220:, bone resorbs on the pressure side and is added on the tension side. Cementum similarly adapts to wear on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth by apical deposition. The periodontal ligament in itself is an area of high turnover that allows the tooth not only to be suspended in the alveolar bone but also to respond to the forces. Thus, although seemingly static and having functions of their own, all of these components function as a single unit. The
29:
257:
inside the bone. The bony trabeculae are aligned in the path of tensile and compressive stresses to provide maximum resistance to occlusal forces with a minimum of bone substance. When forces are increased, the bony trabeculae also increase in number and thickness and bone is added to the external
236:
The periodontium exists for the purpose of supporting teeth during their function and it depends on the stimulation it receives from the function for preservation of its structure. Therefore, a constant state of balance always exists between the periodontal structures and the external forces.
261:
The periodontal ligament depends on stimulation provided by function to preserve its structure. Within physiologic limits the PDL can accommodate increased function by increasing its width. Forces that exceed the adaptive capacity of the periodontium produce injury called
244:
in response to external forces, particularly occlusal forces. Bone is removed from areas where it is no longer needed and added to areas where it is needed. The socket wall reflects the responsiveness to the external forces.
188:
is the dental specialty that relates specifically to the care and maintenance of these tissues. It provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function. It consists of four principal components, namely:
216:
Each of these components is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties, which adapt during the life of the structure. For example, as teeth respond to forces or migrate
588:
410:
Tanne K, Sakuda M, Burstone CJ (December 1987). "Three-dimensional finite element analysis for stress in the periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces".
1600:
788:
753:
117:
113:
463:
1186:
608:
997:
627:
1593:
957:
952:
441:
1719:
901:
336:
302:
598:
52:
overlaying the tooth root is attached to the adjacent cortical surface of the alveolar bone by the alveolar crest
1586:
1542:
768:
738:
603:
1836:
456:
1179:
1227:
1762:
1499:
1153:
927:
834:
498:
1767:
982:
962:
917:
891:
758:
713:
648:
583:
578:
266:. When occlusal forces are reduced the PDL atrophies, appearing thinned. This phenomenon is called
96:
1841:
1831:
1629:
1422:
1148:
896:
859:
824:
804:
641:
449:
1052:
48:
of the gingiva, which in turn is covered by the various characteristic gingival epithelia. The
1757:
1744:
1711:
1696:
1675:
1658:
1509:
1442:
1172:
1143:
136:
124:
108:
290:
249:
and newly formed osteoid line the areas of tension, whereas lines of compression are lined by
1724:
1706:
1557:
1537:
1415:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1222:
977:
972:
655:
573:
548:
533:
528:
1729:
1701:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1107:
1082:
992:
886:
733:
683:
662:
618:
538:
508:
65:
8:
1634:
1504:
1398:
1336:
1306:
1122:
1005:
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937:
819:
773:
669:
543:
1552:
1494:
1403:
1020:
743:
634:
471:
387:
360:
1790:
1752:
1366:
1092:
1077:
1042:
1015:
942:
932:
708:
691:
565:
427:
423:
392:
332:
298:
199:
45:
1578:
1736:
1410:
1288:
1212:
1112:
1057:
1010:
728:
419:
382:
372:
228:
has been recently discovered as an early developmental marker of the periodontium.
217:
210:
1800:
1685:
1680:
1567:
1562:
1484:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1062:
763:
523:
518:
326:
241:
101:
1102:
361:"Early Determination of the Periodontal Domain by the Wnt-Antagonist Frzb/Sfrp3"
1668:
1663:
1644:
1514:
1378:
1283:
1255:
1217:
967:
473:
181:
158:
1825:
1691:
1609:
1386:
1127:
1087:
809:
783:
778:
593:
493:
377:
221:
172: 'tooth') is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the
129:
38:
1653:
1391:
1117:
1072:
947:
849:
844:
829:
396:
185:
431:
1621:
1613:
1432:
1278:
1273:
1196:
1097:
1047:
676:
250:
1532:
1237:
1164:
1067:
922:
814:
748:
718:
246:
142:
1785:
1464:
854:
839:
254:
1810:
1356:
1351:
1232:
723:
503:
205:
49:
253:. The forces also influence the number, density, and alignment of
1805:
1361:
513:
268:
193:
177:
1453:
1265:
28:
1547:
1247:
325:
Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, eds. (2012).
324:
173:
84:
412:
American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
1298:
225:
37:
combine to form an active, dynamic group of tissues. The
1204:
231:
1608:
358:
44:
is surrounded for the most part by the subepithelial
589:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
472:
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (
409:
331:(11th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
297:(13th ed.). New Delhi: Elsevier. p. 172.
1823:
1594:
1180:
457:
240:Alveolar bone undergoes constant physiologic
352:
1601:
1587:
1187:
1173:
464:
450:
27:
386:
376:
359:Mitsiadis TA, Pagella P, Cantù C (2017).
