700:
advantages of primary bone grafting, which are allowing tooth eruption through the grafted bone, are retained. Furthermore, secondary bone grafting stabilizes the maxillary arch, thus enhancing the conditions for prosthodontic treatment such as crowns, bridges and implants. It also aids eruption of teeth, boosting the amount of bony tissue on the alveolar crest, permitting orthodontic treatment. Bony support to teeth adjacent to the cleft is a pre-requisite for orthodontic closure of the teeth in the cleft region. Hence, better hygienic conditions will be achieved which helps to lessen formation of caries and periodontal inflammation. Speech problems caused by irregular positioning of articulators, or leakage of air via the oronasal communication, may also be improved. Secondary bone grafting can also be used to augment the alar base of the nose to achieve symmetry with the non-cleft side, thereby enhancing facial appearance.
1081:
1057:
635:, commonly referred to as "dry socket". With the partial or total loss of teeth, the alveolar process undergoes resorption. The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected, however, because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable. The loss of alveolar bone, coupled with attrition of the teeth, causes a loss of height of the lower third of the vertical dimension of the face when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation. The extent of this loss is determined based on clinical judgment using the Golden Proportions.
676:
31:
691:
offering bony support to the teeth lying next to the cleft; elevate the alar base of the nose; aid sealing of oro-nasal fistula; permit insertion of a titanium fixture in the grafted region and achieve good periodontal conditions within and next to the cleft. The timing of the alveolar bone grafting takes into consideration both eruption of the canine and lateral incisor. The optimal time for bone grafting surgery is when a thin shell of bone still covers the soon erupting lateral incisor or canine tooth close to the cleft.
1093:
1069:
800:
1045:
737:
590:
400:
844:
upper jaw has a thinner cortical plate and lower bone density than that of the lower jaw. As bone loss in the alveolar ridge becomes an increasing problem for the success of dental implants, research has been focused on the development of new surgical techniques and biomaterials that can be used to either maintain current bone levels, or to stimulate the growth of new alveolar bone through osteogenesis.
1853:
610:
around 8 to 10 days. After this resorption phase, the osteoclast can continue resorbing surfaces in another cycle or carry out apoptosis. A repair phase follows the resorption phase which lasts over 3 months. In patients with periodontal disease, inflammation lasts longer and during the repair phase, resorption may override any bone formation. This results in a net loss of alveolar bone.
723:
tumour which usually presents at birth. It can be found growing on the alveolar ridge of newborns, presenting as non-ulcerated, pedunculated, reddish pink masses of varying sizes and numbers. Congenital epulis can occur in either of the alveolar ridges, but they are found three times more frequently
834:
on its external surface. For the implant placement to be successful, there needs to be enough alveolar bone to support and stabilize the dental implant. It has been determined that many factors can contribute to the loss of both the vertical and horizontal height of the alveolar bone. These factors
843:
habits. Although dental implants tend to have a high success rate, of about 99%, studies show that if an implant were to fail, it occurs more often in the front portion of the upper jaw. More research is required to determine why this occurs, but it has been theorized that the alveolar bone in the
703:
Late secondary bone grafting: Bone grafting has a lower success rate when performed after canine has erupted as compared to before the eruption. It has been found that the possibility for orthodontic closure of the cleft in the dental arch is smaller in patients grafted before canine eruption than
695:
Primary bone grafting: Primary bone grafting is believed to: eliminate bone deficiency, stabilize pre-maxilla, synthesize new bone matrix for eruption of teeth in the cleft area and augment the alar base. However, the early bone grafting procedure is abandoned in most cleft lip and palate centres
778:
For the best outcomes with respect to horizontal alveolar ridge preservation, application of a xenogenic (non-living bone material from another species) or allogenic grafting material (bone donated by another human) surrounded by a resorbable collagen membrane or sponge is ideal. These membranes
638:
The density of the alveolar bone in a given area also determines the route that dental infection takes with abscess formation, as well as the efficacy of local infiltration during the use of local anesthesia. In addition, the differences in alveolar process density determine the easiest and most
613:
Alveolar bone loss is closely associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is the inflammation of the gums. Studies in osteoimmunology have proposed 2 models for alveolar bone loss. One model states that inflammation is triggered by a periodontal pathogen which activates the acquired
609:
Bone is lost through the process of resorption which involves osteoclasts breaking down the hard tissue of bone. A key indication of resorption is when scalloped erosion occurs. This is also known as
Howship's lacuna. The resorption phase lasts as long as the lifespan of the osteoclast which is
690:
patients. The reconstruction of the alveolar cleft can provide both aesthetic and practical advantages to the patient. Alveolar bone grafting can also bring about the following benefits: stabilisation of the maxillary arch; aid of eruption of the canine and sometimes lateral incisor eruption;
622:
The developmental disturbance of anodontia (or hypodontia, if only one tooth), in which tooth germs are congenitally absent, may affect the development of the alveolar processes. This occurrence can prevent the alveolar processes of either the maxillae or the mandible from developing. Proper
699:
Secondary bone grafting: Secondary bone grafting, also referred to as bone grafting in the mixed dentition, became a well-established procedure after abandoning primary bone grafting. The prerequisites include precise timing, operating technique, and acceptably vascularized soft tissue. The
614:
immune system to inhibit bone coupling by limiting new bone formation after resorption. Another model states that cytokinesis may inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts from their precursors, therefore limiting bone formation. This results in a net loss of alveolar bone.
508:. The cortical bone consists of plates on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone. These cortical plates are usually about 1.5 to 3 mm thick over posterior teeth, but the thickness is highly variable around anterior teeth. The trabecular bone consists of
2061:
Canellas JV, Soares BN, Ritto FG, Vettore MV, Vidigal Júnior GM, Fischer RG, Medeiros PJ (November 2021). "What grafting materials produce greater alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction? A systematic review and network meta-analysis".
727:
Diagnosis of the condition was previously incidental, however, with improvements in imaging technology, prenatal diagnosis is now possible at 26 weeks (about 6 months). Furthermore, these benign lesions can be treated by surgical excision.
696:
around the world due to many disadvantages, including serious growth disturbances of the middle third of the facial skeleton. The operative technique that involves the vomero-premaxillary suture was found to inhibit maxillary growth.
787:. Other reliable options for surgeons may include Bio-Oss and Bio-Oss Coll, primarily due to the strong scientific evidence behind their efficacy and recorded successful outcomes particularly in lateral ridge augmentation surgery.
