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unions, pulled organizers out of unions (who acted more like service representatives than organizers), and slowly ended the organization's dependence on subsidies from the Mine
Workers. By November 1941, the CIO had a budget surplus. In late 1941, Lewis submitted a "bill" to the CIO demanding repayment for its five years of subsidies and began speaking to Murray only through intermediaries. The relationship between the two former friends soured quickly. When Murray transformed SWOC into USWA and installed himself as president, Lewis retaliated. On May 25, 1942, he forced the UMWA executive board to remove Murray as vice president and strip him of his union membership.
44:
412:
558:, Murray's long-time aide at SWOC, became the number two man at SWOC, often running the union's day-to-day business. Together, they ran the union in a highly centralized manner that was not very democratic. All dues flowed to the national office in Pittsburgh, and the right to negotiate contracts and conduct job actions was strictly controlled. Such actions were justified, Murray argued, in light of the vigorous resistance to the union displayed by steelmakers.
360:. He supported Lewis's bid to become a UMWA vice president in 1917, and UMWA president in 1920. In return, Lewis appointed Murray to the position of vice president. Murray became a strong supporter of and assistant to Lewis. Lewis handled relations with employers and politicians, and Murray handled relationships with UMWA members.
670:
Murray also refused to sign the required anticommunist affidavit on the grounds that it was demeaning. Nevertheless, Murray was no radical, and he aggressively purged the CIO of 11 left-leaning unions in 1949 and 1950. In the 1948 presidential election, Murray refused to support former Vice-President
747:
An agreement was reached on July 24, 1952. The
Steelworkers achieved only a limited version of the closed shop. Wages and benefits rose but not as much as the WSB had recommended, but Murray and others considered the strike a terrific win. They had avoided the crippling imposition of a Taft–Hartley
678:
Murray led the USWA through a second successful strike in 1949. Now, the issue was whether employers should bear the entire cost of workers' health benefits and pensions. Once more, the union and the employers sought the assistance of a federal factfinding board, but the board's recommendations did
566:
Murray took over as president of the CIO, he found the federation in deep financial and organizational distress. He quickly instituted a series of reforms to stabilize it. He collected back dues from members and unions alike, reined in expenses, shuttered or cut off marginal organizing projects and
739:
The government returned the mills to their owners hours later, and the
Steelworkers went on strike for 51 days. The CIO, lacking a strike fund, was unable to help the Steelworkers. J Lewis triumphantly offered the union a $ 10 million line of credit, which humiliated Murray. Steel supplies finally
546:
Little Steel capitulated to SWOC in the spring of 1941. Walkouts involving tens of thousands of workers and adverse court rulings led to elections at
Bethlehem Steel, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and Inland Steel, and huge majorities voted for the union. Republic Steel quietly signed contracts soon
312:
to demand his reinstatement. In response, the company threw Murray's family out of their company-owned home. Murray was shocked and angered by the company's actions. Convinced that unions were the only means workers had of protecting their interests, Murray became an avid and lifelong unionist.
594:
To help overcome racial tensions in war plants, Murray established the CIO Committee to
Abolish Racial Discrimination (CARD). CARD quickly undertook a discrimination-awareness education program, which proved somewhat effective, at least outside the South. In 1943, Murray advocated making the
702:(WSB). Murray agreed to delay a planned January 1, 1952 walkout until the Board had made its recommendation. In March, the WSB recommended a 16.5 cent wage increase. US Steel and other steelmakers lobbied Congress, the Pentagon and the defense industry heavily, opposing any wage hike.
679:
not prevent a strike from beginning on
October 1, 1949 and lasting 31 days. Murray won a doubling of the pension benefit, with the employer continuing to pick up the entire cost. The USWA, meanwhile, agreed to pick up only half the cost of a new health and insurance benefit.
532:
for president just 11 days before the 1940 presidential election and secured union members' support for
Willkie by threatening to resign as CIO president if union members did not follow him. Despite a Lewis draft at the CIO convention two weeks after the November election,
426:
ejected the unions that composed the
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) in 1936, Murray supported Lewis's decision to form a new labor organization and was named a vice president in the new CIO. When the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) was formed in
445:
285:. Rose died when Philip was only two years old. William Murray remarried and had eight more children. Philip was the oldest boy, and after only a few years of public education, he went to work in the coal mines at 10 to help support the family.
740:
began to dwindle, and Murray feared the public opinion might turn against the union for impeding the war effort. Truman began preparations to draft the steelworkers into the military under the provisions of
Section 18 of the
537:
and other CIO leaders pushed for a Murray candidacy. Although Murray had supported
Roosevelt in the election, Lewis placed Murray's name into nomination himself. Murray was elected president of the CIO on November 22, 1940.
