709:
2297:
2005:
613:(11thâ13th centuries): structures and artifacts discovered in multiple sites including in Ray, located near modern-day Tehran. Shiraz, a center of Persian poetry, literature, and art was also known for its wine production, and some of the famous poets, such as Hafez and Saadi, praised the quality and taste of Shiraz wine in their verses. Discovered or existing inscriptions or decorations related to wine are abundant in a variety of artefacts and structures.
4559:
4569:
695:
31:
627:(1794â1925): elite class, as well as the existence of taverns and distilleries in some cities. principal manufacturing centers of the period were Isfahan, Yazd, Shiraz, KÄĹĄÄn, HamadÄn, and RaĹĄt, and that some of them produced wine and other alcoholic beverages, such as araq (a distilled spirit) and bĹŤza (a fermented drink made from barley or millet).
298:
Archaeological findings have been collected in different ways including wine-making equipment or buildings and structures, pottery residues analysis, faunal remains, rock-cut dwellings including artefacts and artistic scenes of feasting and celebrations, drinking vessels, goblets, and cups, and elite
153:
wine was a symbol for liquid gold as well as the moving fire of the radiant sun. Therefore, wine held a ritual function in
Zoroastrianism, being part of a liberation ritual, in which it substituted for blood. Matthee adds that the history of the Iranian elite of ancient and late antique Iran "could
244:; however, alcohol was "formally outlawed", hence it could not operate in the reality of everyday life. Thus, in turn, as Matthee explains, the drinking of wine "became a metaphor for the ardent feelings of the lover for the beloved in the imaginary world of (mystical) poetry".
229:. According to Herbert, the Ottomans, who, although were prohibited to drink wine by law, still drank it covertly. The Iranians on the other hand, Herbert asserted, since a long period of time, drunk wine openly and with excess. According to the French traveller
289:
caused her to pass out to awaken the next morning with the realization that life was worth living. She reported back to the king her discovery of the intoxicating qualities of the spoiled grape juice and was rewarded for her find.
620:(1501â1736): despite prohibitions, strong historical evidence of scattered production and consumption in the cities such as Isfahan, Ghazvin, Tabriz, and Choghazanbi exist such as the famous Shah Abas with wine painting.
664:, are essential parts to a majority of these paintings. Usually, the old man in the painting is Hafez or Khayyam, who, having left his scholarly position and books behind, is now drunk in
3061:
259:
in 1979, there were up to 300 wineries in Iran; now there are none. As a whole, Iran is no longer a wine-producing country, but
Iranian Christians are legally allowed to ferment wine.
940:
Davis, M. (2005). "Beer
Production in Ancient Iran." In S. Johnson (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ancient Brewing Techniques (pp. 45-67). Archaeological Reports.
3051:
991:
113:
research has pushed back the date of the known origin of wine making in Persia far beyond that which writers earlier in the 20th century had envisaged. Excavations at the
644:
developed into a sophisticated art in which the most important element that all these paintings share is their subjects. The subjects that are mainly chosen from
137:
jar dating from as early as 5400â5000 BC to indicate high levels of tartaric acid, again suggesting that the fluid contained therein had been made from grapes.
1002:
The Port of Siraf: A Preliminary Report of the
Italian Archaeological Mission, M. C. Gatto, S. M. Marengo, Vol. 61, No. 1/4 (December 2011), pp. 107-193
931:
Turner, H. (2008). "Beer and
Brewing in Ancient Mesopotamia." In A. Smith (Ed.), Beverages of the Ancient World (pp. 78-92). Cambridge University Press.
4220:
3073:
4326:
960:
3740:
3731:
3475:
2987:
606:(7th century onwards): excavations have revealed many underground production sites as well as notable sites such as in Siraf, an ancient port.
2972:
1234:
1244:
186:
suzerains, were known, as
Matthee explains, "for the gusto with which they and their entourage indulged in wine-drinking." The 11th-century
3263:
992:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326013645_Revealing_invisible_brews_A_new_approach_to_the_chemical_identification_of_ancient_beer
121:
mountains (Badler, 1995; McGovern and Michel, 1995; McGovern, 2003), have revealed pottery vessels dating from c. 3100â2900 BC containing
3041:
3409:
2925:
1194:
Iran in the Early
Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055
4605:
913:
Smith, J. (2000). "Excavations at Tepe Hissar: Insights into Early
Urbanism in Iran." Journal of Iranian Archaeology, 25(3), 123-145.
1012:
2960:
2231:
3585:
3436:
3199:
3931:
3761:
3706:
3575:
3441:
2339:
1201:
756:
3093:
3083:
2053:
4291:
4241:
3967:
3501:
3516:
3505:
3450:
3398:
3253:
3056:
214:) on what the proper fashion is for drinking wine while also taking it for granted that wine will be served at feasts.
3946:
3890:
3870:
3686:
3661:
3557:
3481:
3383:
3013:
2855:
1315:
875:
3780:
4614:
4411:
3977:
1224:, Ralph Kauz, and Florian Schwarz (Vienna: Verlag der Ăsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2014), 165-209
3921:
3461:
3297:
3292:
3031:
2658:
1290:
218:
1604:
4526:
4351:
4231:
4215:
3701:
3636:
3537:
3486:
3258:
3209:
3194:
3098:
3088:
3068:
2860:
2519:
1771:
949:
Wilson, A. (2010). "Grape
Cultivation and Winemaking in Ancient Iran." (Master's thesis). University of Tehran.
