3244:, and decades earlier had been instrumental in suppressing the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II. This was monumental as Pumacahua changed his beliefs for the national cause, something he was against when rebelling against TĂșpac Amaru II's similar stance in the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II earlier. The rebellion continued to move their efforts towards Lima and Upper Peru to inspire and spread attention to the public and officials opposed to their beliefs. This movement also made note of the uselessness of the position of viceroyalty as a whole, though specifically in Upper Peru where it was the center of Royalist reaction Pumacahua joined the Criollo leaders in forming a junta on 3 August in Cuzco, which demanded the complete implementation of the liberal reforms of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. After some victories in southern Peru and Upper Peru, the rebellion was squashed by mid-1815 when a combined strength of royal forces and loyal curacas, among which were the Catacora and Apo Cari took Cuzco and executed Pumacahua.
3149:
Southern Peru in 1804. This was evidently the start of unrest and uprising of the junta movements between the divided country which caused royalist officials to become more aware and cautious of Cuzco and the southern parts of PerĂș as a whole. Political unrest amped up after the crumbling of the
Peruvian government structure, and after being effected by the collapse of monarchy within Spain, the country that colonized Peru, in 1808. Between 1809 and 1814, arguably the timeframe of the major junta movements and protests, Cuzco and the southern provinces of Peru were administratively and politically unstable, as expected from a country whose government is going through a general crisis. This time frame has been characterized by uncertainty and overall confusing after the implementation of the
101:
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3184:. Though this rebellion was more personal, as it had to do with a direct issue Antonio de Zela faced, it demonstrated the desire in the southern region of Peru to reunite with Upper Peru. This movement also proved that those who rebelled in the provinces of southern Peru were much closer with one another, regardless of socioeconomic status, race, or ethnicity than those in Upper Peru (specifically Lima). This was significant due to the divisions between citizens due to features such as race and background and that though there may have been tensions between the groups, their common belief that Peru should be independent from Spanish-ruling overpowered all other differences they may have had.
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their strategy under the leadership of José de San Martin. In 1814, he began organizing a new approach which consisted of an audacious attack on Chile from the west, crossing the formidable Andes. The assault commenced in
January 1817, and by April of the following year, Royalist forces had been so thoroughly defeated that Santiago was secure, with only sparse remnants of Royalist resistance remaining. This victory in Chile not only secured a vital territory for the Patriots but also drew the attention and resources of the Royalists away from other fronts, weakening their hold on the region.
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leadership and responsibility within their households as husbands fled or were absent. This period of turmoil and change not only reshaped the socio-political landscape of Peru but also underscored the resilience and adaptability of its people, particularly women, in navigating the tumultuous path towards independence. By examining the intersecting narratives of colonial resistance, indigenous uprisings, and the evolving roles of women, we gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic forces at play in Peru's quest for autonomy and self-determination.
922:
2574:
women found themselves navigating newfound autonomy and responsibilities, managing finances and familial affairs independently. Despite the unrest and discontent, exacerbated by
Bourbon Reforms and the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II, Peru remained strongly royalist during the Peninsular War, with the viceroy JosĂ© Fernando de Abascal y Sousa suppressing uprisings and annexing Upper Peru to the viceroyalty. Ultimately, Peru's journey towards independence was marked by the campaigns of JosĂ© de San MartĂn and SimĂłn BolĂvar.
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3203:. It was also begun as a protest against the corruption within local governments which illegally implemented a policy that disadvantaged indigenous merchants in the area. The rebellion lasted three months, ending in May 1812, was, like the Tacna movement, united more citizens in southern Peru of different backgrounds and proved the anti-peninsular beliefs of rebels a part of the junta movements. It involved various leaders, including
3224:
3005:
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3494:, San MartĂn and BolĂvar attempted to decide the political fate of Peru. San MartĂn opted for a Constitutional Monarchy, whilst Simon Bolivar (Head of the Northern Expedition) opted for a Republican. Nonetheless, they both followed the notion that it was to be independent of Spain. Following the interview, General San Martin abandoned Peru for
3475:, in the Fortress of Real Felipe at Callao. After learning the Viceroy's new orders, he retreated to the highlands again on 16 September of the same year. The Republicans pursued the retreating Royalists until reaching Jauja on 1 October 1821. After a row with General San Martin, Admiral Cochrane left Peru on 10 May 1822, being replaced by
2543:, San MartĂn was forced to withdraw from Peru. The young republic was waging a war against the royalist strongholds in the interior of the country with an uncertain outcome. This situation led to the arrival of liberating forces from the north to Peru and of SimĂłn BolĂvar, who took over control of the United Liberation Army of Peru.
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left Lima, and proceeded to the highlands on 25 June 1821. General
Arenales was sent by General San MartĂn to observe the Royalist retreat. Two days after, the Liberation Expedition entered Lima. Under fear of repression and pillaging, the inhabitants of Lima begged General San MartĂn to occupy Lima.
2565:
The results of
Independence were varied: politically, dependence on Spain was cut off; economically, dependence on Europe was maintained; and socially, the removal of indigenous lands was accentuated in the republican era. Indigenous domestic workers were treated inhumanely, even in the first decades
3254:
Reinforced with the royalist regiments of Lima and
Arequipa, and expeditionary elements from Europe, the Viceroy of Peru organised several expeditions against the Patriots in Chile, Bolivia and Argentina. Meanwhile, Patriot forces, overwhelmed in their attempts to advance through Upper Peru, shifted
3055:
increased the unease, and the dissent had its outbreak in the
Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II which was repressed, but the root cause of the discontent of the indigenous people remained dormant. It is debated whether these movements should be considered as precedents of the emancipation that was led by
3231:
The rebellion began in a confrontation between the
Constitutional Cabildo and the Audiencia of Cuzco, made up of officeholders and Europeans, over the administration of the city and spread much more rapidly than any prior movement. Cabildo officials and their allies were arrested by the Audiencia.
