Batok - Knowledge

975: 1450: 1613: 3019: 3252: 783: 644:"The body was pricked and marked with them until blood was drawn. Upon that a black powder or soot made from pitch, which never faded, was put on. The whole body was not tattooed at one time, but it was done gradually. In olden times no tattooing was begun until some brave deed had been performed; and after that, for each one of the parts of the body which was tattooed some new deed had to be performed. The men tattooed even their chins and about the eyes so that they appeared to be masked. Children were not tattooed, and the women only one hand and part of the other. The Ilocanos in this island of Manila also tattooed themselves but not to the same extent as the Visayans." 2273: 1119: 1257:) tattooed on the backs of both hands (also preserved in the mummies). The entire body was also tattooed with flowing geometric lines, as well as stylized representations of animals and plants. The tattoos usually covered the chest, back, sides of the stomach, buttocks, arms, shoulders, hands, fingers, neck, throat, face, and legs among men. Among women, the tattoos usually begin above the elbow down to the wrist, the back of the hand, and the knuckles of the fingers. The geometric designs included lines and various shapes like circles, triangles, chevrons and others. The animals and plants depicted included centipedes ( 2626: 1942: 2254: 2472: 2567: 1737: 81: 2840: 2102: 499: 669: 835:(1960s to 1970s), refused to acquire traditional chest tattoos on the advice of village elders. Modern Cordilleran designs typically deliberately vary the designs, sizes, and/or locations of tattoos (as well as include more figurative designs of animals and plants) so as not to copy the traditional chest designs of warrior tattoos; though they still use the same techniques, usually have the same general appearance, and have the same social importance. 378:), plants (like grass, ferns, or flowers), or humans; lightning, mountains, water, stars, or the sun. Each motif had a name, and usually a story or significance behind it, though most of them have been lost to time. They were the same patterns and motifs used in other artforms and decorations of the particular ethnic groups they belong to. Tattoos were, in fact, regarded as a type of clothing in itself, and men would commonly wear only loincloths ( 449: 1380:, which depicted a small human figure with the arms and legs bent outwards at the elbows and knees, represented humankind in the material world. The sun, an iconic motif, was also considered a powerful nature spirit and a supreme deity, and was appealed to during hardships. The sun figures prominently in funerary rites, where the dead are always interred facing the sun. This is due to the belief that when the soul ( 3292:. It has hundreds of members of Filipino heritage and aims to revitalize the endangered tattooing traditions of the Philippines. Members consult with both historians and selected tattoo artists to fashion tattoos based on their individual ethnic backgrounds. Their tattoos are notable in that they are chosen precisely for their connection to the ancestral cultures of the individual, not solely for aesthetics. 1687:

by the large amounts of beads and bracelets worn by women. Some men tattoo small patterns on their arms and legs, which are the same patterns they use to brand their animals or mark their possessions. Warrior tattoos that indicate successful head-hunts were already extinct among the "civilized" Itneg, and warriors were not distinguished with special identifying marks or clothing from the general population.

2784: 547: 40: 2717:) also exist during the process. This includes the prohibition of the recipient from grabbing someone during the process (including the artist), not washing the new tattoos with water, and keeping the tattoo uncovered with clothing for at least three days after the process. However, the tattooing process itself is not regarded as a religious event, and do not involve rituals to the 184: 927:, a tattoo on the back of the hand to the middle of the forearm which is uniformly black except for a narrow untattooed line running along the pulse of the wrist. These tattoos are applied to all men as soon as they come of age and are not tied to headhunting. In women, for whom tattoos were largely decorative, they were also tattooed with the 1206:"Tattooing is very general amongst them. In some districts you can hardly find a man or woman who has not a figure of the sun tattooed in blue on the back of the hand, for in Central Benguet they worship the sun. Some of them tattoo the breast and arms in patterns of straight and curved lines pricked in with a needle in indigo blue." 388:"The principal clothing of the Cebuanos and all the Visayans is the tattooing of which we have already spoken, with which a naked man appears to be dressed in a kind of handsome armor engraved with very fine work, a dress so esteemed by them they take it for their proudest attire, covering their bodies neither more nor less than a 1190:. Tattoos differed by gender. Women were tattooed only on the forearms and upper arms, while men were tattooed gradually until their entire body was covered completely by the time they reached middle age or old age. The tattoos were believed to be administered to mark significant life events and rites of passage. 352:. These terms were also applied to identical designs used in woven textiles, pottery, and decorations for shields, tool and weapon handles, musical instruments, and others. Affixed forms of these words were used to describe tattooed people, often as a synonym for "renowned/skilled person"; like Tagalog 2336:

in the late 19th century. He noted that the Kankanaey tattoos were "done with great precision and depicting serpents and flowers sometimes, but most frequently executed with great care and method. As one becomes richer and more powerful, the designs increase. Some only have them around their wrists,

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hafted tattooing technique. This involves using a small hammer to tap the tattooing needle (either a single needle or a brush-like bundle of needles) set perpendicular to a wooden handle in an L-shape (hence "hafted"). This handle makes the needle more stable and easier to position. The tapping moves

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Their design and placement varied by ethnic group, affiliation, status, and gender. They ranged from almost completely covering the body, including tattoos on the face meant to evoke frightening masks among the elite warriors of the Visayans; to being restricted only to certain areas of the body like

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Most other groups of Itneg people were already being assimilated by Christianized lowlanders by the 19th century. Among these groups of Itneg, tattooing was not as prominent. Adult women usually tattooed their forearms with delicate patterns of blue lines, but these are usually covered up completely

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They survived up until the mid-20th century. Headhunting chest tattoos among men were the first to disappear, as the practice of headhunting ceased due to government bans and changing cultural norms. Arm tattoos and other decorative tattoos survived for a little while longer, until modernization and

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records this as around twenty years old). They are initially made on the ankles, gradually moving up to the legs and finally the waist. These were done on all men and did not indicate special status, though not getting tattoos was regarded as cowardice. Tattoos on the upper body, however, were only

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in 1887. One of the chieftains (Gumad-ang) was described as having curved lines on the back of his arms that signified his tribal affiliation. The other chieftain, Lao-Lao, was described as having a toothed wheel representing the sun on the back of his right hand; another wheel with a cross in the

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abilities (especially for animal designs), and can also document personal or communal history. The pain that recipients must endure for their tattoos also served as a rite of passage. It is said, that once a person can endure the pain of tattooing, they can endure pain encountered later on in life,

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groups, these tattoos were made traditionally with hafted tools tapped with a length of wood (called the "mallet"). Each ethnic group had specific terms and designs for tattoos, which are also often the same designs used in other art forms and decorations such as pottery and weaving. Tattoos range

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Unlike most Philippine tattooing traditions, Manobo tattoos are not compulsory and do not indicate rank or status. They are largely decorative, though women's tattoos on the lower abdomen are believed to help ease childbirth as well as giving women strength for working the fields. The designs and

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for that reason. For it was custom among them, and was a mark of nobility and bravery, to tattoo the whole body from top to toe when they were of an age and strength sufficient to endure the tortures of the tattooing which was done (after being carefully designed by the artists, and in accordance

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The artists also commonly traced an outline of the designs on the skin with the ink, using pieces of string or blades of grass, prior to tattooing. In some cases, the ink was applied before the tattoo points are driven into the skin. Most tattoo practitioners were men, though female practitioners

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However, since tattoo designs are usually identical with general crafting decorative patterns, it can be assumed that design patterns that survive in other Ibanag material culture (like in weaving, goldworking, and smithing), were also used for tattoos. These include designs like lozenges or eye

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before a tattooing, it was seen as a sign of disapproval by the spirits, and the session was called off or rescheduled. Artists were usually paid with livestock, heirloom beads, or precious metals. They were also housed and fed by the family of the recipient during the process. A celebration was

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of the Butbut Kalinga. Though unlike in the past where tattoos were closely tied with ethnic identity, modern tattoos based on ancestral designs are more often used as a form of self-expression. They are often "modernized", combined with other tattooing traditions, and enhanced by the skill and

1892:, for example, is believed to camouflage warriors and protect them from attacks. Ferns indicates that a woman is ready to conceive, enhances their health, and protects against stillbirth. The hourglass and rice mortar designs indicate that a family is wealthy. Rice bundles symbolize abundance. 2954:

Visayan tattoos were characterized by bold lines and geometric and floral designs on the chest and buttocks. Tattoo designs varied by region. They can be repeating geometric designs, stylized representations of animals, and floral or sun-like patterns. The most distinctive feature is the

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Tattooing was a complicated labor-intensive process that was also very painful to the recipient. Tattoos are acquired gradually over the years, and patterns can take months to complete and heal. The tattooing process were usually sacred events that involved rituals to ancestral spirits

1664:. The Burik Igorrotes tattoo their body in a curious manner, giving them the appearance of wearing a coat of mail. But this custom is probably now becoming obsolete, for at least those of the Igorrotes who live near the Christian natives are gradually adopting their dress and customs." 1405:), and not all men had them. Arm tattoos were also done for descendants of prominent members of a community. But the most important function of tattoos among the Ibaloi is to serve as identification markers so that their spirits will be recognized by their ancestors in the afterlife. 3123:) mixed with powdered charcoal. Soot may also be used. In contrast to the customs described by the Spanish, modern Suludnon tattooing do not indicate rank or accomplishments. Instead they are merely decorative, with the designs depending on the preferences of the recipient. 5108:

Ampuan, Regina B.; Andarino, Nilda S.; Bometivo, Rosario S.; Cabacang, Mansueto; Calamay, Lelita V.; Castillo, Domingo F.; Magdaraog, Guido A.; Magdaraog, Marlita P.; Manalo, Teresita A.; Pasco, Sallud B.; Pelito, Angeles M.; Sauro, Rebecca C.; Flores, Florencia B. (1983).