17:
4159:
2930:
2870:
4598:
4385:
3826:
3809:
3716:
3691:
3547:
3455:
3445:
2257:
5099:
4965:
4389:
4225:
3941:
3681:
3671:
3419:
3275:
2875:
2262:
237:, drinking was mainly done in order to get drunk fast hence the appreciation of Iranians for strong wines.
4155:
855:
125:, almost certainly indicating the former presence of wine. Even earlier evidence was found at the site of
4805:
4180:
4174:
4125:
3936:
3766:
3645:
3270:
895:
Patel, S. (2016). "Recent
Advances in Iranian Archaeology." Online Journal of Archaeology, 12(3), 45-60.
4395:
3856:
3721:
3189:
2967:
2865:
2182:
2149:
1978:
1085:
274:, wine was discovered by a girl despondent over her rejection by the king. The girl decided to commit
4499:
4090:
3860:
3641:
3567:
3429:
3404:
3327:
3078:
2977:
2920:
2332:
2272:
2162:
1036:
904:
Harper, L. (2018, June 15). "New Insights into Ancient Brewing Practices." Archaeology Today, 32-37.
5089:
5079:
4591:
4210:
4000:
3880:
3831:
3803:
3666:
3204:
3118:
2847:
2267:
2046:
1988:
1917:
1809:
1410:
1393:
1239:
886:
Johnson, R. (2015). Ancient Iran: A Comprehensive Archaeological Overview. Oxford University Press.
653:
5104:
4441:
4415:
4406:
4276:
4236:
3840:
3776:
3736:
3471:
3322:
3179:
3138:
2396:
2157:
1530:
1366:
4531:
4170:
3911:
3866:
3590:
3552:
3280:
3036:
2020:
1943:
1388:
922:
Brown, A. (Ed.). (2012). Recent Discoveries in Iranian Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
5094:
5084:
4895:
3819:
3771:
3746:
3466:
3214:
2992:
2910:
2527:
2484:
1958:
1727:
1371:
1220:, âThe Culture of Wine Drinking in Pre-Mongol Iran,â in Wine Culture in Iran and Beyond, ed.
1192:
Spuler, Bertold (2015). Hoyland, Robert G.; Goldbloom, Gwendolin; Walburg, Berenike (eds.).
4370:
4272:
4165:
4105:
4080:
4059:
4039:
4012:
3814:
3756:
3651:
3414:
3379:
3143:
2325:
1609:
1361:
8:
4110:
3799:
3532:
3424:
3023:
3018:
2982:
2915:
2764:
2452:
2187:
2139:
2039:
1283:
283:
1589:
4870:
4653:
4474:
4436:
4381:
4376:
4281:
4196:
3836:
3696:
3656:
3496:
3491:
3389:
3374:
3133:
2935:
2756:
2725:
2618:
2375:
2177:
1682:
256:
1108:
683:, grapes and wine appear frequently with symbolic, metaphorical, and actual meanings.
240:
Alcoholic drinks were commonly drunk amongst the elite, and Muslims often visited the
4568:
4484:
4401:
4307:
4297:
4206:
4115:
4100:
4095:
4064:
4054:
4044:
4034:
4021:
3876:
3580:
3394:
3332:
3307:
3287:
3237:
3157:
3005:
2634:
2626:
2551:
2503:
2131:
2078:
1662:
1400:
1197:
968:
871:
641:
183:
98:
90:
1599:
5012:
4925:
4890:
4744:
4689:
4455:
4446:
4356:
4346:
4302:
4142:
4130:
4084:
4029:
3846:
3711:
3542:
3511:
3356:
3337:
3046:
2666:
1922:
1849:
1712:
1614:
1180:
1060:
252:
175:
171:
130:
126:
64:
50:
599:(224â651 CE): archeologic evidences in Persepolis, Pasargadae, and Susa (Shush).