2573:
In the 18th century, amidst early attempts for independence from
Spanish colonial rule in Peru, women faced the challenge of assuming leadership roles within their households due to the absence or flight of their husbands. As indigenous uprisings and rebellions against colonial authority erupted,
3501:
In the meantime, the
Peruvian state was bogged down by the Royalist resistance, and instability of the Republic itself. Hence, whilst the coast and Northern Peru was under the command of the Republic, the rest of the country was still under the control of the Royalists. In April 1822, a Royalist
2569:
The struggle for independence in 18th and 19th century Peru was a complex and multifaceted process, marked by indigenous uprisings, colonial resistance, and the emergence of strong regional identities. Against the backdrop of Spanish colonial rule, women found themselves thrust into positions of
3561:
Political dependence on Spain had been severed, but Peru was still economically dependent on Europe. Despite the separation from Spain, the plunder of lands from indigenous people was exacerbated in this new republican era. Indigenous domestic servants were treated inhumanely well into the 20th
3442:
Once inside Lima, General San MartĂn invited all of the populace of Lima to swear an oath of allegiance to the Independence cause. The signing ceremony of the Act of Independence of Peru was held on 15 July 1821. Manuel PĂ©rez de Tudela, later Minister of International Relations wrote the Act of
3148:
movements did emerge. Within this period, divisions between Upper Peru and Southern Peru were evident, especially through the mining industry within the country, with the South overall suffering economically due to discrimination which ultimately provoked bitter protest from mining deputies of
3111:
The independence of Peru was an important chapter in the Hispano-American wars of independence. The campaign of Sucre in Upper Peru concluded in April 1825, and in November of the same year Mexico obtained the surrender of the Spanish bastion of San Juan de UlĂșa in North America. The Spanish
3050:
who explored Peru made the first attempts for independence from the Spanish crown. They tried to liberate themselves from the Viceroyalty, who governed on behalf of the king of Castile. Throughout the eighteenth century, there were several indigenous uprisings against colonial rule and their
3083:
was instrumental in organizing armies to suppress uprisings in Upper Peru and defending the region from armies sent by the juntas of the RĂo de la Plata. After success of the royalist armies, Abascal annexed Upper Peru to the viceroyalty, which benefited the Lima merchants as trade from the
3232:
Seemingly a culmination of the prior rebellions, the motives of the 1814 movement declared by the main leaders included the struggle for power (specifically independent power from Spain), the disapproval of Fernando VII and the lack of application of promised reforms by the Audiencia.
3378:
set sail from the city of Valparaiso under the Chilean flag. The expedition was composed of 4,118 soldiers. On 7 September the Liberation expedition arrived on the bay of Pisco in today's Region of Ica and captured the province by the following day. In an attempt to negotiate, the
3362:
Two years after the Battle of MaipĂș, and the subsequent liberation of Chile, the patriots began the preparations for an amphibious assault force to liberate Peru. Originally the costs were to be assumed by both Chile and Argentina, however the Chilean government under
3420:
on 29 January 1821. In March 1821, incursions led by Miller and Cochrane attacked the royalist ports of Arica and Tacna. The new viceroy announced his departure from Lima on 5 June 1821, but ordered a garrison to resist the patriots in the
2500:. The Peruvian insurgency put the interior of the country in rebellion, although the multiple uprisings of the Tacna, HuĂĄnuco, Huamanga, Cuzco, Apurimac and others did not achieve freedom for the country. However, the
3403:) on 1 November 1820. This was followed by the Battle of Cerro de Pasco, where General Arenales defeated a royalist division sent by viceroy Pezuela. The rest of the liberation forces under Admiral Cochrane
3452:
DESDE ESTE MOMENTO EL PERĂ ES LIBRE E INDEPENDIENTE POR LA VOLUNTAD GENERAL DE LOS PUEBLOS Y POR LA JUSTICIA DE SU CAUSA QUE DIOS DEFIENDE. ÂĄVIVA LA PATRIA!, ÂĄVIVA LA LIBERTAD!, ÂĄVIVA LA INDEPENDENCIA!.
2558:. Consistent with the independence of Peru, in April 1825, the Sucre campaign in Upper Peru ended and, in November of that same year, the Spanish castle of San Juan de UlĂșa in Veracruz surrendered to
2607:
2507:
In 1820, the Great Overseas Expedition rebellion made the threat of invasion in the RĂo de la Plata and Venezuela disappear and made the arrival of the liberating forces in Peru possible. The
3367:
ended up assuming most of costs of the campaign. Nonetheless, it was determined that the land army was to be commanded by JosĂ© de San MartĂn, whilst the navy was to be commanded by admiral
1508:
3471:, moved his headquarters to Cuzco. He sent troops under the command of General Canterac which approached Lima on 10 September 1821. He failed to relief the besieged forces of General
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In 1824, an uprising in the royalist camp in Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia), would pave the way for the battles of JunĂn and Ayacucho. The Peruvian Army triumphed in the
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silver-rich region was now directed to the Pacific. Because of this, Peru remained strongly royalist and participated in the political reforms implemented by the
3534:, the congress decided to send a plea in 1823 for the help of SimĂłn BolĂvar. Bolivar arrived in Lima on 10 December 1823 with the aim of liberating all of Peru.
1442:
4036:
1480:
2789:
1100:
1066:
997:
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defected to the patriots' side. On 8 January 1821, the armed column of General Ălvarez de Arenales regrouped with the rest of the expedition on the coast.
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1382:
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in South America fell in January 1826. Spain renounced all their continental American territories ten years later in 1836 leaving very little of its vast
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After the war of independence, conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of the Criollo society and the particular ambitions of individual
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2562:. Finally, in January 1826, the Spanish strongholds of Callao and Chiloé fell. Spain renounced all its American continental domains in 1836.
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The second expedition against the Chilean Patriots in 1818 was a new attempt to restore the monarchy. Initially it was successful in the
3392:
2168:
2116:
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335:
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4011:
2496:. The first autonomous Peruvian rebellions arose in 1811 in the context of indigenous discontent and Creole collaboration with the
2173:
2064:
936:
3598:
2450:
1749:
653:
3316:
2148:
3409:
377:
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Despite the royalist tendencies of Upper Peru and overall lack of political unrest from the general public between the end of
4675:
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2423:
2220:
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92:
2511:, under the command of Argentine General JosĂ© de San MartĂn, landed on the Peruvian coast from Chile. The royalty abandoned
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2290:
2215:
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1704:
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beginning on 5 October 1820. During this campaign, General Arenales proclaimed the independence of the city of Huamanga (
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sent a letter to JosĂ© de San MartĂn 15 September. However, negotiations broke down on 14 October with no clear result.
3188:
2532:
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1549:
1649:
1435:
4720:
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3096:(representative bodies) became elected. Therefore, Peru became the second to last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in
2275:
2203:
2000:
1869:
68:
46:
3562:
century. During the birth of the republic, the indigenous people obtained open citizenship in Peru, 27 August 1861.
1654:
1632:
1155:
39:
4376:
3486:, in Guayaquil requested help from San MartĂn. He complied and sent an Auxiliary Expedition force under command of
3404:
2005:
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1714:
1679:
1214:
3354:
believed that the liberation of Argentina would not be secure until the Royalist stronghold in Peru was defeated.
