5
11030:10
11023:Br
11019:35
11016:4
11013:10
11006:Se
11002:34
10999:3
10996:10
10989:As
10985:33
10982:2
10979:10
10972:Ge
10968:32
10965:1
10962:10
10955:Ga
10951:31
10948:-
10945:10
10938:Zn
10934:30
10931:-
10928:10
10921:Cu
10917:29
10914:-
10904:Ni
10900:28
10897:-
10887:Co
10883:27
10880:-
10870:Fe
10866:26
10863:-
10853:Mn
10849:25
10846:-
10838:Cr
10834:24
10831:-
10817:23
10814:-
10804:Ti
10800:22
10797:-
10787:Sc
10783:21
10778:-
10768:Ca
10764:20
10761:-
10749:19
10725:Ar
10721:18
10718:5
10710:Cl
10706:17
10703:4
10691:16
10688:3
10676:15
10673:2
10665:Si
10661:14
10658:1
10650:Al
10646:13
10641:-
10633:Mg
10629:12
10626:-
10620:Na
10616:11
10594:Ne
10590:10
10587:5
10572:4
10557:3
10542:2
10527:1
10510:-
10502:Be
10495:-
10489:Li
10465:He
10456:1
10439:18
10434:17
10429:16
10424:15
10419:14
10414:13
10409:12
10404:11
10399:10
10276:7p
10273:6d
10270:5f
10267:7s
10262:32
10256:Og
10249:Ts
10242:Lv
10235:Mc
10228:Fl
10221:Nh
10214:Cn
10207:Rg
10200:Ds
10193:Mt
10186:Hs
10179:Bh
10172:Sg
10165:Db
10158:Rf
10151:Lr
10144:No
10137:Md
10130:Fm
10123:Es
10120:99
10116:Cf
10113:98
10109:Bk
10106:97
10102:Cm
10099:96
10095:Am
10092:95
10088:Pu
10085:94
10081:Np
10078:93
10071:92
10067:Pa
10064:91
10060:Th
10057:90
10053:Ac
10050:89
10046:Ra
10043:88
10039:Fr
10036:87
10029:6p
10026:5d
10023:4f
10020:6s
10013:32
10006:Rn
10003:86
9999:At
9996:85
9992:Po
9989:84
9985:Bi
9982:83
9978:Pb
9975:82
9971:Tl
9968:81
9964:Hg
9961:80
9957:Au
9954:79
9950:Pt
9947:78
9943:Ir
9940:77
9936:Os
9933:76
9929:Re
9926:75
9919:74
9915:Ta
9912:73
9908:Hf
9905:72
9901:Lu
9898:71
9894:Yb
9891:70
9887:Tm
9884:69
9880:Er
9877:68
9873:Ho
9870:67
9866:Dy
9863:66
9859:Tb
9856:65
9852:Gd
9849:64
9845:Eu
9842:63
9838:Sm
9835:62
9831:Pm
9828:61
9824:Nd
9821:60
9817:Pr
9814:59
9810:Ce
9807:58
9803:La
9800:57
9796:Ba
9793:56
9789:Cs
9786:55
9780:5p
9777:4d
9773:0f
9769:5s
9764:18
9758:Xe
9755:54
9748:53
9744:Te
9741:52
9737:Sb
9734:51
9730:Sn
9727:50
9723:In
9720:49
9716:Cd
9713:48
9709:Ag
9706:47
9702:Pd
9699:46
9695:Rh
9692:45
9688:Ru
9685:44
9681:Tc
9678:43
9674:Mo
9671:42
9667:Nb
9664:41
9660:Zr
9657:40
9650:39
9618:Sr
9615:38
9611:Rb
9608:37
9602:4p
9599:3d
9595:0f
9591:4s
9586:18
9580:Kr
9577:36
9573:Br
9570:35
9566:Se
9563:34
9559:As
9556:33
9552:Ge
9549:32
9545:Ga
9542:31
9538:Zn
9535:30
9531:Cu
9528:29
9524:Ni
9521:28
9517:Co
9514:27
9510:Fe
9507:26
9503:Mn
9500:25
9496:Cr
9493:24
9486:23
9482:Ti
9479:22
9475:Sc
9472:21
9440:Ca
9437:20
9430:19
9424:3p
9420:0d
9415:0f
9411:3s
9400:Ar
9397:18
9393:Cl
9390:17
9383:16
9376:15
9372:Si
9369:14
9365:Al
9362:13
9310:Mg
9307:12
9303:Na
9300:11
9294:2p
9290:0d
9285:0f
9281:2s
9270:Ne
9267:10
9180:Be
9173:Li
9163:0p
9158:0d
9153:0f
9149:1s
9138:He
8969:5p
8966:4d
8963:5s
8958:18
8952:Xe
8949:54
8942:53
8938:Te
8935:52
8931:Sb
8928:51
8924:Sn
8921:50
8917:In
8914:49
8910:Cd
8907:48
8903:Ag
8900:47
8896:Pd
8893:46
8889:Rh
8886:45
8882:Ru
8879:44
8875:Tc
8872:43
8868:Mo
8865:42
8861:Nb
8858:41
8854:Zr
8851:40
8844:39
8840:Sr
8837:38
8833:Rb
8830:37
8824:4p
8821:3d
8818:4s
8812:18
8805:Kr
8802:36
8798:Br
8795:35
8791:Se
8788:34
8784:As
8781:33
8777:Ge
8774:32
8770:Ga
8767:31
8763:Zn
8760:30
8756:Cu
8753:29
8749:Ni
8746:28
8742:Co
8739:27
8735:Fe
8732:26
8728:Mn
8725:25
8721:Cr
8718:24
8711:23
8707:Ti
8704:22
8700:Sc
8697:21
8693:Ca
8690:20
8683:19
8677:3p
8673:0d
8669:3s
8658:Ar
8655:18
8651:Cl
8648:17
8641:16
8634:15
8630:Si
8627:14
8623:Al
8620:13
8596:Mg
8593:12
8589:Na
8586:11
8580:2p
8576:0d
8572:2s
8561:Ne
8558:10
8499:Be
8492:Li
8482:0p
8477:0d
8473:1s
8462:He
8337:3p
8334:3s
8323:Ar
8320:18
8316:Cl
8313:17
8306:16
8299:15
8295:Si
8292:14
8288:Al
8285:13
8281:Mg
8278:12
8274:Na
8271:11
8265:2p
8262:2s
8249:Ne
8246:10
8207:Be
8200:Li
8190:0p
8186:1s
8175:He
8130:,
8126:,
8122:,
8118:,
7977:.