5048:
5007:
4910:
4875:
4774:
4749:
4489:
4426:
4361:
4336:
4321:
4260:
4049:
3901:
3791:
3613:
3312:
3248:
3152:
3000:
2902:
2674:
2650:
2586:
2567:
2559:
2535:
2420:
2362:
2277:
2098:
2015:
1801:
1629:
1564:
1507:
1470:
1350:
1221:
1120:
727:
722:
197:
1235:
Persian wine tradition and symbolism: Evidence from the medieval poetry of Hafiz
5058:
5038:
5028:
4960:
4940:
4855:
4810:
4759:
4724:
4679:
4658:
4638:
4331:
3851:
3676:
3164:
3128:
2791:
2709:
2642:
2468:
2167:
2116:
2070:
1927:
1899:
1874:
1795:
1784:
1779:
1677:
1644:
1460:
1438:
1405:
1381:
1276:
680:
222:
179:
150:
110:
94:
2172:
668:(a mystical rundown tavern located in a remote and poor corner of town) or in
5073:
5053:
5033:
4991:
4981:
4915:
4885:
4840:
4815:
4795:
4790:
4734:
4719:
4699:
4684:
4663:
4648:
4643:
4633:
4628:
4562:
4466:
4451:
4421:
4366:
4246:
4201:
4150:
4120:
2823:
2717:
2682:
2404:
2296:
2197:
2106:
2004:
1912:
1907:
1584:
1376:
972:
708:
645:
205:
122:
757:"New York Times Article, "For Wine, 5000 BC Was Quite a Year", June 6, 1996"
5043:
4986:
4950:
4945:
4930:
4920:
4880:
4865:
4820:
4800:
4769:
4714:
4494:
4479:
4431:
3885:
3751:
3174:
3123:
2831:
2815:
2799:
2741:
1983:
1574:
1512:
1502:
1455:
1217:
1184:
1172:
737:
732:
234:
230:
226:
146:
1732:
133:. Here, McGovern et al. (1996) used chemical analyses of the residue of a
4935:
4905:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4754:
4729:
4704:
4694:
4572:
4536:
4287:
3972:
3895:
3726:
2301:
2252:
2215:
2009:
1864:
1854:
1752:
1517:
1448:
1307:
1175:(2014). "Alcohol in the Islamic Middle East: Ambivalence and Ambiguity".
714:
700:
279:
210:
1634:
1061:"Safavid dynasty | History, Culture, Religion, & Facts | Britannica"
4955:
4900:
4860:
4850:
4825:
4739:
3926:
3317:
2839:
2807:
2733:
2701:
2511:
2205:
2121:
2111:
2062:
1968:
1963:
1948:
1884:
1879:
1844:
1742:
1737:
1697:
1624:
1569:
1559:
1541:
1497:
1485:
1475:
1433:
1259:
1249:
188:
167:
114:
1554:
4764:
3052:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014â)
2772:
2749:
2543:
2476:
2444:
2083:
1973:
1953:
1889:
1869:
1859:
1819:
1757:
1639:
1579:
1480:
1325:
961:"Evidence of world's earliest winemaking uncovered by archaeologists"
134:
1240:
The History of Wine: It all started in Iran in the Zagros Mountains.
3962:
3302:
3184:
2436:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1707:
1687:
1654:
1619:
1465:
1428:
1340:
1335:
1320:
221:
wrote in 1627 about the difference between wine consumption of the
193:
4583:
1549:
204:
prohibits wine consumption, yet also states advice (same goes for
4505:
2428:
2282:
2088:
1839:
1692:
1667:
1594:
1330:
649:
299:
burials. Some notable sites with these findings are listed here.
275:
1443:
4311:
3631:
2460:
2247:
2210:
1834:
1722:
1717:
241:
118:
2317:
3169:
2031:
1747:
1702:
1672:
1144:
201:
1121:"QÄjÄr dynasty | Iranian Royalty & History | Britannica"
2949:
2412:
2348:
1299:
1255:
286:
271:
268:
248:
86:
3927:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
839:
837:
812:
810:
808:
783:
781:
768:
766:
764:
1268:
30:
834:
822:
805:
778:
761:
166:
Wine drinking was prominent in Classical Islam, from
793:
690:
1109:
https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1372.pdf
158:(fighting and feasting), with wine at the centre".
672:(garden) drinking wine from the hands of gorgeous
636:
182:rulers, the first to look for autonomy from their
80:
69:
55:
5071:
870:pg 7, Clarkson Potter Publishing, New York 2005
278:by drinking the spoiled residue left by rotting
2988:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
38:, Safavid court painting, 17th century Isfahan.
3074:2018â2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
2973:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
1037:"Iran - Seljuqs, Mongols, Empire | Britannica"
251:, wine cannot be produced legally due to the
4599:
2856:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905â1911)
2333:
2047:
1284:
78:
3932:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
959:Kassam, Ashifa; Davis, Nicola (2017-11-13).