1525:
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2849:
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2729:
2709:
2679:
2111:
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1809:
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1729:
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100:
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Independence. Admiral Cochrane was welcomed in Lima two days later; General JosĂ© de San MartĂn announced in the
3192:
1622:
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4122:
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was created but it was dissolved two years later due to a combined military intervention of Peruvian patriots.
3582:
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2958:
2799:
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1784:
1617:
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2442:
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1956:
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4710:
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JosĂ© de San MartĂn, the Liberating Expedition of Peru and the Foundation of the Peruvian Republic (1820-1822)
3026:
2508:
2230:
2193:
2188:
2039:
2029:
2015:
2010:
1971:
1824:
1724:
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1333:
3100:, after Upper Peru. Peru eventually succumbed to patriot armies after the decisive continental campaigns of
3088:(1810â1814), despite Abascal's resistance. Peru was represented at the first session of the Cortes by seven
4705:
4407:
4402:
4139:
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3521:
2981:
2809:
2260:
2225:
2020:
1754:
1734:
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1961:
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4220:
4194:
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3531:
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2458:
2270:
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1719:
1674:
1418:
1372:
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3252:
After the squashing of the aforementioned rebellion, Peru remained firmly in the hands of the Royalists.
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3375:
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2255:
2198:
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1976:
1305:
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on 9 November 1820, dealing the royalist navy a heavy blow. On 2 December 1820 the royalist battalion
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2136:
1946:
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1709:
1689:
1447:
1117:
452:
140:
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made Peru a base for counterrevolution and won military victories in the south frontier in 1809, in
1485:
977:
About 20,000 dead people in total. 6,000 civilians (Spaniard population of Peru) killed or expelled.
629:
568:
4690:
4680:
4614:
4464:
4225:
3019:
2953:
2587:
2369:
2235:
2158:
2106:
1995:
1884:
1879:
1814:
1779:
1764:
1105:
215:
33:
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would accede to the presidency in the first seventy-five years of independent life. In 1837, the
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2337:
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2079:
1819:
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605:
463:
267:
3823:
3498:
on 22 September 1822 and left the entire command of the Independence movement to Simon Bolivar.
3487:
2566:
of the 20th century. They received citizenship at the birth of the republic, on 27 August 1821.
2546:
The fighting continued with the definitive defeat of the Spanish Army in 1824 in the battles of
1129:
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4251:
3975:
3811:
3608:
3550:
3145:
3076:
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2121:
2034:
1985:
1941:
1694:
1475:
1387:
1238:
1141:
804:
672:
314:
228:
50:
1360:
4366:
4189:
3933:
3890:
Fisher, John (May 1979). "Royalism, Regionalism, and Rebellion in Colonial Peru, 1808â1815".
3847:
Fisher, John (May 1979). "Royalism, Regionalism, and Rebellion in Colonial Peru, 1808â1815".
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3176:
The first significant attempt of an armed rebellion was in June 1811 in the southern city of
2986:
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2101:
1399:
1298:
1259:
1083:
821:
641:
3530:. Following the self exile of San Martin, and the constant military defeats under president
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4516:
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4342:
4322:
4147:
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treatment by the colonial authorities. Some of these uprisings became true rebellions. The
2920:
2689:
2629:
2555:
2536:
2528:
2352:
2302:
1829:
1338:
1226:
1049:
281:
111:
8:
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4430:
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2749:
2659:
2466:
2427:
2317:
2091:
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2049:
2044:
1914:
1699:
1637:
1286:
403:
232:
207:
192:
136:
3522:
SimĂłn BolĂvar, the Northern Expedition and the consolidation of independence (1823-1825)
3468:
3430:
3417:
748:
728:
4594:
4501:
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4317:
4271:
4184:
3915:
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3734:
3542:
3507:
3305:
3267:
3259:
3241:
3105:
2889:
2779:
2759:
2719:
2619:
2551:
2540:
2462:
2389:
1990:
1966:
1951:
1454:
1367:
1315:
890:
581:
106:
3538:
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The brothers José, Vicente and Mariano Angulo, leaders of the Cuzco Rebellion of 1814.
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2547:
1425:
4531:
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3907:
3864:
3827:
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3754:
3713:
3678:
3671:
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3195:, began on 22 February 1812. This movement was partially initiated by the motives of
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2501:
2489:
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2327:
2240:
1799:
926:
733:
309:
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of the country was formed. With the stalemate of the conflict and the disappointing
2504:
and montoneras movements were maintained upon the arrival of the liberating forces.
2446:
1844:
4604:
4574:
4526:
4476:
4435:
4305:
4286:
3971:
3939:
3899:
3856:
3785:
3746:
3511:
3297:
2493:
2474:
1839:
1627:
1377:
1310:
788:
772:
224:
182:
3515:
4633:
4551:
4445:
4390:
4256:
4130:
3380:
3321:
3237:
3052:
2596:
2438:
2357:
2143:
1919:
1408:
480:
457:
3164:
Juan José Crespo y Castillo, one of the leaders of the Huånuco rebellion of 1812
2461:. The immediate backdrop to the Peruvian War of Independence was French Emperor
4569:
4496:
4162:
3774:"Gendering Transnational Criminality: The Case of Women's Imprisonment in Peru"
3735:"Gendering Transnational Criminality: The Case of Women's Imprisonment in Peru"
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3121:
3072:
3068:
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4609:
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3758:
3527:
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3311:
3281:(19 March), the expedition was finally defeated by JosĂ© de San MartĂn in the
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1889:
1566:
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847:
835:
526:
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170:
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Smoldering ashes : Cuzco and the creation of Republican Peru, 1780-1840
3258:
The first expedition was successful in reconquering Chile after winning the
520:
4589:
4564:
4417:
3625:
3331:
3047:
962:
950:
914:
902:
4654:
4152:
3569:, made the organization of the country excessively difficult. Only three
3009:
2639:
2394:
2481:. In Spanish America, autonomous governments arose in the power vacuum.
3919:
3876:
3510:
experienced another costly defeat at the hands of the Royalists at the
3495:
3350:
signed a treaty on 5 February 1819 to prepare for an invasion. General
3289:
3127:
2418:
from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the
1804:
1769:
859:
3673:
Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780â1840
2449:. During the first decade of the 1800s Peru had been a stronghold for
4179:
3526:
The end of the war would only come with the military intervention of
3343:
3903:
3860:
3631:
Fisher, John R.; Kuethe, Allan J.; McFarlane, Anthony, eds. (1990).
