Peter the Great - Knowledge

1792: 1900: 4284: 4156: 74: 4264: 3782: 2592: 2622: 4178: 4357: 1360: 1341: 4252: 2977: 4133: 3173: 2394: 3062: 4090: 4194: 4326: 1807: 841: 4213: 1082: 3571: 4105: 4233: 424: 2138: 853: 4307: 2161: 4075: 2665: 2651: 2119: 7319: 3637: 1780: 1561: 833: 8774: 1175: 1549: 3770: 8784: 4063: 2178: 1100:. He perceived the Russian people as rude, unintelligent, stubborn in their sluggishness, a child, a lazy student. He highly appreciated the state's role in the life of society, saw it as an ideal instrument for achieving high goals, saw it as a universal institution for transforming people, with the help of violence and fear, into educated, conscious, law-abiding and useful to the whole society subjects. Peter had a keen interest in 1791: 7305: 1352: 1164: 4283: 8764: 2146: 4155: 7291: 1899: 1382:. Peter was the first tsar to leave Russia for more than 100 years. He used a fake name, allowing him to escape social and diplomatic events, but since he was far taller than most others, he could not fool anyone. One goal was to seek the aid of European monarchs, but Peter's hopes were dashed. France was a traditional ally of the Ottoman Sultan, and 3193:, when he was only 16. This was consistent with previous Romanov tradition by choosing a daughter of a minor noble. This was done to prevent fighting between the stronger noble houses and to bring fresh blood into the family. Upon his return from his European tour in 1698, Peter sought to end his unhappy marriage. He divorced the 4263: 3706:

feverishly built works in factories for supplying the army and strengthening the country's defenses, this was an original attempt to leap out of the framework of backwardness." As a result, Soviet historiography emphasizes both the positive achievement and the negative factor of oppressing the common people.

2999:. In the summer of 1724, a team of doctors performed surgery releasing upwards of four pounds of blocked urine. Peter remained bedridden until late autumn. In the first week of October, restless and certain he was cured, Peter began a lengthy inspection tour of various projects. Rastrelli finished his 3163:

In 1721, Peter followed the advice of Prokopovich in designing the Holy Synod as a council of ten clergymen. For leadership in the Church, Peter turned increasingly to Ukrainians, who were more open to reform, but were not well loved by the Russian clergy. Peter implemented a law that stipulated that

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would have exercised power during his absence. Peter, however, mistrusted the boyars; he instead abolished the Duma and created a Senate of ten members. The Senate was founded as the highest state institution to supervise all judicial, financial and administrative affairs. Originally established only

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before Peter returned home early September. Peter nevertheless acted ruthlessly towards the mutineers; 4,600 rebels were sent to prison. Around 1,182 were tortured and executed, and Peter ordered that their bodies be publicly exhibited as a warning to future conspirators. The Streltsy were disbanded,

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The Petrine revolution in Russia—subsuming in this phrase the many military, naval, governmental, educational, architectural, linguistic, and other internal reforms enacted by Peter's regime to promote Russia's rise as a major European power—was essentially a cultural revolution, one that profoundly

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presented strongly negative views of the entire dynasty. Stalin however admired how Peter strengthened the state, and wartime, diplomacy, industry, higher education, and government administration. Stalin wrote in 1928, "when Peter the Great, who had to deal with more developed countries in the West,

2084:, and their houses were exempt from the post of troops. The law also guaranteed the inheritance of the ownership of factories, proclaimed industrial activity a matter of state importance and protected manufacturers from interference in their affairs by local authorities. The same law established the 3015:

to inspect some ironworks, Peter saw a group of soldiers drowning near shore and, wading out into near-waist deep water, came to their rescue. This icy water rescue is said to have exacerbated Peter's bladder problems and caused his death. The story, however, has been viewed with skepticism by some

1026:; there he slowly gathered adherents who perceived he would win the power struggle. Sophia was eventually overthrown, with Peter I and Ivan V continuing to act as co-tsars. Peter forced Sophia to enter a convent, where she gave up her name and her position as a member of the royal family. 3717:

Historian Y. Vodarsky said in 1993 that Peter, "did not lead the country on the path of accelerated economic, political and social development, did not force it to 'achieve a leap' through several stages.... On the contrary, these actions to the greatest degree put a brake on Russia's progress and

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After the fall of Communism in 1991, scholars and the general public in Russia and the West gave fresh attention to Peter and his role in Russian history. His reign is now seen as the decisive formative event in the Russian imperial past. Many new ideas have merged, such as whether he strengthened

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Western writers and political analysts recounted "The Testimony" or secret will of Peter the Great. It supposedly revealed his grand evil plot for Russia to control the world via conquest of Constantinople, Afghanistan and India. It was a forgery made in Paris at Napoleon's command when he started

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on 27 June. The battle was a decisive defeat for the Swedish forces, ending Charles' campaign in Ukraine and forcing him south to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire. Russia had defeated what was considered to be one of the world's best militaries, and the victory overturned the view that Russia was

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could only be carried out with Peter's signed authorization, and Alexei died in prison, as Peter hesitated before making the decision. Alexei's death most likely resulted from injuries suffered during his torture. Alexei's mother Eudoxia was punished. She was dragged from her home, tried on false

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in 1700. In the conflict, the forces of Charles XII, rather than employ a slow methodical siege, attacked immediately using a blinding snowstorm to their advantage. After the battle, Charles XII decided to concentrate his forces against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which gave Peter time to

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was entrusted with the observation of the "soonest possible establishment of colleges by their presidents". Peter did not have enough loyal, talented or educated persons to put in full charge of the various departments. Peter preferred to rely on groups of individuals who would keep check on one

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and deprived the Russian Church of the opportunity to regain a single spiritual leader. Reducing the number of monasteries, he converted all monasteries with less than 30 monks into schools or churches. He encouraged the development of private entrepreneurship, but under strict state control. He

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countries, and subordinated his own life and the lives of his subjects to the realization of this idea. Gradually penetrated the idea that the task should be solved with the help of reforms, which will be carried out at the autocrat's will, who creates good and punishes evil. He considered the

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after surviving a storm. Still, Peter could not acquire actual control over Russian affairs. Power was instead exercised by his mother. It was only when Natalya died in 1694 that Peter, then aged 22, became an independent sovereign. Formally, Ivan V was a co-ruler with Peter, though being

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In 1722, Peter issued a Decree on the succession to the throne, in which he abolished the ancient custom of transferring the throne to direct descendants in the male line (as he had no son). The decree was so unusual for Russian society that it was necessary to explain it. Peter created a new

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He initiated a wide range of economic, social, political, administrative, educational and military reforms which ended the dominance of traditionalism and religion in Russia and initiated its westernization. His efforts included secularization of education, organization of administration for

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in place of the old central agencies of government, including foreign affairs, war, navy, expense, income, justice, and inspection. Later others were added, to regulate mining and industry. Each college consisted of a president, a vice-president, a number of councilors and assessors, and a

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As part of his reforms, Peter started an industrialization effort that was slow but eventually successful. Russian manufacturing and main exports were based on the mining and lumber industries. In 1719, the privileges of miners were enshrined in law with the Berg Privilege, which allowed

4165: 3112:. In 1700, when the office fell vacant, Peter refused to name a replacement, allowing the patriarch's coadjutor (or deputy) to discharge the duties of the office. Peter could not tolerate the patriarch exercising power superior to the tsar, as indeed had happened in the case of 2900:

region, and prevented the Ottoman Empire from making territorial gains in the region. After considerable success and the capture of many provinces and cities in the Caucasus and northern mainland Persia, the Safavids were forced to hand over territory to Russia, comprising

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was so orderly. He discovered that the Swedes spent as much administering Livonia (300 times smaller than his empire) as he spent on the entire Russian bureaucracy. He was forced to dismantle the province's government. In June 1721 he had Gagarin, the governor of Siberia,

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into Russia's southern lands. When she learned of his designs, Sophia conspired with some leaders of the Streltsy, who continually aroused disorder and dissent. Peter, warned by others from the Streltsy, escaped in the middle of the night to the impenetrable monastery of

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specially laid down for him. Peter felt that the ship's carpenters in Holland worked too much by eye and lacked accurate construction drawings. During his stay the tsar engaged many skilled workers such as builders of locks, fortresses, shipwrights, and seamen—including

73: 2011:, served as the link between the ruler and the senate and acted, in Peter own words, as "the sovereign's eye". Without his signature no Senate decision could go into effect; the Senate became one of the most important institutions of Imperial Russia. 948:) and their allies to insist that Peter and Ivan be proclaimed joint tsars, with Ivan being acclaimed as the senior. Sophia then acted as regent during the minority of the sovereigns and exercised all power. For seven years, she ruled as an autocrat. 5974: 3722:, who complained that Peter was, "the creator of the administrative command system and the true ancestor of Stalin." During the reign of Peter the great, the working poor population fell by 20% due to war, repression, persecutions and refugees. 848:. A large hole was cut in the back of the dual-seated throne used by Ivan and Peter. Sophia would sit behind the throne and listen as Peter conversed with nobles, while feeding him information and giving him responses to questions and problems 3729:, "He did not completely bridge the gulf between Russia and the Western countries, but he achieved considerable progress in development of the national economy and trade, education, science and culture, and foreign policy. Russia became a 4550: 3719: 3781: 2276:. He forbade the building of stone edifices outside Saint Petersburg, which he intended to become Russia's capital, so that all stonemasons could participate in the construction of the new city. While the city was being built along the 1401:

decided to pretend that he did not recognize Peter and did not allow him to inspect the fortifications. (Three years later, Peter would cite the inhospitable reception as one of the reasons for starting the Great Northern War). He met

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Peter's legacy has always been a major concern of Russian intellectuals. Peter is a more complex character than he is sometimes given credit for. Some believe Peter's reforms divided the country socially and weakened it spiritually.

2326:, destroying along the way anything that could assist the Swedes. Deprived of local supplies, the Swedish army was forced to halt its advance in the winter of 1708–1709. In the summer of 1709, they resumed their efforts to capture 1834:. Sheremetev investigated the possibility of future joint ventures with the Knights, including action against the Turks and the possibility of a future Russian naval base. On 12 September 1698, Peter officially founded the first 1230:. He used the wedding in order to launch his new capital, St Petersburg, where he had already ordered building projects of westernized palaces and buildings. Peter hired Italian and German architects to design it. He attracted 3661:

points to a "paradoxical dichotomy" in the black and white images such as God/Antichrist, educator/ignoramus, architect of Russia's greatness/destroyer of national culture, father of his country/scourge of the common man. For

1115:'s duties. He considered it necessary to take care of his subjects, to protect them from enemies, to work for their benefit. Above all, he put the interests of Russia. He saw his mission in turning it into a power similar to 1425:

castle. She described him: "The tsar is a tall, handsome man, with an attractive face. He has a lively mind is very witty. Only, someone so well endowed by nature could be a little better mannered." Peter rented a ship in

937:(Russia's elite military corps) in April–May 1682. In the subsequent conflict, some of Peter's relatives and friends were murdered, including Artamon Matveyev, and Peter witnessed some of these acts of political violence. 4177: 1742:

Peter's visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. He commanded all of his courtiers and officials to wear European clothing (no

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The "Moscow Grand Discharge" started in 1677 and was completed in 1688; it affected noble families with high ranks in the administration; the ministries were also reduced in number. This provoked fierce reactions.

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In his process to westernize Russia, he wanted members of his family to marry other European royalty. In the past, his ancestors had been snubbed at the idea, but now, it was proving fruitful. He negotiated with

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with the Ottoman Empire that allowed him to keep the captured fort of Azov, and turned his attention to Russian maritime supremacy. He sought to acquire control of the Baltic Sea, which had been taken by the

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and was given the name Catherine. Though no record exists, Catherine and Peter married secretly between 23 October and 1 December 1707 in St. Petersburg. Peter valued Catherine and married officially, at

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was true to the party line, depicting Peter as a tyrant who "suppressed everyone and everything as if he had been possessed by demons, sowed fear, and put both his son and his country on the rack."

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in one right hand") and courageous behavior he demonstrated to his subjects his personal positive example, showed how to act, fully devoting himself to the fulfillment of duty and service to the

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of their high positions, Peter directed that precedence should be determined by merit and service to the Emperor. The Table of Ranks continued to remain in effect until the Russian monarchy was

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The tsar's navy was powerful enough that the Russians could penetrate Sweden. Still, Charles XII refused to yield, and not until his death in battle in 1718 did peace become feasible. After the

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Peter was brought up in the Russian Orthodox faith, but he had low regard for the Church hierarchy, which he kept under tight governmental control. The traditional leader of the Church was the

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was eager to maintain peace in the east while conducting its own wars in the west. Peter, furthermore, had chosen an inopportune moment: the Europeans at the time were more concerned about the

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no Russian man could join a monastery before the age of fifty. He felt that too many able Russian men were being wasted on clerical work when they could be joining his new and improved army.