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done after notable feats (including in love) and after participation in battles. Once the chest and throat are covered, tattoos are further applied to the back. Tattoos on the face are restricted to the most elite warriors. They may also be further augmented with

151:. It survived until around the 19th to the mid-20th centuries in more remote areas of the Philippines, but also fell out of practice due to modernization and western influence. Today, it is a highly endangered tradition and only survives among some members of the 956:

where a bundle of four or five needles are set on one end. Both ends of the rattan are then connected with a string to the middle part of the S-shape. In use, the tattoo artist rapidly taps the curve of the rattan nearest to the bundle of needles. Pigments

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burials in northern Luzon, with the oldest surviving examples of which going back to the 13th century. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering the arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. A 700 to 900-year-old

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Both men and women wore tattoos. Men's tattoos were tied to headhunting and accomplishments in battle. It was rarer for men to have the full set of tattoos because headhunting as a practice was already in decline among the Kankanaey, who came under the

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The tattooing process involves two documented techniques. The first uses a hafted bundle of needles to prick the skin in rapid tapping motions with a mallet, similar to other Austronesian groups in the Philippines. The second uses a small blade called

1886:). The same designs are used to decorate textiles, pottery, and tools. Some designs even specifically mimic the designs on the garments normally worn on that body part. Each design has different symbolic meanings or magical/talismanic abilities. The 432:

thus symbolically transitioning into adulthood. Tattoos are also commonly believed to survive into the afterlife, unlike material possessions. In some cultures, they are believed to illuminate the path to the spirit world, or serve as a way for

2396:). Ibanag tattoos were limited, with less variations than their neighbors (and traditional enemies), the Cordillerans. Unfortunately, most traditional Ibanag designs were undocumented. The only design described in colonial records is the 1508:

starts at the nipple and moves up to the shoulders and the upper arms. It consists of curvilinear designs. Women, on the other hand, were tattooed on the arms up to the shoulderblades as a sign of maturity and eligibility for marriage.

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The hafted tools used by the Itneg were described as having a brush-like bundle of ten needles made of plant thorns attached to a handle made from a bent buffalo horn. The "ink" was made from soot obtained by burning a certain type of

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tattoos would take months to finish, and the tattoo artist often stayed with the client during the entire time, becoming almost a part of the client's family. The client was responsible for providing food and shelter for the artist.

2310:, dated from c. 1100-1300 CE, has very well-preserved whole-body tattoos that covered even the fingertips and the soles of the feet. He was a legendary hunter, the son of the chieftain Tugtugaka of the community of Nabalicong in 636:"Besides the exterior clothing and dress, some of these nations wore another inside dress, which could not be removed after it was once put on. These are the tattoos of the body so greatly practiced among Visayans, whom we call 1487:. Like in other Cordilleran groups, Ifugao tattoos were strongly linked to headhunting and social status. They were also believed to have magical powers of protection, helped warriors during battle, and were symbols of beauty. 2049:

Women were tattooed on the arms, backs of the hands, shoulder blades, and in some cases, the breasts and the throat. Women's tattoos begin at adolescence, at about 13 to 15 years old, usually just shortly before or after the

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Women, in contrast, were usually only tattooed on the arms. Arm tattoos were regarded as beautiful and signified their readiness for marriage. The arms were the most visible parts of the body during traditional dances called

2745:). It is held like a pen by the artist and used to make quick short dash-like cuts on the skin, a few millimeters in length and depth. Unlike the hafted needle technique, this process also produces scarification. The ink is 2035:

consists of a vertical pattern following the spine, flanked by horizontal patterns following the ribs. Elite warriors who have fought in face-to-face combat had both chest and back tattoos. Both warriors and tattooed elders

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peoples uses a small knife or a hafted tattooing chisel to quickly incise the skin in small dashes. The wounds are then rubbed with pigment. They differ from the techniques which use points in that the process also produces

1412:). The tattooing tools of the Ibaloi usually have a bundle of three needles, staggered apart slightly so that the points do not reach the skin at the same time. The ink was described as being derived from the fruits of the 1193:

Some mummies had unfinished tattoos, indicating they died before the full tattoos could be completed. Many of these mummies were stolen or moved into makeshift glass displays in the mid-1970s. But a majority were preserved

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applied tattoos and scarification on their forearms, the backs of the hands, and on their bodies. They believed that the tattoos glow in the afterlife and guide the dead to the spirit world. T'boli tattoo designs include

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center on the back of his left hand; two dog figures on his right arm; a dog and a frog figure on his left arm; another dog figure in his upper abdomen; and multiple scarified marks on his chest, abdomen, legs, and arms.

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Robitaille, Benoît (2007). "A Preliminary Typology of Perpendicularly Hafted Bone Tipped Tattooing Instruments: Toward a Technological History of Oceanic Tattooing". In St-Pierre, Christian Gates; Walker, Renee (eds.).

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The Ifugao tattoo instrument is comb-like with two or three points. Early 20th century examples were made entirely out of metal. Ifugao tattoos are largely extinct today and only survived among some older individuals.

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The ink is traditionally made from powdered charcoal or soot from cooking pots mixed with water in a half coconut shell and thickened with starchy tubers. They are applied to the skin using an instrument known as the

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begins around the nipple area and moves up to the shoulders and over the upper arms. Two or three sets of horizontal lines are placed on the upper arms, on the ends of the curving main design. When a man earns his

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Cordilleran tattoos typically depict snakes, centipedes, human figures, dogs, eagles, ferns, grass, rice grains (as diamond shapes), rice paddies, mountains, bodies of water, as well as repeating geometric shapes.

2085:. These are small x-marks made on the forehead, cheeks, and the tip of the nose. The marks are believed to confuse the spirits of slain enemies, protecting the women and the unborn children from their vengeance. 2701:), and food. This was to "remove the blood from the eyes" of the artist, as it is believed that over time, the artist's eyesight can fail due to seeing the blood incurred in the tattooing process. Certain 822:

since it marks a person as a killer. Copying the older designs is believed to bring bad luck, blindness, or an early death. Even the men who participated in conflicts defending their villages against the

2675:. Some male practitioners exist but are restricted to tattooing other men, as touching the body of a woman who is not a relative or their spouse is regarded as socially inappropriate in Manobo culture. 1895:

Like in other Cordilleran groups, men's tattoos were intimately linked to headhunting. Murder was considered wrong in Kalinga society, but the killing of an enemy was seen as noble act, and part of the

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They were commonly repeating geometric designs (lines, zigzags, chevrons, checkered patterns, repeating shapes); stylized representations of animals (like snakes, lizards, eagles, dogs, deer, frogs, or

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designs made on the neck, shoulder blades, and arms. The tattoos are believed to help ease menstrual pain as well as signalling suitors that she is ready to marry. Tattoos on women's arms (known as

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The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-east and East Asia

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Salvador-Amores, Analyn (January 2016). "Afterlives of Dean C. Worcester's Colonial Photographs: Visualizing Igorot Material Culture, from Archives to Anthropological Fieldwork in Northern Luzon".

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from being restricted only to certain parts of the body to covering the entire body. Tattoos were symbols of tribal identity and kinship, as well as bravery, beauty, and social or wealth status.

1434:) were also being used to tattoo both Ibaloi and Kankanaey women. However, most of these women would have already passed away by the 1980s. Ibaloi tattoo artists could either be male or female. 2643:

Parents would usually encourage children to get tattoos by telling stories of a gigantic supernatural creature called Ologasi, which would supposedly eat people who are not tattooed during the

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mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. The tattoo patterns are often also carved on the coffins containing the mummies.

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Tattoos were symbols of tribal identity and kinship, as well as bravery, beauty, and social or wealth status. Most tattoos for men were for important achievements like success in warfare and

2070:) typically have several motifs, separated by lines. The children and the female first cousins of a renowned warrior were also tattooed to record their membership to a lineage of warriors. 2229:

Tattoo artists traditionally commanded very expensive fees. A chest tattoo for men or two arm tattoos for women, for example, would cost a pig, an amount of rice, an amount of silver, two

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or "Tinguian" people), the Busao and the Burik people, as having elaborate tattoos, though he also notes that the custom was in the process of disappearing by the time he described them:

3231:; this tradition persisted on the island of Marinduque as recorded by Loarca who described the locals as "pintados" not under the jurisdiction of Cebu, Arevalo, and Camarines. Among the 2363:

jurisdiction in the mid-19th century. Arm and hand tattoos in both men and women persisted longer since they were not tied to headhunting. Kankanaey tattoos today are virtually extinct.

2294:) are very similar to the neighboring Ibaloi tattoos, both in design and location, and were just as extensively practiced. They survive in the designs found in the Ibaloi and Kankanaey 2170:, a dried rice stalk bent into a triangle, or with shaped wooden blocks. These are dipped into ink and used to trace patterns into the skin before the tattoos are applied. The 1031:

Men were tattooed on the chest, arms, face, stomach, and neck. Boys receive their first tattoo at the age of 10, usually consisting of a simple line on the nose or cheeks. The

1110:. It consists of a wooden handle with needles attached at one end. The ink is made from soot mixed with water. Every village among the Bontoc had at least one tattoo artist. 746:

have the best-documented and best-preserved tattooing traditions among Filipino ethnic groups. This is due to their isolation and their resistance to colonization during the

1902:(sense of responsibility) by warriors for the protection of the entire village. A boy can only acquire tattoos after participating in a successful headhunting expedition ( 1999:

is a symmetrical design consisting of horizontal patterns on the upper abdomen, followed by parallel curving lines connecting the chest to the upper shoulders. Men with

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Tattoos were also indicative of wealth and social status. Arm tattoos in men were particularly important as indications that their wearer belonged to a wealthy family (

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amount of tattoos are also based solely on the preference of the recipient, though it is limited by location and what designs are appropriate for the recipient's sex.