7918:6
7915:2
7769:8
7750:2
7734:i
7731:h
7728:g
7725:f
7722:d
7719:p
7716:s
7708:)
7701:6
7698:5
7695:4
7692:3
7689:2
7686:1
7683:0
7674:.
5812:Og
5803:Ts
5794:Lv
5785:Mc
5776:Fl
5767:Nh
5758:Cn
5749:Rg
5740:Ds
5731:Mt
5722:Hs
5713:Bh
5704:Sg
5695:Db
5686:Rf
5677:Lr
5661:Ra
5652:Fr
5636:Rn
5627:At
5618:Po
5609:Bi
5600:Pb
5591:Tl
5582:Hg
5573:Au
5564:Pt
5555:Ir
5546:Os
5537:Re
5519:Ta
5510:Hf
5501:Lu
5487:Ba
5478:Cs
5462:Xe
5444:Te
5435:Sb
5426:Sn
5417:In
5408:Cd
5399:Ag
5390:Pd
5381:Rh
5372:Ru
5363:Tc
5354:Mo
5345:Nb
5336:Zr
5316:Sr
5307:Rb
5291:Kr
5282:Br
5273:Se
5264:As
5255:Ge
5246:Ga
5237:Zn
5228:Cu
5219:Ni
5210:Co
5201:Fe
5192:Mn
5183:Cr
5165:Ti
5156:Sc
5145:Ca
5120:Ar
5111:Cl
5084:Si
5075:Al
5044:Mg
5035:Na
5019:Ne
4943:Be
4934:Li
4918:He
4854:or
4721:0
4587:VI
4575:IV
4563:II
4539:VI
4527:IV
4513:II
4493:18
4488:17
4483:16
4478:15
4473:14
4468:13
4463:12
4458:11
4453:10
4332:s-
4272:;
4226:,
4010:No
3990:Md
3970:Fm
3950:Es
3947:99
3930:Cf
3927:98
3910:Bk
3907:97
3890:Cm
3887:96
3870:Am
3867:95
3850:Pu
3847:94
3830:Np
3827:93
3804:92
3784:Pa
3781:91
3761:Th
3758:90
3741:Ac
3738:89
3702:Yb
3699:70
3679:Tm
3676:69
3656:Er
3653:68
3633:Ho
3630:67
3610:Dy
3607:66
3587:Tb
3584:65
3564:Gd
3561:64
3541:Eu
3538:63
3518:Sm
3515:62
3498:Pm
3495:61
3475:Nd
3472:60
3452:Pr
3449:59
3429:Ce
3426:58
3406:La
3403:57
3367:Og
3347:Ts
3327:Lv
3307:Mc
3287:Fl
3267:Nh
3247:Cn
3227:Rg
3207:Ds
3187:Mt
3167:Hs
3147:Bh
3127:Sg
3107:Db
3087:Rf
3067:Lr
3040:Ra
3037:88
3020:Fr
3017:87
2993:Rn
2990:86
2973:At
2970:85
2953:Po
2950:84
2930:Bi
2927:83
2907:Pb
2904:82
2884:Tl
2881:81
2861:Hg
2858:80
2838:Au
2835:79
2815:Pt
2812:78
2792:Ir
2789:77
2769:Os
2766:76
2746:Re
2743:75
2720:74
2700:Ta
2697:73
2677:Hf
2674:72
2654:Lu
2651:71
2624:Ba
2621:56
2601:Cs
2598:55
2571:Xe
2568:54
2545:53
2525:Te
2522:52
2502:Sb
2499:51
2479:Sn
2476:50
2456:In
2453:49
2433:Cd
2430:48
2410:Ag
2407:47
2387:Pd
2384:46
2364:Rh
2361:45
2341:Ru
2338:44
2321:Tc
2318:43
2298:Mo
2295:42
2275:Nb
2272:41
2252:Zr
2249:40
2226:39
2204:Sr
2201:38
2181:Rb
2178:37
2151:Kr
2148:36
2128:Br
2125:35
2105:Se
2102:34
2082:As
2079:33
2059:Ge
2056:32
2036:Ga
2033:31
2013:Zn
2010:30
1990:Cu
1987:29
1967:Ni
1964:28
1944:Co
1941:27
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