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Peter knew that Russia could not face the Ottoman Empire alone. In March 1697, he traveled "incognito" to Western Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation—the so-called

8878: 3733:, without whose concurrence no important European problem could thenceforth be settled. His internal reforms achieved progress to an extent that no earlier innovator could have envisaged." 8643: 2072:

was established. Some 3,500 new words—German, French, Dutch, English, Italian, Swedish in origin—entered Russian in Peter's period, roughly one-fourth of them shipping and naval terms.

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morality of a statesman separately from the morality of a private person and believed that the sovereign in the name of state interests can go to murder, violence, forgery and deceit.

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The history of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia. To which is prefixed, A short general history of the country, from the rise of that monarchy: and an account of the author's life

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The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia: To which is Prefixed a Short General History of the Country from the Rise of that Monarchy: and an Account of the Author's Life.

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into cannons and mortars. In 1701 Peter ordered the construction of Novodvinsk Fortress north of Archangelsk. Everybody was convinced they knew: his Majesty will wage war. In the

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ended Sweden's era as a great power, as well as Sweden's domination of the Baltic region, while elevating Russia's standing to the extent it came to be acknowledged as an

8943: 520: 2591: 8898: 3269: 3232:. He was suspected of being involved in a plot to overthrow the Emperor. Alexei was tried and confessed under torture during questioning conducted by a secular court ( 5086: 786: 4132: 3523: 1442:, manufacturing and shipbuilding in Zaandam but left after a week. He sailed to Amsterdam after he was recognized and attacked. The log-cabin he rented became the 349: 2405:

In January 1716, Tsar Peter traveled in the Baltic region to discuss peace negotiations and how to protect the sea trade route from the Swedes. He visited Riga,

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described him in 1717 as "tall, well-formed and slim... with a look both bewildered and fierce". Peter had noticeable facial tics, and he may have suffered from

6811: 4251: 3088: 975:, a bibliophile, who taught him Dutch and two Dutch carpenters, Frans Timmerman and Karsten Brandt. Peter studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences ( 808:

Peter is primarily credited with the modernization of the country, quickly transforming it into a major European power. His administrative reforms, creating a

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Original anecdotes of Peter the Great: collected from the conversation of several persons of distinction at Petersburgh and Moscow, and snatched from oblivion

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3 (1865). Russian historian E.V. Anisimov contends that Bassewitz's aim was to convince readers that Anna, not Empress Catherine, was Peter's intended heir.

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In 1699, Peter changed the date of the celebration of the new year from 1 September to 1 January. Traditionally, the years were reckoned from the purported

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the autocratic state or whether the tsarist regime was not statist enough given its small bureaucracy. Modernization models have become contested ground.

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After his death, students came to the Military College with a request to "leave science" under the pretext of "unconsciousness and incomprehensibility."

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De Kunstkamera van Peter de Grote. De Hollandse inbreng, gereconstrueerd uit brieven van Albert Seba en Johann Daniel Schumacher uit de jaren 1711–1752

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abdicated in 1706. Swedish king Charles XII turned his attention to Russia, invading it in 1708. After crossing into Russia, Charles defeated Peter at

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In 1700 Jan Thesingh (-1701) received a monopoly on printing and importing books, maps and prints into Russia for fifteen years. In 1701 he appointed

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Brown, Peter B. "Gazing Anew at Poltava: Perspectives from the Military Revolution Controversy, Comparative History, and Decision-Making Doctrines".

3125: 3047: 2948:. The taxes on land and on households were payable only by individuals who owned property or maintained families. The new head taxes were payable by 459: 246: 3714:

effective governance, enhanced use of technology, establishing an industrial economy, modernization of the army and establishment of a strong navy.

1699:). At the end of April 1698 he left after being shown how to make watches, and carpeting coffins. Back in Holland he visited Harderwijk and Cleves. 4379: 4356: 1147:(1721). By hard daily work (according to the figurative expression of Peter the Great himself, he was simultaneously "forced to hold a sword and a 3317: 8928: 1950: 1057:

Peter grew to be extremely tall, especially for the time period, reportedly standing 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m). He was seen as a "second

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Originalanekdoten von Peter dem Grossen: aus dem Munde angesehener Personen zu Moskau und Petersburg vernommen, und der Vergessenheit entrissen

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Peter the Great had two wives, with whom he had fifteen children, three of whom survived to adulthood. Peter's mother selected his first wife,

3109: 1703: 667: 128: 110: 8154: 3883: 3000: 2621: 2346:, Peter was forced to return the Black Sea ports he had seized in 1697. In return, the Sultan expelled Charles XII. The Ottomans called him 8938: 8674: 8369: 7785: 6473: 5975:"The 1717 Convention of Amsterdam, a treaty marking the alliance and reciprocal guarantees between France, Russia and Prussia (15.08.1717)" 4046: 3718:

created conditions for holding it back for one and a half centuries!" The autocratic powers that Stalin admired appeared as a liability to

3690:" poem of 1833 gave a powerful romantic image of a creator-god. Slavophiles in mid-19th century deplored Peter's westernization of Russia. 2544:

with France and Prussia on 15 August. He achieved a diplomatic success, and his international prestige, consolidated. Again he visited the

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has downplayed diplomatic, economic and constitutional issues, new cultural roles have been found for Peter, for example in architecture (

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respectively in the south. The country's need for metal was exacerbated by the outbreak of wars for access to the Black and Baltic Seas.

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he lived in a modest three-room log cabin (with a study but without a fire-place) which had to make room for the first version of the

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initiated the construction of canals by John Perry and implemented a monetary reform, using the decimal principle as the basis of the

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By the summer of 1689, Peter, planned to take power from his half-sister Sophia, whose position had been weakened by two unsuccessful

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in 1689. The marriage was a failure, and 10 years later, Peter forced his wife to become a nun and thus freed himself from the union.

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This position changed when Feodor died in 1682. As Feodor did not leave any children, a dispute arose between the Miloslavsky family (

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Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions in the Extra-European World, 1600–1914

464: 4747: 3031:. Legend has it that before lapsing into unconsciousness Peter asked for a paper and pen and scrawled an unfinished note that read: 1980: 1939: 755: 8918: 8659: 6870: 6493: 6371: 505: 8582: 8539: 4774: 5553: 4360:

Peter completely reformed the Russian army along western lines. This depiction shows an infantryman from 1704 installing a plug

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Woolwich Dockyard in 1698: the recently erected Great Storehouse (centre-right) dominates the built environment of the dockyard.

1202:. He faced much opposition to these policies at home but brutally suppressed rebellions against his authority, including by the 8828: 8823: 8285: 8275: 8270: 2725:

connoted superiority or pre-eminence over kings. Several rulers feared that Peter would claim authority over them, just as the

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Bushkovitch, Paul A. (January 1990). "The Epiphany Ceremony of the Russian Court in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries".

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Fleet Manoeuvres Performed on the IJ on 1 September 1797 during Peter's Visit to Amsterdam, painting by Adam Silo (Hermitage)

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and against the Khan's overlord, the Ottoman Sultan. Peter's primary objective became the capture of the Ottoman fortress of

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Zitser, Ernest A. (Spring 2005). "Post-Soviet Peter: New Histories of the Late Muscovite and Early Imperial Russian Court".

4620:"Следствие по делу князя М. П. Гагарина в контексте развития системы государственного контроля в первой четверти XVIII века" 1359: 8863: 8669: 8626: 8454: 7275: 5805: 4369: 3867: 1755:, who were very fond of their beards, great upset. Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual 1322:, who later would publish a biography on Peter. Peter used to hold all his important meetings and numerous celebrations in 1066: 5664:

Verblijf van tsaar Peter de Grote en tsarina Catharina 1 op hofstede Hout en Duynzigt/Vredenhof – Petersburg in Nederhorst

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To the end of 1717, the preparatory phase of administrative reform in Russia was completed. After 1718, Peter established

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Russia was ill-prepared to fight the Swedes, and their first attempt at seizing the Baltic coast ended in disaster at the

1410:, the tsar was apprenticed for two months to an artillery engineer. (Decrees were issued on the construction of the first 606: 8734: 8552: 5424: 4400: 4074: 2048:. The country's first scientific library was opened in his palace in the Summer Garden. Peter ordered the development of 2007:

for the time of the monarch's absence, the Senate became a permanent body after his return. A special high official, the

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model of existence in a pragmatic world of competition and personal success, which largely shaped the philosophy of his

8187: 6372:"Peter the Great with a Black Page Mardefelt, Gustaff B. Mardefeld, Gustav von (Baron) V&A Explore The Collections" 3264:, all of whom died in infancy. Only three of his children survived to adulthood. He had only three grandchildren: Tsar 2338:

Peter, overestimating the support he would receive from his Balkan allies, attacked the Ottoman Empire, initiating the

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To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought more maritime outlets. His only outlet at the time was the

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princes and many other states and lands western and eastern here and there and the successor and sovereign and ruler.

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with a whole crew to Peter I in exchange for the monopoly right of English merchants to trade tobacco in Russia (see

1593: 1509: 1454:, an expert on Russia, the tsar was given the opportunity to gain practical experience in shipyard, belonging to the 919:. A hole was cut in the back of the throne, so that she, literally behind the scenes, could whisper to the two boys. 794: 574: 488: 146: 17: 7223:

Waugh, Daniel Clarke. "We have never been modern: Approaches to the study of Russia in the age of Peter the Great".

6675: 6419:, Dimitrie Cantemir. Viața și opera, col. Biblioteca Istorică, vol. III, Ed. Academiei RPR, București, 1958, p. 141. 6039:Лакиер А. Б. §66. Надписи вокруг печати. Соответствие их с государевым титулом. // Русская геральдика. – СПб., 1855. 3256:

By his two wives, he had fifteen children: three by Eudoxia and twelve by Catherine. These included four sons named

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Brown, Peter B. "Towards a Psychohistory of Peter the Great: Trauma, Modeling, and Coping in Peter's Personality".

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another. Decisions depended on the majority vote. In 1718, Peter investigated why the formerly Swedish province of

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Peter has been featured in many histories, novels, plays, films, monuments and paintings. They include the poems

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representations of dead saints typical for centuries of Russian visual culture suddenly give way to naturalistic

3603: 2541: 2189: 1831: 1318:. He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year. He appointed 7332:

Anderson, M.S. "Russia under Peter the Great and the changed relations of East and West". in J.S. Bromley, ed.,

5024: 2964:, a palace near Saint Petersburg, was completed. Peterhof was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian 2937:, and as the result of a Russo-Persian alliance against the Ottoman Empire, which was the common enemy of both. 2925:. Within twelve years all the territories were ceded back to Persia, now led by the charismatic military genius 2100:. In 1721, a decree was issued that allowed factory owners, regardless of whether they had a noble rank, to buy 2080:

and build metallurgical plants. At the same time, manufacturers and artisans were exempted from state taxes and

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as the "window to the West". In 1714, Peter relocated the capital from Moscow, a status it retained until 1918.

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he left the hall and the astonished attendees with his wig pulled over his head, according Massie. He visited

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while Peter stands on the small ship on the right. Painting by A. Storck. This ship sank on his second voyage.

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and left the city early September 1717, heading for Berlin. In October he was back in St Petersburg. In 1719

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charges of adultery, publicly flogged, and confined in monasteries while being forbidden to be talked to.

3113: 3046:. He was fifty-two years, seven months old when he died, having reigned forty-two years. He is interred in 2545: 2414: 2393: 2234: 1023: 344: 195: 5625: 5365: 4991: 8953: 8838: 8787: 8427: 8417: 8400: 8213: 7771: 7753: 7662: 7579:

Reforming the Tsar's Army – Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution

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and Peter's half-sister Sophia, who they sought to put on the throne, was kept in strictest seclusion at

983: 790: 7589: 5713: 2246: 1002:. Peter's mother sought to force him to adopt a more conventional approach and arranged his marriage to 773:

Peter had a great interest in plants, animals and minerals, in malformed creatures or exceptions to the

510: 8858: 8614: 8405: 7854: 7652: 6923: 4559: 4115: 4062: 3927: 3813: 3687: 3218: 3209: 3072: 2450: 2069: 2033: 1660: 1319: 1235: 6183:(1). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 1–17. 5316: 4879:

The Petrine Instauration: Religion, Esotericism and Science at the Court of Peter the Great, 1689–1725

3205: 2433:

he met with Danish diplomats, supporting Prussia. He sailed to Copenhagen heading an allied fleet. In

2311:, Charles suffered his first loss after Peter crushed a group of Swedish reinforcements marching from 8843: 8777: 8749: 8739: 8621: 8335: 5343: 5205: 4721: 3749:

impacted both the basic constitution of the Russian Empire and, perforce, its subsequent development.