501:, part of the PDL, are inserted there. Sharpey's fibres in alveolar bone proper are inserted at a right angle (just as with the cemental surface); they are fewer in number, but thicker in diameter than those found in cementum.
704:
those after the canine eruption. The surgical procedure includes drilling of several small openings through the cortical layer into the cancellous layer, facilitating growth of blood vessels into the graft.
763:
No biomaterial can prevent alveolar bone loss entirely after extraction, however, there are five grafting materials with the greatest efficacy in height resorption prevention; three of which are
515:
The alveolar structure is a dynamic tissue which provides the jawbone with some degree of flexibility and resilience for the embedded teeth as they encounter numerous multi-directional forces.
1013:
Other than a maxillar bridge made of gold, part of a mandible with teeth—which had been burned and broken around the alveolar process—was the only physical evidence used to confirm
631:
After extraction of a tooth, the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone, which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone. Disturbance of the blood clot can cause
1428:
Monje A, Chan HL, Galindo-Moreno P, Elnayef B, Suarez-Lopez del Amo F, Wang F, Wang HL (November 2015). "Alveolar Bone
Architecture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
818:
are a way to replace missing teeth, as they consist of a titanium surgical component that is placed in the alveolar ridge of the jawbone. The implant then acts as a
748:
The alveolar ridge is an area of particular interest in dentistry, as preservation of the ridges results in a higher success rate of therapeutic dental treatments.
102:
1080:
3183:
1056:
1004:
3853:
3383:
3348:
2117:"Alveolar Ridge Preservation after Tooth Extraction Using Different Bone Graft Materials and Autologous Platelet Concentrates: a Systematic Review"
3009:
1967:
Willenbacher M, Al-Nawas B, Berres M, Kämmerer PW, Schiegnitz E (December 2016). "The
Effects of Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Meta-Analysis".
1092:
931:). When pronouncing these sounds the tongue touches (, , ), or nearly touches (, ) the upper alveolar ridge, which can also be referred to as
35:
Anterior (frontal) portion of maxilla (white) and mandible (orange) cut away towards right (to depth of tooth roots, i.e. the alveolar region)
939:. In many languages consonants are articulated with the tongue touching or close to the upper alveolar ridge. The former are called alveolar
78:
3818:
3031:
1044:
4308:
4303:
3869:
497:, which allow blood vessels to pass between the alveolar bone and the PDL. The alveolar bone proper is also called bundle bone because
1068:
935:. In many other languages, consonants transcribed with these letters are articulated slightly differently, and are often described as
760:. The type of grafting material is important as different materials are more effective than others in maintaining the alveolar ridge.
724:
on the maxillary alveolar ridge than on the mandibular alveolar ridge. They also more commonly present in females compared to males.
2864:
Castillo, Rafael Fernández; Ubelaker, Douglas H.; Acosta, José Antonio
Lorente; Cañadas de la Fuente, Guillermo A. (10 March 2013).
2582:
Pérez-Sayáns M, Martínez-Martín JM, Chamorro-Petronacci C, Gallas-Torreira M, Marichalar-Mendía X, García-García A (November 2018).
3885:
3058:
3016:
3203:
2381:"The dimension and morphology of alveolar bone at maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis: a retrospective analysis-using CBCT"
1025:
assert that the remainder of the body was burnt to near-ashes, but this is scientifically doubtful. Additionally, according to a
4003:
3781:
623:
development is impossible because the alveolar unit of each dental arch must form in response to the tooth germs in the area.
4013:
3993:
3592:
3222:
2793:
2747:
1362:
1872:
4074:
391:
The connected, supporting area of the jaw (delineated by the apexes of the roots of the teeth) is known as the basal bone.
466:(within about 1 to 2 millimetres in a healthy specimen), while the alveolar process terminates along the line of the
4386:
4114:
3552:
3547:
1564:
Bar-Shavit Z (December 2007). "The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing osteoimmune cell".
910:
835:
can include resorption of the bone after tooth removal (affecting the quality and quantity of the bone), the presence of
2330:"Success rate of implants placed in autogenous bone blocks versus allogenic bone blocks: A systematic literature review"
1918:"Multiple congenital granular cell tumours of the maxilla and mandible: a rare case report and review of the literature"
4104:
2166:"Effect of alveolar ridge preservation interventions following tooth extraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1616:
1540:
3036:
4064:
3496:
2989:
1131:
4246:
4109:
3193:
974:
756:
Grafting is an effective technique to reduce the inevitable changes in dimension of the alveolar ridge after tooth
388:
The portion of alveolar bone between two adjacent teeth is known as the interdental septum (or interdental bone).
3363:
3333:
1300:
3198:
2764:
990:
97:
3905:
3051:
966:
886:
744:(side view) of a human nasal and oral passage. The upper alveolar ridge is located between numbers 4 and 5.
430:, the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface, making up the thickest part of the bone. On the
3997:
3929:
2535:"The impact of the alveolar bone sites on early implant failure: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
336:, the term refers more specifically to the ridges on the inside of the mouth which can be felt with the
4007:
3910:
3774:
2956:
2770:
2733:
2481:"An evaluation of superhydrophilic surfaces of dental implants - a systematic review and meta-analysis"
946:
870:
823:
810:
As the rate of tooth loss in the population increases either due to early extraction, trauma, or other
687:
680:
2950:
2865:
1188:
4203:
4175:
3748:
3522:
3429:
2007:"Effect of alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1237:
Araujo M, Lindhe J (2003). "The
Edentulous Alveolar Ridge.". In Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP (eds.).
1026:
988:
982:
980:
972:
964:
952:
944:
908:
900:
894:
892:
884:
876:
868:
686:
Alveolar bone grafting in the mixed dentition is an essential part of the reconstructive journey for
3093:
4343:
4017:
3577:
3557:
3512:
3486:
3353:
3308:
3243:
3178:
3173:
2837:
1642:"Immunization enhances inflammation and tissue destruction in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis"
1275:
639:
convenient areas of bony fracture to be used, if needed during tooth extraction of impacted teeth.
109:
839:, the age and gender of the patient, smoking habits, the presence of other systemic diseases, and
4391:
3918:
3743:
3491:
3454:
3419:
3399:
3236:
3044:
2633:"The use of platelet-rich fibrin to enhance the outcomes of implant therapy: A systematic review"
954:
878:
670:
3647:
4082:
4078:
3889:
3738:
2739:
463:
85:
73:
1029:, the alveolar process was missing from the charred maxilla of the body presumed to belong to
4298:
4241:
4155:
4068:
4043:
3767:
3572:
3567:
3250:
3168:
3143:
3128:
3123:
2866:"Effects of temperature on bone tissue. Histological study of the changes in the bone matrix"
2581:
1526:
1018:
902:
791:
is also preferred in many clinical situations because of its low cost of preparation.