3168:
3160:
3157:, efforts made by the then newly monarch-less and overruling Spain.
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3570:
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3400:
2384:
178:
3223:
2379:
219:
186:
174:
4087:
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3113:
2559:
3506:. Afterwards, in January 1823 a Republican army under General
3247:
2453:, who fought those in favor of independence in Peru, Bolivia,
4579:
4037:"Aniversario de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del PerĂș"
3822:(2nd ed.). London: W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
3347:
3177:
2516:
422:
410:
398:
385:
350:
3635:. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press.
3266:
embarked on a campaign of fierce political persecution. The
3132:
4118:
3339:
2512:
2434:
2415:
160:
3312:
Liberation campaigns of San MartĂn and BolĂvar (1820-1825)
3262:. The capital Santiago was reoccupied in October 1814 and
3549:. The war would not end until the last royalist holdouts
3633:
Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru
3541:
under the personal orders of Simon Bolivar, and in the
4029:
3966:
Schreffler, Michael J. (2018), "Viceroyalty of Peru",
3437:
3630:
3622:
The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts
3772:
Boutron, Camille; Constant, Chloé (September 2013).
3733:
Boutron, Camille; Constant, Chloé (September 2013).
3654:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
3128:
Junta movements and autonomous uprisings (1809-1814)
3416:Viceroy Pezuela was ousted and replaced by General
3815:
3670:
3064:), and other countries in the American continent.
3709:Armies, Politics and Revolution: Chile, 1808â1826
3518:reoccupied Lima on 18 June 1823 without a fight.
3429:. The royalist army under the command of General
3075:was lost and many regions established autonomous
4667:
1012:
3938:, Duke University Press, 1999, pp. 55â83,
3771:
3732:
3288:The Viceroy of Peru also successfully defended
356:
4083:Ayacucho RepĂșblica AristocrĂĄtica photo gallery
3778:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
3739:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
3458:JosĂ© de San MartĂn. Lima, 28th of July of 1821
2137:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762â63)
1596:
4103:
3327:San MartĂn proclaims the independence of Peru
3027:
2127:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762â63)
1582:
998:
231:preserved the 856,212 km2 of the disappeared
3677:. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
3502:incursion defeated a Republican Army in the
3463:
3386:
3248:Consolidation of Royalist power (1815-1820)
2465:'s 1807 invasion of Spain that forced King
2426:, it led to the dissolution of the Spanish
4110:
4096:
3965:
3818:The Spanish American Revolutions 1808â1826
3213:), but was suppressed within a few weeks.
3034:
3020:
2554:and culminating in 1826 with the Siege of
1589:
1575:
1005:
991:
860:Montoneros and Quechuans Peruvian patriots
734:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
3976:10.1093/oao/9781884446054.013.2000000036
3652:The Fall of the Royal Government in Peru
3626:https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu
3447:the famous declaration of independence:
3320:
3222:
3167:
3159:
3131:
2414:) was a series of military conflicts in
32:This article includes a list of general
3892:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3849:The Hispanic American Historical Review
3599:Royalist (Hispanic American Revolution)
3405:captured the royalist frigate Esmeralda
3294:United Provinces of the RĂo de la Plata
458:
341:
4668:
3889:
3846:
3668:
3236:leaders appealed to retired brigadier
169:Beginning of the border problems with
4701:Spanish American wars of independence
4091:
3810:
3240:, then in his 70s, who was curaca of
3187:Another significant movement, led by
3071:(1807â1814) central authority in the
2424:Spanish American wars of independence
2122:Caribbean and North America (1739â48)
1570:
986:
93:Spanish American wars of independence
3705:
3649:
3551:surrendered the Real Felipe Fortress
3357:
18:
3706:Cruz, Juan Luis Ossa Santa (2015).
3438:Declaration of Independence of Peru
2523:proclaimed the independence of the
1623:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
13:
3391:Actual hostilities began with the
2926:History of the Viceroyalty of Peru
2437:increased during the 18th century
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
16:1809â1826 war against Spanish rule
14:
4732:
4117:
4065:
3490:to Quito. Afterwards, during the
2870:Return to democracy and terrorism
3397:Juan Antonio Ălvarez de Arenales
3270:ended after their defeat in the
3144:(which ended in 1783) and 1808,
3081:José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
3003:
2606:
2486:José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
2412:Guerra de Independencia del PerĂș
956:
944:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
853:
841:
829:
798:
778:
766:
754:
742:
721:
707:
693:
679:
665:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
561:
554:
540:
533:
525:
513:
505:
493:
485:
473:
445:
421:
409:
397:
384:
358:
343:
328:
303:
296:
289:
275:
261:
99:
23:
4004:
3614:
3142:the Rebellion of TĂșpac Amaru II
2931:History of the Republic of Peru
1845:Argentine Northwest (1560â1667)
4012:"Spanish American Revolutions"
3991:
3959:
3926:
3883:
3840:
3804:
3765:
3726:
3699:
3512:Battles of Torata and Moquegua
3376:Peruvian Liberation Expedition
3279:Second Battle of Cancha Rayada
1:
3692:
3338:To achieve the liberation of
2509:Liberating Expedition of Peru
4676:Peruvian War of Independence
4075:Peruvian Act of Independence
4042:(in Spanish). Archived from
3999:Spanish American Revolutions
3604:Bolivian War of Independence
3556:
2884:1980–2000, 2002–
2670:Peruvian War of Independence
2408:Peruvian War of Independence
2313:Dominican Republic (1863â65)
1326:Northern liberation campaign
1166:Southern liberation campaign
1016:Peruvian War of Independence
86:Peruvian War of Independence
7:
4542:Water supply and sanitation
3970:, Oxford University Press,
3712:. Oxford University Press.
3669:Walker, Charles F. (1999).
3592:
3587:Peru-Bolivian Confederation
3268:Spanish reconquest of Chile
2710:PeruâBolivian Confederation
2527:on 28 July 1821. Under his
163:becomes independent of the
10:
4737:
4537:Water resources management
3209:and township magistrates (
3046:Some of the early Spanish
2921:History of the Inca Empire
2577:
2515:, fortified themselves in
2169:Banda Oriental (1776â1777)
1600:Spanish colonial campaigns
1334:Maynas War of Independence
416:Captaincy-General of Chile
4627:
4550:
4472:
4463:
4398:
4389:
4313:
4304:
4247:
4238:
4213:
4138:
4129:
3944:10.1215/9780822382164-003
3650:Anna, Timothy E. (1979).
3620:Higgins, James (editor).