860:("invented tattoos"). The former are culturally significant and are reserved for respected elders; while the latter are modern and used for decorative purposes only. 4936:

Krieger, Herbert W. (1926). "The Collection of Primitive Weapons and Armor of the Philippine Islands in the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution".

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Both men and women are tattooed, usually starting at around 8 to 10 years old. The location and designs of tattoos vary by tribe and by sex. Among the Manobo of the

3227:. In the case of the Tagalogs, their tattoos were in the process of disappearing by the time the Spanish arrived, due to their (then recent) partial conversion to 2214:

can also be used to measure distances in symmetrical tattoos. The citrus thorn is preferred because the strong smell is believed to drive away malevolent spirits (

1199: 5739: 902:, which features geometric shapes (like chevrons, zigzags, lines, diamonds, and triangles) that start from the wrist up to the arms and the shoulders. The 4051:

Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio; De Leon, Alexandra (2013). "The Batanes Pottery Sequence, 2500 BC to Recent". In Bellwood, Peter; Dizon, Eusebio (eds.).

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the needle in and out of the skin rapidly (around 90 to 120 taps a minute). The needles were usually made from wood, horn, bone, ivory, metal, bamboo, or

2042:, former warriors) had the highest status in Kalinga society. Men's tattoos were believed to confer both spiritual and physical protection, similar to a 1914:), even if they did not personally take part in the kill. The boy is allowed to cut the head off of slain enemies, thereby transitioning into adulthood ( 2119:

Aside from prestige and ritual importance, tattoos were also considered aesthetically pleasing. Tattooed women are traditionally considered beautiful (

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There are also modern efforts to preserve the tattoos among younger generations. However, copying the chest tattoo designs of old warriors is seen as

570:, around 2500 to 3000 years old, have simplified stamped-circle patterns which clearly represent tattoos. Excavations at the Arku Cave burial site in 974: 4434:

De Las Peñas, Ma. Louise Antonette N.; Salvador-Amores, Analyn (March 2019). "Enigmatic Geometric Tattoos of the Butbut of Kalinga, Philippines".

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spirits who are attracted to the flowing blood during the process. Men's tattoos, in particular, were strongly associated with the traditions of

2350: 1238:). These blankets were used to wrap the corpses of wealthy individuals. The designs are also found carved directly on the wooden coffins of the 912:. Its length was indicative of the number of enemies the wearer has killed. In women, it indicated the number of enemies her father has killed. 5896: 4852:

Coballes, Jan Karl C.; De La Cruz, Harold S. (June 2021). "An Ethnography of Ibanag Warfare and Weaponry Based on Spanish Colonial Records".

2581:, tattoos on the forearms and chest/breasts are found in both sexes, but tattoos on the lower legs and lower abdomen are restricted to women. 4600:

Krutak, Lars (2017). "Burik: Tattoos of the Ibaloy Mummies of Benguet, North Luzon, Philippines". In Krutak, Lars; Deter-Wolf, Aaron (eds.).

2663:) where the souls of the dead travel to by boat. Tattoos are also believed to help illuminate the way for a soul traveling to the afterlife. 2226:). The tattooing process is traditionally accompanied by chanting, which is believed to enhance the magical potency and efficacy of tattoos. 406:, as they call that cloth they wrap around their waist, which is the sort the ancient actors and gladiators used in Rome for decency's sake." 2149:

in Butbut Kalinga) and were teased as cowards and bad omens for the community. The social stigma usually encouraged people to get tattooed.

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in northern Luzon have also yielded both chisel and serrated-type heads of possible hafted bone tattoo instruments alongside Austronesian

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Salvador-Amores, Analyn (June 2011). "Batok (Traditional Tattoos) in Diaspora: The Reinvention of a Globally Mediated Kalinga Identity".

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Indigenous Filipino tattoos have regained some of its popularity in the modern Philippines, especially with the surge of interest in Apo

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while others have their arms, legs, and torso completely tattooed." Illustrations of Kankanaey tattoos were also drawn by his companion.

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Men are usually tattooed on the chest, arms, shoulders, legs, cheeks, chin, and forehead. Only warriors who had taken heads can wear the

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with the proportion of the parts of the body and the sex) with instruments like brushes or small twigs, with very fine points of bamboo."

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are predominantly simple repeating geometric shapes like lines, circles, triangles, and squares. They can also represent animals (like

2360: 832: 747: 136: 2372:. It consists of a set of thorns (or metal needles in recent times) set on a wooden handle. It is tapped unto the skin with a mallet. 1449: 3933:

Beckett, Ronald G.; Conlogue, Gerald J.; Abinion, Orlando V.; Salvador-Amores, Analyn; Piombino-Mascali, Dario (September 18, 2017).

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had the most prominent and documented tattooing traditions among Philippine ethnic groups. The first Spanish name for the Visayans,

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Much of the knowledge of the functions of the designs have been lost to time. Many of these designs were believed to have healing,

4822: 3633:"An Ethnography of Pantaron Manobo Tattooing (Pangotoeb): Towards a Heuristic Schema in Understanding Manobo Indigenous Tattoos" 815:, and other Cordilleran ethnic groups. Despite this, tattoo designs are preserved among the mummies of the Cordilleran peoples. 586:

jade ornaments. These were dated to before 1500 BCE and are remarkably similar to the comb-type tattoo chisels found throughout

1095:). In addition, figurative designs are also commonly used, including those depicting centipedes, ferns, rice heavy with grain ( 1355:). The designs are often highly individualized, and the preferred designs and combinations vary by village and by individual. 5191: 4609: 1386:) awakens in the spirit world, they will be greeted by their ancestors to join them in the convergence place of the spirits ( 3281:

designs use electric tattooing machines, though a few still use the hand-tapping techniques using traditional hafted tools.

2961:, filled lines around 1 in (2.5 cm) thick that can either be straight, zigzagging, or sinuous. Shoulder work was 5211: 2995:. Elite warriors also often had frightening mask-like facial tattoos on chin and face (reaching up to the eyelids) called 1612: 750:. Tattooing among Cordillerans was regarded as a form of clothing. Having no tattoos was formerly equated to being naked. 5304: 4538: 2439:

The Ibanag people believed that people without tattoos could not enter the lands of their ancestors in the spirit world.

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Krutak, Lars (2017). "Reviving Tribal Tattoo Traditions of the Philippines". In Krutak, Lars; Deter-Wolf, Aaron (eds.).

2671:, tattoo artists, are also keepers of the knowledge of tattoo meanings. They are predominantly female or (historically) 5685: 3576: 17: 4324: 1176:. It is practiced by both men and women, who were among the most profusely tattooed ethnic groups of the Philippines. 5036: 4993: 4521: 4213: 4065: 4035: 3529: 3475: 3275:

creativity of modern tattoo artists, though the traditional motifs are still retained. Most modern tattoo artists of

1374:. Snakes, for example, are believed to be manifestations of wise ancestor spirits. While an ever-present design, the 939:, a series of lines and dots on the back of the hands and fingers. Women's thigh tattoos were normally hidden by the 5250: 120: 795:

conversion to Christianity finally made most tattooing traditions extinct among Cordillerans. A few elders of the

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also existed. They were either residents to a single village or traveling artists who visited different villages.

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of the islands, he repeatedly described them as "painted all over." The original Spanish name for the Visayans, "

4674: 3859:"The Recontextualization of Burik (Traditional Tattoos) of Kabayan Mummies in Benguet to Contemporary Practices" 3018: 1132:), which are records of war exploits and status. The figurative designs included (left to right) a human being ( 5503: 5138: 3251: 782: 5927: 5424: 3340: 3103:, a Visayan ethnic group that preserved some pre-colonial customs due to their relative isolation during the 2265: 1182:

traditions are extinct today but survive in the designs found in some elders and in the Ibaloi and Kankanaey

896:(also known as the Isneg or Isnag), both men and women wore tattoos. The most prominent tattoo is called the 4708:

Calano, Mark Joseph (October 2012). "Archiving bodies: Kalinga batek and the im/possibility of an archive".

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4000 Years of Migration and Cultural Exchange: The Archaeology of the Batanes Islands, Northern Philippines

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edited by Lars Krutak and Aaron Deter-Wolf, pp. 37–55. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.

427:, while tattoos in women were primarily enhancements to beauty. They were also believed to have magical or 203: 3307:

The Philippine Tattoo Artists Guild (PHILTAG) hosts an annual tattoo exposition known as "Dutdutan" (from

2557:" wore their pretty costumes, their hair long, their bodies tattooed like some of the European convicts." 1969:

Further participation in raids entitled him to more tattoos, until he finally receives the chest tattoos (

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Tattooing was a religious experience among the Cordilleran peoples, involving direct participation of the

5917: 5784: 2654: 940: 5695: 5680: 1594:(parallel lines), usually on forehead and backs of hands; and scorpions. Arm tattoos were usually fern ( 5456: 5129:

Alvina, C.S. (2001). "Colors and patterns of dreams". In Oshima, Neal M.; Paterno, Maria Elena (eds.).