597:
reveals some bone loss on the right side of the mandible. The associated teeth exhibit poor
4159:
3949:
3862:
3846:
3836:
3702:
3677:
3587:
3481:
3328:
3278:
3257:
3213:
3133:
3103:
2729:
2226:
1100:
1022:
494:
482:
1856:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
Creative Commons License.
8:
4229:
4197:
4167:
3873:
3717:
3600:
3582:
3532:
3414:
3368:
3264:
3138:
2274:"To what extent residual alveolar ridge can be preserved by implant? A systematic review"
1475:"Hard and soft tissue changes following alveolar ridge preservation: a systematic review"
1349:
Walker, William B. (1990), Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.),
960:
836:
598:
498:
2230:
434:
it is a ridge on the superior surface. The structures hold the teeth and are encased by
4236:
3941:
3878:
3615:
3338:
3229:
3066:
3024:
3005:
2975:
2842:
2818:
2706:
2681:
2657:
2632:
2608:
2583:
2559:
2534:
2507:
2480:
2456:
2429:
2405:
2380:
2356:
2329:
2300:
2273:
2249:
2214:
2195:
2141:
2116:
2097:
2031:
2006:
1944:
1917:
1837:
1814:
1781:
1756:
1715:
1690:
1666:
1641:
1640:
Leone CW, Bokhadhoor H, Kuo D, Desta T, Yang J, Siqueira MF, et al. (April 2006).
1589:
1502:
864:
827:
1474:
4286:
4256:
3687:
3672:
3637:
3610:
3537:
3527:
3303:
3286:
3160:
2985:
2923:
2895:
2810:
2788:
2784:
2743:
2711:
2662:
2613:
2564:
2512:
2461:
2410:
2361:
2305:
2254:
2187:
2146:
2101:
2089:
2036:
1984:
1949:
1895:
1842:
1786:
1720:
1671:
1622:
1612:
1581:
1546:
1536:
1494:
1455:
1368:
1358:
1219:
1211:
1127:
940:
757:
713:
675:
653:
The radiographic integrity of the lamina dura is important in detecting pathological
632:
2881:
2822:
2213:
Sbricoli L, Guazzo R, Annunziata M, Gobbato L, Bressan E, Nastri L (February 2020).
2199:
1657:
1593:
1506:
1183:
4365:
4353:
4251:
4224:
4219:
4193:
3933:
3826:
3759:
3707:
3652:
3605:
3323:
2885:
2877:
2802:
2701:
2693:
2652:
2644:
2603:
2595:
2554:
2546:
2502:
2492:
2451:
2441:
2400:
2392:
2351:
2341:
2295:
2285:
2244:
2234:
2177:
2136:
2128:
2079:
2071:
2026:
2018:
1976:
1939:
1929:
1887:
1832:
1822:
1776:
1768:
1710:
1702:
1661:
1653:
1573:
1486:
1445:
1437:
936:
814:, the use of implant therapy has increased as a form of tooth replacement therapy.
811:
784:
540:
490:
467:
459:
284:
251:
133:
30:
2789:"The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification"
489:. Although the alveolar process is composed of compact bone, it may be called the
4348:
4261:
4163:
4048:
3971:
3966:
3937:
3857:
3791:
3657:
3358:
3118:
3113:
2914:
2550:
1532:
924:
602:
548:
509:
505:
3697:
473:
The alveolar process proper encases the tooth sockets, and contains a lining of
4396:
4291:
4189:
4171:
3985:
3562:
3068:
2981:
2806:
2075:
2005:
Avila-Ortiz G, Elangovan S, Kramer KW, Blanchette D, Dawson DV (October 2014).
1891:
815:
536:
443:
317:
2697:
2497:
2396:
2290:
1873:"Congenital Granular Cell Epulis: A Systematic Review of Cases from 2000-2017"
1008:
4380:
4338:
4320:
4028:
3945:
3722:
3682:
3404:
3378:
3373:
3188:
3088:
2899:
2346:
2022:
1899:
1706:
1550:
1215:
579:
382:
227:
2430:"Alveolar ridge atrophy related to facial morphology in edentulous patients"
2215:"Selection of Collagen Membranes for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review"
2132:
1827:
1626:
1441:
1350:
1203:
799:
90:
4185:
3841:
3830:
3712:
3667:
3542:
3444:
3439:
3424:
3083:
2814:
2715:
2666:
2617:
2568:
2516:
2479:
Makowiecki A, Hadzik J, Błaszczyszyn A, Gedrange T, Dominiak M (May 2019).
2465:
2414:
2365:
2309:
2258:
2191:
2150:
2093:
2040:
1988:
1953:
1846:
1790:
1772:
1724:
1675:
1585:
1498:
1459:
1372:
1223:
1147:
1014:
860:
840:
780:
717:
647:
532:
474:
455:
259:
255:
46:
2863:
2599:
1450:
512:
that is located between the alveolar bone proper and the cortical plates.
504:
The supporting alveolar bone consists of both cortical (compact) bone and
4360:
4088:
3795:
3692:
3642:
3271:
2935:
2787:; Weil, Raphael; Rainsard, P.; Poupon, Joël; Brisard, J.C. (1 May 2018).
2584:"20 years of alveolar distraction: A systematic review of the literature"
2084:
1385:
928:
736:
720:
643:
589:
523:
Alveolar bone is 67% inorganic material, composed mainly of the minerals
478:
439:
345:
341:
2918:
2446:
1330:
1318:
4281:
3914:
3662:
3517:
3409:
3343:
3313:
2890:
2239:
2182:
2165:
1409:
856:
819:
658:
594:
567:
559:
447:
2682:"Long-term effects of vertical bone augmentation: a systematic review"
2648:
1980:
1934:
1577:
1490:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
115:
3449:
3434:
1472:
1202:
Sazonova, O.; Vovk, O.; Hordiichuk, D.; Ikramov, V. (February 2019).
1030:
852:
772:
764:
563:
528:
333:
2539:
Journal of the Korean
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
2478:
2004:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1691:"Inflammation and uncoupling as mechanisms of periodontal bone loss"
1355:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
399:
4128:
3318:
3098:
1473:
MacBeth N, Trullenque-Eriksson A, Donos N, Mardas N (August 2017).