621:
established a fact-finding board to craft a settlement, eventually approving the price increases sought by business in order to finance the wage increases. The strike, which began in mid-January, was over within a month.
644:
After the act passed, Murray and the CIO were indicted for violating section 304 of the act, which forbade the expenditure of union funds in federal political campaigns. The CIO had endorsed a candidate for Congress in
711:
The steelmakers sought an injunction preventing the seizure. After a preliminary hearing went in the government's favor, a federal district court judge enjoined the President from seizing the steel mills. The full
782:
Murray was a civic-minded individual who participated on a wide number of nonprofit organizations. From 1918 to his death, he was a member of the Pittsburgh Board of Education. He was a long-time member of the
487:
Organizing slowed after the initial burst of success at US Steel. By 1939, SWOC was in debt by $ 2.5 million. Little Steel continued to strongly resist unionization, and SWOC made few inroads at mills in the
675:'s third-party candidacy and accused Wallace and his Progressive Party of being supported and influenced by communists. Instead, both Murray and the CIO supported Truman and the Democratic Party.
353:. After White won the UMWA presidency in 1912, he appointed Murray to a vacant seat on the UMWA executive board. White then backed Murray in 1916 when Murray ran for president of UMWA District 5.
292:
region and obtained jobs as coal miners. Young Philip was paid for each ton of coal that he mined. By the following year, they had saved enough money to bring the rest of the family to America.
713:
390:, Murray agreed to serve on the new body. He played a key role in writing the "Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935" (also known as the Guffey-Snyder Act), later struck down by the
617:
Murray lead the Steelworkers out on strike in 1946. Employers said that they were unable to meet the union's wage demands under existing federal wage and price controls. US President
705:
Congress threatened to overturn any Board agreement, but Truman refused to invoke the Taft–Hartley Act's cooling-off provisions or seek an injunction against the Steelworkers.
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on May 3 nearly ended in agreement on a tentative contract, but the Supreme Court accepted the case and so the steelmakers backed out of the pact. On June 2, 1952, Justice
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When Lewis retired as CIO president in 1940, Murray was elected president as his successor. The CIO absorbed a large amount of UMWA's dues at a time when the ongoing
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663:, the Supreme Court overturned the indictment and found that the publicizing endorsements was not an "expenditure" under the act. Representing Murray was
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Tate, Juanita Diffay. "Philip Murray as a Labor Leader" (PhD dissertation, New York University, 1962, online at ProQuest Dissertations item 6704843).
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722:, granted a stay of the injunction pending a decision by the Supreme Court to hear the case. A meeting between USWA and the steelmakers at the
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had purposefully altered and lowered the weight of the coal he had mined, Murray punched the man and was fired. The other coal miners went on
963:
1142:
Philip Murray Papers, American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.
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In 1952, Murray led the USWA in its most famous strike. National wage controls had been reimposed to keep inflation in check during the
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won the presidential election, and Republicans swept to majorities in both houses of Congress. It was another defeat for the CIO-PAC.
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Murray also served on the National Defense Mediation Board and a number of other government agencies to help promote the war effort.
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591:) the establishment of industry union councils to promote increased production, quicker retooling, and overcoming design problems.
554:, on May 22, 1942. A new organization, the United Steel Workers of America (USWA), was founded. Murray was USWA's first president.
442:. SWOC infiltrated the employer's company unions and turned them against the company, foregoing a traditional organizing campaign.
376:
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Murray married Elizabeth Lavery (the daughter of a miner killed in a mine accident) on September 7, 1910. They adopted a son.
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691:. In November 1951, USWA negotiators asked US Steel for a large 30-cent wage increase, improvement in fringe benefits, and a
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The victories at Little Steel led Murray to transform SWOC into a real union. SWOC was disbanded at a convention held in
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Under Murray, SWOC made a dramatic breakthrough when, on March 2, 1937, it signed a collective bargaining agreement with
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on June 7, 1936, Lewis named Murray its chair. Murray oversaw a $ 500,000 budget and 36 (eventually 200) organizers.
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Schatz, Ronald. "Philip Murray and the Subordination of the Industrial Unions to the United States Government." in
695:. The company responded that it could not agree without prior government approval of commensurate price increases.
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387:
814:
Ronald Schatz, "Philip Murray and the Subordination of the Industrial Unions to the United States Government." in
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Murray and SWOC suffered their first defeat when SWOC attempted to organize workers laboring for "Little Steel:"
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Murray, who favored co-operation with management rather than militancy, came to the attention of UMWA President
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637:, the first-ever PAC in the United States. The CIO's political efforts were only marginally effective. The
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771:. Reuther succeeded him as president of the CIO. McDonald succeeded him as president of the Steelworkers.