3042:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
958:
660:, and Persian wine server (or cup bearer),
4606:
4592:
3548:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
3410:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
2926:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
2340:
2326:
2054:
2040:
1291:
1277:
3057:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
860:
293:
85:), is a cultural symbol and tradition in
2876:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922â2020)
1254:
29:
3662:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2232:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1171:
843:
828:
816:
787:
772:
14:
5072:
3200:History of democracy in classical Iran
1245:Depiction of Wine in Persian Miniature
1191:
799:
4587:
3998:
3922:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
3707:Iran and the World Trade Organization
3611:
3354:
3235:
2360:
2321:
2035:
1272:
1253:
282:. Instead of poisoning the girl, the
140:
3094:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
3084:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
557:(c. 6th century BCEâ5th century CE)
262:
89:, and has a significant presence in
4613:
4327:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
3968:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
3942:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
3741:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
3476:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
68:
54:
24:
2866:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918â)
1211:
1145:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
25:
5116:
3937:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
3558:Supreme National Security Council
3384:Persian Constitutional Revolution
3014:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
2921:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948â)
2911:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936â1975)
1316:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1228:
571:(c. 2000 BCEâ1st millennium BCE)
217:The English traveller and writer
161:
4567:
4558:
4557:
3533:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
2295:
2003:
707:
693:
3732:Military equipment manufactured
3298:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
3062:United States withdrawal (2018)
2983:Iran hostage crisis (1979â1981)
2347:
1137:
1113:
1102:
1078:
1053:
1029:
1005:
996:
985:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
656:. Therefore, the Persian wine,
637:Depiction in Persian miniatures
4292:modern / contemporary
3538:Expediency Discernment Council
2861:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
2850:Caucasus (18thâ20th centuries)
2374:
2061:
849:
750:
200:, explicitly records that the
13:
1:
3506:state-sponsorship allegations
3236:
2258:Glossary of viticulture terms
743:
154:be written as the history of
3963:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
3355:
3264:twin towns and sister cities
2570:Persis (after 132 BCâAD 224)
2447:Mannai (10thâ7th century BC)
2423:Empire (c.2334 BCâc.2154 BC)
2263:Glossary of winemaking terms
1086:"Safavid ceramics and tiles"
642:Miniature painting in Persia
7:
4242:Water supply and sanitation
3999:
3973:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
3612:
3032:KDPI insurgency (1989â1996)
2407:civilization (3100â2700 BC)
2361:
686:
520:Shahr-e Sukhteh or Sookhteh
10:
5121:
3722:Economy of the Middle East
3099:2021â2022 Iranian protests
3089:2019â2020 Iranian protests
3069:2017â2018 Iranian protests
2530:Cappadocia (320s BCâAD 17)
2183:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1165:
304:Zagros Mountains Rock Arts
233:, who was in 17th-century
104:
5021:
5000:
4974:
4783:
4672:
4621:
4553:
4519:
4465:
4268:
4259:
4189:
4141:
4073:
4020:
4011:
4007:
3994:
3955:
3947:National Development Fund
3910:
3867:Telecommunications and IT
3861:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
3790:
3687:Foreign direct investment
3632:Bonyad (charitable trust)
3624:
3620:
3607:
3566:
3525:
3367:
3363:
3350:
3244:
3231:
3111:
2978:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
2968:Interim Government (1979)
2947:
2895:
2888:
2784:
2694:
2611:
2602:
2579:
2496:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2356:
2291:
2273:History of the wine press
2240:
2224:
2196:
2163:Sparkling wine production
2148:
2130:
2097:
2069:
1997:
1936:
1898:
1793:
1770:
1653:
1540:
1528:
1421:
1349:
1306:
1266:
611:Seljuk and Mongol Periods
174:in the east. The Iranian
79:
3697:International oil bourse
3462:Ministry of Intelligence
3047:Syrian civil war (2011â)
2871:1921 Persian coup d'ĂŠtat
2268:Wine tasting descriptors
1989:Wine tasting descriptors
1918:Phenolic content in wine
1810:Alternative wine closure
1394:Great French Wine Blight
1298:
1013:"10 The Mongols in Iran"
382:(c. 4th millennium BCE)
340:(c. 6th millennium BCE)
4221:scientists and scholars
3727:Milad Tower and complex
3517:Women's rights movement
3512:White Revolution (1963)
3180:Peoples of the Caucasus
2522:Armenia (321 BCâAD 428)
2415:dynasties (2700â540 BC)
2158:Malolactic fermentation
4806:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4532:Anti-Iranian sentiment
4527:Science and technology
4352:Intellectual movements
4232:International rankings
4216:Intellectual movements
3702:International rankings
3195:Heads of state of Iran
3001:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
2562:Empire (247 BCâAD 224)
2399:culture (3400â2000 BC)
294:Historical Foundations
253:prohibition of alcohol
39:
3820:Shetab Banking System
3810:Banking and insurance
3772:Tehran Stock Exchange
3692:Intellectual property
3037:PJAK conflict (2004â)
2810:Turcomans (1378â1508)
2802:Turcomans (1374â1468)
2751:Ilkhanate (1256â1335)
2554:Pontus (281 BCâAD 62)
1959:Wine and food pairing
145:The modern historian
33:
3781:Technology start-ups
3682:Environmental issues
3672:Economic Reform Plan
3586:Provincial governors
3276:Environmental issues
3024:Iran Air Flight 655
2765:Jalayirid Sultanate
2637:Caliphate (750â1258)
2479:Kingdom (652â625 BC)
1610:Muscat of Alexandria
1185:10.1093/pastj/gtt031
1179:(suppl_9): 100â125.