1245:
1165:
803:
768:
741:
544:
486:
431:
419:
316:) ('hollow') refers to the cavities of the tooth sockets, known as
266:
239:
2114:
1966:
1086:
Hitler's mandibular remains were sundered at the alveolar process.
806:, one form of implant which can be attached to the alveolar region
3803:
3108:
2115:
Stumbras A, Kuliesius P, Januzis G, Juodzbalys G (January 2019).
1731:
1204:"Anatomical Features Of The Maxillary Alveolar Arch In Adulthood"
831:
552:
524:
427:
235:
923:. There are exceptions to this however, such as speakers of the
867:. Examples of alveolar consonants in English are, for instance,
2212:
1062:
How the roots of the teeth, gums, and alveolar bone are related
1050:
In the oral cavity, the alveolar processes are covered by gums.
654:
337:
2163:
1427:
308:
299:
214:
187:
157:
148:
4315:
1916:
Gan J, Shi C, Liu S, Tian X, Wang X, Ma X, Gao P (May 2021).
1852:
1241:(5th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. pp. 53–63.
1201:
451:
411:
247:
61:
2328:
Motamedian SR, Khojaste M, Khojasteh A (January–June 2016).
1870:
4147:
2379:
Zhang X, Li Y, Ge Z, Zhao H, Miao L, Pan Y (January 2020).
2327:
435:
415:
302:
243:
223:
208:
205:
181:
175:
151:
2783:
2060:
1406:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 219
4151:
1757:"Alveolar bone grafting: past, present, and new horizons"
287:
231:
196:
166:
136:
2427:
351:
The curved portion of the process is referred to as the
1871:
Sohal KS, Moshy JR, Owibingire SS, Kashmiri RA (2018).
1639:
863:
touching or reaching for the alveolar ridge are called
462:. The alveolar crest terminates uniformly at about the
2272:
Khalifa AK, Wada M, Ikebe K, Maeda Y (December 2016).
2164:
Avila-Ortiz G, Chambrone L, Vignoletti F (June 2019).
1074:
3D animation showing placement of teeth in human skull
771:
concentrate (A-PRF) and one composed of A-PRF and the
348:
or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth.
2977:
Illustrated Dental
Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy
2973:
2271:
1742:
1415:
1391:
1336:
1324:
1262:
1171:
650:(periodontitis), localized bone tissue is also lost.
163:
3789:
3184:
Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
3067:
Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (
2919:"What Happens to Human Bodies When They Are Burned?"
2679:
927:
who pronounce and at the back of their top teeth (
381:
describe the extreme rim of the bone nearest to the
305:
296:
290:
211:
202:
199:
184:
172:
169:
154:
145:
139:
2974:Bath-Balogh, Mary; Fehrenbach, Margaret J. (1997).
2630:
2000:
1998:
293:
193:
178:
142:
2323:
2321:
2319:
4378:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
1995:
1911:
1909:
340:, either on roof of the mouth between the upper
2631:Strauss FJ, Stähli A, Gruber R (October 2018).
2316:
1969:Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research
1688:
539:crystals. The remaining alveolar bone (33%) is
493:because it contains numerous openings known as
2728:
1005:Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death
535:it contains are mostly in the form of calcium
258:, it is penetrated by many small openings for
3775:
3052:
2588:Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal
2528:
2526:
2378:
2047:
1915:
1906:
1689:Graves DT, Li J, Cochran DL (February 2011).
1606:
1239:Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry
1098:Eroded alveolar process of the archaic human
617:
2680:Keestra JA, Barry O, Jong L, Wahl G (2016).
2121:Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research
1236:
250:, terminating roughly along the line of the
16:Region of jaw bones containing tooth sockets
2912:
2428:Kuć J, Sierpińska T, Gołębiewska M (2017).
1351:"The Oral Cavity and Associated Structures"
1148:"alveolar | Origin and meaning of alveolar"
767:materials (Gen-Os, Apatos, and MP3), one a
558:The cellular component of bone consists of
422:leading to teeth—and thus the alveolar area
3782:
3768:
3059:
3045:
2948:
2762:
2523:
2278:International Journal of Implant Dentistry
1563:
477:around the roots of the teeth, called the
363:, directly surrounds the teeth. The terms
320:. The alveolar process is also called the
29:
2889:
2705:
2656:
2607:
2558:
2506:
2496:
2455:
2445:
2404:
2355:
2345:
2299:
2289:
2248:
2238:
2181:
2140:
2083:
2030:
1943:
1933:
1836:
1826:
1780:
1714:
1665:
1449:
664:
2064:Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery
1866:
1864:
1862:
798:
735:
674:
588:
573:
398:
3204:Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
2835:
410:) depicting interior of jawbones, with
4379:
1524:
1357:(3rd ed.), Boston: Butterworths,
1348:
679:X-ray showing alveolar defect causing
242:). The alveolar process is covered by
3763:
3593:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
3040:
3021:Roche Lexicon – illustrated navigator
2794:European Journal of Internal Medicine
2532:
2385:International Journal of Oral Science
1880:Archives of Dentistry and Oral Health
1859:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1754:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1402:
1400:
1121:
751:
584:
3179:Generalized aggressive periodontitis
3006:Photo of model at Waynesburg College
855:whose constriction is made with the
708:
2836:Benecke, Mark (12 December 2022) .
13:
3174:Localized aggressive periodontitis
2170:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
1797:
1513:
1397:
794:
14:
4408:
3497:Full mouth ultrasonic debridement
2999:
1819:Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
1743:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1611:. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
1416:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1392:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1337:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1325:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1263:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
1172:Bath-Balogh & Fehrenbach 1997
775:material AlloOss combined.
442:. The alveolar process comprises
3194:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1851:
1566:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
1124:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
283:
132:
2942:
2906:
2882:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.012
2857:
2829:
2777:
2756:
2722:
2686:Journal of Applied Oral Science
2673:
2637:Clinical Oral Implants Research
2624:
2575:
2472:
2434:Clinical Interventions in Aging
2421:
2372:
2334:Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery
2265:
2206:
2157:
2108:
1960:
1748:
1682:
1658:10.1128/IAI.74.4.2286-2292.2006
1633:
1600:
1557:
1479:Clinical Oral Implants Research
1466:
1421:
1342:
1027:purported Soviet autopsy report
847:
3017:"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1"
2870:Forensic Science International
1293:
1268:
1230:
1195:
1177:
1140:
1115:
917:tight, dawn, silly, zoo, nasty
646:disease that has affected the
518:
272:
1:
3199:Abscesses of the periodontium
2853:– via Dr. Mark Benecke.