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thereafter. SWOC soon had more members than the United Mine Workers, further alienating Murray and Lewis.
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Murray was elected second vice president of the CIO at its first formal convention in November 1938.
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82:
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and worked closely with government officials and employers to ensure that labor cooperated in the
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He is buried in Saint Anne's Cemetery, in the south suburbs of Pittsburgh (Castle Shannon, PA).
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successfully passed the Taft–Hartley Act despite the vigorous opposition of Murray and the CIO.
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and served on its executive committee. He also was a member of the board of directors of the
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injunction and its fines, and Truman had gone to significant lengths to support the union.
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587:. He quickly adopted a "no strike pledge" on behalf of all CIO unions, and supported (with
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8:
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Murray speaking at the "Little Steel" hearing before the National War Labor Board in 1942
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59:
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and with his CIO colleagues over the need for government protection, as embodied by the
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formed the Labor and Industrial Advisory Board in 1933 to implement Section 7(a) of the
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Instead, on March 8, 1952, President Truman nationalized the American steel industry.
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and employer resistance had stalled the influx of new members. Lewis soon broke with
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Murray was active both in the CIO and in SWOC, the steelworkers' organizing project.
336:. Although he had little formal education, he completed the course in just 6 months.
324:. Determined to become the best local president he could, he enrolled in an 18-month
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In 1902, Philip and his father emigrated to the United States. They settled in the
24:
20:
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Murray strongly supported the Roosevelt administration and the war effort during
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to Scotland prior to his son's birth. His mother, the former Rose Layden, was a
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Bernstein, Barton J. "The Truman Administration and the Steel Strike of 1946."
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Murray was unable to savor his victory. In the November presidential election,
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In the 1930s, Murray continued to serve on government committees. When General
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Despite his relative conservatism, however, Murray became a close associate of
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Watkinson, James D. "An Exercise in Futility: The Guffey Coal Act of 1935."
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prosecuted Murray and the CIO for advertising the fact on the front page of
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Murray had another fight on his hands in 1947 when the Congress enacted the
477:. Employers used violence, espionage, and many strikebreakers to defeat the
1029:
Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers.
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736:, ruled that the president lacked the authority to seize the steel mills.
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Murray was working in a coal mine in 1904 when he became involved in the
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240:
233:
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
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American Labor Leaders: Personalities and Forces in the Labor Movement.
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over Truman's veto. In July 1943, Murray had established a permanent
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Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power.
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189:
23:. For the abolitionist, journalist and civil rights activist, see
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634:
517:
333:
282:
275:
744:, further weakening Murray's resolve to see the strike through.
1057:
Right to Challenge: People and Power in the Steelworkers Union.
964:"U.S. Department of Labor - Labor Hall of Fame - Philip Murray"
316:
In 1905, Murray was elected president of the UMWA local in the
521:
232:(May 25, 1886 – November 9, 1952) was a Scottish-born
1124:
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
1027:
Clark, Paul F.; Gottlieb, Peter; and Kennedy, Donald, eds.
415:
Senator Joseph F. Guffey (left) talking with Murray in 1937
785:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
375:
appointed him to the Pennsylvania regional panel of the
379:
and the National Bituminous Coal Production Committee.
267:, Scotland, in 1886. His father, William Murray, was a
879:
United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations
860:
pp. 116, 160, 231, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
660:
United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations
605:
614:in London alongside many renowned trade unionists.
1093:The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948
407:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
251:(USWA), and the longest-serving president of the
1241:
777:
363:Murray strongly supported America's entry into
16:Scottish-born American labor leader (1886–1952)
996:Philadelphia, Pa.: Xlibris Corporation, 2003.
1265:American trade unionists of Scottish descent
1310:Congress of Industrial Organizations people
1080:New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
698:Truman referred the dispute to the federal
1315:People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
1043:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor.
1015:Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era.
243:leader. He was the first president of the
42:
1320:Naturalized citizens of the United States
939:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
733:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
449:Murray testifying before Congress in 1938
574:
504:Murray (left) with John L. Lewis in 1937
499:
444:
410:
1305:People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
1275:Scottish emigrants to the United States
1095:. New York: New American Library. 1968.
994:Philip Murray, Union Man. A Life Story.
794:Murray wrote one book in his lifetime:
1242:
1045:Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1984.
682:
1285:United Mine Workers of America people
714:Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
19:For the British ophthalmologist, see
1197:Congress of Industrial Organizations
1020:Chamberlain, John. "Philip Murray,"
541:
274:and union leader who emigrated from
253:Congress of Industrial Organizations
123:Congress of Industrial Organizations
91:President of the United Steelworkers
247:(SWOC), the first president of the
13:
1059:New York: Harper & Row, 1972.