592:(c. 3rd century CE)
585:(c. 3rd century CE)
312:(c. 10000â9500 BCE)
5100:Agriculture in Iran
4181:Freedom of religion
3767:Supreme Audit Court
3646:Automotive industry
3293:Iranian Balochistan
3019:1987 Mecca incident
2916:Iran crisis of 1946
2905:dynasty (1925â1979)
2834:Dynasty (1751â1794)
2775:dynasty (1338â1357)
2767:dynasty (1335â1432)
2759:dynasty (1314â1393)
2744:dynasty (1244â1381)
2728:dynasty (1077â1231)
2712:dynasty (1011â1215)
2629:Caliphate (661â750)
2621:Caliphate (632â661)
2589:Empire (AD 224â651)
2506:Empire (550â330 BC)
2487:Empire (626â539 BC)
2471:Empire (678â549 BC)
2455:Empire (911â609 BC)
2188:Yeast in winemaking
2140:Carbonic maceration
1090:mini-site.louvre.fr
868:âA Wine Miscellanyâ
648:âs âGhazaliyatâ or
578:(c. 1200â1000 BCE)
564:(c. 3200â1800 BCE)
550:(c. 1500â1200 BCE)
543:(c. 1500â1200 BCE)
536:(c. 2000â1600 BCE)
529:(c. 2200â1800 BCE)
522:(c. 3200â1800 BCE)
515:(c. 2700â2000 BCE)
501:(c. 2800â2300 BCE)
494:(c. 2800â2300 BCE)
487:(c. 2800â2000 BCE)
480:(c. 3200â2600 BCE)
473:(c. 3200â2800 BCE)
459:(c. 3400â2000 BCE)
452:(c. 3500â2800 BCE)
445:(c. 3400â3100 BCE)
438:(c. 3400â3100 BCE)
431:(c. 3500â3000 BCE)
424:(c. 3500â3000 BCE)
417:(c. 4000â3000 BCE)
410:(c. 4000â3000 BCE)
403:(c. 4200â3800 BCE)
396:(c. 4000â3500 BCE)
389:(c. 4000â3500 BCE)
375:(c. 5500â2500 BCE)
368:(c. 5000â4500 BCE)
361:(c. 5500â4500 BCE)
347:(c. 8000â2000 BCE)
333:(c. 6000â5500 BCE)
326:(c. 6000â4500 BCE)
319:(c. 6800â3000 BCE)
27:Wine making in Iran
4312:Persian New Year (
3717:Main economic laws
3288:Iranian Azerbaijan
3190:Monarchs of Persia
3134:Persianate society
2842:Empire (1789â1925)
2826:Empire (1736â1796)
2818:Empire (1501â1736)
2794:Empire (1370â1507)
2720:Empire (1037â1194)
2685:dynasty (934â1062)
2677:dynasty (931â1090)
2669:dynasty (861â1003)
2538:Empire (312â63 BC)
2439:(c.1595âc.1155 BC)
2178:Traditional method
1979:Wine personalities
1683:Cabernet Sauvignon
1177:Past & Present
1125:www.britannica.com
1065:www.britannica.com
1041:www.britannica.com
366:Huto and Hissar II
257:Islamic Revolution
141:Pre-Islamic period
99:Persian miniatures
40:
5067:
5066:
4581:
4580:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4515:
4514:
4422:Opium consumption
4255:
4254:
4091:Ethnic minorities
4065:Iranian languages
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3482:Political parties
3420:Children's rights
3405:Foreign relations
3399:2009 presidential
3346:
3345:
3308:Iranian Kurdistan
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3107:
3106:
3079:COVID-19 pandemic
2938:Revolution (1979)
2884:
2883:
2704:Empire (977â1186)
2661:dynasty (864â928)
2653:dynasty (821â873)
2645:dynasty (819â999)
2598:
2597:
2514:(c.323 BCâAD 226)
2315:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2079:Late harvest wine
2029:
2028:
1766:
1765:
1663:Alicante Bouschet
1411:Judgment of Paris
1203:978-90-04-27751-9
1149:iranicaonline.org
263:Legends and myths
149:explains that in
91:Iranian mythology
34:A wine-pourer or
16:(Redirected from
5112:
4608:
4601:
4594:
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4412:National symbols
4266:
4265:
4081:Iranian citizens
4018:
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4009:
4008:
3996:
3995:
3978:Research centers
3667:Economic history
3622:
3621:
3609:
3608:
3543:Guardian Council
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3233:
3232:
3210:Electric history
3205:Military history
3119:Ancient Persians
3027:
3026:shootdown (1988)
3009:
2996:
2993:Iranian Embassy
2963:
2952:
2950:Islamic Republic
2939:
2931:1953 coup d'ĂŠtat
2906:
2893:
2892:
2851:
2848:Khanates of the
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2776:
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2328:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2299:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2008:
2007:
1923:Proteins in wine
1590:GrĂźner Veltliner
1538:
1537:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1250:
1207:
1188:
1159:
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1033:
1027:
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1024:
1023:
1017:academic.oup.com
1009:
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983:
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979:
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947:
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826:
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803:
797:
791:
785:
776:
770:
759:
754:
717:
712:
711:
703:
698:
697:
696:
597:Sassanian Empire
492:Dahan-e Gholaman
352:Hajji Firuz Tepe
131:Zagros mountains
127:Hajji Firuz Tepe
84:
83:
82:
72:
71:
58:
57:
21:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5090:Wine by country
5080:Persian culture
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5017:
4996:
4970:
4896:North Macedonia
4779:
4668:
4617:
4615:Wine by country
4612:
4582:
4577:
4541:
4511:
4490:Rap and hip-hop
4461:
4442:Public holidays
4427:Persian gardens
4416:Imperial Anthem
4407:National Jewels
4362:Iranian studies
4251:
4185:
4137:
4069:
4030:Persian (Farsi)
4003:
3982:
3951:
3913:
3906:
3841:Pharmaceuticals
3786:
3777:Venture capital
3752:Rial (currency)
3737:Nuclear program
3616:
3595:
3562:
3521:
3472:Nuclear program
3437:Judicial system
3359:
3342:
3313:Iranian plateau
3240:
3219:
3103:
3025:
3007:
2994:
2962:History (1979â)
2961:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2904:
2880:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2780:
2774:
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2735:
2727:
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2711:
2703:
2690:
2684:
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2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2604:
2594:
2588:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2492:
2486:
2485:Neo-Babylonian
2478:
2470:
2463:(860 BCâ590 BC)
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2431:(c.2300â675 BC)
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2302:Wine portal
2294:
2287:
2278:History of wine
2236:
2220:
2192:
2144:
2126:
2107:Deacidification
2093:
2065:
2060:
2030:
2025:
2010:Wine portal
2002:
1993:
1932:
1894:
1799:
1789:
1762:
1649:
1630:Sauvignon blanc
1565:Cayetana blanca
1533:
1531:grape varieties
1524:
1417:
1345:
1302:
1297:
1262:
1231:
1222:Bert G. Fragner
1214:
1212:Further reading
1204:
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827:
823:
815:
806:
798:
794:
786:
779:
771:
762:
755:
751:
746:
728:Persian culture
723:Alcohol in Iran
713:
706:
699:
694:
692:
689:
639:
618:Safavid Dynasty
562:Shahr-e Sukhteh
548:Kamarband Caves
296:
265:
198:Ziyarid dynasty
170:in the west to
164:
143:
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5105:Iranian drinks
5102:
5097:
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5046:
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4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4966:United Kingdom
4963:
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4913:
4908:
4903:
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4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4826:Czech Republic
4823:
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4813:
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4803:
4798:
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4778:
4777:
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4364:
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4349:
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4329:
4324:
4319:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4279:
4269:
4263:
4257:
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4218:
4213:
4204:
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4168:
4163:
4153:
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4128:
4123:
4118:
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4108:
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4098:
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4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
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3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3953:
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3939:
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3918:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3724:
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3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
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3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3591:Supreme Leader
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3553:Local councils
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:Women's rights
3427:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3281:Climate change
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
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3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Jiroft culture
3162:
3161:
3160:
3153:Iranic peoples
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3129:Persianization
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2736:(1135/36-1225)
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2546:(c.295â220 BC)
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2405:Proto-Elamite
2402:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2337:
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2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:Sugars in wine
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:Chaptalization
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
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2027:
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2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1944:Classification
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1928:Sugars in wine
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1900:Wine chemistry
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:Wine dispenser
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
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1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Cabernet Franc
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1645:Welschriesling
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:MĂźller-Thurgau
1597:
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1398:
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1367:Ancient Greece
1364:
1355:
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1273:
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1264:
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1242:
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1230:
1229:External links
1227:
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1189:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
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848:
846:, p. 104.
833:
831:, p. 103.
821:
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804:
802:, p. 512.
792:
790:, p. 106.
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730:
725:
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718:
704:
688:
685:
681:Persian poetry
638:
635:
604:Islamic Period
508:(c. 2500 BCE)
485:Shahr-i Sokhta
471:Tureng Tepe II
466:(c. 3200 BCE)
443:Tall-e Bakun A
394:Tepe Hissar IV
354:(c. 5400 BCE)
295:
292:
264:
261:
219:Thomas Herbert
163:
162:Islamic period
160:
151:Zoroastrianism
142:
139:
129:, also in the
111:archaeological
106:
103:
95:Persian poetry
45:, also called
26:
18:Persian (wine)
9:
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3215:Years in Iran
3213:
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3198:
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3139:Turco-Persian
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3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3008:War (1980â88)
3004:
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2999:
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2806:
2804:
2800:Qara Qoyunlu
2798:
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2790:
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2787:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2769:
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2761:
2755:
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2534:
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2526:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:550 BCâAD 224
2495:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2453:Neo-Assyrian
2451:
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2256:
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2239:
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2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