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became an advisor and offered to write new laws for the country. In December Russia was divided into

1946: 1403: 952: 562: 2991:

In the winter of 1723, Peter, whose overall health was never robust, began having problems with his

2740:, the most excellent and great sovereign emperor Pyotr Alekseevich the ruler of all the Russias: of 880:. When his father died in 1676, he left the sovereignty to Peter's elder half-brother, the crippled 8833: 8808: 8484: 8422: 8374: 7802: 7794: 6647: 6488:

Kathleen Scollins, "Cursing at the Whirlwind: The Old Testament Landscape of The Bronze Horseman."

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to the south was in deep decline. Taking advantage of the profitable situation, Peter launched the

2809: 2041: 1800: 1455: 956: 591: 8721: 5639: 2540:, at that time one of the most important fortresses in Europe. He went back Amsterdam to attend a 2197:

a half-century earlier. Peter declared war on Sweden, which was at the time led by the young King

8873: 8690: 8116: 7849: 7100: 4491: 4461: 4434: 4081: 3774: 3579: 3213: 2618:. The expedition ended in complete disaster when the entire expeditionary force was slaughtered. 2529: 2501: 2293: 2214: 1967:, who spent six years in Russia and made drawings of the Kremlin. In 1711, Peter visited elector 1903: 1625: 1581: 928: 802: 745: 648: 532: 412: 6572: 6470: 5777: 5739: 5219: 4270: 2658: 705:. Despite initial difficulties, the wars were ultimately successful and led to expansion to the 8744: 8111: 8010: 7806: 4390: 4243: 4139: 3800: 3141: 3121: 2985: 2446: 2300: 2221: 1911: 1723: 1691:

about their position that believers should not join the military. King William III presented a

1585: 1540:

considered the Tsar too inquisitive, and this affected their willingness to help the Russians.

1529: 1505: 778: 748:

was particularly resistant to this change. In 1703, he introduced the first Russian newspaper,

547: 8547: 7596: 6991:(2004). "Catherine I of Russia, Consort to Peter the Great". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). 5103: 1711: 781:. He encouraged research of deformities, all along trying to debunk the superstitious fear of 8101: 8061: 7859: 7829: 7746: 7736: 7617: 7124: 7011: 6617: 5243: 4022: 3793: 3245: 3017: 2877: 2718: 2710: 2681: 2521: 2250: 2198: 2124: 1676: 1528:. In October 1697, the Tsar visited Delft and received an "eal viewer" from the microscopist 1459: 1038: 915:(a council of Russian nobles) chose the 10-year-old Peter to become tsar, with his mother as 714: 527: 470: 293: 121: 8594: 6782: 5245:

Peter the Great Through British Eyes: Perceptions and Representations of the Tsar Since 1698

3212:

peasant, and took her as a mistress some time between 1702 and 1704. Marta converted to the

2441:, and, because of his physical problems he stayed at this spa. There he met with the genius 2150:

Peter the Great Meditating the Idea of Building St Petersburg at the Shore of the Baltic Sea

8818: 8813: 8638: 8280: 8106: 8026: 7949: 7839: 7689: 5525: 4343: 4169: 3129: 2965: 2706: 2701:, the State Chancellor, was the first to add "the Great, Father of His Country, Emperor of 2633: 2509: 2508:, Dunkirk and Calais. In Paris he obtained many books, requested to become a member of the 2505: 2481: 2206: 2019: 1955: 1896:; for fifteen years, naval officers, surveyors, engineers, and gunners were educated there. 1383: 1046: 881: 813: 730: 557: 159: 6715:

Lindsey Hughes, "'What manner of man did we lose?': Death-bed images of Peter the Great".

1394:

than about fighting the Ottoman Sultan. Peter failed to expand the anti-Ottoman alliance.

8: 8589: 8514: 8234: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8004: 7992: 7939: 7879: 7844: 7834: 7824: 7421:

Russia's Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power 1700–1800

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Driessen-Van het Reve, J. (1996) Tsaar Peter de Grote en zijn Amsterdamse vrienden, p. 8.

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refused. Peter put his knowledge of shipbuilding to use in helping build Russia's navy.

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ineffective. Peter became the sole ruler when Ivan died in 1696 without male offspring.

8893: 8524: 8509: 8442: 8192: 8066: 7977: 7964: 7944: 7934: 7884: 7874: 7819: 7696: 7549: 7431: 7350: 7344: 7259: 7193: 6976: 6866: 6676:"Peter I at Krasnaya Gorka Lighting a Fire on the Shore to Signal to his Sinking Ships" 6643: 6192: 5268: 4184: 4111: 3323: 3265: 3197:

and forced her to join a convent. She had borne him three children, although only one,

3092: 2726: 2549: 2238: 2202: 2113: 1964: 1617: 1513: 1479: 1280:

Peter attempted to acquire control of the Black Sea, which would require expelling the

1198:, Peter reorganized the Russian army along modern lines and dreamed of making Russia a 1010: 991: 924: 900: 840: 741: 718: 500: 402: 7181:

Daqiu, Zhu. "Cultural Memory and the Image of Peter the Great in Russian Literature".

8631: 8577: 8494: 8076: 8048: 8016: 7972: 7954: 7919: 7814: 7726: 7623: 7602: 7539: 7503: 7481: 7467: 7456: 7438: 7414: 7386: 7263: 7110: 7071: 7039: 7017: 6996: 6968: 6931: 6898: 6623: 6392: 6155: 6101: 6091: 5901: 5891: 5557: 5390: 5296: 5292: 5249: 4805: 4780: 4753: 4641: 4619: 4589: 4579: 4297: 4204: 3941: 3907: 3892: 3830: 3758: 3702: 3645: 3620: 3450: 3190: 2953: 2829: 2638: 2626: 2568: 2556: 2426: 2331: 2327: 2308: 2171: 2166: 2130: 2049: 2014:

In 1701, 1705 and 1712, Peter I issued decrees establishing an Engineering School in

1927: 1915: 1764: 1727: 1652: 1621: 1427: 1418: 1304: 1231: 1215: 1184: 1124: 1081: 1050: 1003: 995: 911:, until 1696. Ivan, was next in line but was weakminded and blind. Consequently, the 683: 671: 542: 537: 443: 318: 264: 171: 87: 7562: 7104: 6980: 4684:"Peter the Great ordered to establish January 1st as the New Year's Day countrywide" 2637:

procurator. Some foreigners were included in various colleges but not as president.

2315:. Deprived of this aid, Charles was forced to abandon his proposed march on Moscow. 1580:, LeFort), two clock makers, a cook, a priest, six trumpeters, 70 soldiers from the 758:, a reform of Russian orthography largely designed by himself. On the shores of the 8557: 8379: 8358: 8290: 8254: 8245: 8197: 8096: 8035: 8021: 7924: 7914: 7909: 7869: 7864: 7705: 7296: 7251: 7031: 6960: 6184: 6151: 6139: 5714:"Cornelis de Bruijns Reizen Over Moskovie, Reizen over Moskovie, Cornelis de Bruyn" 5487: 5288: 5006: 4631: 4506: 4482: 4239: 3996: 3888: 3225: 2849: 2821: 2785: 2749: 2698: 2615: 2604: 2572: 2560: 2517: 2497: 2378: 2351: 2265: 2153: 1999: 1880:

Peter attracted many foreign specialists and opened an educational institution for

1823: 1768: 1648: 1533: 1136: 945: 908: 889: 885: 865: 861: 809: 763: 679: 639: 633: 567: 392: 382: 235: 182: 6808:

https://gamerant.com/civilization-6-leader-civilization-breakdown-montezuma-shaka/

5414:

Thomas Pym Cope, Passages from the Life and Writings of William Penn, 1882, p. 436

3570: 979:). He was not interested in a musical education but liked fireworks and drumming. 8729: 8695: 8562: 8519: 8489: 8477: 7889: 7324: 7235: 7169: 7079: 6939: 6815: 6769: 6750: 6500: 6477: 6109: 5342: 5090: 4597: 4274: 4219: 4041: 4033: 4030:

Peter is featured as the leader of the Russian civilization in the computer game

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was locked up in the Peter and Paul fortress, whom he regarded as the rebellious

3067: 3012: 2996: 2961: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2797: 2702: 2496:, a silk manufacture and a paper-mill. At five in the morning he was received by 2489: 2473: 2469: 2457: 2430: 2374: 2241:

of St. Petersburg. After the defeat at Narva, Peter I gave the order to melt the

2008: 1931: 1885: 1874: 1858: 1597: 1553: 1486: 1451: 1296: 1014: 987: 845: 737: 7518:

The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World

7205:

Resis, Albert. "Russophobia and the" Testament" of Peter the Great, 1812–1980".

6964: 5960:

The visits of Peter the Great to the United Provinces in 1697–1698 and 1716–1717

4554: 2675:

Peter's last years were marked by further reform in Russia. On 2 November 1721 (

1857:. Thus, in the year 7207 of the old Russian calendar, Peter proclaimed that the 1422: 832: 8071: 7998: 7982: 7929: 7899: 7894: 7712: 7495: 7473: 7448: 7397: 7051: 6988: 6681: 4574:

Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2012). "Peter the Great and spectacles of suffering".

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and then, exhausted by the effort, asked for his daughter Anna to be summoned.

2910: 2885: 2862: 2793: 2669: 2323: 2318:

Charles XII refused to retreat to Poland or back to Sweden and instead invaded

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Albert Resis, "Russophobia and the 'Testament' of Peter the Great, 1812–1980"

5905: 5269:

Boss, Valentin, (2002) Newton and Russia : the early influence, 1698–1796

2664: 2160: 2137: 1489:

who had all the specimens exposed in five rooms. He taught Peter how to catch

852: 678:, from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned jointly with his half-brother 8802: 8567: 8225: 8173: 7987: 7360: 7310: 6147: 4645: 4593: 4223: 4096: 3957: 3945: 3860: 3663: 3597: 3409: 2992: 2650: 2525: 2477: 2281: 2118: 2061: 1975:

and Torgau where his son Aleksei married. In 1713 he visited Hamburg, sieged

1784: 1760: 1752: 1672: 1656: 1605: 1463: 1414: 1411: 1314:

Peter returned to Moscow in November 1695 and began building a large navy in

1116: 1093: 976: 972: 877: 868:

from an early age by several tutors commissioned by his father, most notably

856:

Peter's ship, rigged with a sail and a mast with the help of Dutch carpenters

79: 7369:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 288–91. 6943: 6935: 6762: 6743: 4601: 4576:

Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia. New Studies in European History

3636: 2981: 2406: 2358:), for his willingness to sacrifice large numbers of his troops in wartime. 2342:. Peter's campaign in the Ottoman Empire was disastrous, and in the ensuing 1407: 8529: 7763: 7083: 6972: 6113: 4119: 4018: 3973: 3796: 3237: 3149: 2945: 2789: 2533: 2182: 2037: 2023: 1972: 1835: 1688: 1684: 1644: 1613: 1475: 1140: 869: 691: 7318: 7255: 6105: 5220:"'Tsar Peter the Great was on extremely bad terms with the Dutch regents'" 1560: 8121: 7128: 6829:"Последний царь: о чём забыли создатели документального фильма о Петре I" 3969: 3730: 3658: 2897: 2721:, but not by the other European monarchs. In the minds of many, the word 2576: 2485: 2438: 2382: 2242: 2226: 2053: 2045: 1988: 1893: 1854: 1843: 1811: 1668: 1664: 1640: 1502: 1266: 1254: 1195: 1034: 990:

played an important role. He engaged in such pastimes as shipbuilding in

706: 8132: 7228: 7162: 6810:

Civilization 6 Leader and Civilization Breakdown – Montezuma to Shaka]

5887:

Blood of Others: Stalin's Crimean Atrocity and the Poetics of Solidarity

5830: 3701:

The Communists executed the last Romanovs, and their historians such as

3178:

Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich at Peterhof

3083:

and visited gatherings of Quakers and Mennonites. He did not believe in

3065:

The 1782 statue of Peter I in Saint Petersburg, informally known as the

2614:

led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia against the

2421:

with which Peter wanted an alliance. He obtained the assistance of the

1779: 8472: 4683: 3914: 3903: 3769: 3671: 3182: 3153: 3080: 2957: 2944:. He abolished the land tax and household tax and replaced them with a 2926: 2730: 2679:), soon after peace was made with Sweden, he was officially proclaimed 2537: 2493: 2434: 2065: 2003: 1984: 1850: 1719: 1609: 1601: 1174: 1070: 710: 35: 7598:

Russia and the Low Countries: An International Bibliography, 1500–2000

6196: 5885: 5740:"10 Major Accomplishments of Peter the Great | Learnodo Newtonic" 5693: 5206:"Visited by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia | Lens on Leeuwenhoek" 2828:

and the sovereign of all the northern lands, and the sovereign of the

1194:

aimed at modernizing Russia. Heavily influenced by his advisors, like

912: 8163: 5674: 3591: 3493: 2845: 2817: 2813: 2801: 2761: 2676: 2580: 2559:, Sweden made peace with all powers but Russia by 1720. In 1721, the 2465: 2335:

militarily incompetent. In Poland, Augustus II was restored as King.