3583:Francisco GarcĂa CalderĂłn
3545:under command of General
3395:, led by patriot General
3369:Thomas Alexander Cochrane
3201:First Upper Peru Campaign
3182:Francisco Antonio de Zela
3172:Francisco Antonio de Zela
2900:Peruvian political crisis
2473:to abdicate in favour of
2221:Spanish America (1808â33)
2216:RĂo de la Plata (1806â07)
1608:
1024:
976:
971:
813:
453:Francisco Antonio de Zela
435:
243:
141:Real Audiencia of Charcas
117:
98:
90:
85:
3464:San MartĂn Abandons Peru
3410:VoltĂgeros de la Guardia
3387:Beginning of hostilities
3296:, with victories in the
2860:Revolutionary Government
2390:Western Sahara (1973â76)
2318:Peru and Chile (1864â66)
2117:Banda Oriental (1735â37)
1618:Canary Islands (1402â96)
1545:Naval Blockade of Callao
210:is dismembered from the
4195:EcuadorianâPeruvian War
3514:. The Royalist general
3374:On 21 August 1820, the
3079:. The viceroy of Peru,
2830:EcuadorianâPeruvian War
2800:National Reconstruction
2700:Supreme Governing Junta
2174:North America (1779â83)
2092:North America (1702â13)
1930:Philippines (1599-1600)
1865:Philippines (1565â1898)
53:more precise citations.
3609:Campaigns of the South
3532:JosĂ© de la Riva AgĂŒero
3461:
3335:
3228:
3216:More enduring was the
3173:
3165:
3137:
2959:Constitutional history
2422:. Part of the broader
2411:
1356:Colombian intervention
866:Co-belligerent armies:
805:Antonio de Quintanilla
569:José Bernardo de Tagle
548:JosĂ© de la Riva AgĂŒero
436:Commanders and leaders
4377:Regions and provinces
3547:Antonio José de Sucre
3484:Antonio José de Sucre
3479:as head of the navy.
3449:
3427:First siege of Callao
3324:
3226:
3171:
3163:
3135:
2850:Moderate civil reform
2810:Aristocratic Republic
2630:Ancient civilizations
2445:by indigenous leader
2395:Western Sahara (1975)
2348:Philippines (1896â98)
2303:Cochinchina (1858â62)
2204:Caribbean (1796â1802)
2065:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
2001:Philippines (1638-46)
1875:Philippines (1567â72)
1730:El Salvador (1524â39)
1725:Guatemala (1524â1697)
1685:Puerto Rico (1511â29)
972:Casualties and losses
963:Spanish Imperial Navy
951:Spanish Imperial Army
715:JoaquĂn de la Pezuela
428:Governorate of Chiloé
282:Peruvian Protectorate
4721:PeruâSpain relations
4711:Wars involving Spain
4292:World Heritage Sites
3492:Guayaquil Conference
3488:Andrés de Santa Cruz
3423:Real Felipe Fortress
2690:Protectorate of Peru
2644:1438–1533/1572
2624:12000 BCE–1532
2537:Guayaquil Conference
2533:Constituent Congress
2075:New Mexico (1680â92)
1030:Autonomous uprisings
214:after defeating the
157:Independence of Peru
112:Antonio Herrera Toro
4706:Wars involving Peru
4175:War of Independence
4049:on 13 December 2011
3445:Plaza Mayor of Lima
3272:Battle of Chacabuco
3220:from 1814 to 1815.
3060:), Peruvian towns (
2949:Demographic history
2915:By political entity
2790:Peruvian Resistance
2750:Chincha Islands War
2680:Foundational Period
2634:3500 BCE–1470
2539:with the Liberator
2441:, which led to the
2428:Viceroyalty of Peru
2308:Morocco (1859â1860)
2298:Balanguingui (1848)
2266:Venezuela (1811â23)
2231:Argentina (1810â18)
1745:YucatĂĄn (1527â1697)
1720:Chiapas (1523â1695)
879:Gran Colombian Army
630:Carlos M. de Alvear
404:Viceroyalty of Peru
233:Viceroyalty of Peru
216:royalist resistance
208:Viceroyalty of Peru
193:Viceroyalty of Peru
137:Viceroyalty of Peru
4441:Telecommunications
4185:War of the Pacific
3624:, 2014. Online at
3579:Nicolås de Piérola
3543:Battle of Ayacucho
3508:Rudecindo Alvarado
3365:Bernardo O'Higgins
3352:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
3336:
3330:. Oil painting by
3260:Battle of Rancagua
3229:
3218:Rebellion of Cuzco
3197:Juan Jose Castelli
3174:
3166:
3155:Council of Regency
3138:
3102:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
2840:OdrĂa Dictatorship
2780:Occupation of Lima
2770:Occupation of Peru
2760:War of the Pacific
2620:Pre-Columbian Peru
2463:Napoleon Bonaparte
2443:1780â1781 uprising
2353:Puerto Rico (1898)
2323:Puerto Rico (1868)
2281:Colombia (1819â20)
2276:Colombia (1815â16)
2256:El Salvador (1811)
2241:Paraguay (1810â11)
2184:New Granada (1781)
2154:Philippines (1762)
2060:Porto Bello (1668)
2030:Philippines (1646)
1986:Philippines (1630)
1942:Philippines (1602)
1925:Puerto Rico (1598)
1915:Philippines (1596)
1910:Puerto Rico (1595)
1905:Cambodia (1593â97)
1785:Colombia (1537â40)
1735:Honduras (1524â39)
1700:Mexico (1519â1821)
1509:Brown's Expedition
1481:Conquest of Chiloé
1368:Balconcillo mutiny
1038:Goyeneche campaign
891:Gran Colombia Navy
642:Bernardo O'Higgins
606:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
107:Battle of Ayacucho
4663:
4662:
4623:
4622:
4512:List of Peruvians
4459:
4458:
4385:
4384:
4372:Political parties
4338:Foreign relations
4300:
4299:
4234:
4233:
4200:Internal conflict
4190:ColombiaâPeru War
3985:978-1-884446-05-4
3968:Oxford Art Online
3953:978-0-8223-2261-0
3425:, leading to the
3358:Peruvian campaign
3274:(February 1817).