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2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
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2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
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2159:
2156:
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2147:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2096:
2090:
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2077:
2076:
2074:
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2068:
2064:
2057:
2052:
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2043:
2038:
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2034:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2000:
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1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
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1980:
1977:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Acids in wine
1911:
1909:
1908:Aroma of wine
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
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1772:Major regions
1769:
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1728:Montepulciano
1726:
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1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
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1178:
1174:
1173:Matthee, Rudi
1170:
1169:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1126:
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1116:
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1091:
1087:
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876:0-307-34635-8
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625:Qajar Dynasty
621:
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5085:Ancient wine
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4654:South Africa
4520:Other topics
4504:
4432:Persian name
4371:Islamization
4340:
4313:
4273:Architecture
4226:universities
4171:Zoroastrians
4166:Christianity
4156:Bahåʟà Faith
4106:Azerbaijanis
4013:Demographics
3827:Construction
3815:Central Bank
3757:Space Agency
3652:Child labour
3487:Principlists
3467:Cyberwarfare
3415:Human rights
3380:Constitution
3175:Azerbaijanis
3144:Indo-Persian
3124:Greater Iran
2995:siege (1980)
2954:1979âpresent
2605:early modern
2603:Medieval and
2397:Kura-Araxes
2293:
2150:Fermentation
2001:
1984:Wine tasting
1605:Muscat blanc
1575:Chenin blanc
1372:Ancient Rome
1218:Willem Floor
1193:
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1152:. Retrieved
1148:
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1128:. Retrieved
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1069:. Retrieved
1067:. 2023-10-10
1064:
1055:
1044:. Retrieved
1040:
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1016:
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976:. Retrieved
965:The Guardian
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867:
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851:
844:Matthee 2014
829:Matthee 2014
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817:Matthee 2014
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788:Matthee 2014
773:Matthee 2014
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738:Beer in Iran
733:Shirazi wine
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231:Jean Chardin
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156:razm va bazm
155:
147:Rudi Matthee
144:
117:site in the
108:
74:
60:
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43:Persian wine
42:
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35:
5013:New Zealand
4956:Switzerland
4901:Netherlands
4750:Philippines
4537:Tehrangeles
4500:Traditional
4237:Nationality
4175:persecution
4160:persecution
4111:Circassians
4060:Neo-Aramaic
4040:Azerbaijani
3912:State-owned
3837:Health care
3800:Agriculture
3637:Brain drain
3576:Ambassadors
3271:Earthquakes
2808:Aq Qoyunlu
2757:Muzaffarid
2734:Eldiguzids
2726:Anushtegin
2552:Kingdom of
2528:Kingdom of
2520:Kingdom of
2512:Atropatene
2504:Achaemenid
2445:Kingdom of
2390:3400â539 BC
2253:Wine bottle
2225:Other steps
2216:Wine cellar
2173:SĂźssreserve
1865:Wine cellar
1855:Wine bottle
1796:accessories
1794:Packaging,
1753:Tempranillo
1382:Noah's wine
1362:Phoenicians
1308:Viticulture
866:G. Harding
800:Spuler 2015
715:Wine portal
701:Iran portal
576:Khosrowabad
457:Tureng Tepe
429:Siah Tappeh
422:Sar Mashhad
373:Tepe Hissar
345:Dinkha Tepe
338:Meymand III
317:Chogha Mish
211:Siyasatnama
5074:Categories
4926:San Marino
4891:Montenegro
4876:Luxembourg
4730:Kazakhstan
4690:Azerbaijan
4437:Philosophy
4396:newspapers
4377:Literature
4282:architects
4277:Achaemenid
4197:Corruption
3657:Corruption
3497:Reformists
3492:Propaganda
3390:Corruption
3375:Censorship
3318:Lake Urmia
3006:IranâIraq
2702:Ghaznavid
2580:AD 224â651
2544:Frataraka
2376:Prehistory
2132:Maceration
2122:Wine press
2112:Destemming
2063:Winemaking
1969:Wine fraud
1964:Wine fault
1949:Oenophilia
1885:Wine label
1880:Wine glass
1845:Port tongs
1743:Sangiovese
1738:Pinot noir
1698:Douce noir
1625:Rkatsiteli
1570:Chardonnay
1560:Catarratto
1534:by acreage
1508:Biodynamic
1471:Aromatized
1260:winemaking
1154:2023-12-08
1130:2023-12-08
1095:2023-12-08
1071:2023-12-08
1046:2023-12-08
1022:2023-12-08
978:2023-12-08
744:References
583:Gohar Tepe
569:Gohar Tepe
527:Tepe Yahya
464:Godin Tepe
450:Hesar Tepe
415:Nush-i Jan
331:Tepe Sialk
310:Ganj Dareh
247:In modern
189:Qabus-nama
168:Al-Andalus
115:Godin Tepe
5029:Argentina
5008:Australia
4745:Palestine
4402:Mythology
4308:Calendars
4298:Astronomy
4207:Education
4116:Georgians
4101:Assyrians
4096:Armenians
4022:Languages
3914:companies
3877:Transport
3857:Petroleum
3642:Companies
3581:President
3568:Officials
3502:Terrorism
3451:Air Force
3395:Elections
3333:Provinces
3328:Mountains
3238:Geography
3158:languages
2896:1925â1979
2824:Afsharid
2785:1370â1925
2773:Chobanid
2667:Saffarid
2619:Rashidun
2587:Sasanian
2568:Kings of
2560:Parthian
2536:Seleucid
2477:Scythian
2437:Kassites
2421:Akkadian
2084:Noble rot
1974:Winemaker
1954:Sommelier
1890:Wine rack
1870:Wine cork
1860:Wine cave
1850:Screw cap
1820:Corkscrew
1785:New World
1780:Old World
1758:Zinfandel
1733:Mourvèdre
1640:Trebbiano
1580:Colombard
1481:Noble rot
1461:Fortified
1439:Sparkling
1406:New World
1196:. Brill.