1194:
609:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
1824:
1582:
1168:
998:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
445:
295:Orban's Oral Histology and Embryology
288:
584:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
232:External forces and the periodontium
13:
579:Localized aggressive periodontitis
328:Carranza's Clinical Periodontology
14:
1853:
1720:Petrous part of the temporal bone
902:Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
599:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1543:Plica semilunaris of the fauces
403:
318:
282:
1:
604:Abscesses of the periodontium
275:
16:Tissues surrounding the teeth
424:10.1016/0889-5406(87)90232-0
7:
168: 'around' and
10:
1858:
1228:Labial commissure of mouth
958:Guided tissue regeneration
176:, maintaining them in the
1778:
1643:
1620:
1525:
1452:
1431:
1377:
1297:
1264:
1246:
1203:
1136:
1035:
928:Coronally positioned flap
910:
879:
872:
797:
701:
617:
564:
557:
481:
135:
123:
107:
95:
83:
78:
73:
26:
21:
983:Pocket reduction surgery
963:Enamel matrix derivative
953:Guided bone regeneration
918:Apically positioned flap
892:Scaling and root planing
798:Treatment and prevention
759:Linear gingival erythema
714:Clinical attachment loss
628:A. actinomycetemcomitans
378:10.3389/fphys.2017.00936
1630:Pterygospinous ligament
1423:Tubarial salivary gland
1036:Important personalities
897:Full mouth disinfection
860:Host modulatory therapy
825:Chlorhexidine gluconate
805:Periodontal examination
365:Frontiers in Physiology
1745:palatomaxillary suture
1659:frontoethmoidal suture
1510:Glossoepiglottic folds
754:Horizontal bony defect
289:Kumar GS, ed. (2011).
137:Anatomical terminology
1558:Palatopharyngeal arch
1332:Mucogingival junction
1327:Junctional epithelium
1223:Frenulum of lower lip
978:Open flap debridement
973:Lateral pedicle graft
574:Chronic periodontitis
534:Mucogingival junction
529:Junctional epithelium
264:trauma from occlusion
1367:Periodontal ligament
1108:Paul Roscoe Stillman
1083:Willoughby D. Miller
1053:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
880:Conventional therapy
789:Vertical bony defect
734:Gingival enlargement
684:Entamoeba gingivalis
539:Periodontal ligament
509:Free gingival margin
211:Alveolar bone proper
200:Periodontal ligament
66:periodontal ligament
1837:Human mouth anatomy
1635:Stylohyoid ligament
1505:Sublingual caruncle
1399:Submandibular gland
1337:Sulcular epithelium
1307:Interdental papilla
1123:James Leon Williams
988:Socket preservation
938:Free gingival graft
820:Bleeding on probing
774:Periodontal disease
544:Sulcular epithelium
33:The tissues of the
1763:with temporal bone
1758:with sphenoid bone
1707:with parietal bone
1553:Palatoglossal arch
769:Periodontal pocket
744:Gingival recession
635:Capnocytophaga sp.
1819:
1818:
1791:Periodontal fiber
1768:with frontal bone
1753:zygomatic process
1702:with frontal bone
1576:
1575:
1162:
1161:
1137:Other specialties
1093:John Mankey Riggs
1078:Preston D. Miller
1043:Tomas Albrektsson
1031:
1030:
968:Implant placement
943:Gingival grafting
933:Crown lengthening
868:
867:
835:Hydrogen peroxide
692:Trichomonas tenax
224:antagonist Sfrp3/
151:
150:
146:
46:connective tissue
1849:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1411:Sublingual gland
1289:Incisive papilla
1213:Vermilion border
1189:
1182:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1154:Prosthodontology
1113:Dennis P. Tarnow
1058:Robert Gottsegen
877:
876:
729:Furcation defect
562:
561:
466:
459:
452:
443:
442:
436:
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407:
401:
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286:
143:edit on Wikidata
140:
31:
19:
18:
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1856:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1801:Dental alveolus
1774:
1712:sphenosquamosal
1697:sphenoethmoidal
1676:occipitomastoid
1639:
1616:
1607:
1577:
1572:
1568:Palatine tonsil
1563:Tonsillar fossa
1521:
1500:Fimbriated fold
1485:Lingual tonsils
1475:Terminal sulcus
1448:
1427:
1373:
1322:Gingival fibers
1317:Gingival margin
1312:Gingival sulcus
1293:
1260:
1242:
1199:
1195:Anatomy of the
1193:
1163:
1158:
1132:
1063:Gary Greenstein
1027:
906:
864:
793:
764:Occlusal trauma
739:Gingival pocket
697:
613:
553:
524:Gingival sulcus
519:Gingival fibers
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17:
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5:
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1842:Dental anatomy
1839:
1834:
1832:Periodontology
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1751:Involving the
1748:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:sphenopetrosal
1718:Involving the
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1690:Involving the
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1669:coronal suture
1666:
1664:frontal suture
1661:
1652:Involving the
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1610:Fibrous joints
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
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1555:
1550:
1545:
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1529:
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1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:Lingual septum
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1487:
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1477:
1472:
1467:
1458:
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1324:
1319:
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1309:
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1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:Palatine raphe
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1256:Buccal fat pad
1252:
1250:
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1149:Orthodontology
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1065:
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1055:
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1039:
1037:
1033:
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1028:
1026:
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1024:
1023:
1018:
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1008:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
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965:
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950:
945:
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935:
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904:
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865:
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827:
822:
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791:
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746:
741:
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581:
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554:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:Biologic width
496:
491:
485:
483:
479:
478:
474:Periodontology
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
438:
437:
418:(6): 499–505.