2838:"The Hunt for Hitler's Teeth"
1607:Philias R, Garant PR (2003).
1108:
998:
404:
2551:10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.3.162
1192:Accessed: 12 September 2018.
1021:in 1945. Historians such as
731:
626:
394:
7:
2957:Harcourt, Brace & World
2771:Harcourt, Brace & World
1761:Seminars in Plastic Surgery
1531:(1st ed.). New Delhi:
1152:Online Etymology Dictionary
959:), and the latter alveolar
269:and forensic significance.
10:
4413:
4387:Bones of the head and neck
3553:Guided tissue regeneration
3023:. Elsevier. Archived from
2967:
2955:(1st ed.). New York:
2807:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014
2769:(1st ed.). New York:
2076:10.1016/j.jcms.2021.06.005
2011:Journal of Dental Research
1892:10.22259/2638-4809.0101009
1755:Coots BK (November 2012).
1695:Journal of Dental Research
1036:
1009:Mandible § In culture
1002:
688:cleft lip and cleft palate
681:cleft lip and cleft palate
668:
618:Developmental disturbances
577:
481:. This is attached by the
4331:
4274:
4212:
4176:Mandibular incisive canal
4136:
4127:
4097:
4057:
4036:
4027:
3984:
3959:
3898:
3811:
3802:
3731:
3630:
3523:Coronally positioned flap
3505:
3474:
3467:
3392:
3296:
3212:
3159:
3152:
3076:
2952:The Death of Adolf Hitler
2766:The Death of Adolf Hitler
2698:10.1590/1678-775720150357
2498:10.1186/s12903-019-0767-8
2397:10.1038/s41368-019-0071-0
2291:10.1186/s40729-016-0057-z
1430:Journal of Periodontology
1126:(3rd ed.). Longman.
603:secondary occlusal trauma
551:) and 5% non-collagenous
265:The bone is of clinical,
108:
96:
84:
72:
60:
55:
45:
40:
28:
23:
4344:Posterior lacrimal crest
3578:Pocket reduction surgery
3558:Enamel matrix derivative
3548:Guided bone regeneration
3513:Apically positioned flap
3487:Scaling and root planing
3393:Treatment and prevention
3354:Linear gingival erythema
3309:Clinical attachment loss
3223:A. actinomycetemcomitans
3010:skeleton/alveolarprocess
2949:Bezymenski, Lev (1968).
2763:Bezymenski, Lev (1968).
2347:10.4103/2231-0746.186143
2023:10.1177/0022034514541127
1922:Translational Pediatrics
1821:. 42 Suppl (3): S110-5.
1815:"Alveolar bone grafting"
1813:Lilja J (October 2009).
1707:10.1177/0022034510385236
1528:Textbook of Periodontics
110:Anatomical terms of bone
3919:Anterior lacrimal crest
3631:Important personalities
3492:Full mouth disinfection
3455:Host modulatory therapy
3420:Chlorhexidine gluconate
3400:Periodontal examination
2740:Arms & Armour Press
2735:The Last Days of Hitler
2133:10.5037/jomr.2019.10102
1828:10.4103/0970-0358.57200
1442:10.1902/jop.2015.150263
1189:Encyclopædia Britannica
822:that can hold either a
779:promote wound healing,
671:Alveolar cleft grafting
657:. It appears uniformly
262:and connective fibres.
254:. Partially comprising
4083:Sphenopalatine foramen
4079:Greater palatine canal
3890:Greater palatine canal
3349:Horizontal bony defect
2533:Fouda AA (June 2020).
1773:10.1055/s-0033-1333887
1646:Infection and Immunity
1609:Oral cells and tissues
1525:Bathla, Shalu (2017).
807:
745:
683:
665:Alveolar bone grafting
606:
601:and may be subject to
423:
234:bones (in humans, the
4299:Inferior nasal concha
4156:Mandibular prominence
4069:Posterior nasal spine
4044:Pterygopalatine fossa
3573:Open flap debridement
3568:Lateral pedicle graft
3169:Chronic periodontitis
3129:Mucogingival junction
3124:Junctional epithelium
2730:Joachimsthaler, Anton
2600:10.4317/medoral.22645
2176:(Suppl 21): 195–223.
1280:TheFreeDictionary.com
1208:Georgian Medical News
802:
739:
678:
592:
574:Clinical significance
403:German illustration (
402:
4160:Mandibular symphysis
3950:Anterior nasal spine
3863:Maxillary tuberosity
3847:Anterior nasal spine
3837:Infraorbital foramen
3703:Paul Roscoe Stillman
3678:Willoughby D. Miller
3648:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
3475:Conventional therapy
3384:Vertical bony defect
3329:Gingival enlargement
3279:Entamoeba gingivalis
3134:Periodontal ligament
3104:Free gingival margin
3027:on 27 December 2012.
1394:, pp. 196, 198.
1101:Homo heidelbergensis
1023:Anton Joachimsthaler
599:crown-to-root ratios
543:, consisting of 28%
483:periodontal ligament
450:, also encompassing
357:alveolar bone proper
222:) is the portion of
4198:Submandibular fovea
4168:Mental protuberance
4075:Perpendicular plate
3874:Infraorbital groove
3718:James Leon Williams
3583:Socket preservation
3533:Free gingival graft
3415:Bleeding on probing
3369:Periodontal disease
3139:Sulcular epithelium
3032:Diagram at case.edu
2982:W. B. Saunders
2447:10.2147/CIA.S140791
2231:2020Mate...13..786S
1339:, pp. 195–197.
1327:, pp. 199–200.
865:alveolar consonants
837:periodontal disease
4237:Mandibular foramen
4008:Zygomaticotemporal
3998:Zygomatico-orbital
3942:Foramina of Scarpa
3879:Infraorbital canal
3364:Periodontal pocket
3339:Gingival recession
3230:Capnocytophaga sp.
2785:Charlier, Philippe
2643:(Suppl 18): 6–19.
2240:10.3390/ma13030786
2183:10.1111/jcpe.13057
1535:. pp. 37–39.
1418:, pp. 198–99.
915:like in the words
808:
752:Grafting materials
746:
684:
607:
585:Alveolar bone loss
485:(PDL) to the root
424:
103:59487 52897, 59487
4374:
4373:
4309:Maxillary process
4304:Ethmoidal process
4287:Internasal suture
4270:
4269:
4257:Condyloid process
4123:
4122:
3980:
3979:
3906:Zygomatic process
3757:
3756:
3732:Other specialties
3688:John Mankey Riggs
3673:Preston D. Miller
3638:Tomas Albrektsson
3626:
3625:
3563:Implant placement
3538:Gingival grafting
3528:Crown lengthening
3463:
3462:
3430:Hydrogen peroxide
3287:Trichomonas tenax
2924:Durham University
2749:978-1-85409-465-0
2649:10.1111/clr.13275
2070:(11): 1064–1071.