3264:Vicente San Bruno
3211:alcaldes pedĂĄneos
3044:
3043:
2908:
2907:
2880:Internal conflict
2490:La Paz revolution
2403:
2402:
2385:Morocco (1957â58)
2380:Morocco (1920â26)
2375:Morocco (1911â12)
2338:Morocco (1893â94)
2286:Ecuador (1820â22)
2226:Bolivia (1809â25)
2159:Chile (1766â1767)
2107:Chile (1723â1726)
2040:Hispaniola (1655)
1947:Insulindia (1603)
1900:Insulindia (1585)
1895:Insulindia (1582)
1805:Chile (1546â1662)
1695:Algeria (1517â18)
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1533:Guruceta campaign
1521:Cochrane campaign
1414:Olañeta rebellion
981:
980:
927:Army of the Andes
701:José de Goyeneche
618:Juan de las Heras
310:Peruvian Republic
239:
238:
79:
78:
71:
4728:
4643:
4636:
4470:
4469:
4421:
4396:
4395:
4311:
4310:
4245:
4244:
4205:Political crisis
4158:Spanish conquest
4148:Ancient cultures
4136:
4135:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4008:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3821:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3703:
3688:
3676:
3665:
3646:
3469:José de la Serna
3459:
3431:José de Canterac
3418:José de la Serna
3298:Battle of Viluma
3104:(1820â1823) and
3036:
3029:
3022:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2954:Economic history
2730:Military Anarchy
2650:Spanish conquest
2616:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2582:
2581:
2494:Battle of Guaqui
2492:and 1811 in the
2475:Joseph Bonaparte
2291:Mexico (1821â29)
2246:Mexico (1810â21)
2149:Nicaragua (1762)
1800:Halmahera (1545)
1770:Brazil (1534-36)
1705:Mexico (1519â21)
1603:
1601:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1489:
1451:
1439:
1422:
1403:
1391:
1364:
1302:
1290:
1273:
1256:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1159:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1046:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1000:
993:
984:
983:
961:
960:
959:
949:
948:
947:
925:
924:
923:
913:
912:
911:
901:
900:
899:
889:
888:
887:
877:
876:
875:
858:
857:
856:
846:
845:
844:
834:
833:
832:
803:
802:
801:
793:
783:
782:
781:
773:Melchor Aymerich
771:
770:
769:
759:
758:
757:
749:José de Canterac
747:
746:
745:
736:
729:José de la Serna
726:
725:
724:
712:
711:
710:
698:
697:
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682:
670:
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615:
614:
604:
603:
602:
594:Antonio de Sucre
592:
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401:
389:
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368:
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346:
336:United Provinces
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331:
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268:Rebels or Juntas
266:
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225:Republic of Peru
165:Spanish monarchy
119:
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54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
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4691:1820s conflicts
4681:1810s conflicts
4666:
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4659:
4646:
4639:
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4546:
4522:Public holidays
4455:
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4277:Protected areas
4272:Natural regions
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3539:Battle of JunĂn
3524:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3440:
3393:Sierra Campaign
3389:
3381:viceroy of Peru
3360:
3319:
3314:
3283:Battle of MaipĂș
3253:
3250:
3238:Mateo Pumacahua
3136:Mateo Pumacahua
3130:
3112:strongholds in
3086:Cortes of CĂĄdiz
3053:Bourbon Reforms
3040:
3010:Peru portal
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2916:
2890:Economic crisis
2874:1980–2000
2864:1968–1980
2854:1956–1968
2844:1948–1956
2824:1919–1930
2814:1895–1919
2804:1884–1895
2794:1881–1883
2784:1881–1883
2774:1879–1883
2764:1879–1883
2754:1865–1879
2744:1845–1866
2734:1841–1845
2724:1839–1841
2714:1836–1839
2704:1822–1823
2694:1821–1822
2684:1821–1842
2674:1809–1826
2664:1542–1824
2654:1532–1572
2598:
2591:
2580:
2477:, starting the
2439:Bourbon Reforms
2404:
2399:
2271:Chile (1812â27)
2132:Portugal (1762)
2025:Valdivia (1643)
1962:PetĂ©n (1618â97)
1604:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1565:
1560:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1501:Naval campaigns
1483:
1445:
1433:
1416:
1397:
1385:
1373:2nd Intermedios
1358:
1306:1st Intermedios
1296:
1284:
1267:
1250:
1248:Miller campaign
1236:
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722:
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694:
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687:José de Abascal
680:
678:
666:
664:
658:
654:Thomas Cochrane
648:
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560:
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481:Mateo Pumacahua
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322:Co-belligerents
312:
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229:Siege of Callao
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191:Dissolution of
153:
152:Patriot victory
143:
127:(17 years)
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45:Please help to
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4509:
4504:
4499:
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4473:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Stock Exchange
4428:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
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4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4163:Neo-Inca State
4160:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4067:
4066:External links
4064:
4061:
4060:
4028:
4003:
3990:
3984:
3958:
3952:
3925:
3898:(2): 232â257.
3882:
3855:(2): 232â257.
3839:
3832:
3803:
3790:10.1086/670827
3784:(1): 177â195.
3764:
3751:10.1086/670827
3745:(1): 177â195.