3561:

Salvador-Amores, Analyn. Burik: Tattoos of the Ibaloy Mummies of Benguet, North Luzon, Philippines. In

2152:

Tattoo artists were predominantly male among the Kalinga, female artists were rarer. They are known as

739: 4052: 1428:) mixed with leaves from a native tomato-like plant. In the early 20th century, steel sewing needles ( 5405: 5294: 4242: 3289: 2390:. They were symbols of status and martial prowess and were most prominent among the Ibanag warriors ( 1058:(a political subdivision within a community), including women and children, would also get tattooed. 5647: 4355: 3011:

beaks, among others. Women were tattooed on one or both hands, with intricate designs that resemble

1220:

Ibaloi tattoo patterns and designs are also depicted in their funerary blankets (variously known as

5563: 2560: 1938:

in Butbut Kalinga). These were three parallel lines encircling the forearm, starting at the wrist.

3111:. Both men and women are tattooed. The ink they use is made from the extracts of a plant known as 2761:). In modern times, with the increasing rarity of native trees, some artists use soot from burned 2625: 2344:(known in historical records as the "Lepanto Igorot") were also recorded after they were taken to 933:, usually on the throat and sometimes on the forearms, in addition to one or both thighs; and the 767:. Chest tattoos were not applied until men had taken a head. The practice was outlawed during the 523:. Regardless, the motifs and placements are very similar to the tattoos made with hafted needles. 5922: 5713: 5708: 5083: 2578: 4399: 3288:. A notable organization is the Mark of the Four Waves Tribe, founded by Elle Festin in 1998 in 3166: 2681:

learn their trade by apprenticing to an older practitioner from childhood (usually a relative).

2408:("fern"), which were fern patterns applied on the back of the hands in a glove-like appearance. 2302:. The most famous of the mummies, a Kankanaey man named Apo Anno ("Elder Anno") from Natubleng, 2272: 1987:

among the Butbut Kalinga) that indicates his high social standing as part of the warrior class (

1723:

in Butbut Kalinga). They are among the best known Cordilleran tattoos due to the efforts of Apo

1071:

Bontoc tattoo designs are usually repeating geometric patterns. They include star-like designs (

2757: 2653:). In Manobo mythology, Ologasi is depicted as an antagonist and a guardian of the gate to the 440:

Manobo tattoos which were only done on the forearms, lower abdomen, back, breasts, and ankles.

2689:

are traditionally offered gifts by the recipient before the tattooing process, usually beads (

1733:(tattoo artist)", though she is currently teaching younger artists to continue the tradition. 1118: 4907:"Die Bewohner von Süd-Mindanao und der Insel Samal. Nach eignen Erfahrungen: 1. Süd-Mindanao" 2325: 2281: 2061: 375: 135:

Tattooing traditions were mostly lost as Filipinos were converted to Christianity during the

5416: 5154: 4631: 483:

thorns. The needles created wounds on the skin that were then rubbed with the ink made from

5804: 5536: 5388: 5299: 5243: 5221: 3632: 3368: 3330: 3067:(pre-colonial Karaga) were among the first "painted" (tattooed) Filipinos encounted by the 2029:) were earned when a warrior successfully kills an enemy but retreats during a battle. The 828: 475: 467: 389: 128: 1941: 1408:

Tattoos were applied using hafted techniques. The needle was made from plant thorns (like

952:

is unique among all Cordilleran hafted tools. It consists of an S-shaped curved length of

8: 5799: 3935:"Human mummification practices among the Ibaloy of Kabayan, North Luzon, the Philippines" 3260: 3068: 3060: 2833: 1636:(1900), the author describes two subgroups of the Banao people (itself a subgroup of the 714:. The Spanish recorded that tattooing was just as prominent among the Bicolano people of 618: 73: 4805: 4130:

Clark, Geoffrey; Langley, Michelle C. (July 2, 2020). "Ancient Tattooing in Polynesia".

3173: 2909:. Both sexes had tattoos. It was expected of adults to have them, with the exception of 2315: 1366:

of the Ibaloi people. The animals and plants depicted were considered manifestations of

5835: 5547: 5461: 5217: 5186:(First ed.). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 56–61. 5065: 4918: 4884: 4783: 4725: 4604:(First ed.). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 37–55. 4451: 4147: 4094: 4008: 3908: 3683: 3652: 3150: 3064: 1625: 1420: 1371: 598: 329: 271: 207: 152: 124: 2559:

It was also noted by other 19th-century European explorers, including German explorer

5870: 5860: 5850: 5840: 5809: 5284: 5279: 5187: 5134: 5032: 4989: 4787: 4729: 4605: 4517: 4455: 4209: 4181: 4151: 4114: 4061: 4031: 4012: 3912: 3656: 3525: 3471: 3285: 3220: 3138: 3119: 3072: 2765:

instead. During the healing process, the wounds are rubbed with heated nodules of an

2512: 2504: 2471: 991: 614: 267: 80: 4954: 4744: 2253: 5789: 5744: 5555: 5340: 5335: 4949: 4941: 4775: 4717: 4443: 4177: 4173: 4139: 4000: 3946: 3898: 3644: 3412: 3362: 3308: 3236: 3189: 2508: 2341: 2311: 2299: 2277: 2261: 1600:), grass, and other plant motifs forming bands around the forearms and upper arms. 1187: 804: 787: 607: 575: 571: 4779: 4296:

Cultural Center of the Philippines: Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition

4143: 2566: 2547:"). Manobo tattooing traditions were first recorded in 1879 by Saturnino Urios, a 5814: 5779: 5734: 5361: 5236: 3754: 3702: 3232: 3162: 3100: 2934: 2295: 2237: 2089: 1736: 1564:(repeating chevrons and X-shapes), usually on shoulders, neck, arms, and thighs; 1239: 1183: 711: 567: 488: 433: 401: 379: 275: 168: 3243:, tattooing traditions had already disappeared before the Spanish colonial era. 2839: 2192:), these can either be citrus thorns inserted at a right angle to a stick, or a 2176:

also serves to measure the scale of the tattoos, ensuring they are symmetrical.

1920:) and gaining the right to acquire a tattoo. Their first tattoo is known as the 921:, sun-like or cross-like tattoos on the thigh that represented spiders; and the 908:

was present in both men and women. In men, it was linked to martial prowess and

5855: 5774: 5749: 5378: 5330: 5309: 5289: 4447: 4291: 3728: 3391: 3301: 3224: 3142: 3088: 3023: 2597: 2488: 2448: 1946: 1741: 1702: 1645: 839: 800: 776: 743: 602: 457: 297: 259: 237: 140: 85: 43: 4945: 3951: 3934: 3903: 3886: 2933:). Tattoos were so highly regarded that men will often just wear a loincloth ( 2202:

is placed over the tattoo location and rapidly tapped with another stick (the

963:) made from soot and sugarcane juice are then rubbed unto the wounds created. 147:) shortly before the colonial period due to their (then recent) conversion to 5911: 5875: 5794: 5754: 5729: 5356: 5014:

Description du penible voyage de faict entour de l'univers ou globe terrestre

4986:

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms

4721: 3042: 2939:) to show them off. The most elaborately tattooed were members of the royal ( 2630: 2570: 2516: 2484: 2476: 2381: 2101: 1513: 1478: 1454: 1167: 1123: 987: 979: 893: 812: 796: 677: 668: 520: 498: 411: 349: 188: 2812:("The Painted Ones") was a reference to the tattooed people particularly of 2503:(including the Agusan Manobo, Arakan Manobo, Kulaman Manobo, Matiglangilan, 5634: 5383: 5155:"Marinduque as found in the 55 Volumes of The Philippine Islands 1493-1803" 4400:"Dress and adornment in the Mountain Province of Luzon, Philippine Islands" 4004: 3379: 3132: 3008: 2496: 1637: 1617: 808: 772: 160: 4652:"The Tinguian: Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe" 4185: 4116:

Bones as Tools: Current Methods and Interpretations in Worked Bone Studies

3648: 3034:

The first tattoos were acquired during the initiation into adulthood (the

803:

retain tattoos up to today; but they are believed to be extinct among the

5865: 5845: 5819: 4651: 3887:"Sacred Texts and Symbols: An Indigenous Filipino Perspective on Reading" 3170: 3036: 2795: 2762: 2644: 1962: 1393: 1019: 909: 764: 723: 685: 673: 558: 424: 192: 144: 61: 56: 31: 5228: 5069: 5053: 4971:

Diccionario De La Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueina Y Haraya de la isla de Panay

4922: 4906: 4888: 4872: 4656:

Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropology Series

4098: 4082: 3687: 3671: 2775:, which soothes the itching and supposedly keeps the tattoo color dark. 1582:(vertical repeating X-shapes bordered by lines), usually on the throat; 533:) and the heeding of omens. For example, if the artist or the recipient 502:

Hafted needle, mallet, and ink bowl used in traditional Filipino tattoos

210:*beCik ("tattoo"), *patik ("mottled pattern"), and *burik ("speckled"). 5582: 5366: 5325: 3256: 2322: 1656:, and large copper pendants on their ears. These people do not use the 1359: 583: 428: 5443: 4873:"Ethnographische Gegevens over de Manobo's van Mindanao, Philippijnen" 3351: 1068:. It is believed that men would not court women who are not tattooed. 5371: 3932: 2911: 719: 594: 587: 579: 448: 116: 3891:

The International Journal of Information, Diversity, & Inclusion

3099:

Visayan tattooing traditions only survive in modern times among the

2196:

horn bent with heat with a cluster of metal needles at the tip. The

1648:, tattoo flowers on their arms, and in war-dress wear a cylindrical 5669: 5658: 5601: 5274: 3271: 3240: 3177: 3176:

in their old homelands. They were assimilated into the neighboring

2916: 2845: 2821: 2803: 2766: 2606:, ferns), or human shapes. The patterns have individual names like 2500: 2492: 2329: 2258: 2137:). During pre-colonial times, people without tattoos were known as 2106: 2051: 2043: 1724: 1696: 1657: 1621: 628: 622: 534: 453: 164: 51: 47: 3577:"The Beautiful History and Symbolism of Philippine Tattoo Culture" 2092:

to see if a person is worthy of joining them in the spirit world (

566:

Ancient clay human figurines found in archaeological sites in the

5612: 5593: 5511: 3385: 3373: 3158: 3154: 2947: 2793:(warrior nobility), with visible tattoos beneath their clothing ( 2333: 2307: 2303: 2242: 2193: 2073:

Pregnant women also receive a characteristic tattoo known as the

1310: 1300: 1037:

is only done after a man has taken his first head in battle. The

515: 5477: 3631:

Ragragio, Andrea Malaya M.; Paluga, Myfel D. (August 22, 2019).