2289: 1979:

with his allies. He then traveled to Hanover and was a guest of Duke

1869: 1861:

was in effect and the year was 1700. On the death of Lefort in 1699,

1756: 1569: 1548: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1490: 1262: 1250: 1211: 1108: 1097: 1086: 1030: 904: 820:

in 1722 had a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the

4618:Костецкая, Е. В.; Суслова, Л. Н.; Аксенова, В. А. (7 October 2023). 4387:, on the modernization of the Russian military under Peter the Great 3678:

with a divine mission. At his funeral Prokopovich compared him with

2880:

accompanied Peter the Great on a military expedition to the city of

2865:. Formerly, precedence had been determined by birth. To deprive the 2410: 2177: 2030:, and should be tested on the subjects at the end of their studies. 982:

Peter was not particularly concerned that others ruled in his name;

8327: 7341:

The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress through Coercion in Russia

6860:

The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Violence in Russia

6188: 5025:"Briefly about the Great Embassy of Peter the Great – History 2024" 4968:

The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Violence in Russia

4877: 4664: 3667: 3194: 3084: 3043: 3028: 2922: 2893: 2841: 2773: 2753: 2461: 2437:

he visited the monastery, where Luther lived. In May he went on to

2398: 2027: 1998:

In 1711, Peter established by decree a new state body known as the

1839: 1796: 1692: 1636: 1632: 1537: 1462:. The diligent and capable tsar assisted in the construction of an 1439: 1315: 1207: 1203: 1152: 1123:

He went through the naval service, starting from the lowest ranks:

1029:

Meanwhile, he was a frequent guest in German quarter, where he met

933: 687: 7070:. Translated by Atkinson, Frederick. New York: Payson and Clarke. 3583: 3248:, crowned as Empress, although he remained Russia's actual ruler. 3236:). He was convicted and sentenced to be executed. The sentence of 1726:. Peter's visit was cut short, when he was informed of the second 1604:

from a rooftop window. At some time he had an affair with actress

1104:

which offers advice to rulers on how to govern justly and wisely.

959:

on the estate, had it restored and learned to sail. He received a

7075: 5985: 4518:

The 'Leave all ..." story first appears in H-F de Bassewitz

4361: 3683: 3229: 3133: 3039: 2960:

which were shipped to St Petersburg. In 1725 the construction of

2906: 2902: 2881: 2781: 2765: 2643: 2596: 2370: 2319: 2296:(1706). Peter took his whole family on a boat trip to Kronstadt. 2269: 2101: 2093: 1923: 1881: 1744: 1702:

The Embassy next went to Leipzig, Dresden, where he met with the

1497:. Together they went to see patients. He arrived in Utrecht on a 1364: 1144: 1132: 1128: 1112: 1058: 964: 960: 782: 690:

who remained the ultimate authority and organized a well-ordered

377: 48: 43: 7577:

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David, and Bruce W. Menning, eds.

6434: 5093:. Radio Netherlands Archives. 8 June 1996. Retrieved 8 May 2020. 4749:

The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture By James Cracraft

2060:; Peter immediately set up a factory for the development in the 1351: 7354: 6329: 5746: 3931:

depicts the unsavoury brutal side of Peter during the campaign.

3038:

Peter died between four and five in the morning 8 February. An

3024: 3004: 2866: 2825: 2805: 2741: 2564: 2366: 2230: 2145: 2057: 1494: 1293: 1281: 1062: 916: 219: 190: 55:

This article is about the Russian monarch. For other uses, see

5626:"Глава вторая. ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ. Кутузов. Лидия Леонидовна Ивченко" 3992:. The plays were broadcast on 25 September and 2 October 2016. 3944:

novels written by American science fiction and fantasy author

3799:

first went to sea in full force, – to help the Russian troops

3698:. Nevertheless, it is still quoted in foreign policy circles. 2253:. In 1702 Peter the Great established the Olonets Shipyard at 1853:, but after Peter's reforms, they were to be counted from the 1556:, 1698. This portrait was Peter's gift to the King of England. 1163: 8499: 5867: 5865: 4891: 4889: 4847: 4845: 4385:

Military history of the Russian Empire § Peter the Great

4007:

When remodeling his the castle put the throne behind the bar;

4005:

There was a man named Peter the Great who was a Russian Tzar;

3679: 3516: 2769: 2757: 2705:" to Peter's traditional title of tsar following a speech by 2264:

While the Poles fought the Swedes, Peter founded the city of

1992: 1819: 1748: 1498: 1493:

and how to preserve them. They also had a common interest in

1447: 1148: 888:, an enlightened friend of Alexis, the political head of the 8879:

Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

6951:

Hughes, John R. (2007). "The seizures of Peter Alexeevich".

6660:

James Cracraft, "The Russian Empire as Cultural Construct",

2284:. The first buildings which appeared were a shipyard at the 903:

was his second wife) over who should inherit the throne. He

884:. Throughout this period, the government was largely run by 697:

Most of Peter's reign was consumed by long wars against the

8504: 7218:

The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought

6763:

BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Tsar, Peter the Great: Queen of Spades

6704:

The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought

6454:

The Image of Peter the Great in Russian History and Thought

6009: 5758: 5425:"Peter the Great's favourite yacht found in the Baltic Sea" 4406:, a Russian Navy battle cruiser named after Peter the Great 3790:

Lighting a Fire on the Shore to Signal to his Sinking Ships

3754: 3675: 3666:

he was the Antichrist, because of the calendar changes and

2949: 2918: 2777: 2745: 2668:

Peter I being titulated as the emperor of Russia (1721) by

2312: 2277: 2077: 1935: 1430:

and sailed to Zaandam, where he arrived on 18 August 1697.

1300: 1289: 967:. Therefore, he began a search for a foreign expert in the 944:

made it possible for Sophia, the Miloslavskys (the clan of

759: 7619:

Classics in Russia, 1700–1855: Between Two Bronze Horsemen

6883:

Brechka, Frank T., “Peter the Great: The Books He Owned.”

6281: 5979:

France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs

5862: 5505: 5459: 5180:"11 dingen die je nog niet wist over Tsaar Peter de Grote" 4886: 4842: 4830: 4009:

He lined the walls with vodka, rum, and 40 kinds of beers;

3972:

by Isaac Rouse as a boy, Will Howard as a young adult and

3582:, a Prussian diplomat, who attended the peace congress on 3404:

Born and died before the official marriage of her parents

3390:

Born and died before the official marriage of his parents

3376:

Born and died before the official marriage of his parents

2217:

took part in all major battles of the Great Northern War.

1536:

he was invited by King of England to visit him. The Dutch

963:, but did not know how to use it. Peter was fascinated by 927:, one of Alexis' daughters from his first marriage, led a 7270:

Zitser, Ernest A. "The Difference that Peter I Made". in

6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 5122: 4973: 3988:

and which were the last two plays in the first series of

3911: 3640:

Head (original) of the model after which the monument by

2456:

In early December Peter arrived in Amsterdam and visited

1311:

to take the fortress, but his attempts ended in failure.

1284:

from the surrounding areas. As part of an agreement with

6744:

BBC Radio 4 – Drama, Tsar, Peter the Great: The Gamblers

6422: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6227: 6120: 5534: 4857: 4617: 3023:

In early January 1725, Peter was struck once again with

2956:

based on his own sketches. He ordered to purchase 2,000

1963:

was the first governor of Siberia. Peter was visited by

1865:

succeeded him as Peter's prime favourite and confidant.

1458:, for a period of four months, under the supervision of 4818: 3841:

wrote a biographical historical novel about him, named

3565: 951:

From 1682 to 1689, Peter and his mother were banned to

6993:

Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort

6916:

Modernization of Russia Under Peter I and Catherine II

6341: 6317: 5997: 5912: 5778:"Home court pharmacy: Famous buildings – Петербург 24" 4701: 4199:

Peter walking along the embankment of St. Petersburg.

3089:

The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters

2249:

Russian forces captured the Swedish fortress, renamed

2123:

Peter I of Russia pacifies his marauding troops after

899:

was the first wife of Alexis I) and Naryshkin family (

7244:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

7200:

Terror and Greatness: Ivan and Peter as Russian Myths

6305: 6293: 6269: 6252: 6215: 6203: 5991: 5939: 5850: 5699: 5572: 5438: 4901: 4799: 4670: 4496: 4466: 4439: 2361:

Peter's northern armies took the Swedish province of

653: 8884:

Russian military personnel of the Great Northern War

7538:(1969), excerpts from primary and secondary sources 7402:

Cracraft, James. "Kliuchevskii on Peter the Great".

7286: 7174:

Cracraft, James. "Kliuchevskii on Peter the Great".

6021: 4396:

Censorship in the Russian Empire § Peter I's Reforms

3016:

historians, pointing out that the German chronicler

1292:

to Russia, Peter was forced to wage war against the

1214:, and the greatest civil uprising of his reign, the 8944:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

6544: 6376:

Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections

5973:étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. 5471: 4652: 1478:, the tsar's advisor in maritime affairs; engineer 892:and one of Peter's greatest childhood benefactors. 7375:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671–1725 4776:Cultures of Forgery: Making Nations, Making Selves 4183:Peter the Great Founding St. Petersburg, 1703 (by 3899:, shows Peter's attempt to build the Baltic Fleet. 3617:Princess Maria Dmitrievna Cantemirovna of Moldavia 2709:in 1721. Peter's imperial title was recognized by 662:30 May] 1672 – 8 February [ 6042: 5287:. Harvard University Press. 2013. pp. 9–18. 5154:"Tsaar Peter de Grote in Utrecht in 1697 en 1717" 5084:Peter the Great: Part 1 of 3 (The Carpenter Czar) 4110:Peter in a foreign outfit in front of his mother 3934:A character based on Peter plays a major role in 3837:, an equestrian statue raised in Peter's honour. 3803:, – the fleet got caught in a storm. Painting by 8800: 6063: 5007:"Peter the Great | Royal Museums Greenwich" 4578:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 403–415. 4423:Peter is also known by the following nicknames: 4380:History of the administrative division of Russia 4044:in the 2022 Russian historical documentary film 2884:near the Caspian Sea. The once powerful Persian 2385:most of Finland was occupied by Russian forces. 1918:. In 1707, Tsar Peter I bought a fully equipped 1868:In 1700 Peter I prevented the election of a new 1612:four times; it is not clear whether he ever met 7334:The New Cambridge Modern History: VI: 1688–1715 7190:The image of Peter the Great in Russian fiction 4011:And advanced the Russian culture by 120 years! 2322:. Peter withdrew his army southward, employing 1826:, to observe the training and abilities of the 1257:. The Baltic Sea was at the time controlled by 7478:Peter the Great and the West: New Perspectives 7272:The Oxford Handbook of Modern Russian History. 4804:(in Dutch). Hilversum: Verloren. p. 336. 3951:Peter is one of many supporting characters in 2796:and others, sovereign and great prince of the 2563:ended the Great Northern War. Russia acquired 2480:. He obtained many paintings among other from 2233:. Bidloo had to organize a military hospital. 2096:became the first Russian exporters of iron to 8343: 8148: 7779: 7581:(Cambridge UP, 2004) 361 pp. scholarly essays 6573:"10 Major Accomplishments of Peter the Great" 4454: 4427: 3884:How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor 3318:Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3100: 2952:and paupers. Peter began construction of the 2492:. He paid a visit to a friend's mansion near 2397:Tsar Peter the Great picks up the young King 2076:representatives of all classes to search for 2044:was appointed secretary and librarian of the 1730:in June. The rebellion was easily crushed by 8712:Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary) 7793: 7123: 7109:(6th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford UP. 6015: 5752: 4722:"Peter the Great and the New Year in Russia" 4331:A posthumous portrait of Peter the Great by 4047:Peter I: The Last Tsar and the First Emperor 3136:and astronomer, to come to the capital. The 2504:. In April 1717 he continued his travel to 2090:the entire mining and metallurgical industry 1763:. In the same year Peter also sought to end 1576:with four chamberlains, three interpreters ( 1347:: Spectacle on the Amstel river, August 1697 1307:. In the summer of 1695 Peter organized the 1076: 8899:People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans 7586:Peter the Great and the emergence of Russia 7558:Peter the Great, Reformer or Revolutionary? 7380: 7099: 6428: 6174: 5871: 5511: 5465: 4895: 4851: 4836: 1890:Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation 1722:he crossed the border and Peter spoke with 1624:on the coinage. Peter was impressed by the 8350: 8336: 8216:(pretendent, murdered at the age of three) 8155: 8141: 7786: 7772: 7056: 6913: 6722: 6465:A. Lenton, "Voltaire and Peter the Great" 6233: 5764: 5540: 4979: 4772: 4726:Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas 3001:monument to Peter I (St. Michael's Castle) 2488:and Rembrandt's "David and Jonathan" for 2225:reorganize the Russian army and conquered 1390:over who would succeed the childless King 72: 8934:Russian expatriates in the United Kingdom 8889:Members of the French Academy of Sciences 8162: 7664:Peter the Great, a Tsar who Loved Science 7659:. StarMedia. Babich-Design (Russia, 2013) 7594: 6728: 6389:Peter the Great: A Life From Beginning to 5831:"Peter I (Peter the Great) & Solovki" 4800:Driessen-Van het Reve, Jozien J. (2006). 4635: 3042:revealed his bladder to be infected with 1747:) and cut off their long beards, causing 1450:to see a fleet. Through the mediation of 682:until 1696. From this year, Peter was an 8849:City founders from the Tsardom of Russia 7674:by Lindsey Hughes, Yale University Press 6890: 6664:(2010) 10#2 pp. 167–188, quoting p. 170. 6003: 5957: 5890:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 5800: 5798: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5589: 5587: 5340: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5074:Wilson, D. (2006) Peter the Great, p. 45 4918: 4916: 4745: 4719: 4707: 4658: 4573: 4549: 4355: 3780: 3768: 3635: 3569: 3422:Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 3171: 3060: 2975: 2663: 2649: 2620: 2590: 2392: 2176: 2159: 2144: 2136: 2117: 1898: 1805: 1790: 1778: 1600:. He watched the proceedings within the 1559: 1547: 1358: 1350: 1339: 1173: 1162: 1080: 851: 839: 831: 27:Tsar/Emperor of Russia from 1682 to 1725 7225:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas H. 6818:. GameRant. Retrieved 15 December 2020. 6733:. London: Oxford U.P. pp. 315–317. 6615: 6081: 5918: 5148: 5146: 4933: 4923:Prokopovich's Funeral Sermon on Peter I 4613: 4611: 3961:– mainly featuring in the third novel, 3167: 2693:. Some proposed that he take the title 2299:Following several defeats, Polish King 2040:, became head of the court apothecary; 1675:. He was trained on a telescope at the 787:industrialization in the Russian Empire 14: 8929:Russian expatriates in the Netherlands 8801: 7648:. The third film. Peter I, Catherine I 7494: 7472: 7447: 7440:Peter the Great: Emperor of All Russia 7241: 7065: 7030: 6987: 6950: 6922: 6673: 6550: 6440: 6358: 6335: 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6221: 6209: 6138: 6126: 5972: 5945: 5856: 5578: 5554:"Russian Grand Priory – Timeline" 5523: 5444: 5128: 5104:"Tsaar Peter de Grote bezoekt Zaandam" 5051:"The Grand Embassy of Peter the Great" 4937: 4907: 4875: 4863: 4824: 4720:McIntosh, Matthew (30 December 2019). 4138:Peter I by the favorite court painter 4021:in the 2020 'antihistory' Hulu series 3128:between 1712–1733. In 1716 he invited 1981:Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1926:, including staff. Peter replaced the 1107:He introduced into the concept of the 744:that was long used in Russia, but the 8331: 8136: 7767: 7554: 7090: 6090:] (in German). J.G.I. Breitkopf. 6027: 5930: 5795: 5653: 5613: 5584: 5363: 5281:"1. Did Peter the Great Meet Newton?" 5241: 5230: 4913: 4773:Ryan, Judith; Thomas, Alfred (2013). 4505: 3764: 3306:Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia 3199:Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia 2107: 1639:, with captain John Perry to watch a 1397:In Riga, the local Swedish commander 955:. At the age of 16, he discovered an 713:, thus laying the groundwork for the 632: 335:Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia 8763: 8357: 7672:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 7536:Russia in the era of Peter the Great 7453:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 7436: 7349: 6865: 6530:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 6247:The church reform of Peter the Great 6069: 5883: 5477: 5143: 4637:10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-346-373 4608: 4370:Government reform of Peter the Great 4257:Dutch engraving, after Carel de Moor 3982:Peter the Great: The Queen of Spades 3744:) and dress. James Cracraft argues: 3566:Mistresses and illegitimate children 3244:In 1724, Peter had his second wife, 2971: 2377:. In 1714 the Russian fleet won the 1818:In 1698, Peter sent a delegation to 1714:, Prague, Vienna, to pay a visit to 1092:As a young man, Peter I adopted the 736:In December 1699, he introduced the 8939:Infectious disease deaths in Russia 7615: 7061:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 7036:Peter the Great: His Life and World 7009: 6821: 6144:Peter the Great: His Life and World 6048: 5530:. Project Gutenberg online edition. 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 3124:was constructed between 1710–1712; 2579:. In turn, Russia paid two million 1588:, and met with Bishop of Salisbury 1474:, a vice-admiral who became, under 1224:Frederick William, Duke of Courland 1190:Peter reigned for around 43 years. 1102:The Education of a Christian Prince 998:, as well as mock battles with his 553:Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia 24: 7282: 6995:. Cambridge UP. pp. 131–154. 5486:. pp. Russian. Archived from 4450:'Pyotr Mikhaylov, son of Aleksey'; 3140:of 1721 are based on the ideas of 3020:is the only source for the story. 2655:Peter the Great's Assembly in 1718 2369:, and the southern half of modern 1017:in an attempt to stop devastating 824:trace their origins to his reign. 797:were founded in 1724, and invited 25: 8965: 7637: 7411:The Revolution of Peter the Great 6894:The Revolution of Peter the Great 6662:Journal of the Historical Society 5593: 5341:Moriarty, Gerald Patrick (1896). 5048: 3594:, from 1691 (or 1692) until 1704. 2687:coronation of the Russian monarch 2583:and surrendered most of Finland. 2388: 2092:, and local administrations. The 1987:. From Danzig he sailed to Riga, 1510:States-General of the Netherlands 1508:in a tavern. When he visited the 795:Saint Petersburg State University 634:[ˈpʲɵtrɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪt͡ɕ] 340:Anna, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 8904:People of the Russo-Persian Wars 8782: 8773: 8772: 8762: 7404:Canadian-American Slavic Studies 7317: 7303: 7289: 7176:Canadian-American Slavic Studies 7057:Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2016). 6800: 6775: 6756: 6737: 6709: 6696: 6667: 6654: 6636: 6609: 6600: 6591: 6565: 6556: 6535: 6522: 6506: 6482: 6459: 6446: 6410: 6401: 6382: 6364: 5711: 5596:"The Reforms of Peter the Great" 5364:Clerk, Halley's (20 June 2013). 5350:Dictionary of National Biography 5293:10.4159/harvard.9780674733527.c4 4536: 4324: 4305: 4282: 4262: 4250: 4231: 4211: 4192: 4176: 4154: 4131: 4103: 4095:Peter I in Russian dress during 4088: 4073: 4068:Diamond order of Peter the Great 4061: 3156:that was under the control of a 3146:Church reform of Peter the Great 2512:and visited the parliament, the 2056:and discovered rich deposits of 1767:, which were the norm among the 1663:. For three months he stayed at 1336:Grand Embassy of Peter the Great 1329: 1240:Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond 666:28 January] 1725), was 422: 280: 57:Peter the Great (disambiguation) 8919:Russian people of Tatar descent 8783: 8610:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral 6885:The Journal of Library History. 6622:. University of Chicago Press. 6239: 6168: 6132: 6075: 6054: 6033: 5966: 5951: 5924: 5877: 5841: 5823: 5770: 5732: 5705: 5679:Большая российская энциклопедия 5667: 5632: 5546: 5517: 5450: 5417: 5408: 5383: 5357: 5353:. Vol. 45. pp. 35–36. 5334: 5309: 5273: 5262: 5212: 5198: 5172: 5134: 5096: 5077: 5068: 5042: 5017: 4999: 4985: 4960: 4927: 4869: 4793: 4766: 4752:. University of Chicago Press. 4739: 4713: 4512: 3976:as an adult in the radio plays 3773:Tomb of Peter the Great in the 3201:, survived past his childhood. 3126:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral 3048:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral 2575:, and a substantial portion of 1787:towards the Summer Palace, 1716 1192:He implemented sweeping reforms 1085:Monument to Peter the Great in 1045:of China. In 1693 he sailed to 306: 276: 6875:. Cambridge UP. Archived from 6872:Peter the Great and his pupils 6729:Gorchakov, Nikolai A. (1957). 5958:Knoppers, Jake V. Th. (1969). 5806:"Russia's Cultural Revolution" 5681:(in Russian). 13 December 2022 5391:"Peter the Great trashed here" 5305:– via www.degruyter.com. 5248:. Cambridge University Press. 4676: 4567: 4476: 4417: 3670:. Peter compared himself with 3079:Peter had a great interest in 2890:Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723 2715:Frederick William I of Prussia 2586: 2425:who sieged the strong Swedish 2423:Frederick William I of Prussia 2211:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 350:Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna 13: 1: 8829:18th-century Russian monarchs 8824:17th-century Russian monarchs 8600:Church of the Savior on Blood 7183:Russian Literature & Arts 7134:A History of the Modern World 7038:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 6835:(in Russian). 