973:0261-3077
284:fermented
135:Neolithic
5049:Paraguay
4941:Slovenia
4936:Slovakia
4911:Portugal
4811:Bulgaria
4765:Thailand
4680:Abkhazia
4659:Tanzania
4639:Ethiopia
4563:Category
4456:football
4447:Scouting
4357:Iranians
4347:Folklore
4143:Religion
4055:Georgian
4035:Armenian
3896:shipping
3891:railways
3881:airlines
3847:Industry
3712:Taxation
3526:Councils
3442:Military
3357:Politics
3338:Wildlife
3303:Caucasus
3185:Persians
3112:See also
2936:Iranian
2903:Pahlavi
2816:Safavid
2792:Timurid
2695:977â1432
2675:Ziyarid
2651:Tahirid
2643:Samanid
2635:Abbasid
2627:Umayyad
2612:632â1090
2429:Lullubi
2413:Elamite
2099:Pressing
2021:Glossary
1937:Industry
1830:Jug wine
1825:Decanter
1815:Box wine
1713:Isabella
1708:Grenache
1688:Carignan
1635:SĂŠmillon
1620:Riesling
1615:Palomino
1358:Ancient
1341:Vineyard
1336:Veraison
1321:Oenology
687:See also
666:Kharabat
654:Rubaiyat
590:Bishapur
555:Gandhara
227:Iranians
223:Ottomans
194:Keikavus
176:Saffarid
172:Khorasan
5059:Uruguay
5034:Bolivia
5001:Oceania
4961:Ukraine
4916:Romania
4886:Moldova
4861:Ireland
4856:Hungary
4846:Germany
4841:Georgia
4831:Denmark
4816:Croatia
4801:Belgium
4796:Austria
4791:Albania
4775:Vietnam
4735:Lebanon
4685:Armenia
4664:Tunisia
4649:Namibia
4644:Morocco
4629:Algeria
4506:Ey Iran
4454: (
4414: (
4390:student
4388: (
4384: (
4369: (
4337:Cuisine
4322:Fashion
4310: (
4290: (
4275: (
4261:Culture
4209: (
4173: (
4158: (
4131:Turkmen
4083: (
4074:Peoples
4045:Kurdish
4001:Society
3902:Tourism
3879: (
3869: (
3859: (
3839: (
3832:Defense
3802: (
3792:Sectors
3779: (
3739: (
3644: (
3625:General
3614:Economy
3504: (
3474: (
3444: (
3397: (
3382: (
3368:General
3323:Islands
3259:largest
3249:Borders
2718:Seljuk
2710:Ghurid
2659:Alavid
2469:Median
2461:Urartu
2383:Ancient
2363:History
2283:Terroir
2241:Related
2089:Vintage
2071:Harvest
2016:Outline
1840:Muselet
1802:storage
1693:Cinsaut
1668:Barbera
1595:Macabeo
1555:AligotĂŠ
1513:Organic
1503:Natural
1456:Dessert
1401:Georgia
1351:History
1331:Terroir
1326:Species
1166:Sources
670:Golshan
650:Khayyam
632:Pahlavi
534:Khurvin
387:Bardsir
276:suicide
269:Iranian
242:taverns
196:of the
184:Abbasid
180:Samanid
109:Recent
105:History
73:), and
65:Persian
51:Persian
5039:Brazil
4987:Mexico
4982:Canada
4951:Sweden
4931:Serbia
4921:Russia
4906:Poland
4851:Greece
4836:France
4821:Cyprus
4784:Europe
4770:Turkey
4760:Taiwan
4725:Jordan
4715:Israel
4695:Bhutan
4622:Africa
4573:Portal
4332:Cinema
4314:Nowruz
4211:higher
4085:abroad
4050:Hebrew
3956:Places
3852:Mining
3677:Energy
3254:Cities
3170:Aryans
2889:Modern
2840:Qajar
2683:Buyid
2351:topics
2248:Winery
2211:Solera
1835:Kvevri
1723:Merlot
1718:Malbec
1518:Kosher
1494:Other
1449:Orange
1422:Styles
1389:France
1200:
971:
874:
541:Zagheh
499:Marlik
408:Khurab
272:legend
119:Zagros
5044:Chile
4946:Spain
4881:Malta
4866:Italy
4755:Syria
4740:Nepal
4720:Japan
4705:India
4700:China
4634:Egypt
4467:Music
4452:Sport
4382:Media
4367:Islam
4303:Blogs
4247:Women
4202:Crime
4190:Other
4151:Islam
4121:Kurds
3886:metro
3804:fruit
3762:Setad
2832:Zand
2742:Kart
2198:Aging
1748:Syrah
1703:Gamay
1673:Bobal
1585:Glera
1550:AirĂŠn
1542:White
1498:Table
1486:Straw
1476:Fruit
1434:White
1377:China
1256:Wines
674:Saghi
662:Saghi
646:Hafez
401:Sarab
359:Sialk
202:Quran
75:Bâdah
36:saghi
5054:Peru
4710:Iran
4673:Asia
4495:Rock
4480:Jazz
4475:Folk
4341:wine
4126:Jews
3456:Navy
3446:Army
3425:LGBT
2349:Iran
1800:and
1529:Top
1444:RosĂŠ
1300:Wine
1258:and
1198:ISBN
969:ISSN
872:ISBN
676:s.
287:must
249:Iran
225:and
178:and
97:and
87:Iran
81:بادŮ
4485:Pop
4288:Art
3871:TCI
2206:Oak
1655:Red
1466:Ice
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