3345: 866:

are the tattoos given to tourists (both local and foreign), not

5486: 5259: 3324: 3284:

Indigenous Filipino tattoos have also become popular among the

3264: 3135: 3012: 2789: 2691: 2552: 2548: 2345: 1653: 1458: 1409: 1053: 953: 735: 552: 480: 5107: 3300:

designs have also been incorporated into modern garments like

2749:

resulting from burning certain species of trees, most notably

1558:(lightning), usually on the neck, shoulders, and lower chest; 5213:

Kakau and Batok Talk: Tattoos from Hawaii and the Philippines

3228: 3149:

covered in tattoos. The Abaknon people are a subgroup of the

3146: 3108: 3084: 3027: 2986: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2783: 2719: 2702: 2672: 1680: 1661: 1649: 1367: 1363: 819: 759: 715: 546: 529: 511: 474:

Tattoos were made by skilled artists using the distinctively

172: 156: 148: 39: 5054:"The Sulod: A Mountain People In Central Panay, Philippines" 3672:"The Sulod: A Mountain People In Central Panay, Philippines" 2463:, though they were not as extensive as the Visayan tattoos. 5469: 4539:"There's a link between indigenous tattoos and agriculture" 4433: 4206:

History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos

3153:. They originated from the southern Philippines (allegedly 2941: 2829: 2746: 2187: 2153: 2144: 2138: 2120: 2093: 2074: 2065: 2055: 2037: 2018: 2012: 1994: 1976: 1970: 1956: 1921: 1915: 1903: 1897: 1712: 1706: 1540:(small human figures), usually on the center of the chest; 1425: 738:

ethnic groups (also collectively known as "Igorot") of the

510:

Another tattooing technique predominantly practiced by the

492: 484: 4325:"Return of the Headhunters: The Philippine Tattoo Revival" 3522:

Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society

3161:). They migrated in the pre-colonial era to Capul in the 2618:(an unbroken straight line in between two broken lines). 632:" ("The Painted Ones") was a reference to their tattoos. 183: 4807:

Luçon et Palaouan, six années de voyages aux Philippines

4083:"Excavations at Arku Cave, Northeast Luzon, Philippines" 2770: 2750: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2712: 2706: 2696: 2684: 2676: 2666: 2658: 2648: 2634: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2591: 2585: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2257:

Detail of forearm tattoos on Bucassen, chieftain of the

1744:

woman with traditional face paint and arm tattoos (1913)

775:, when Cordilleran peoples acquired tattoos for killing 4404:

Publications of the Catholic Anthropological Conference

3986: 3984: 3982: 396:(robes) we mentioned, their dress at home and in their 5133:. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark. pp. 46–58. 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 2903:). Renowned warriors covered in tattoos were known as 1588:(various bracelet patterns), usually on women's arms; 771:. The last tattoos associated with headhunting was in 392:, so that although for solemn occasions they have the 111:, among other names, are general terms for indigenous 4168:

Nowell, C. E. (1962). "Antonio Pigafetta's account".

2340:

Descriptions of the tattoos of two chieftains of the

1772:), hexagonal shapes representing snake belly scales ( 1251:

design was the wheel-like representation of the sun (

1101:), lightning, and the stairs of a traditional house. 487:

or ashes mixed with water, oil, plant extracts (like

436:

to gauge the worthiness of a soul to live with them.

4050: 3211:(zigzags). Such tattoos are rarely practiced today. 3054: 2241:(loincloths), and beads of an equivalent price to a 2230: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2181: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2132: 2126: 2110: 2080: 2030: 2024: 2006: 2000: 1988: 1982: 1933: 1927: 1909: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1718: 1246: 1177: 1171: 1104:

The Bontoc traditional tattooing tool is called the

879: 873: 867: 861: 855: 849: 843: 461: 5027:Souza, George Bryan; Turley, Jeffrey Scott (2015). 4759: 4675:"The Last Kalinga Tattoo Artist of the Philippines" 3959: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3819:"Pang-o-tub: The tattooing tradition of the Manobo" 3083:Tattoos were described among the mixed Visayan and 139:. Tattooing was also lost in some groups (like the 5580: 4851: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 2268:. Note the absence of a headhunter's chest tattoo. 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1482: 1468: 1462: 1362:, or magical powers, and tied in closely with the 470:tattooing tools - the hafted needle and the mallet 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4290:Guillermo, Alice G.; Mapa-Arriola, Maria Sharon. 4289: 3015:embroidery, or had geometric motifs on the arms. 2875:and tattooed individuals were generally known as 2832:, whom were the first of such encountered by the 2005:tattoos are considered to be respected warriors ( 5909: 5177: 5175: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4393: 3837: 3759:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition 3733:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition 3707:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition 3569: 3255:Cordilleran "tattoo" designs being applied with 2980: 1826:), hourglass shapes representing day and night ( 1528:(dog), usually placed on the chest and cheeks; 1156:), and scorpions. Also note the wheel-like sun ( 1028:, which were arm tattoos of both men and women. 5656: 4973:. La Imprenta De D. Manuel Y De D. Felis Dayot. 4765: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4044: 3990: 3856: 3791: 3772: 3538: 2367: 2289: 1293:), among others. Other designs included stars ( 966:Apayao tattooing traditions are extinct today. 848:("tattoos of the past") are distinguished from 5610: 5599: 5591: 5553: 5509: 5209: 4900: 4898: 4810:. Paris: Librairie Hachette. pp. 153–155. 3630: 3295: 3276: 2131:), while tattooed men were considered strong ( 1644:"The Busao Igorrotes who live in the North of 1546:(eagles), usually on the chest and shoulders; 1200:National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines 5667: 5632: 5534: 5430: 5244: 5172: 4736: 4666: 4556: 4132:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 3311: 3046: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2807: 2458: 2452: 1950: 1728: 365: 359: 353: 291: 285: 279: 253: 247: 241: 231: 225: 219: 5475: 5467: 5414: 5007: 5005: 4514:Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World 4414: 4397: 4370: 4356:"The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon" 4349: 4347: 4345: 4309: 4129: 3792:Salvador-Amores, Analyn (October 29, 2017). 3358:Other neighboring and worldwide traditions: 3205:(animal figures like frogs or lizards), and 2928: 2919:) for whom it was socially acceptable to be 2633:blade (3) labeled as a "woman's knife" is a 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2366:The Kankanaey tattoo instrument is called a 1435: 1429: 1413: 1400: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1304: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1105: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1063: 1051: 1045: 1038: 1032: 1023: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 72:), one of the earliest depictions of native 5441: 5045: 5026: 4988:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 348. 4968: 4962: 4904: 4895: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4645: 4643: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4172:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3524:. Ateneo University Press. pp. 20–27. 3206: 3200: 3194: 3112: 958: 947: 934: 928: 922: 916: 903: 897: 705: 5251: 5237: 5210:Salvador-Amore, Analyn (August 15, 2011). 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4111: 4105: 4080: 4060:. Canberra: ANU-E Press. pp. 77–115. 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3563:Ancient Ink: The Archaeology of Tattooing, 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 2321:Another description comes from the French 1949:(c. 1912), a renowned warrior and later a 1502:(a ladder tattoo on the neck). The Ifugao 878:are portions of or have similar motifs to 541: 119:on both sexes was practiced by almost all 5258: 5184:Ancient Ink: The Archaeology of Tattooing 5011: 5002: 4953: 4870: 4864: 4799: 4797: 4742: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4636:. New York: S. Low, Marston. p. 255. 4625: 4623: 4621: 4602:Ancient Ink: The Archaeology of Tattooing 4353: 4342: 4267: 4261: 4163: 4161: 3950: 3902: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3404: 3316:, "to insert with the use of needles"). 2851:Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas 2351:Exposición General de las Islas Filipinas 1748:Common tattoo motifs include centipedes ( 1202:in 1973 through Presidential Decree 260. 1018:which were warrior chest tattoos tied to 4840: 4649: 4640: 4019: 3752: 3726: 3700: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3250: 3169:and becoming subjects of the burgeoning 3017: 2838: 2782: 2624: 2565: 2470: 2271: 2252: 2100: 1940: 1735: 1611: 1448: 1117: 973: 781: 667: 593:Ancient tattoos can also be found among 545: 497: 447: 202:Most names for tattoos in the different 182: 127:during the pre-colonial era. Like other 79: 38: 4935: 4929: 4820: 4814: 4650:Cole, Fay-Cooper; Gale, Albert (1922). 4530: 4511: 4462: 4203: 4192: 4025: 3919: 3884: 3873: 3811: 3595: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3465: 538:usually held after a completed tattoo. 14: 5910: 5181: 5128: 5122: 5101: 5076: 5051: 4983: 4977: 4938:United States National Museum Bulletin 4803: 4794: 4707: 4692: 4672: 4629: 4618: 4599: 4322: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4272:. Filipiniana Book Guild. p. 437. 4167: 4158: 3746: 3669: 3430: 2849:(commoner warrior) with a paddle from 1926:(literally "cutter of the head", also 1616:Tattoo patterns on the forearms of an 5232: 5020: 4871:van Odijk, Antonius Henricus (1925). 4743:Worcester, Dean C. (September 1912). 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4123: 4074: 3720: 3694: 3663: 3519: 3131:A 17th century illustration from the 1473:(bracelet) tattoos on her arms (1906) 994:, tattoos are known as in general as 27:Indigenous tattoos of the Philippines 4823:"Farmers praise Apo Anno for bounty" 4630:Sawyer, Frederic Henry Read (1900). 4268:de Zúñiga, Joaquín Martínez (1973). 3885:Clariza, M. Elena (April 30, 2019). 3484: 3219:Tattoos were also present among the 3007:meant to resemble crocodile jaws or 2515:, Matigtalomo, Matigsimong, and the 2220:) which are attracted to the blood ( 2088:Tattoos were also believed to allow 1424:), or from soot and water (or pig's 946:The Apayao tattooing tool, known as 578:markers like adzes, spindle whorls, 4536: 4354:Worcester, Dean C. (October 1906). 4276: 3468:Filipino Tattoos: Ancient to Modern 3410: 3365:(Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar) 30:For the mountain in Indonesia, see 24: 5118:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 5052:Jocano, F. Landa (November 1958). 4854:Tala: An Online Journal of History 4821:Malanes, Maurice (June 19, 2019). 4633:The Inhabitants of the Philippines 4323:Krutak, Lars (November 23, 2012). 4243:"The Preconquest Filipino Tattoos" 4222: 4170:Magellan's Voyage Around the World 2164:. Tattoos are first outlined with 1727:. She was once known as the "last 1671:The Inhabitants of the Philippines 1634:The Inhabitants of the Philippines 1213:The Inhabitants of the Philippines 1006:. There were two special types of 915:Other tattoos for men include the 884:, and thus are still traditional. 25: 5939: 5203: 4360:The Philippine Journal of Science 4270:Status of the Philippines in 1800 4119:. Archaeopress. pp. 159–174. 3753:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 3727:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 3701:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. 3055:Butuanon, Surigaonon, and Kalagan 2318:of forest animals named Cuyapon. 556:(warrior-nobility) couple in the 4749:The National Geographic Magazine 4745:"Head-hunters of Northern Luzon" 3857:Salvador-Amores, Analyn (2012). 3157:Island, off the southern tip of 2483:Traditional tattooing among the 621:(c. 1521) first encountered the 46:depiction of the tattoos of the 5675:code: ipk promoted to code: ik 5664:code: iku promoted to code: iu 5542:code: mya promoted to code: my 5517:code: hrv promoted to code: hr 5147: 5016:. Amsterdam: Corneille Nicolas. 4905:Schadenberg, Alexander (1885). 4804:Marche, Antoine-Alfred (1887). 4662:(2): 231–233, 235–489, 491–493. 4537:Tan, Yvette (August 18, 2021). 3214: 2927:(unmarked, compare with Samoan 1552:(centipedes), placed anywhere; 416:Relación de las Islas Filipinas 5504:Albanian traditional tattooing 4436:The Mathematical Intelligencer 4028:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment 854:("tattoos of the present") or 729: 213: 13: 1: 5112:I Capul, siray patiʼ inaʼanto 4780:10.1080/08949468.2016.1108832 4673:Krutak, Lars (May 30, 2013). 4398:Vanoverbergh, Morice (1929). 4144:10.1080/15564894.2018.1561558 3520:Scott, William Henry (1994). 3398: 3341:Bornean traditional tattooing 3078: 2612:(parallel diagonal lines) or 2314:. His mother was allegedly a 1908:) or inter-village warfare ( 1198:and were declared one of the 658: 76:tattoos by European explorers 66: 4969:de Mentrida, Alonso (1841). 4081:Thiel, Barbara (1986–1987). 3091:by Spanish priests in 1622. 2519:, among others) is known as 2248: 1669:Frederic Henry Read Sawyer, 1364:indigenous animistic beliefs 1211:Frederic Henry Read Sawyer, 204:languages of the Philippines 178: 55:("the painted ones") of the 7: 5554: 5031:. BRILL. pp. 334–335. 5012:van Noort, Olivier (1602). 3794:"Tattoos in the Cordillera" 3319: 3259:on a performer in the 2009 3094: 3030:(c. 1601-1602) with tattoos 2836:in the Philippine islands. 2266:1904 St. Louis World's Fair 1856:), criss-crossing designs ( 699: 466:) using the characteristic 10: 5944: 4911:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 4448:10.1007/s00283-018-09864-6 3388:(Bosnia & Herzegovina) 3246: 3126: 2778: 2442: 1694: 1690: 443: 113:tattoos of the Philippines 29: 5884: 5828: 5767: 5722: 5694: 5646: 5624: 5572: 5526: 5496: 5404: 5397: 5349: 5318: 5267: 4984:Junker, Laura L. (1999). 4946:10.5479/si.03629236.137.1 4827:Philippine Daily Inquirer 4204:Francia, Luis H. (2013). 4030:. ABC-CLIO. p. 217. 3952:10.12697/poa.2017.26.2.03 3904:10.33137/ijidi.v3i2.32593 3798:Philippine Daily Inquirer 3670:Jocano, F. Landa (1958). 