3 November 2022 6407:A. Gordon (1755), pp. 308–309 4882:– via www.academia.edu. 4529: 4441:Pyotr Alekseyev syn Mikhaylov 4336: 4143: 3999:" references Peter the Great: 3978:Peter the Great: The Gamblers 3574:Peter the Great with a black 2612:Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky 2373:), driving the Swedes out of 2365:(the northern half of modern 2201:. Sweden was also opposed by 2141:Interior of Peter's log cabin 1934:(1705–1710) and the Cyrillic 1706:. Three times he visited the 1388:War of the Spanish Succession 907:with his elder half-brother, 827: 751:Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti 32:Eastern Slavic naming customs 8949:Children of Alexis of Russia 8909:Netherlands–Russia relations 7666:by Philippe Testard-Vaillant 7655:– Historical reconstruction 7500:Peter the Great: A Biography 6897:. Harvard UP. Archived from 6858:Anisimov, Evgenii V. (2015) 6772:. BBC. Retrieved 8 May 2020. 6753:. BBC. Retrieved 8 May 2020. 6731:The Theatre in Soviet Russia 6456:(1985) pp. 57, 84, 279, 283. 5366:"Halley and Peter the Great" 3849:The 1922 German silent film 3839:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy 3204:Menshikov introduced him to 2940:Peter changed the system of 2861:for landowners known as the 2733:over all Christian nations. 2419:Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1643:. In February he attended a 1520:. He collected paintings by 1433: 766:, a city famously dubbed by 345:Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 7: 8864:Russian folklore characters 7754:Duke of Estonia and Livonia 7443:. Philadelphia, Lippincott. 7093:Russia under the old regime 6965:10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.11.005 6082:Stählin, Jacob von (1785). 5847:E.V. Anisimov, 2002, p. 56. 4497: 4467: 4440: 4375:History of Russia (1721–96) 4351: 4290:Toy army of Peter the Great 3826:The Moor of Peter the Great 3736:While the cultural turn in 3056: 2595:His small wooden palace in 2401:(1717), painted around 1838 1543: 1406:, the Duke of Courland. In 791:Russian Academy of Sciences 654: 580:Battle of the Inchkhe River 10: 8970: 7855:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir 7555:Raeff, Mafrc, ed. (1963). 7385:. Rowman and Littlefield. 7381:Bushkovitch, Paul (2003). 7274:ed. by Simon Dixon (2013) 6914:Dmytryshyn, Basil (1974). 6851: 6616:Ralston, David B. (1996). 5992:Driessen-Van het Reve 2006 5700:Driessen-Van het Reve 2006 5600:World History Encyclopedia 5321:www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk 5055:World History Encyclopedia 4671:Driessen-Van het Reve 2006 4560:Great Russian Encyclopedia 4507:[pʲɵtrvʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj] 4429:Пётр Алексеев сын Михайлов 4162:The city will be laid here 4054: 3873:The 1937–1938 Soviet film 3696:invasion of Russia in 1812 3611:Unnamed child (1717–1718?) 3138:Ecclesiastical Regulations 2691:Uspensky Cathedral, Moscow 2111: 2070:Petrodvorets Watch Factory 1961:Matwei Petrowitsch Gagarin 1774: 1683:. Peter communicated with 1333: 1236:Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli 789:and higher education. The 368:Peter Alekseyevich Romanov 324: 54: 30:In this name that follows 29: 8758: 8720: 8704: 8683: 8652: 8538: 8463: 8388: 8365: 8305:3rd generation (Romanovs) 8304: 8264:2nd generation (Romanovs) 8263: 8243: 8223: 8207:2nd generation (Rurikids) 8206: 8171: 8047: 7963: 7803:Grand princes of Vladimir 7801: 7751: 7743: 7733: 7724: 7719: 7694: 7686: 7681: 7616:Wes, Martinus A. (1992). 7601:. Barkhuis. p. 349. 7595:Tavernier, Roger (2006). 7534:Oliva, Lawrence Jay. ed. 7423:(Routledge, 2015) pp 9–41 7216:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. 7159:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 7144:Historiography and memory 6768:29 September 2016 at the 6749:25 September 2016 at the 6702:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, 6632:– via Google Books. 6516:44#4 (1985), pp. 681–693 6443:, pp. 359, 364, 379. 5258:– via Google Books. 4486: 4455: 4428: 3823:and the unfinished novel 3631: 3357: 3336:14 May 1692, age 7 months 3295: 3101: 2340:Russo-Turkish War of 1710 2259:Russian frigate Shtandart 1947:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1485:Peter and Witsen visited 1404:Frederick Casimir Kettler 1077:Ideology of Peter's reign 670:from 1682, and the first 643: 621: 476: 453: 439: 434: 430: 418: 408: 398: 388: 376: 367: 362: 358: 317: 253: 241: 225: 206: 202: 189: 178: 165: 155: 145: 134: 127: 117: 104: 93: 86: 71: 66: 8485:Central Saint Petersburg 7900:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes 7795:List of Russian monarchs 7234:19 December 2022 at the 7168:15 November 2020 at the 7161:31.1/4 (2009): 107–133. 7066:Oudard, Georges (1929). 7010:Lee, Stephen J. (2013). 6891:Cracraft, James (2003). 6648:Encyclopaedia Britannica 6391:. Hourly History. 2018. 6338:, pp. 76, 377, 707. 6016:Palmer & Colton 1992 5753:Palmer & Colton 1992 5456:A. Gordon (1755), p. 307 4746:Cracraft, James (1988). 4410: 3997:Engineers' Drinking Song 3897:Abram Petrovich Gannibal 3833:. The former dealt with 3727:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3625:Unnamed son (1722–1723?) 3449:Reputedly married 1742, 3251: 3148:therefore abolished the 2417:married the quarrelsome 2042:Johann Daniel Schumacher 1801:Summer Palace of Peter I 1631:At some time he visited 1456:Dutch East India Company 1417:plants.) In July he met 1261:in the north, while the 1158: 1111:power the notion of the 864:and was educated at the 247:Peter and Paul Cathedral 8615:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 8281:Feodor III Alekseyevich 8198:Dmitry Ivanovich (1582) 8183:Dmitry Ivanovich (1552) 7850:Yaroslav II of Vladimir 7366:Encyclopædia Britannica 7336:(1970) pp. 716–40. 7091:Pipes, Richard (1974). 7059:The Romanovs: 1613–1918 7050:, a popular biography; 6953:Epilepsy & Behavior 6887:17, no. 1 (1982): 1–15. 6499:26 October 2020 at the 5242:Cross, Anthony (2000). 5224:University of Groningen 5160:(in Dutch). 7 July 2023 5089:28 October 2020 at the 4876:Collis, Robert (2015). 4082:Maria Giovanna Clementi 3968:Peter was portrayed on 3963:The System of the World 3928:The Sovereign's Servant 3775:Peter and Paul Fortress 3580:de:Gustav von Mardefeld 3219:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 3214:Russian Orthodox Church 3206:Marta Helena Skowrońska 3073:Saint Isaac's Cathedral 3033:"Leave all to ..." 2980:Peter the Great on his 2294:Peter and Paul Fortress 2215:Preobrazhensky regiment 2181:First Winter Palace by 2064:. In 1721 the shipyard 1906:with the Sukarev tower. 1904:Preobrazhensky Regiment 1799:River, Laundry Bridge, 1628:, according to Massie. 1626:Great Recoinage of 1696 1582:Preobrazhensky regiment 1552:Portrait of Peter I by 1269:were controlled by the 1024:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra 746:Russian Orthodox Church 729:, and based on radical 8049:Emperors of all Russia 7516:Kamenskii, Aleksandr. 7480:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6452:Nicholas Riasanovsky, 5556:. 2004. Archived from 5524:Abbott, Peter (1902). 5484:The Moscow News weekly 4401:Russian battlecruiser 4391:Peter the Great Statue 4365: 4244:Taganrog Museum of Art 4166:ru:Nikolay Dobrovolsky 4014: 3808: 3778: 3653: 3644:was cast in gypsum by 3587: 3460:Maria Natalia Petrovna 3186: 3152:, replacing it with a 3142:August Hermann Francke 3122:Alexander Nevsky Lavra 3076: 2988: 2854: 2672: 2661: 2629: 2607: 2402: 2355: 2301:Augustus II the Strong 2185: 2174: 2157: 2142: 2134: 1912:Fedor Polikarpov-Orlov 1907: 1815: 1803: 1788: 1724:Augustus II the Strong 1586:Norfolk Street, Strand 1565: 1557: 1530:Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1375: 1356: 1348: 1187: 1171: 1089: 857: 849: 837: 779:cabinet of curiosities 8914:Tsareviches of Russia 8869:Characters in bylinas 7860:Andrey II of Vladimir 7830:Vsevolod the Big Nest 7406:20.4 (1986): 367–381. 7339:Anisimov, Evgenii V. 7256:10.1353/kri.2005.0032 7209:44.4 (1985): 681–693 7178:20.4 (1986): 367–381. 7154:35#1–2 (2008): 19–44. 7101:Riasanovsky, Nicholas 6719:35.1–2 (2008): 45–61. 6577:learnodo-newtonic.com 6492:16.1 (2014): 205–231 5884:Rory, Finnin (2022). 5480:"Russia as an Empire" 4966:Evgenii V. Anisimov, 4359: 4312:Portrait of Peter by 4002: 3784: 3772: 3639: 3573: 3270:Grand Duchess Natalia 3260:and three sons named 3221:on 19 February 1712. 3175: 3075:is in the background. 3064: 3018:de:Jacob von Staehlin 2979: 2735: 2719:Frederick I of Sweden 2711:Augustus II of Poland 2682:Emperor of All Russia 2667: 2653: 2624: 2594: 2522:Palace of Saint-Cloud 2500:who showed Peter the 2396: 2330:, culminating in the 2328:Russian-ruled Ukraine 2180: 2163: 2148: 2140: 2121: 1902: 1851:creation of the World 1809: 1794: 1782: 1677:Greenwich Observatory 1563: 1551: 1362: 1354: 1343: 1177: 1166: 1084: 1039:Eberhard Isbrand Ides 855: 843: 835: 740:, which replaced the 717:. His victory in the 715:Imperial Russian Navy 672:Emperor of all Russia 471:Imperial Russian Army 8924:Deaths from gangrene 8660:Legislative Assembly 8296:Peter I Alekseyevich 8235:Feodor II Borisovich 7973:Ivan IV the Terrible 7840:Konstantin of Rostov 7820:Andrei I Bogolyubsky 7419:Duffy, Christopher. 7188:Gasiorowska, Xenia. 6814:18 June 2022 at the 6541:Riasanovsky, p. 305. 6290:, pp. 131, 134. 5933:Leibniz, a biography 5931:Ayton, E.J. (1985). 5395:www.shadyoldlady.com 4688:Presidential Library 4344:Hamburger Kunsthalle 4271:fr:François Jouvenet 4170:Central Naval Museum 4040:Peter was played by 4017:Peter was played by 3902:Peter was played by 3435:Yelisaveta Petrovna, 3313:26 June 1718, age 28 3298:By Eudoxia Lopukhina 3208:, the daughter of a 3168:Marriages and family 3130:Theophan Prokopovich 2707:Theophan Prokopovich 2659:Stanisław Chlebowski 2510:Academie de Sciences 2506:Austrian Netherlands 2482:Maria Sibylla Merian 2292:(1704-1706) and the 2020:compulsory education 1892:was founded, led by 1651:, and inspected the 1568:On 11 January 1698 ( 1226:to marry his niece, 1047:Solovetsky Monastery 803:Willem 's Gravesande 658:,; 9 June [ 655:Pyotr I Alekseyevich 558:Pruth River Campaign 516:Siege of Nyenschantz 279: 1689; 8854:Royalty from Moscow 8675:Heads of Government 8670:City Administration 8644:World Heritage Site 8540:Society and culture 8515:Petrogradsky Island 8291:Ivan V Alekseyevich 8276:Alexei Alekseyevich 7965:Tsars of all Russia 7940:Vasily II the Blind 7880:Dmitry of Pereslavl 7845:Yuri II of Vladimir 7835:Yuri II of Vladimir 7825:Mikhail of Vladimir 7548:(1947) pp 193–225. 7546:A History Of Russia 7525:A history of Russia 7373:Bushkovitch, Paul. 7351:Bain, Robert Nisbet 7198:Platt, Kevin M. F. 7106:A History of Russia 6476:13 May 2021 at the 6417:Petre P. Panaitescu 5810:archive.nytimes.com 5755:, pp. 242–243. 5742:. 21 February 2023. 5344:"Perry, John" 5131:, pp. 183–188. 4947:history.hanover.edu 4269:Peter the Great by 4080:Peter the Great by 3940:, a series of four 3937:The Age of Unreason 3868:A.N. Tolstoy's play 3857:Dimitri Buchowetzki 3835:The Bronze Horseman 3814:The Bronze Horseman 3688:The Bronze Horseman 3652:, Saint-Petersburg. 3428:Peter III of Russia 3330:Alexander Petrovich 3272:by Alexei and Tsar 3110:Patriarch of Moscow 2859:order of precedence 2738:By the grace of God 2695:Emperor of the East 2603:around 1714, had a 2536:he travelled on to 2344:Treaty of the Pruth 2086:Collegium of Mining 1969:August II of Poland 1737:Novodevichy Convent 1712:Königstein Fortress 1574:Victoria Embankment 1572:) Peter arrived at 1392:Charles II of Spain 1019:Crimean Tatar raids 971:. Peter befriended 897:Maria Miloslavskaya 768:Francesco Algarotti 296:(later Catherine I) 8954:Russian scientists 8839:Emperors of Russia 8684:Emergency services 8525:Vasilyevsky Island 8510:New Holland Island 8443:Siege of Leningrad 8286:Simeon Alexeyevich 8271:Dmitry Alexeyevich 8193:Feodor I Ivanovich 8172:1st generation ( 7945:Ivan III the Great 7885:Andrey of Gorodets 7875:Vasily of Kostroma 7697:Tsar of all Russia 7540:two week borrowing 7437:Grey, Ian (1960). 7227:3 (2001): 321–345 6783:"The Great (2020)" 6579:. 21 February 2023 6129:, pp. 179–82. 5560:on 8 February 2008 4936:, pp. 92–94; 4866:, pp. 96–106. 4366: 4185:Alexander Kotzebue 4112:Natalya Naryshkina 3809: 3779: 3765:In popular culture 3654: 3608:Miscarriage (1715) 3604:Lady Mary Hamilton 3588: 3586:between 1717–1719. 3474:Margarita Petrovna 3395:Catherine Petrovna 3324:Peter II of Russia 3187: 3077: 3007:, in November, at 2989: 2871:overthrown in 1917 2772:, great prince of 2727:Holy Roman Emperor 2697:, but he refused. 2673: 2662: 2630: 2608: 2550:New Holland Island 2403: 2239:commander-in-chief 2186: 2175: 2158: 2143: 2135: 2114:Great Northern War 2108:Great Northern War 1965:Cornelis de Bruijn 1951:eight governorates 1908: 1816: 1804: 1795:Embankment of the 1789: 1783:Vista through the 1765:arranged marriages 1671:, a member of the 1620:, who introduced 1596:and posed for Sir 1566: 1558: 1516:the inventor of a 1514:Jan van der Heyden 1480:Menno van Coehoorn 1460:Gerrit Claesz Pool 1376: 1357: 1349: 1188: 1172: 1090: 1037:. In 1692 he sent 992:Pereslavl-Zalessky 901:Natalya Naryshkina 858: 850: 838: 822:Russian government 762:River, he founded 754:, and ordered the 742:Byzantine calendar 719:Great Northern War 668:Tsar of all Russia 563:Battle of Helsinki 501:Great Northern War 403:Natalya Naryshkina 196:Sophia Alekseyevna 129:Tsar of all Russia 97:2 November 1721 – 8859:Russian inventors 8796: 8795: 8632:Hermitage Theatre 8578:Mariinsky Theatre 8495:Lakhtinsky Razliv 8325: 8324: 8244:1st generation ( 8224:1st generation ( 8214:Ivan Dmitriyevich 8130: 8129: 7930:Dmitry of the Don 7905:Alexander of Tver 7815:Yuri I Dolgorukiy 7762: 7761: 7734:Succeeded by 7727:Emperor of Russia 7629:978-9-0040-9664-6 7608:978-9-0770-8904-0 7523:Kluchevsky, V.O. 7520:(1997) pp 39–164. 