3725:
3719:978-1781387443
3718:
3697:
3696:
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3691:
3690:
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3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3558:
3555:
3523:
3520:
3482:In the north,
3473:José de La Mar
3465:
3462:
3455:
3439:
3436:
3388:
3385:
3359:
3356:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3249:
3246:
3129:
3126:
3073:Spanish Empire
3069:Peninsular War
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3013:
3012:
2999:
2998:
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2820:New Motherland
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2622:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2525:Peruvian State
2519:, and General
2498:May Revolution
2479:Peninsular War
2447:TĂșpac Amaru II
2433:Discontent in
2420:Spanish Empire
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Morocco (1909)
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Cuba (1895â98)
2340:
2335:
2333:Cuba (1879â80)
2330:
2328:Cuba (1868â78)
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:Uruguay (1811)
2258:
2253:
2251:Peru (1811â24)
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Florida (1810)
2233:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Algiers (1784)
2191:
2189:Algiers (1783)
2186:
2181:
2179:Peru (1780â82)
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Algiers (1775)
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Bahamas (1720)
2099:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:Morocco (1689)
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Jamaica (1658)
2052:
2050:Jamaica (1657)
2047:
2045:Jamaica (1655)
2042:
2037:
2035:Tortuga (1654)
2032:
2027:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Morocco (1614)
1954:
1952:Tunisia (1605)
1949:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Tunisia (1574)
1882:
1880:Tunisia (1573)
1877:
1872:
1870:Florida (1565)
1867:
1862:
1860:Morocco (1564)
1857:
1855:Morocco (1563)
1852:
1850:Algeria (1563)
1847:
1842:
1840:Tunisia (1560)
1837:
1835:Algeria (1558)
1832:
1830:Algeria (1556)
1827:
1825:Algeria (1555)
1822:
1817:
1815:Tunisia (1550)
1812:
1810:Algeria (1547)
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Algeria (1543)
1792:
1790:Algeria (1541)
1787:
1782:
1780:Tunisia (1535)
1777:
1775:Algeria (1535)
1772:
1767:
1765:Tunisia (1534)
1762:
1760:Peru (1532â72)
1757:
1755:Algeria (1531)
1752:
1750:Algeria (1529)
1747:
1742:
1740:Morocco (1525)
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:Tunisia (1520)
1712:
1710:Algeria (1519)
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Algeria (1516)
1687:
1682:
1680:Tunisia (1510)
1677:
1675:Tripoli (1510)
1672:
1670:Algeria (1510)
1667:
1665:Algeria (1509)
1662:
1660:Morocco (1508)
1657:
1655:Algeria (1507)
1652:
1650:Algeria (1505)
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:Melilla (1497)
1635:
1633:Algeria (1497)
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1609:
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1605:
1594:
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1530:
1518:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1478:
1473:
1471:Sucre campaign
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1423:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1344:2nd Higos Urco
1341:
1339:1st Higos Urco
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1274:
1265:Quito campaign
1262:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1163:
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978:
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969:
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930:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
863:
862:
850:
838:
819:
816:
815:
814:Units involved
811:
810:
808:
807:
795:
775:
763:
761:Mariano Osorio
751:
739:
718:
704:
690:
676:
661:
659:
657:
656:
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
551:
530:
510:
501:Mariano Melgar
490:
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441:
438:
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431:
430:
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406:
391:Spanish Empire
373:
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370:
354:
339:
319:
318:
286:
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258:
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212:Spanish Empire
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4733:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Colonial Peru
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:1820s in Peru
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:1810s in Peru
4684:
4682:
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4101:
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4094:
4093:
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4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4017:
4016:www.brown.edu
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3878:
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3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3833:0-393-95537-0
3829:
3825:
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3807:
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3702:
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3686:
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3597:
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3590:
3588:
3584:
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3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:Gran Colombia
3519:
3517:
3516:José Canterac
3513:
3509:
3505:
3504:Battle of Ica
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3477:Martin Guisse
3474:
3470:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:, leaders of
3341:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3245:
3243:
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3235:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:Junta Central
3147:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3108:(1823â1825).
3107:
3106:SimĂłn BolĂvar
3103:
3099:
3098:South America
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:conquistadors
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Years in Peru
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2964:Peruvian wars
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
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2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2541:SimĂłn BolĂvar
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:Ferdinand VII
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
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2346:
2344:
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2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
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2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
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2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
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2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
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2187:
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2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
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2145:
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2138:
2135:
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2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Chiloé (1712)
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Panama (1671)
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
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2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:Taiwan (1642)
2014:
2012:
2011:Taiwan (1641)
2009:
2007:
2006:Brazil (1640)
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Brazil (1638)
1994:
1992:
1991:Brazil (1631)
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1972:Taiwan (1626)
1970:
1968:
1967:Brazil (1625)
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Brunei (1578)
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
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1863:
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1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Guinea (1478)
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1585:
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1569:
1551:
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1522:
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1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:Last bastions
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Callao mutiny
1407:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
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1325:
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1300:
1295:
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1288:
1283:
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1278:
1275:
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1266:
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1223:
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1199:
1196:
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1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
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1036:
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1034:
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994:
989:
988:
985:
975:
970:
964:
954:
952:
942:
941:
940:
938:
937:Royalist Army
933:
928:
918:
916:
906:
904:
894:
892:
882:
880:
870:
869:
868:
867:
861:
851:
849:
848:Peruvian Navy
839:
837:
836:Peruvian Army
827:
826:
825:
823:
818:
817:
812:
806:
796:
794:
792:
786:
785:Pedro Olañeta
776:
774:
764:
762:
752:
750:
740:
737:
731:
730:
719:
717:
716:
705:
703:
702:
691:
689:
688:
677:
675:
674:
673:Ferdinand VII
663:
662:
660:
655:
645:
643:
633:
631:
621:
619:
609:
607:
597:
595:
585:
583:
582:SimĂłn BolĂvar
573:
571:
570:
552:
550:
549:
531:
528:
523:
522:
511:
508:
503:
502:
491:
488:
483:
482:
471:
469:
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419:
417:
412:
407:
405:
400:
395:
394:
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392:
387:
381:
379:
374:
367:
366:Gran Colombia
355:
352:
340:
337:
326:
325:
324:
323:
316:
311:
287:
283:
273:
269:
259:
257:
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248:
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242:
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226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
199:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:Gran Colombia
168:
166:
162:
159:
156:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
130:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
108:
102:
97:
94:
89:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2019
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4590:Machu Picchu
4560:Architecture
4517:Prostitution
4487:Demographics
4408:Central Bank
4343:Human rights
4323:Constitution
4174:
4080:(in Spanish)
4072:(in Spanish)
4051:. Retrieved
4044:the original
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3967:
3961:
3934:
3928:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3817:
3806:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3708:
3701:
3672:
3651:
3632:
3621:
3615:Bibliography
3575:Manuel Pardo
3564:
3560:
3536:
3525:
3500:
3481:
3467:
3451:
3450:
3441:
3415:
3408:
3390:
3373:
3361:
3337:
3332:Juan Lepiani
3325:
3292:against the
3287:
3276:
3257:
3251:
3230:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3186:
3175:
3139:
3110:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3045:
2992:Coups d'Ă©tat
2669:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2545:
2531:, the first
2529:Protectorate
2506:
2483:
2469:and his son
2432:
2407:
2405:
2364:20th century
2250:
2210:19th century
2199:Chile (1792)
2086:18th century
2022:
1981:Nevis (1629)
1978:
1936:17th century
1820:Libya (1551)
1644:16th century
1612:15th century
1198:2nd Arenales
1186:1st Arenales
1014:
935:
915:Chilean Navy
903:Chilean Army
865:
864:
822:Patriot Army
820:
790:
727:
713:
699:
685:
671:
567:
546:
519:
499:
479:
465:
451:
376:
375:
369:(since 1823)
338:(until 1822)
321:
320:
252:
244:Belligerents
151:
110:Painting by
91:Part of the
80:
65:
56:
37:
4426:Electricity
4403:Agriculture
4360:enforcement
4262:Earthquakes
4221:Demographic
4170:Viceroyalty
4153:Inca Empire
3812:Lynch, John
3304:(1816) and
3285:(5 April).