3336:Austronesian traditions: 3290:Orange County, California 3183: 2466: 2375: 2316:non-human guardian spirit 2280:by the French naturalist 1955:(tribal elder). Note the 1790:), various fern designs ( 1444: 1113: 969: 887: 84:Traditional tattoos on a 5740:Nazi concentration camps 5508:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 5398:Traditions and practices 5084:"Panay Bukidnon Culture" 4955:2027/uiug.30112106908780 4722:10.1177/0725513612450502 3993:South East Asia Research 3051:) burned into the arms. 2915:(feminized men, usually 2573:upper arm tattoos (1885) 2451:, tattoos were known as 2060:). These were initially 1652:made of wood or plaited 1607: 1496:(chest tattoos) and the 1245:The most characteristic 786:Tattoos on the arm of a 769:American colonial period 5704:Ancient Egyptian/Nubian 5581: 5431: 5415: 4512:DeMello, Margo (2014). 4178:2027/mdp.39015008001532 4026:DeMello, Margo (2007). 3637:Southeast Asian Studies 3394:(Europe & Americas) 3296: 3277: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3145:man from the island of 3113: 3047: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2771: 2751: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2713: 2707: 2697: 2685: 2677: 2667: 2659: 2649: 2635: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2592: 2586: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2459: 2453: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2368: 2290: 2231: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2188: 2182: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2111: 2094: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2056: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1957: 1951: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1483: 1469: 1463: 1461:showing characteristic 1436: 1430: 1414: 1401: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1305: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1178: 1172: 1170:, tattoos are known as 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1106: 1097: 1091: 1089:), and ladder designs ( 1085: 1079: 1073: 1064: 1052: 1050:, other members of his 1046: 1039: 1033: 1024: 1014: 1008: 1002: 996: 959: 948: 935: 929: 923: 917: 904: 898: 880: 874: 868: 862: 856: 850: 844: 706: 688:, tattoos are known as 663: 542:History and archaeology 462: 400:is their tattoos and a 366: 360: 292: 286: 280: 232: 226: 220: 5668: 5657: 5633: 5611: 5600: 5592: 5535: 5510: 5476: 5468: 5442: 5305:Religious perspectives 4005:10.5367/sear.2011.0045 3939:Papers on Anthropology 3466:Wilcken, Lane (2010). 3312: 3267: 3031: 2967:; chest and throat as 2929: 2854: 2808: 2800: 2758:Agathis philippinensis 2640: 2574: 2480: 2430:), and human figures ( 2285: 2269: 2116: 1966: 1961:chest tattoos and the 1820:), alternating lines ( 1745: 1729: 1676: 1629: 1474: 1218: 1163: 983: 791: 681: 656: 563: 503: 471: 421: 354: 254: 248: 242: 199: 89: 77: 5350:Process and technique 3649:10.20495/seas.8.2_259 3254: 3021: 2842: 2786: 2628: 2569: 2561:Alexander Schadenberg 2543:; or erroneously as " 2474: 2384:called their tattoos 2326:Antoine-Alfred Marche 2282:Antoine-Alfred Marche 2275: 2256: 2104: 1945:Lakay Wanawan of the 1944: 1739: 1642: 1615: 1452: 1204: 1162:) motif on the hands. 1122:1896 illustration of 1121: 977: 785: 726:, as in the Visayas. 704:Tattoos are known as 671: 634: 549: 501: 456:applying traditional 451: 386: 218:Tattoos are known as 186: 83: 42: 5928:Tattooing traditions 5389:Process of tattooing 5222:University of Oxford 3369:Tattooing in Myanmar 3331:History of tattooing 3107:in the highlands of 3105:Spanish colonial era 2857:Tattoos were called 2479:chest tattoos (1925) 2276:Drawing of tattooed 1838:), pig's hind legs ( 1083:), lattice designs ( 748:Spanish colonial era 384:) to show them off. 348:) among the various 137:Spanish colonial era 5785:Chinese calligraphy 4768:Visual Anthropology 3261:Panagbenga Festival 3069:Magellan expedition 3061:Rajahnate of Butuan 2843:A tattooed Visayan 2834:Magellan expedition 2288:Kankanaey tattoos ( 1880:), and axe blades ( 1814:), parallel lines ( 1754:), centipede legs ( 1516:motifs include the 696:among the Dumagat. 692:among the Agta and 619:Magellan expedition 599:Cordilleran peoples 597:remains of various 330:Cordilleran peoples 167:highlands, and the 153:Cordilleran peoples 5918:Filipino tattooing 5892:European countries 5768:Styles and designs 5218:Pitt Rivers Museum 5058:Philippine Studies 4249:. January 10, 2018 4087:Asian Perspectives 3863:Humanities Diliman 3676:Philippine Studies 3304:or even T-shirts. 3268: 3151:Sama-Bajau peoples 3063:and the region of 3059:The rulers of the 3032: 2855: 2801: 2695:), fiber leglets ( 2641: 2579:Pantaron Mountains 2575: 2481: 2286: 2270: 2117: 2109:applying a snake ( 1967: 1778:), coiled snakes ( 1746: 1701:Tattoos among the 1630: 1477:Tattoos among the 1475: 1421:Viburnum luzonicum 1164: 984: 792: 742:mountain range of 740:Cordillera Central 682: 649:Francisco Colins, 564: 504: 472: 328:among the various 208:Proto-Austronesian 200: 191:warrior bearing a 187:A 1908 photo of a 125:Philippine Islands 90: 78: 18:Philippine tattoos 5905: 5904: 5897:the United States 5763: 5762: 5552:Khmer/Laos/Thai ( 5280:Body modification 5193:978-0-295-74282-3 4883:(5/6): 981–1000. 4611:978-0-295-74282-3 3825:. August 28, 2012 3286:Filipino diaspora 3239:and southwestern 3199:(human figures), 3139:Olivier van Noort 3120:Cayratia trifolia 3073:Antonio Pigafetta 3071:and described by 2787:Tattooed Visayan 2555:, who wrote that 2436:), among others. 2023:). Back tattoos ( 1844:), rice bundles ( 1832:), rice mortars ( 1660:, and prefer the 1325:), basket weave ( 1319:), rice mortars ( 1126:tattoo patterns ( 992:Mountain Province 777:Imperial Japanese 680:tattoos (c. 1885) 615:Antonio Pigafetta 206:are derived from 16:(Redirected from 5935: 5676: 5673: 5665: 5662: 5638: 5631:Kurdish/Yazidi ( 5616: 5605: 5597: 5586: 5559: 5543: 5540: 5518: 5515: 5481: 5473: 5447: 5436: 5420: 5402: 5401: 5336:Permanent makeup 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5198: 5197: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4849: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4705: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4616: 4615: 4597: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4509: 4460: 4459: 4431: 4412: 4411: 4395: 4368: 4367: 4351: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4320: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4287: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4220: 4219: 4201: 4190: 4189: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4059: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3988: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3882: 3871: 3870: 3854: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3628: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3536: 3535: 3517: 3482: 3481: 3463: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3413:"What is Batok?" 3408: 3315: 3299: 3280: 3237:Sulu archipelago 3233:Muslim Filipinos 3210: 3204: 3198: 3116: 3050: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2989:); and waist as 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2945:) and nobility ( 2932: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2811: 2774: 2754: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2716: 2710: 2700: 2688: 2680: 2670: 2662: 2652: 2638: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2600:), plants (like 2595: 2589: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2462: 2456: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2371: 2361:Spanish colonial 2342:Kankanaey people 2312:Buguias, Benguet 2300:Kabayan, Benguet 2293: 2278:Kankanaey people 2234: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2114: 2097: 2090:ancestor spirits 2084: 2078: 2069: 2059: 2041: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1960: 1954: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1742:Lubuagan Kalinga 1732: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1674: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1576:(zigzag lines); 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1486: 1472: 1466: 1439: 1433: 1417: 1404: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1368:ancestor spirits 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1308: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1216: 1188:Kabayan, Benguet 1181: 1175: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1109: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1067: 1057: 1049: 1042: 1036: 1027: 1017: 1011: 1005: 999: 962: 951: 938: 932: 926: 920: 907: 901: 883: 877: 871: 865: 859: 853: 847: 829:communist rebels 709: 654: 651:Labor Evangelica 576:material culture 572:Cagayan Province 465: 434:ancestor spirits 419: 390:Christ crucified 376:giant centipedes 369: 363: 357: 295: 289: 283: 257: 251: 245: 235: 229: 223: 159:highlands, some 71: 68: 21: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5880: 5829:Bodily location 5824: 5759: 5718: 5690: 5674: 5663: 5648:Native American 5642: 5620: 5568: 5541: 5522: 5516: 5492: 5393: 5345: 5314: 5263: 5257: 5216:(Documentary). 5206: 5201: 5194: 5180: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5025: 5021: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4982: 4978: 4967: 4963: 4934: 4930: 4903: 4896: 4869: 4865: 4850: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4819: 4815: 4802: 4795: 4764: 4760: 4741: 4737: 4706: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4671: 4667: 4648: 4641: 4628: 4619: 4612: 4598: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4543:Manila Bulletin 4535: 4531: 4524: 4510: 4463: 4432: 4415: 4396: 4371: 4352: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4321: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4288: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4223: 4216: 4202: 4193: 4166: 4159: 4128: 4124: 4110: 4106: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4024: 4020: 3989: 3960: 3931: 3920: 3883: 3874: 3855: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3823:GMA News Online 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3790: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3699: 3695: 3668: 3664: 3629: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3539: 3532: 3518: 3485: 3478: 3464: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3411:Wilcken, Lane. 3409: 3405: 3401: 3322: 3249: 3217: 3186: 3163:Visayas Islands 3129: 3101:Suludnon people 3097: 3087:settlements of 3081: 3057: 2781: 2598:monitor lizards 2584:The designs of 2469: 2445: 2378: 2251: 2062:giant centipede 1703:Kalinga peoples 1699: 1693: 1675: 1668: 1610: 1447: 1349:), and rivers ( 1240:Kabayan Mummies 1217: 1210: 1116: 972: 890: 732: 712:Bicolano people 702: 666: 661: 655: 648: 568:Batanes Islands 544: 491:), or even pig 489:sugarcane juice 446: 420: 410: 276:Bicolano people 216: 181: 169:Sulodnon people 69: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5941: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5923:Tattoo designs 5920: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5775:Black-and-gray 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5723:Other contexts 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5700: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5628: 5626: 5625:Middle Eastern 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5607: 5588: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5550: 5545: 5530: 5528: 5527:Mainland Asian 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5438: 5427: 5422: 5410: 5408: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5295:Health effects 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5205: 5204:External links 5202: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5171: 5159:UlongBeach.com 5146: 5139: 5121: 5100: 5075: 5064:(4): 401–436. 