1981:10.1111/cid.12364
1935:10.21037/tp-21-32
1578:10.1002/jcb.21553
1491:10.1111/clr.12911
1436:(11): 1231–1248.
1364:978-0-409-90077-4
1276:"Alveolar border"
1122:Wells JC (2008).
937:dental consonants
820:prosthetic device
812:systemic diseases
714:Congenital epulis
709:Congenital epulis
633:alveolar osteitis
495:Volkmann's canals
464:neck of the teeth
460:lymphatic vessels
124:
123:
119:
4404:
4366:Retromolar space
4354:Lacrimal hamulus
4252:Mandibular notch
4247:Coronoid process
4225:Mandibular canal
4220:Mylohyoid groove
4194:Sublingual fovea
4182:internal surface
4144:external surface
4134:
4133:
4065:Horizontal plate
4034:
4033:
4018:Zygomaticofacial
4004:Temporal process
3934:Incisive foramen
3930:Palatine process
3925:Alveolar process
3809:
3808:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3749:Prosthodontology
3708:Dennis P. Tarnow
3653:Robert Gottsegen
3472:
3471:
3324:Furcation defect
3157:
3156:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3028:
2995:
2961:
2960:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2915:Gowland, Rebecca
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2594:(6): e742–e751.
2579:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1975:(6): 1248–1268.
1964:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1928:(5): 1386–1392.
1913:
1904:
1903:
1877:
1868:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1305:Oxford Reference
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1210:(287): 111–114.
1199:
1193:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
994:
986:
978:
970:
958:
950:
914:
906:
898:
890:
882:
874:
790:
785:biocompatibility
783:and have a high
541:organic material
499:Sharpey's fibres
491:cribriform plate
468:mandibular canal
409:
406:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
252:mandibular canal
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
128:alveolar process
116:edit on Wikidata
113:
33:
24:Alveolar process
21:
20:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4349:Lacrimal groove
4327:
4266:
4262:Pterygoid fovea
4208:
4164:Lingual foramen
4119:
4093:
4053:
4049:Pterygoid fossa
4023:
4014:Lateral process
3994:Orbital process
3976:
3972:Maxillary sinus
3967:Body of maxilla
3955:
3938:Incisive canals
3911:Frontal process
3894:
3858:Alveolar canals
3798:
3792:facial skeleton
3788:
3758:
3753:
3727:
3658:Gary Greenstein
3622:
3501:
3459:
3388:
3359:Occlusal trauma
3334:Gingival pocket
3292:
3208:
3148:
3119:Gingival sulcus
3114:Gingival fibers
3072:
3065:
3015:
3002:
2992:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2947:
2943:
2929:
2927:
2913:Thompson, Tim;
2911:
2907:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2782:
2778:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2742:. p. 225.
2727:
2723:
2678:
2674:
2629:
2625:
2580:
2576:
2531:
2524:
2485:BMC Oral Health
2477:
2473:
2426:
2422:
2377:
2373:
2326:
2317:
2270:
2266:
2211:
2207:
2162:
2158:
2113:
2109:
2059:
2048:
2017:(10): 950–958.
2003:
1996:
1965:
1961:
1914:
1907:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1811:
1798:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1687:
1683:
1638:
1634:
1619:
1605:
1601:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1533:Jaypee Brothers
1523:
1514:
1485:(8): 982–1004.
1471:
1467:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1200:
1196:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1039:
1011:
1001:
925:New York accent
850:
816:Dental implants
797:
795:Dental implants
788:
754:
734:
711:
673:
667:
642:During chronic
629:
620:
587:
582:
576:
521:
510:cancellous bone
506:trabecular bone
438:as part of the
407:
397:
378:alveolar margin
366:alveolar border
286:
282:
275:
226:containing the
192:
162:
135:
131:
120:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4392:Dental anatomy
4389:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4292:Nasal foramina
4289:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4204:Alveolar part
4201:
4190:Mylohyoid line
4179:
4172:Mental foramen
4140:
4138:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4072:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4001:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3927:
3922:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3827:Incisive fossa
3815:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3744:Orthodontology
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Biologic width
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3069:Periodontology
3064:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3013:
3001:
3000:External links
2998:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:. p. 111.
2941:
2905:
2856:
2828:
2776:
2755:
2748:
2721:
2672:
2623:
2574:
2545:(3): 162–173.
2522:
2471:
2420:
2371:
2315:
2264:
2205:
2156:
2107:
2046:
1994:
1959:
1905:
1858:
1796:
1747:
1730:
1681:
1652:(4): 2286–92.
1632:
1618:978-0867154290
1617:
1599:
1556:
1542:978-9386261731
1541:
1512:
1465:
1451:2027.42/141748
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1363:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1292:
1267:
1265:, p. 196.
1244:
1229:
1194:
1176:
1174:, p. 195.
1164:
1139:
1132:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1000:
997:
979:) or (such as
849:
846:
796:
793:
753:
750:
733:
730:
710:
707:
706:
705:
701:
697:
669:Main article:
666:
663:
661:(or lighter).
628:
625:
619:
616:
586:
583:
575:
572:
537:hydroxyapatite
520:
517:
396:
393:
385:of the teeth.
372:alveolar crest
359:, also called
329:alveolar ridge
318:dental alveoli
274:
271:
122:
121:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4409:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3946:Incisive bone
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:Infratemporal
3852:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Orbital bones
3840:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:Endodontology
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3723:W. J. Younger
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Carl E. Misch
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Periodontitis
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:P. intermedia
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:P. gingivalis
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Periodontosis
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Alveolar bone
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2991:0-7216-6687-6
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2773:. p. 45.
2772:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2440:: 1481–1494.
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2085:11250/3134049
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:(4): 178–83.
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1701:(2): 143–53.
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:(5): 1130–9.