1017:New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.
986:
597:Fair Employment Practice Committee
245:Steel Workers Organizing Committee
14:
1336:
1260:Presidents of United Steelworkers
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606:Post-war strikes and Taft–Hartley
1270:Scottish people of Irish descent
730:, writing for a 6-3 majority in
561:
388:National Industrial Recovery Act
1031:Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987.
599:a permanent government agency.
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1222:United Steelworkers of America
1171:United Mine Workers of America
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922:
896:
871:
850:
825:
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796:Organized Labor and Production
302:United Mine Workers of America
249:United Steelworkers of America
1:
801:
742:Selective Service Act of 1948
516:, over the need for war with
258:
1147:United Steelworkers Web site
1008:Journal of American History.
778:Other roles and publications
612:World Trade Union Conference
526:National Labor Relations Act
424:American Federation of Labor
7:
1325:Catholics from Pennsylvania
910:. June 22, 1948. p. 14
392:United States Supreme Court
10:
1341:
1290:United Steelworkers people
767:on November 9, 1952, of a
633:(PAC) within the CIO, the
631:political action committee
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18:
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904:"Broad Results Predicted"
833:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
610:In 1945, he attended the
463:Youngstown Sheet and Tube
396:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
342:In 1911, Murray became a
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1280:Scottish Roman Catholics
1100:Labor Leaders in America
816:Labor Leaders in America
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700:Wage Stabilization Board
651:US Department of Justice
377:National War Labor Board
1073:New York: Harper, 1950.
798:was published in 1940.
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304:(UMWA). Feeling that a
295:
1169:Vice-President of the
580:
505:
495:
475:American Rolling Mills
450:
416:
346:of the United States.
58:Vice President of the
1115:Pennsylvania History.
578:
514:Franklin D. Roosevelt
503:
448:
414:
326:correspondence course
322:Horning, Pennsylvania
1300:American coal miners
1155:Trade union offices
1069:Madison, Charles A.
758:Dwight D. Eisenhower
120:2nd President of the
1122:The CIO, 1935-1955.
1041:Fink, Gary M., ed.
683:1952 steel seizures
344:naturalized citizen
263:Murray was born in
60:United Mine Workers
1120:Zieger, Robert H.
1010:52:4 (March 1966).
789:American Red Cross
581:
506:
451:
417:
1238:
1237:
1232:David J. McDonald
1229:Succeeded by
1220:President of the
1204:Succeeded by
1195:President of the
1178:Succeeded by
866:978-1-4000-6964-4
556:David J. McDonald
542:Formation of USWA
528:. Lewis endorsed
227:
226:
114:David J. McDonald
1332:
1186:Preceded by
1175:1920–1942
1160:Preceded by
1152:
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1117:54 (April 1987).
1102:(1987): 234-57.
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966:. Archived from
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915:
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875:
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856:Herman, Arthur.
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673:Henry A. Wallace
639:Republican Party
627:Taft–Hartley Act
510:Great Depression
479:organizing drive
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199:November 9, 1952
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168:Personal details
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25:Philip H. Murray
21:Philip I. Murray
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1076:Marcus, Maeva.
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1024:pp. 78–90.
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987:Further reading
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970:on May 10, 2009
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818:(1987): 234-57
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972:. Retrieved
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201:(1952-11-09)
183:May 25, 1886
153:Succeeded by
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109:Succeeded by
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78:Succeeded by
67:
29:
1255:1952 deaths
1250:1886 births
724:White House
693:closed shop
365:World War I
330:mathematics
280:cotton mill
234:steelworker
141:Preceded by
1244:Categories
1226:1942–1952
1215:New office
1201:1940–1952
802:References
728:Hugo Black
716:, sitting
689:Korean War
649:, and the
490:Deep South
429:Pittsburgh
369:war effort
318:Pittsburgh
290:Pittsburgh
272:coal miner
259:Early life
216:Occupation
210:California
179:1886-05-25
914:March 18,
422:When the
135:1940–1952
131:In office
103:1942–1952
99:In office
72:1920–1942
68:In office
974:June 17,
647:Maryland
440:US Steel
269:Catholic
265:Blantyre
238:American
190:Scotland
186:Blantyre
89:1st
719:en banc
635:CIO-PAC
518:Germany
334:science
306:manager
276:Ireland
255:(CIO).
236:and an
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310:strike
283:weaver
1022:Life,
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657:. In
522:Japan
241:labor
1126:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1033:ISBN
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976:2009
948:U.S.
916:2017
888:U.S.
862:ISBN
842:U.S.
520:and
473:and
401:SWOC
332:and
296:UMWA
196:Died
173:Born
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394:in
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