5044: 5037: 5019: 5001: 4994: 4976: 4961: 4928: 4894: 4863: 4839: 4813: 4793: 4758: 4735: 4691: 4679:LarsKrutak.com 4665: 4639: 4617: 4610: 4555: 4529: 4522: 4461: 4413: 4369: 4341: 4329:LarsKrutak.com 4308: 4275: 4260: 4221: 4214: 4191: 4157: 4138:(3): 407–420. 4122: 4104: 4093:(2): 229–264. 4073: 4066: 4043: 4036: 4018: 3999:(2): 293–318. 3958: 3918: 3872: 3836: 3810: 3771: 3745: 3719: 3693: 3682:(4): 401–436. 3662: 3643:(2): 259–294. 3594: 3581:Aswang Project 3568: 3537: 3530: 3483: 3476: 3429: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3392:Sailor tattoos 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3366: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3321: 3318: 3302:barong tagalog 3248: 3245: 3225:Tagalog people 3216: 3213: 3185: 3182: 3128: 3125: 3096: 3093: 3089:Cagayan de Oro 3080: 3077: 3056: 3053: 2863:(also spelled 2780: 2777: 2551:missionary in 2525:(also spelled 2485:Manobo peoples 2468: 2465: 2449:Ilocano people 2444: 2441: 2377: 2374: 2328:, who visited 2250: 2247: 1947:Kalinga people 1766:), snakeskin ( 1692: 1689: 1666: 1609: 1606: 1570:(wavy lines); 1446: 1443: 1372:omen creatures 1208: 1115: 1112: 982:warrior (1903) 971: 968: 889: 886: 875:whatok sa sana 872:. Regardless, 863:Whatok sa sana 857:emben a whatok 851:whatok sa sana 840:Butbut Kalinga 801:Kalinga people 744:Northern Luzon 731: 728: 701: 698: 665: 662: 660: 657: 646: 603:hanging coffin 543: 540: 445: 442: 408: 364:, and Ilocano 350:Manobo peoples 336:(also spelled 320:(also spelled 298:Ilocano people 260:Tagalog people 238:Visayan people 215: 212: 180: 177: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5940: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795:Nautical star 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5755:Tattooed lady 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5696:North African 5693: 5687: 5686:Haudenosaunee 5684: 5682: 5679: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5262:and tattooing 5261: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5176: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5114: 5113: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5038:9789004301542 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4995:9780824864064 4991: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4755:(9): 833–930. 4754: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4716:(1): 98–112. 4715: 4711: 4710:Thesis Eleven 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4523:9781610690768 4519: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4410:(5): 181–242. 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4366:(8): 791–875. 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4264: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4215:9781468315455 4211: 4207: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4067:9781925021288 4063: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4037:9780313336959 4033: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3583:. 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Retrieved 5158: 5149: 5131:Dreamweavers 5130: 5124: 5111: 5103: 5091:. Retrieved 5087: 5078: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5028: 5022: 5013: 4985: 4979: 4970: 4964: 4937: 4931: 4914: 4910: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4860:(1): 78–140. 4857: 4853: 4830:. Retrieved 4826: 4816: 4806: 4774:(1): 54–80. 4771: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4713: 4709: 4682:. Retrieved 4678: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4632: 4601: 4546:. Retrieved 4542: 4532: 4516:. ABC-CLIO. 4513: 4442:(1): 31–38. 4439: 4435: 4407: 4403: 4363: 4359: 4332:. Retrieved 4328: 4299:. Retrieved 4295: 4292:"Tattoo Art" 4269: 4263: 4251:. Retrieved 4246: 4205: 4169: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4115: 4107: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4053: 4046: 4027: 4021: 3996: 3992: 3945:(2): 24–37. 3942: 3938: 3897:(2): 80–92. 3894: 3890: 3866: 3862: 3827:. Retrieved 3822: 3813: 3801:. Retrieved 3797: 3762:. Retrieved 3758: 3748: 3736:. Retrieved 3732: 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3706: 3696: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3640: 3636: 3585:. Retrieved 3580: 3571: 3562: 3521: 3470:. Schiffer. 3467: 3420:. Retrieved 3417:Lane Wilcken 3416: 3406: 3357: 3335: 3323: 3306: 3294: 3283: 3269: 3218: 3215:Other groups 3187: 3167:Islamization 3130: 3118: 3098: 3082: 3058: 3035: 3033: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2935: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2876: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2809:Los Pintados 2802: 2794: 2788: 2763:rubber tires 2756: 2725: 2718: 2690: 2683: 2665: 2655:spirit world 2642: 2629:The curving 2620: 2583: 2576: 2556: 2544: 2497:Davao Region 2482: 2446: 2438: 2424:), stripes ( 2421:lassigassing 2418:), zigzags ( 2415:nammata-mata 2410: 2379: 2365: 2357: 2349: 2339: 2320: 2287: 2236: 2235:(skirts) or 2228: 2178: 2151: 2118: 2087: 2072: 2048: 1968: 1963:face tattoos 1894: 1862:), ladders ( 1747: 1700: 1685: 1677: 1670: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1602: 1579:hinanghangal 1567:pinulikawkaw 1511: 1489: 1476: 1419: 1407: 1398: 1357: 1346:pinak-paksey 1331:), zigzags ( 1269:), lizards ( 1244: 1219: 1212: 1205: 1195: 1192: 1165: 1150:), a snake ( 1103: 1077:), zigzags ( 1070: 1060: 1030: 985: 965: 945: 914: 891: 837: 817: 793: 790:woman (1906) 773:World War II 758: 756: 752: 734:The various 733: 703: 693: 689: 686:Aeta peoples 683: 650: 643: 637: 635: 626: 612: 601:in cave and 592: 565: 557: 551: 528: 525: 509: 505: 476:Austronesian 473: 468:Austronesian 438: 422: 415: 402: 397: 393: 387: 380: 372: 345: 341: 337: 333: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 263: 217: 201: 198:chest tattoo 195: 193:headhunter's 161:Lumad people 134: 129:Austronesian 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91: 74:Austronesian 60: 50: 36: 5820:Trash polka 5285:Conventions 3869:(1): 74–94. 3257:marker pens 3141:depicts an 3037:Boxer Codex 2951:) classes. 2796:Boxer Codex 2433:inattolayan 1868:), eagles ( 1865:inar-archan 1808:), fruits ( 1760:), snakes ( 1620:woman from 1467:(fern) and 1457:woman from 1394:Mount Pulag 1322:pinat-pattu 1316:pad-padanga 1263:), snakes ( 1020:headhunting 978:A tattooed 910:headhunting 831:during the 765:headhunting 736:Cordilleran 730:Cordilleran 724:Catanduanes 559:Boxer Codex 425:headhunting 272:Kapampangan 214:Description 175:highlands. 145:Moro people 70: 1590 62:Boxer Codex 57:Philippines 32:Mount Batok 5912:Categories 5861:Lower-back 5805:Old school 5800:New school 5609:Ryukyuan ( 5583:Anchi-piri 5429:Filipino ( 5140:9715694071 4301:August 10, 4253:August 10, 4247:Datu Press 4208:. Abrams. 3399:References 3221:Pangasinan 3180:cultures. 3174:Sultanates 3079:Kagay-anon 3026:native of 2973:; arms as 2799:, c. 1590) 2545:pang-o-túb 2528:pa-ngo-túb 2513:Tigwahonon 2505:Matigsalug 2495:, and the 2447:Among the 2323:naturalist 2134:mangkusdor 2076:lin-lingao 1874:), frogs ( 1829:tinatalaaw 1823:sinagkikao 1787:inud-uchan 1730:mambabatok 1695:See also: 1360:apotropaic 1343:), seeds ( 1166:Among the 1022:; and the 986:Among the 892:Among the 838:Among the 833:Marcos era 779:soldiers. 710:among the 684:Among the 659:Traditions 584:lingling-o 550:A Visayan 429:apotropaic 358:, Visayan 338:pa-ngo-túb 296:among the 268:Pangasinan 266:among the 258:among the 236:among the 5836:Body suit 5810:Soundwave 5790:Five dots 5537:Htoe kwin 5533:Burmese ( 5452:Marquesan 5341:Temporary 5164:March 31, 5093:August 4, 4877:Anthropos 4832:April 28, 4788:146444053 4730:144088625 4684:August 7, 4456:126269137 4334:August 7, 4152:135043065 4013:146925862 3913:166544255 3764:August 7, 3657:202261104 3422:August 2, 3382:(Kurdish) 3165:to avoid 3114:langi-ngi 3009:raptorial 2976:daya-daya 2877:binatakan 2752:salumayag 2686:Mangotoeb 2678:Mangotoeb 2668:Mangotoeb 2645:end times 2587:pangotoeb 2522:pangotoeb 2509:Tagakaulo 2427:buri-buri 2262:Kankanaey 2249:Kankanaey 2161:manwhatok 2146:chinur-as 1990:kamaranan 1935:binulibud 1889:tinulipao 1784:), rain ( 1769:tinulipao 1757:tiniktiku 1549:ginayaman 1383:kalaching 1334:tiniktiku 1328:inak-akbu 1281:), dogs ( 1107:chakayyum 1098:pang ti'i 936:tutungrat 930:babalakay 918:babalakay 805:Kankanaey 788:Kankanaey 720:Camarines 678:scarified 676:man with 608:Kankanaey 595:mummified 588:Polynesia 580:barkcloth 562:(c. 1590) 460:tattoos ( 361:binatakan 334:pangotoeb 179:Etymology 117:Tattooing 5815:Teardrop 5780:Blackout 5735:Criminal 5670:Tavlugun 5659:Kakiniit 5602:Horimono 5590:Yamato ( 5573:Japanese 5497:European 5485:Fijian ( 5466:Samoan ( 5462:Rapa Nui 5457:Mentawai 5440:Māori ( 5413:Atayal ( 5362:Cover-up 5275:Body art 5070:42720408 4923:23028238 4917:: 8–37. 4889:40444927 4099:42928159 3829:July 26, 3803:July 26, 3755:"*burik" 3738:July 26, 3729:"*beCik" 3712:July 26, 3703:"*patik" 3688:42720408 3320:See also 3272:Whang-od 3241:Mindanao 3208:ligo bed 3095:Sulodnon 2942:kadatuan 2846:horo-han 2822:Mindanao 2804:Visayans 2772:kagopkop 2767:epiphyte 2714:pamaleye 2540:pengetev 2534:pengeteb 2501:Mindanao 2493:Bukidnon 2412:shapes ( 2348:for the 2330:Mankayan 2245:or pig. 2155:manbatok 2115:) tattoo 2107:Whang-od 2082:chung-it 2067:sinokray 2052:menarche 2044:talisman 2039:papangat 2020:maur'mot 1929:pinaliid 1911:baraknit 1859:sina-sao 1847:sinwhuto 1805:nilawhat 1799:inalapat 1781:inong-oo 1740:A young 1725:Whang-od 1697:Whang-od 1681:resinous 1673:(1900), 1667:— 1622:Balbalan 1597:inangkid 1561:hinuliab 1543:ginawang 1537:tinatagu 1464:inangkid 1453:A young 1311:jawbones 1301:carabaos 1272:batingal 1215:(1900), 1209:— 1141:batingal 1080:tik-tiko 1074:falatong 825:military 700:Bicolano 653:(1663), 647:— 638:Pintados 629:Pintados 623:Visayans 454:Whang-od 418:(1604), 409:— 394:marlotas 346:pengetev 342:pengeteb 165:Mindanao 143:and the 52:Pintados 5856:Knuckle 5851:Genital 5655:Inuit ( 5613:Hajichi 5594:Irezumi 5548:Chinese 5512:Sicanje 5444:Tā moko 5425:Bornean 5379:Machine 5331:Medical 5310:Removal 5300:History 5260:Tattoos 4940:(137). 3587:July 9, 3386:Sicanje 3376:(Japan) 3374:Irezumi 3354:(Maori) 3352:Tā moko 3348:(Samoa) 3309:Tagalog 3247:Revival 3235:in the 3178:Visayan 3159:Palawan 3155:Balabac 3143:Abaknon 3127:Abaknon 3065:Surigao 3024:Abaknon 2992:hinawak 2921:mapuraw 2917:shamans 2900:himatuk 2894:hamatuk 2882:batukan 2879:(also: 2779:Visayan 2769:called 2708:liliyan 2660:Somolaw 2609:linabod 2603:salorom 2475:Agusan 2443:Ilocano 2402:, from 2334:Benguet 2308:Benguet 2304:Buguias 2296:mummies 2264:at the 2243:carabao 2208:). 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