402:
351:
337:
317:
303:
280:
279:
277:
274:
269:disuse atrophy
233:
230:
214:
213:
208:
203:
197:
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:fibers of the
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1854:
1843:
1840:
1838:
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1827:
1812:
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1807:
1804:
1802:
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1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1777:
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1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:petrosquamous
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:sphenoid bone
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1670:
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1660:
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1623:
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1604:
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1581:
1569:
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1556:
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1551:
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1544:
1541:
1539:
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1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:Back of mouth
1524:
1516:
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1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Foramen cecum
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Median sulcus
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1443:tooth anatomy
1439:
1438:
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1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:Parotid gland
1385:
1384:
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1380:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
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1304:
1302:
1300:
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1234:
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1183:
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1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Endodontology
1142:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1128:W. J. Younger
1126:
1124:
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1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
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1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Carl E. Misch
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1084:
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1054:
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1049:
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1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1019:
1017:
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1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
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921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
878:
875:
871:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
796:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:Periodontitis
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
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742:
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706:
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686:
685:
681:
679:
678:
674:
672:
671:
667:
665:
664:
660:
658:
657:
656:P. intermedia
653:
651:
650:
649:P. gingivalis
646:
644:
643:
639:
637:
636:
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494:Alveolar bone
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1796:Periodontium
1795:
1741:
1654:frontal bone
1440:
1347:Periodontium
1346:
1118:Hom-Lay Wang
1103:Jørgen Slots
1073:Brian Mealey
948:Gingivectomy
850:Tetracycline
845:Oral hygiene
690:
682:
675:
670:T. denticola
668:
663:T. forsythia
661:
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642:F. nucleatum
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489:Periodontium
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342:. Retrieved
327:
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308:. Retrieved
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186:Periodontics
169:
165:
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155:periodontium
154:
152:
118:A03.1.03.002
114:A05.1.03.058
90:periodontium
89:
61:
60:and oblique
57:
53:
41:
35:periodontium
34:
22:Periodontium
1622:Syndesmosis
1614:human skull
1279:Soft palate
1274:Hard palate
1218:Cupid's bow
1098:Jay Seibert
1048:Frank Beube
887:Debridement
677:Red complex
251:osteoclasts
247:Osteoblasts
79:Identifiers
1826:Categories
1533:Oropharynx
1491:Underside
1238:White roll
1068:Jan Lindhe
993:Sinus lift
923:Bone graft
810:Ante's law
749:Gingivitis
719:Edentulism
276:References
258:surfaces.
255:trabeculae
242:remodeling
196:(the gums)
182:mandibular
157:(from
1786:Gomphosis
1737:squamosal
1465:Taste bud
1342:Stippling
873:Treatment
855:Triclosan
840:Mouthwash
687:(amoebic)
619:Infection
566:Diagnoses
549:Stippling
178:maxillary
1811:Cementum
1686:sagittal
1681:lambdoid
1495:Frenulum
1357:Philtrum
1352:Cementum
1233:Philtrum
1011:Membrane
830:Flossing
815:Brushing
724:Fremitus
709:Calculus
504:Cementum
397:29209231
344:22 April
310:22 April
218:medially
206:Cementum
50:cementum
1806:Gingiva
1742:Facial:
1645:Sutures
1612:of the
1362:Gingiva
1006:Curette
911:Surgery
558:Disease
514:Gingiva
482:Anatomy
432:3479896
388:5702314
371:: 936.
194:Gingiva
184:bones.
166:(peri-)
102:D010519
74:Details
1538:fauces
1454:Tongue
1379:Glands
1266:Palate
1021:Scaler
1002:Tools
784:Plaque
430:
395:
385:
335:
301:
170:-odont
1779:Mouth
1548:Uvula
1433:Teeth
1248:Cheek
1197:mouth
1016:Probe
702:Other
202:(PDL)
174:teeth
161:
159:Greek
141:[
85:Latin
1461:Top
1441:see
1416:duct
1404:duct
1392:duct
1299:Gums
428:PMID
393:PMID
346:2016
333:ISBN
312:2016
299:ISBN
226:Frzb
180:and
164:περί
153:The
130:2819
109:TA98
97:MeSH
1205:Lip
420:doi
383:PMC
373:doi
291:"8"
125:TA2
62:(K)
58:(J)
54:(I)
42:(C)
1828::
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416:92
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272:.
1602:e
1595:t
1588:v
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1174:v
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465:e
458:t
451:v
434:.
422::
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375::
369:8
348:.
314:.
145:]
68:.
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