1571:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1133:9781405881180
1129:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
996:
992:
984:
976:
968:
962:
956:
948:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
866:
862:
858:
854:
845:
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
801:
792:
786:
782:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
749:
743:
738:
729:
725:
722:
719:
715:
702:
698:
694:
693:
692:
689:
682:
677:
672:
662:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
640:
636:
634:
624:
615:
611:
604:
600:
596:
591:
581:
580:Alveoloplasty
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:mineral salts
530:
526:
516:
513:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:blood vessels
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
417:
413:
401:
392:
389:
386:
384:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
358:
354:
353:alveolar arch
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
324:
323:alveolar bone
319:
313:
280:
270:
268:
263:
261:
260:blood vessels
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:tooth sockets
225:
219:
129:
117:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
67:os alveolaris
65:
63:
59:
54:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4186:Mental spine
4181:
4143:
3924:
3831:Canine fossa
3822:
3713:Hom-Lay Wang
3698:Jørgen Slots
3668:Brian Mealey
3543:Gingivectomy
3445:Tetracycline
3440:Oral hygiene
3285:
3277:
3270:
3265:T. denticola
3263:
3258:T. forsythia
3256:
3249:
3242:
3237:F. nucleatum
3235:
3228:
3221:
3084:Periodontium
3025:the original
3020:
3008:
2976:
2951:
2944:
2934:– via
2928:. Retrieved
2922:
2908:
2876:(1): 33–37.
2873:
2869:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2841:
2831:
2798:
2792:
2779:
2765:
2758:
2734:
2724:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2542:
2538:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2340:(1): 78–90.
2337:
2333:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2067:
2063:
2014:
2010:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1925:
1921:
1886:(1): 56–65.
1883:
1879:
1818:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1608:
1602:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1527:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1411:
1387:
1376:, retrieved
1354:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1179:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1123:
1117:
1099:
1015:Adolf Hitler
1012:
932:
929:dental stops
920:
916:
851:
848:Articulation
841:oral hygiene
809:
781:osteogenesis
777:
762:
755:
747:
726:
712:
685:
652:
648:periodontium
641:
637:
630:
621:
612:
608:
557:
522:
514:
503:
475:compact bone
472:
425:
390:
387:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
364:
360:
356:
352:
350:
328:
327:
322:
321:
278:
276:
264:
256:compact bone
127:
125:
79:A02.1.12.035
66:
18:
4361:Prognathism
4089:Hard palate
3693:Jay Seibert
3643:Frank Beube
3482:Debridement
3272:Red complex
2936:FutureLearn
2891:10481/91826
2801:: e10–e12.
2692:(1): 3–17.
721:mesenchymal
716:is a rare,
644:periodontal
568:osteoclasts
560:osteoblasts
519:Composition
479:lamina dura
440:oral cavity
408: 1910
361:bundle bone
346:hard palate
273:Terminology
246:within the
56:Identifiers
4381:Categories
4282:Nasal bone
4115:Sphenoidal
3915:Agger nasi
3663:Jan Lindhe
3588:Sinus lift
3518:Bone graft
3405:Ante's law
3344:Gingivitis
3314:Edentulism
2738:. London:
2225:(3): 786.
1109:References
1003:See also:
999:In culture
961:fricatives
857:tongue tip
853:Consonants
758:extraction
659:radiopaque
595:X-ray film
578:See also:
564:osteocytes
448:periosteum
4105:Pyramidal
4098:Processes
3986:Zygomatic
3899:Processes
3468:Treatment
3450:Triclosan
3435:Mouthwash
3282:(amoebic)
3214:Infection
3161:Diagnoses
3144:Stippling
2900:0379-0738
2732:(1998) .
2491:(1): 79.
2284:(1): 22.
2219:Materials
2127:(1): e2.
2102:235659457
1900:2638-4809
1551:971599883
1378:30 August
1216:1512-0112
1184:Phonetics
1157:31 August
1031:Eva Braun
963:(such as
943:(such as
933:gum ridge
773:allograft
765:xenograft
732:Dentistry
627:Pathology
529:phosphate
395:Structure
334:phonetics
277:The term
4339:Lacrimal
4129:Mandible
4029:Palatine
3819:Anterior
3812:Surfaces
3606:Membrane
3425:Flossing
3410:Brushing
3319:Fremitus
3304:Calculus
3099:Cementum
2823:29159362
2815:29779904
2716:27008252
2667:30306698
2618:30341270
2569:32606277
2517:31077190
2466:28979109
2415:31932579
2391:(1): 4.
2366:27563613
2310:27878769
2259:32050433
2200:58649044
2192:30623987
2151:31069040
2094:34176715
2041:24966231
1989:26132885
1954:34189098
1847:19884665
1791:24179451
1725:21135192
1676:16552059
1627:51892824
1594:21096888
1586:17955494
1507:27295301
1499:27458031
1460:26177631
1373:21250078
1301:"margin"
1224:30958300
941:plosives
804:Dentures
769:platelet
742:sagittal
547:(mostly
545:collagen
487:cementum
432:mandible
420:arteries
344:and the
279:alveolar
267:phonetic
240:mandible
238:and the
51:Skeletal
4230:Lingula
4110:Orbital
3870:Orbital
3804:Maxilla
3794:of the