7509:978-0-3001-0300-7 7487:978-0-3339-2009-1 7462:978-0-3000-8266-1 7426:Graham, Stephen. 7409:Cracraft, James. 7392:978-0-8476-9639-0 7229:online in English 7116:978-0-19-503361-8 7045:978-0-3072-9145-5 7032:Massie, Robert K. 7023:978-1-1364-5325-0 7002:978-0-5218-1422-5 6924:Gordon, Alexander 6674:Aivazovsky, I.K. 6629:978-0-226-70319-0 6140:Massie, Robert K. 6097:978-0-4050-3064-2 5897:978-1-4875-3700-5 5767:, pp. 10–11. 5702:, pp. 60–61. 5317:"Peter the Great" 5302:978-0-674-73352-7 5285:Newton and Russia 5255:978-0-521-78298-2 4970:(Routledge, 2015) 4943:"Peter the Great" 4827:, pp. 25–26. 4811:978-9-0655-0927-7 4786:978-1-1354-5827-0 4759:978-0-2261-1664-8 4585:978-1-1070-2513-4 4553:(16 June 2023) . 4495: 4465: 4449: 4438: 4298:Aleksey Kivshenko 4218:Peter I, copy by 4205:Tretyakov Gallery 3942:alternate history 3908:Maximilian Schell 3893:Vladimir Vysotsky 3831:Alexander Pushkin 3703:Mikhail Pokrovsky 3646:Marie-Anne Collot 3621:Dimitrie Cantemir 3563: 3562: 3492:9 November 1715 ( 3477:19 September 1714 3451:Alexei Razumovsky 3439:Empress Elizabeth 3210:Polish-Lithuanian 3191:Eudoxia Lopukhina 3093:Epiphany Ceremony 2972:Illness and death 2954:Monplaisir Palace 2929:, as part of the 2639:Pavel Yaguzhinsky 2627:Jean-Marc Nattier 2625:Peter in 1717 by 2557:battle of Grengam 2453:accompanied him. 2332:Battle of Poltava 2309:Battle of Lesnaya 2247:siege of Nöteborg 2172:Mikhail Lomonosov 2167:Battle of Poltava 2131:Nikolay Sauerweid 2050:Aptekarsky Island 1928:Cyrillic numerals 1916:Moscow Print Yard 1728:Streltsy uprising 1697:Charles Whitworth 1653:Woolwich Dockyard 1608:. He visited the 1428:Emmerich am Rhein 1419:Sophia of Hanover 1232:Domenico Trezzini 1216:Bulavin Rebellion 1185:Robert Ker Porter 1051:divine providence 1011:Crimean campaigns 1004:Eudoxia Lopukhina 996:Lake Pleshcheyevo 860:Peter grew up at 844:Double throne in 652: 644:Пётр I Алексеевич 625: 624: 592:Battle of Derbent 543:Battle of Poltava 538:Battle of Lesnaya 511:Siege of Nöteborg 489:Russo-Turkish War 444:Tsardom of Russia 413:Russian Orthodoxy 372: 371: 265:Eudoxia Lopukhina 172:Emperor of Russia 88:Emperor of Russia 78:1717 portrait by 18:Peter I of Russia 16:(Redirected from 8961: 8844:House of Romanov 8786: 8785: 8776: 8775: 8768:Saint Petersburg 8766: 8765: 8380:Leningrad Oblast 8359:Saint Petersburg 8352: 8345: 8338: 8329: 8328: 8312:Alexei Petrovich 8255:Alexei I Romanov 8157: 8150: 8143: 8134: 8133: 8040: 7925:Dmitry of Suzdal 7920:Ivan II the Fair 7915:Simeon the Proud 7870:Yaroslav of Tver 7865:Alexander Nevsky 7788: 7781: 7774: 7765: 7764: 7744:Preceded by 7687:Preceded by 7679: 7678: 7649: 7633: 7612: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7565:on 17 March 2008 7561:. Archived from 7544:Pares, Bernard. 7513: 7491: 7466: 7444: 7396: 7370: 7358: 7356:"Peter I." 7327: 7322: 7321: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7297:Biography portal 7294: 7293: 7292: 7267: 7138: 7120: 7096: 7087: 7062: 7049: 7027: 7006: 6984: 6947: 6919: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6880: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6825: 6819: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6779: 6773: 6760: 6754: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6726: 6720: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6671: 6665: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6613: 6607: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6528:Lindsey Hughes, 6526: 6520: 6510: 6504: 6486: 6480: 6463: 6457: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6429:Riasanovsky 2000 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6399: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6378:. 7 August 2023. 6368: 6362: 6356: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6250: 6245:James Cracraft, 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6152:Ballantine Books 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5881: 5875: 5872:Riasanovsky 2000 5869: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5591: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5515: 5512:Riasanovsky 2000 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5475: 5469: 5466:Riasanovsky 2000 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5277: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5239: 5228: 5227: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5100: 5094: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4931: 4925: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4896:Riasanovsky 2000 4893: 4884: 4883: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4852:Riasanovsky 2000 4849: 4840: 4837:Riasanovsky 2000 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4547: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4445: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4421: 4341: 4338: 4328: 4309: 4286: 4266: 4254: 4240:Aleksey Antropov 4235: 4215: 4196: 4180: 4158: 4148: 4145: 4135: 4116:Patriarch Adrian 4107: 4092: 4077: 4065: 3995:A verse in the " 3889:Aleksey Petrenko 3845:, in the 1930s. 3801:besieging Viborg 3524:Natalia Petrovna 3443:29 December 1709 3310:18 February 1690 3279: 3278: 3226:Alexei Petrovich 3224:In 1718 his son 3181:, a painting by 3116:(1619–1633) and 3104: 3103: 3097:Pakhom Mikhailov 2800:Lower lands, of 2699:Gavrila Golovkin 2616:Khanate of Khiva 2605:botanical garden 2561:Treaty of Nystad 2546:Hortus Botanicus 2518:Madame Maintenon 2502:Botanical Garden 2498:Herman Boerhaave 2460:. He bought the 2379:Battle of Gangut 2307:in July. In the 2266:Saint Petersburg 2231:Ingrian campaign 2154:Alexandre Benois 2002:. Normally, the 2000:Governing Senate 1828:Knights of Malta 1824:Boris Sheremetev 1769:Russian nobility 1667:as the guest of 1534:Peace of Ryswick 1444:Czar Peter House 1320:Alexander Gordon 1244:Andreas Schlüter 1170: 1137:schout-bij-nacht 1041:as envoy to the 953:Preobrazhenskoye 890:Naryshkin family 886:Artamon Matveyev 866:Amusement Palace 862:Izmaylovo Estate 836:Peter as a child 816:in 1717 and the 810:Governing Senate 764:Saint Petersburg 684:absolute monarch 657: 647: 645: 636: 610: 597:Capture of Rasht 588: 575:Persian campaign 568:Battle of Gangut 533:Battle of Grodno 524: 506:Ingrian campaign 468: 455: 426: 393:Alexis of Russia 360: 359: 328: 310: 308: 294:Marta Skowrońska 284: 282: 278: 236:Saint Petersburg 232: 216: 214: 141: 100: 76: 64: 63: 21: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8834:Tsars of Russia 8809:Peter the Great 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8754: 8716: 8700: 8679: 8648: 8605:Kazan Cathedral 8563:Peterhof Palace 8534: 8520:Pulkovo Heights 8490:Kamenny Islands 8478:Gulf of Finland 8459: 8438:Peter the Great 8384: 8361: 8356: 8326: 8321: 8317:Peter Petrovich 8300: 8259: 8239: 8219: 8202: 8167: 8161: 8131: 8126: 8043: 8038: 7959: 7890:Mikhail of Tver 7797: 7792: 7757: 7749: 7739: 7730: 7702: 7700: 7692: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7609: 7568: 7566: 7510: 7496:Hughes, Lindsey 7488: 7474:Hughes, Lindsey 7463: 7449:Hughes, Lindsey 7428:Peter The Great 7393: 7383:Peter the Great 7325:Monarchy portal 7323: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283:Further reading 7280: 7236:Wayback Machine 7170:Wayback Machine 7152:Russian History 7141: 7117: 7068:Peter the Great 7046: 7024: 7013:Peter the Great 7003: 6989:Hughes, Lindsey 6904: 6902: 6879:on 26 May 2007. 6867:Bain, R. Nisbet 6854: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6816:Wayback Machine 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6770:Wayback Machine 6761: 6757: 6751:Wayback Machine 6742: 6738: 6727: 6723: 6717:Russian History 6714: 6710: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6672: 6668: 6659: 6655: 6650:. 29 June 2023. 6642: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6606:Hughes, p. 465. 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6527: 6523: 6511: 6507: 6501:Wayback Machine 6487: 6483: 6478:Wayback Machine 6464: 6460: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6387: 6383: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6240: 6234:Dmytryshyn 1974 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6098: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5971: 5967: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5898: 5882: 5878: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5782:petersburg24.ru 5776: 5775: 5771: 5765:Dmytryshyn 1974 5763: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5541:Dmytryshyn 1974 5539: 5535: 5527:Peter the Great 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5362: 5358: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5240: 5231: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5091:Wayback Machine 5082: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4986: 4980:Montefiore 2016 4978: 4974: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4940:, p. 318; 4932: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4616: 4609: 4586: 4572: 4568: 4551:Anisimov, Y. V. 4548: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4502: 4481: 4477: 4468:Pyotr Mikhaylov 4422: 4418: 4413: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4329: 4320: 4310: 4301: 4287: 4278: 4275:Pavlovsk Palace 4267: 4258: 4255: 4246: 4236: 4227: 4220:Andrey Matveyev 4216: 4207: 4197: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4127: 4108: 4099: 4093: 4084: 4078: 4069: 4066: 4057: 4042:Ivan Kolesnikov 4034:Civilization VI 4013: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3953:Neal Stephenson 3919:Peter the Great 3876:Peter the Great 3852:Peter the Great 3805:Ivan Aivazovsky 3777:, St Petersburg 3767: 3742:Petrine Baroque 3720:Evgeny Anisimov 3634: 3568: 3551:Pavel Petrovich 3538:Peter Petrovich 3512:14 January 1717 3509:13 January 1717 3506:Pavel Petrovich 3488:Peter Petrovich 3454: 3436: 3425: 3414:27 January 1708 3398:7 February 1707 3367:Peter Petrovich 3344:Pavel Petrovich 3333:13 October 1691 3321: 3254: 3170: 3120:(1652–66). The 3068:Bronze Horseman 3059: 3013:Gulf of Finland 3003:. According to 2974: 2942:direct taxation 2935:Treaty of Ganja 2931:Treaty of Resht 2768:, sovereign of 2703:All the Russias 2589: 2528:at Versailles, 2490:Peterhof Palace 2474:Levinus Vincent 2470:Frederik Ruysch 2458:Nicolaas Witsen 2427:fortress Wismar 2391: 2222:Battle of Narva 2190:temporary peace 2165:Peter I in the 2116: 2110: 2009:Ober-Procurator 1932:Arabic numerals 1914:as head of the 1888:. In 1701, the 1886:Nicolaas Bidloo 1875:monetary system 1859:Julian Calendar 1855:birth of Christ 1814:across the Neva 1777: 1759:of one hundred 1704:Queen of Poland 1598:Godfrey Kneller 1554:Godfrey Kneller 1546: 1524:with ships and 1487:Frederik Ruysch 1452:Nicolaas Witsen 1446:. He sailed to 1436: 1380:"Grand Embassy" 1368:Pieter and Paul 1338: 1332: 1180:Capture of Azov 1168: 1167:Europe in 1721 1161: 1079: 1015:Crimean Khanate 994:and sailing at 988:Fyodor Apraksin 882:Feodor III 846:Kremlin Armoury 830: 799:Christian Wolff 738:Julian calendar 703:Swedish Empires 676:Peter the Great 617: 616: 615: 604: 582: 548:Siege of Viborg 518: 483: 469: 462: 460:Army of Peter I 446: 435:Military career 354: 322: 321: 313: 312: 309: 1707) 304: 300: 297: 286: 283: 1698) 274: 270: 267: 249: 234: 230: 229:8 February 1725 218: 212: 210: 140:2 November 1721 139: 99:8 February 1725 98: 82: 60: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8967: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8874:Child monarchs 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8780: 8770: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8722:Transportation 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8592: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8469: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8392: 8390: 8389:General topics 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8355: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8332: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8231: 8229: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8188:Ivan Ivanovich 8185: 8179: 8177: 8169: 8168: 8160: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8137: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8007: 8002: 7999:False Dmitry I 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7895:Yuri of Moscow 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7799: 7798: 7791: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7759: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7732: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7713:Russian Empire 7709: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7682:Regnal titles 7677: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7639: 7638:External links 7636: 7635: 7634: 7628: 7613: 7607: 7592: 7582: 7575: 7552: 7542: 7532: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7492: 7486: 7470: 7461: 7445: 7434: 7424: 7417: 7407: 7400: 7391: 7378: 7371: 7361:Chisholm, Hugh 7347: 7337: 7329: 7328: 7314: 7300: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7268: 7250:(2): 375–392. 