3199:within the
3067:During the
2904:2016–
2720:Restoration
2660:Viceroyalty
2640:Inca Empire
2597:History of
2358:Guam (1898)
2144:Cuba (1762)
2112:Oran (1732)
1920:Cuba (1596)
1548: [
1536: [
1524: [
1512: [
1493:Iquicha War
1484: [
1446: [
1443:Corpahuaico
1434: [
1417: [
1398: [
1386: [
1359: [
1297: [
1285: [
1268: [
1251: [
1237: [
1225: [
1213: [
1201: [
1189: [
1177: [
1154: [
1140: [
1128: [
1116: [
1104: [
1082: [
1070: [
1058: [
1041: [
285:(1821-1822)
271:(1809-1821)
201:Territorial
51:introducing
4670:Categories
4585:Literature
4502:Irrigation
4420:(currency)
4333:Government
4318:Censorship
4001:, 165â170.
3693:References
3684:0822322935
3661:0803210043
3642:080711569X
3496:Valparaiso
3290:Upper Peru
3092:and local
2521:San MartĂn
2467:Charles IV
2410:(Spanish:
1977:St. Kitts
1476:2nd Callao
1431:Bellavista
1260:1st Callao
1210:Aznapuquio
1101:Chacaltaya
521:José Olaya
227:after the
34:references
4532:Squatting
4507:Languages
4492:Education
4451:Transport
4413:Companies
4328:Elections
4267:Mountains
4240:Geography
4180:Guano Era
3912:0018-2168
3869:0018-2168
3798:0097-9740
3759:0097-9740
3571:civilians
3567:caudillos
3557:Aftermath
3553:in 1826.
3344:Argentina
3242:Chinchero
3058:caudillos
2740:Guano Era
2502:guerrilla
2451:royalists
1067:2nd Tacna
1050:1st Tacna
378:Royalists
125:1809â1826
4650:Category
4605:Religion
4527:Religion
4477:Abortion
4436:Taxation
4367:Military
4306:Politics
4287:Wildlife
4226:Economic
4214:By topic
4140:Timeline
4123:articles
4053:21 March
4021:22 April
3814:(1986).
3593:See also
3456:â
3401:Ayacucho
3308:(1817).
3306:Sopachuy
3300:(1815),
3153:and the
3124:intact.
3094:cabildos
3090:deputies
3056:chiefs (
2982:Timeline
2976:See also
2943:By topic
2588:a series
2586:Part of
2552:Ayacucho
2484:Viceroy
1455:Ayacucho
1383:Arequipa
1316:Moquegua
1234:Quiapata
1151:Aymaraes
1137:Umachiri
1113:Apacheta
254:Patriots
179:Colombia
132:Location
4634:Outline
4615:Symbols
4575:Cuisine
4552:Culture
4465:Society
4446:Tourism
4391:Economy
4257:Climate
4131:History
3997:Lynch,
3920:2514413
3877:2514413
3824:164â165
3234:Criollo
3206:curacas
3193:HuĂĄnuco
3189:natives
3180:led by
3062:pueblos
2578:History
2021:Chiloé
1395:Falsuri
1294:Caucato
1174:Paracas
1079:Camiara
1055:HuĂĄnuco
791:†
732: (
466:†
462:)
456: (
220:Iquicha
203:changes
187:Bolivia
175:Ecuador
47:improve
4655:Portal
4570:Cinema
4497:Health
4282:Rivers
4252:Cities
4121:
3982:
3950:
3918:
3910:
3875:
3867:
3830:
3796:
3757:
3716:
3681:
3658:
3639:
3122:empire
3118:Chiloé
3114:Callao
3077:juntas
2590:on the
2560:Mexico
2556:Callao
1378:Zepita
1349:Habana
1311:Torata
1222:Ataura
1125:MatarĂĄ
1096:Huanta
787:
524:
504:
484:
363:
348:
333:
313:(1822-
183:Brazil
148:Result
36:, but
4641:Index
4610:Sport
4600:Music
4595:Media
4580:Llama
4482:Crime
4047:(PDF)
4040:(PDF)
3916:JSTOR
3873:JSTOR
3348:Chile
3178:Tacna
3146:junta
2894:1980s
2548:JunĂn
2517:Cusco
2459:Chile
2455:Quito
1552:]
1540:]
1528:]
1516:]
1488:]
1450:]
1438:]
1426:JunĂn
1421:]
1402:]
1390:]
1363:]
1301:]
1289:]
1282:Paras
1272:]
1255:]
1241:]
1229:]
1217:]
1205:]
1193:]
1181:]
1158:]
1144:]
1132:]
1120:]
1108:]
1091:Cuzco
1086:]
1074:]
1062:]
1045:]
351:Chile
4418:Sol
4348:LGBT
4119:Peru
4055:2013
4023:2024
3980:ISBN
3948:ISBN
3908:ISSN
3865:ISSN
3828:ISBN
3794:ISSN
3755:ISSN
3714:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3637:ISBN
3581:and
3346:and
3340:Peru
3302:Yavi
3116:and
2834:1941
2599:Peru
2550:and
2513:Lima
2457:and
2435:Peru
2416:Peru
2406:The
223:The
206:The
185:and
177:and
161:Peru
139:and
122:Date
105:The
4565:Art
4355:Law
3972:doi
3940:doi
3900:doi
3857:doi
3786:doi
3747:doi
3191:in
1277:Ica
735:WIA
459:POW
315:end
218:in
181:),
4672::
4014:.
3978:,
3946:,
3914:.
3906:.
3896:59
3894:.
3871:.
3863:.
3853:59
3851:.
3826:.
3792:.
3782:39
3780:.
3776:.
3753:.
3743:39
3741:.
3737:.
3577:,
3573::
3371:.
2430:.
1550:es
1538:es
1526:es
1514:es
1486:es
1448:es
1436:es
1419:es
1400:es
1388:es
1361:es
1299:es
1287:es
1270:es
1253:es
1239:es
1227:es
1215:es
1203:es
1191:es
1179:es
1156:es
1142:es
1130:es
1118:es
1106:es
1084:es
1072:es
1060:es
1043:es
4111:e
4104:t
4097:v
4057:.
4025:.
3974::
3942::
3922:.
3902::
3879:.
3859::
3836:.
3800:.
3788::
3761:.
3749::
3722:.
3687:.
3664:.
3645:.
3334:.
3035:e
3028:t
3021:v
2023:·
1979:·
1590:e
1583:t
1576:v
1006:e
999:t
992:v
939::
824::
738:)
380::
317:)
256::
235:.
173:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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