3601:Curette
3506:Surgery
3153:Disease
3109:Gingiva
3077:Anatomy
2968:Sources
2849:4 March
2843:Bizarre
2707:4775004
2658:6221166
2609:6261008
2560:7338630
2508:6509828
2457:5602450
2406:6957679
2357:4979349
2301:5120622
2250:7040903
2227:Bibcode
2142:6498816
2032:4293706
1945:8192993
1838:2825060
1782:3706037
1716:3144100
1667:1418897
1186:at the
1037:Gallery
832:denture
655:lesions
553:protein
525:calcium
428:maxilla
426:On the
236:maxilla
230:on the
41:Details
4058:Plates
4037:Fossae
3823:fossae
3616:Scaler
3597:Tools
3379:Plaque
2988:
2898:
2821:
2813:
2746:
2714:
2704:
2665:
2655:
2616:
2606:
2567:
2557:
2515:
2505:
2464:
2454:
2413:
2403:
2364:
2354:
2308:
2298:
2257:
2247:
2198:
2190:
2149:
2139:
2100:
2092:
2039:
2029:
1987:
1952:
1942:
1898:
1845:
1835:
1789:
1779:
1723:
1713:
1674:
1664:
1625:
1615:
1592:
1584:
1549:
1539:
1505:
1497:
1458:
1371:
1361:
1310:21 May
1285:27 May
1222:
1214:
1130:
828:bridge
718:benign
549:type I
531:. The
458:, and
452:nerves
418:, and
412:nerves
383:crowns
375:, and
355:. The
338:tongue
47:System
4397:Mouth
4332:Other
4316:Vomer
4242:Angle
4213:Ramus
3960:Other
3886:Nasal
3796:skull
3611:Probe
3297:Other
2930:9 May
2819:S2CID
2196:S2CID
2098:S2CID
1876:(PDF)
1590:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1019:death
993:]
989:[
985:]
981:[
977:]
973:[
969:]
965:[
957:]
953:[
949:]
945:[
921:lurid
913:]
909:[
905:]
901:[
897:]
893:[
889:]
885:[
881:]
877:[
873:]
869:[
861:blade
830:, or
824:crown
789:L-PRF
593:This
444:cells
416:veins
342:teeth
332:. In
248:mouth
114:[
62:Latin
4321:Wing
4275:Nose
4148:Chin
4137:Body
3790:The
2986:ISBN
2932:2024
2896:ISSN
2851:2024
2811:PMID
2744:ISBN
2712:PMID
2663:PMID
2614:PMID
2565:PMID
2513:PMID
2462:PMID
2411:PMID
2362:PMID
2306:PMID
2255:PMID
2188:PMID
2147:PMID
2090:PMID
2037:PMID
1985:PMID
1950:PMID
1896:ISSN
1843:PMID
1787:PMID
1721:PMID
1672:PMID
1623:OCLC
1613:ISBN
1582:PMID
1547:OCLC
1537:ISBN
1495:PMID
1456:PMID
1380:2021
1369:PMID
1359:ISBN
1312:2024
1287:2024
1220:PMID
1212:ISSN
1159:2021
1128:ISBN
1007:and
987:and
971:and
951:and
919:and
566:and
527:and
446:and
436:gums
244:gums
224:bone
126:The
74:TA98
4152:Jaw
4081:,
2886:hdl
2878:doi
2874:226
2803:doi
2702:PMC
2694:doi
2653:PMC
2645:doi
2604:PMC
2596:doi
2555:PMC
2547:doi
2503:PMC
2493:doi
2452:PMC
2442:doi
2401:PMC
2393:doi
2352:PMC
2342:doi
2296:PMC
2286:doi
2245:PMC
2235:doi
2178:doi
2137:PMC
2129:doi
2080:hdl
2072:doi
2027:PMC
2019:doi
1977:doi
1940:PMC
1930:doi
1888:doi
1833:PMC
1823:doi
1777:PMC
1769:doi
1711:PMC
1703:doi
1662:PMC
1654:doi
1574:doi
1570:102
1487:doi
1446:hdl
1438:doi
1017:'s
995:).
859:or
326:or
232:jaw
98:FMA
91:791
86:TA2
4383::
4196:,
4192:,
4188:,
4174:,
4170:,
4166:,
4162:,
4158:,
4154:,
4150:,
3948:,
3944:,
3940:,
3936:,
3917:,
3888::
3872::
3856::
3829:,
3821::
3019:.
2984:.
2980:.
2921:.
2917:.
2894:.
2884:.
2872:.
2868:.
2840:.
2817:.
2809:.
2799:54
2797:.
2791:.
2710:.
2700:.
2690:24
2688:.
2684:.
2661:.
2651:.
2641:29
2639:.
2635:.
2612:.
2602:.
2592:23
2590:.
2586:.
2563:.
2553:.
2543:46
2541:.
2537:.
2525:^
2511:.
2501:.
2489:19
2487:.
2483:.
2460:.
2450:.
2438:12
2436:.
2432:.
2409:.
2399:.
2389:12
2387:.
2383:.
2360:.
2350:.
2336:.
2332:.
2318:^
2304:.
2294:.
2280:.
2276:.
2253:.
2243:.
2233:.
2223:13
2221:.
2217:.
2194:.
2186:.
2174:46
2172:.
2168:.
2145:.
2135:.
2125:10
2123:.
2119:.
2096:.
2088:.
2078:.
2068:49
2066:.
2049:^
2035:.
2025:.
2015:93
2013:.
2009:.
1997:^
1983:.
1973:18
1971:.
1948:.
1938:.
1926:10
1924:.
1920:.
1908:^
1894:.
1882:.
1878:.
1861:^
1841:.
1831:.
1817:.
1799:^
1785:.
1775:.
1765:26
1763:.
1759:.
1733:^
1719:.
1709:.
1699:90
1697:.
1693:.
1670:.
1660:.
1650:74
1648:.
1644:.
1621:.
1588:.
1580:.
1568:.
1545:.
1515:^
1501:.
1493:.
1483:28
1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1444:.
1434:86
1432:.
1399:^
1367:,
1353:,
1303:.
1278:.
1247:^
1218:.
1206:.
1150:.
1033:.
907:,
899:,
891:,
883:,
875:,
826:,
740:A
570:.
562:,
555:.
470:.
454:,
414:,
405:c.
369:,
309:ər
300:iː
215:ər
188:ər
182:oʊ
158:ər
149:iː
4200:)
4184:(
4178:)
4146:(
4085:)
4077:(
4071:)
4067:(
4020:)
4016:(
4010:)
4006:(
4000:)
3996:(
3952:)
3932:(
3921:)
3913:(
3833:)
3825:(
3783:e
3776:t
3769:v
3071:)
3060:e
3053:t
3046:v
2994:.
2938:.
2902:.
2888::
2880::
2825:.
2805::
2752:.
2718:.
2696::
2669:.
2647::
2620:.
2598::
2571:.
2549::
2519:.
2495::
2468:.
2444::
2417:.
2395::
2368:.
2344::
2338:6
2312:.
2288::
2282:2
2261:.
2237::
2229::
2202:.
2180::
2153:.
2131::
2104:.
2082::
2074::
2043:.
2021::
1991:.
1979::
1956:.
1932::
1902:.
1890::
1884:1
1849:.
1825::
1793:.
1771::
1745:.
1727:.
1705::
1678:.
1656::
1629:.
1596:.
1576::
1553:.
1509:.
1489::
1462:.
1448::
1440::
1314:.
1289:.
1226:.
1161:.
1136:.
991:ʒ
983:z
975:ʃ
967:s
955:d
947:t
911:l
903:n
895:z
887:s
879:d
871:t
605:.
312:/
306:l
303:ə
297:v
294:ˈ
291:l
288:æ
285:/
281:(
218:/
212:l
209:ə
206:i
203:v
200:l
197:æ
194:ˈ
191:,
185:l
179:ˈ
176:i
173:v
170:l
167:æ
164:ˌ
161:,
155:l
152:ə
146:v
143:ˈ
140:l
137:æ
134:/
130:(
118:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