7239: 7221: 7214: 7203: 7196: 7186: 7185:2 (2014): 19+. 7179: 7172: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7121: 7115: 7097: 7088: 7063: 7054: 7044: 7028: 7022: 7007: 7001: 6985: 6959:(1): 179–182. 6948: 6920: 6911: 6888: 6881: 6863: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6820: 6799: 6774: 6755: 6736: 6721: 6708: 6695: 6682:Russian Museum 6666: 6653: 6635: 6628: 6608: 6599: 6597:Hughes, p. 464 6590: 6564: 6555: 6543: 6534: 6521: 6505: 6490:Pushkin Review 6481: 6458: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6400: 6381: 6363: 6361:, p. 135. 6340: 6328: 6326:, p. 368. 6316: 6314:, p. 136. 6304: 6302:, p. 131. 6292: 6280: 6278:, p. 133. 6268: 6266:, p. 134. 6251: 6238: 6226: 6224:, p. 340. 6214: 6212:, p. 352. 6202: 6189:10.2307/130080 6177:Russian Review 6167: 6160: 6131: 6119: 6096: 6074: 6062: 6053: 6041: 6032: 6030:, p. 281. 6020: 6018:, p. 245. 6008: 5996: 5984: 5965: 5950: 5948:, p. 367. 5938: 5935:. p. 308. 5923: 5921:, p. 119. 5911: 5896: 5876: 5874:, p. 224. 5861: 5859:, p. 453. 5849: 5840: 5835:www.solovki.ca 5822: 5794: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5731: 5704: 5692: 5666: 5652: 5631: 5612: 5594:Miate, Liana. 5583: 5581:, p. 197. 5571: 5545: 5533: 5516: 5514:, p. 221. 5504: 5493:on 3 June 2006 5470: 5468:, p. 220. 5458: 5449: 5447:, p. 191. 5437: 5416: 5407: 5382: 5356: 5333: 5308: 5301: 5272: 5261: 5254: 5229: 5226:. 22 May 2013. 5211: 5197: 5171: 5142: 5133: 5121: 5095: 5076: 5067: 5049:Miate, Liana. 5041: 5029:Vogue Industry 5016: 4998: 4984: 4982:, p. 187. 4972: 4959: 4926: 4912: 4910:, p. 365. 4900: 4898:, p. 216. 4885: 4868: 4856: 4854:, p. 218. 4841: 4839:, p. 214. 4829: 4817: 4810: 4792: 4785: 4765: 4758: 4738: 4712: 4710:, p. 124. 4700: 4675: 4673:, p. 264. 4663: 4651: 4630:(7): 346–373. 4626:(in Russian). 4624:Научный диалог 4607: 4584: 4566: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4520:Russkii arkhiv 4511: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4451: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4333:Paul Delaroche 4330: 4323: 4321: 4318:Russian Museum 4314:Pyotr Drozhdin 4311: 4304: 4302: 4288: 4281: 4279: 4268: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4201:Valentin Serov 4198: 4191: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4137: 4130: 4128: 4124:Nikolai Nevrev 4109: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4038: 4028: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3966: 3949: 3932: 3925:The 2007 film 3923: 3900: 3891:as Peter, and 3881:The 1976 film 3879: 3871: 3864: 3788:Krasnaya Gorka 3766: 3763: 3751: 3750: 3738:historiography 3650:Russian Museum 3633: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3619:, daughter of 3614: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3601: 3595: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544:7 October 1723 3542: 3541:7 October 1723 3539: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528:31 August 1718 3526: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3447: 3446:5 January 1762 3444: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3420:Married 1725, 3418: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381:Paul Petrovich 3378: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360:By Catherine I 3355: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3316:Married 1711, 3314: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3253: 3250: 3169: 3166: 3102:Пахом Михайлов 3099:(Russian: 3058: 3055: 2973: 2970: 2886:Safavid Empire 2863:Table of Ranks 2842:Kabardin lands 2838:Georgian Kings 2689:took place in 2670:Boris Chorikov 2599:, designed by 2588: 2585: 2468:collection of 2390: 2389:Second Embassy 2387: 2324:scorched earth 2255:Lodeynoye Pole 2237:was appointed 2203:Denmark–Norway 2195:Swedish Empire 2170:, a mosaic by 2125:retaking Narva 2112:Main article: 2109: 2106: 2098:Western Europe 2088:, and managed 2016:Sukharev Tower 1920:printing house 1877:(1698-–1704). 1822:, under boyar 1776: 1773: 1732:General Gordon 1681:John Flamsteed 1594:Thomas Osborne 1590:Gilbert Burnet 1578:Peter Shafirov 1545: 1542: 1472:Cornelis Cruys 1467:Peter and Paul 1438:Peter studied 1435: 1432: 1399:Erik Dahlbergh 1345:Abraham Storck 1334:Main article: 1331: 1328: 1309:Azov campaigns 1275:Safavid Empire 1271:Ottoman Empire 1200:maritime power 1160: 1157: 1078: 1075: 1043:Kangxi Emperor 984:Boris Golitsyn 969:German Quarter 874:Patrick Gordon 829: 826: 818:Table of Ranks 785:. He promoted 623: 622: 619: 618: 614: 613: 612: 611: 599: 594: 589: 572: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 528:Siege of Narva 525: 513: 508: 498: 497: 496: 494:Azov campaigns 485: 484: 481: 480: 478: 474: 473: 457: 451: 450: 448:Russian Empire 441: 437: 436: 432: 431: 428: 427: 420: 416: 415: 410: 406: 405: 400: 396: 395: 390: 386: 385: 380: 374: 373: 370: 369: 365: 364: 356: 355: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 331: 329: 315: 314: 302: 298: 292: 291: 290: 289: 272: 268: 263: 262: 261: 260: 257: 255: 251: 250: 245: 243: 239: 238: 233:(aged 52) 227: 223: 222: 208: 204: 203: 200: 199: 193: 187: 186: 180: 176: 175: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 149: 143: 142: 136: 132: 131: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 111:Tsar of Russia 106: 102: 101: 95: 91: 90: 84: 83: 77: 69: 68: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8966: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8789: 8781: 8779: 8771: 8769: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8568:Winter Palace 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8346: 8341: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8222: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8158: 8153: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8117:Alexander III 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7699: 7698: 7691: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7642: 7641: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7584:Sumner, B.H. 7583: 7580: 7576: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7527:vol 4 (1926) 7526: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7315: 7312: 7311:Russia portal 7301: 7298: 7287: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7207:Slavic Review 7204: 7201: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7016:. Routledge. 7015: 7014: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6901:on 8 May 2021 6900: 6896: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6740: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6712: 6705: 6699: 6684: 6683: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6612: 6603: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6559: 6552: 6547: 6538: 6532:(1998) p 464. 6531: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6514:Slavic Review 6509: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6469:(1968) 18#10 6468: 6467:History Today 6462: 6455: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6397:1-7239-6063-2 6394: 6390: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6320: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6296: 6289: 6284: 6277: 6272: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6242: 6236:, p. 18. 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6161:0-3452-9806-3 6157: 6153: 6149: 6148:New York City 6145: 6141: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6057: 6051:, p. 31. 6050: 6045: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6006:, p. 37. 6005: 6004:Cracraft 2003 6000: 5993: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5858: 5853: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5754: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5641: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5588: 5580: 5575: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5543:, p. 21. 5542: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5080: 5071: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5012: 5011:www.rmg.co.uk 5008: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4963: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4782: 4779:. Routledge. 4778: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4708:Cracraft 2003 4704: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4659:Cracraft 2003 4655: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4499: 4498:Pyotr Velikiy 4493: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4463: 4456:Пётр Михайлов 4453:Russian: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4426:Russian: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4405: 4404: 4403:Pyotr Velikiy 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4345: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4224:Carel de Moor 4221: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4152: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4097:Grand Embassy 4091: 4086: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4012: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984:, written by 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3958:Baroque Cycle 3954: 3950: 3947: 3946:Gregory Keyes 3943: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861:Emil Jannings 3859:and starring 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3725:According to 3723: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664:Old Believers 3660: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598:Letitia Cross 3596: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3531:15 March 1725 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469:born in Riga 3468: 3465: 3463:20 March 1713 3462: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3410:Anna Petrovna 3408: 3407: 3403: 3401:7 August 1708 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234:count Tolstoy 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993:urinary tract 2987: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:Iverian lands 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2552:was created. 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Fontainebleau 2527: 2526:Grand Trianon 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:Albertus Seba 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2381:. During the 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282:Winter Palace 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2188:Peter made a 2184: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:Samara Oblast 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1942:(1708–1710). 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1785:Summer Garden 1781: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:Old Believers 1750: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Kunstsammlung 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:Royal Society 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:Anthony Deane 1658: 1657:Royal Arsenal 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:mint's warden 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:Letitia Cross 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1464:East Indiaman 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:blast furnace 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1330:Grand Embassy 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Anna Ivanovna 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1083: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1049:and accepted 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 977:fortification 974: 973:Andrew Vinius 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 938: 936: 935: 930: 926: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905:jointly ruled 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:Paul Menesius 875: 871: 867: 863: 854: 847: 842: 834: 825: 823: 819: 815: 812:in 1711, the 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775:law of nature 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 731:Enlightenment 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 650: 641: 637: 635: 629: 620: 608: 603: 602:Siege of Baku 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 586: 581: 578: 577: 576: 573: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 522: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 495: 492: 491: 490: 487: 486: 482:Treelike list 479: 475: 472: 466: 461: 458: 452: 449: 445: 442: 438: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414: 411: 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 391: 387: 384: 381: 379: 375: 366: 361: 357: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 330: 327: 326: 320: 316: 295: 288: 287: 266: 259: 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 237: 228: 224: 221: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 174: 173: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 150: 148: 144: 138:7 May 1682 – 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 113: 112: 107: 103: 96: 92: 89: 85: 81: 80:Carel de Moor 75: 70: 65: 62: 58: 51: 50: 45: 42: and the 41: 37: 33: 19: 8530:Winter Canal 8437: 8413:Demographics 8396:Architecture 8375:Federal City 8295: 8112:Alexander II 8092:Catherine II 8056: 8031: 8009: 7997: 7752: 7725: 7720: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7671: 7663: 7657:The Romanovs 7656: 7645: 7618: 7597: 7585: 7578: 7567:. 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