1341:
855:
792:
1207:
1410:
837:
1237:
960:
1184:
411:
815:
1133:
22:
1267:
985:
1032:
1294:
891:
761:
873:
207:) genre, which depict deities and demons. The remaining drawings represent individuals, often a male and female pair, as inhabitants from tributaries of China and Taiwan with their distinctive costume; some of these have been refashioned as warriors. The depictions of inhabitants from Chinese tributaries may have been copied from a pre-existing source, drawn from memory, or perhaps even drawn according to instruction given by Rada or one of the other Europeans who visited China. At least 15 illustrations deal with the inhabitants of the
1321:
660:
600:
1364:
1160:
1387:
572:
1441:
552:
640:
480:
522:
700:
391:
925:
537:
1102:
371:
731:
1071:
330:
622:
447:
465:
499:
177:. The first illustration is an oblong fold-out, 74 are full-page colored illustrations, and the remaining are arranged four to a page on 22 pages (with some of the quarters remaining blank). Most of the drawings appear to have been copied or adapted from materials brought to the Philippines from China by
223:
does not bear any direct statement of authorship or dates of production and there is no dedication that might indicate who was the patron of the work or for whom the work was intended. Its contents indicate that it was written in Manila in the early 1590s. The manuscript was likely compiled at the
73:. About 270 pages of Spanish text describe these places, their inhabitants and customs. An additional 88 smaller drawings show mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time.
164:
mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and land animals copied from popular
Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time. Aside from a description of and historical allusions to what are now the Philippines and various other
984:
410:
1409:
1206:
286:. Luis succeeded his father in office as governor-general. Since Spanish colonial governors kept extensive written reports of the territories they governed, it is likely that the manuscript was written on the governor's orders.
1236:
1031:
80:
purchased the manuscript in 1947 from the collection of Lord
Ilchester in London. Boxer recognized the importance of what he called the "Manila Manuscript" and published a paper in 1950 with a detailed description of the
1340:
791:
959:
854:
1132:
836:
659:
890:
1622:
1266:
760:
1183:
814:
1320:
1293:
571:
924:
1386:
551:
1101:
479:
639:
267:
of the
Philippines in vivid color. The paintings' technique and the use of Chinese paper, ink, and paints suggests that the artist may have been Chinese.
1747:
1742:
1440:
53:
is a late-16th-century
Spanish manuscript produced in the Philippines. It contains 75 colored illustrations of the peoples of China, the Philippines,
699:
1363:
521:
85:. He made the manuscript freely available to other researchers for study, and it became known as the Boxer Codex. Boxer eventually sold it to
1070:
536:
290:
169:
countries, the codex also contains 97 hand-drawn color paintings and illustrations depicting peoples and animals of the
Philippines, the
157:
1159:
872:
21:
1723:
599:
337:
824:
370:
279:
229:
730:
390:
1684:
208:
141:
314:
121:
86:
275:
225:
189:
183:
1242:
1212:
1676:
The Boxer Codex: Transcription and
Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript
590:
1757:
1016:
271:
233:
1522:
Lilly
Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (U.S.A.), Catalogue Record of the Boxer Codex
621:
1311:
1284:
446:
174:
1477:
1762:
1111:
170:
1369:
1346:
1193:
860:
66:
1472:
1752:
498:
464:
102:
1497:
8:
283:
110:
1694:
1521:
1115:
1088:
1049:
1727:
1652:
1609:
1423:
106:
131:
1680:
1656:
1644:
1601:
1492:
1170:
1107:
1076:
1037:
437:
341:
114:
1502:
1482:
178:
1634:
1415:
1150:
1123:
1045:
842:
820:
1719:
1080:
1674:
1392:
1377:
1303:
1299:
1276:
1272:
1253:
1249:
1223:
1057:
990:
34:
30:
1245:
1215:
126:
1454:
1450:
1427:
1146:
709:
670:
645:
627:
557:
542:
527:
397:
377:
256:
248:
244:
145:
62:
26:
1639:
565:(noble class) wearing blue (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.
1736:
1648:
1605:
1331:
797:
425:
401:
381:
310:
309:, an authority on the Far East, and whom it is named. It is now owned by the
294:
260:
252:
90:
1061:
1189:
1020:
976:
969:
951:
916:
878:
864:
846:
828:
805:
713:
674:
1419:
1166:
1008:
972:
943:
931:
908:
896:
881:
586:
433:
1613:
1593:
653:(royal) with his wife wearing red, the distinctive color of their class.
1350:
965:
306:
293:. The codex was among what remained in his collection when his estate,
153:
77:
320:
1598:
The
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1487:
1458:
1446:
1431:
1400:
1327:
782:
302:
149:
1354:
1197:
1174:
778:
737:
705:
690:
666:
649:
612:
578:
490:
456:
421:
417:
264:
166:
999:
530:
royalty in red (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.
1219:
1119:
1092:
1053:
995:
935:
900:
774:
770:
607:
561:
511:
118:
1373:
1257:
1227:
1142:
1084:
1041:
1012:
1004:
939:
904:
801:
741:
679:
486:
470:
452:
298:
196:
161:
1668:, vol. IV, Philippines: Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc.
1138:
947:
912:
766:
717:
685:
582:
429:
270:
It is believed that the original owner of the manuscript was
82:
54:
1396:
1307:
1280:
505:
305:. It was auctioned in 1947 and came into the possession of
70:
58:
545:
royal couple in red, the distinctive color of their class.
101:
The manuscript was written around circa 1590 in primarily
1699:
The Lilly
Library Digital Collections, Indiana University
1395:
Warrior with a spear and shield from "Iaua" (modern-day
750:
1673:Souza, George Bryan; Turley, Jeffrey Scott (2015).
1326:Warrior with Japanese swords and armor, Possibly a
489:warrior-hunter class. The image shows a culture of
321:
Picture gallery of the illustrations in Boxer Codex
289:The manuscript's earliest known modern owner was
1734:
1571:
1569:
1547:
1545:
1664:Roces, Alfredo R., ed. (1977), "Boxer Codex",
1566:
1542:
360:
202:
194:
1672:
301:, was bombed on September 27, 1940, during
96:
1015:with hair styled in Chinese fashion, from
1666:Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation
1638:
214:
1620:
689:(martial-feudal class; later demoted to
20:
1748:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
1735:
1623:"The Early History of the Boxer Codex"
1743:History of the Philippines (900–1565)
1663:
1591:
1575:
1551:
751:Foreigners present in the Philippines
1627:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1594:"A Late Sixteenth Century Manila MS"
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
324:
745:(slaves) adorned with gold.
230:Governor-General of the Philippines
13:
14:
1774:
1713:
1526:
1372:Warrior with Wife from "Burney" (
1332:other southeast Asian territories
190:The Classic of Mountains and Seas
1439:
1408:
1385:
1362:
1339:
1319:
1292:
1265:
1235:
1205:
1182:
1158:
1131:
1100:
1069:
1030:
983:
958:
923:
889:
871:
853:
835:
813:
790:
759:
729:
698:
658:
638:
620:
598:
570:
550:
535:
520:
497:
478:
463:
445:
409:
389:
369:
328:
142:ethnic groups in the Philippines
140:) and contains illustrations of
416:Couple with tied long hair and
136:
1557:
1515:
125:
16:Spanish illuminated manuscript
1:
1585:
38:
581:wearing simple clothes and
173:, Japan, Taiwan, China, and
7:
1466:
195:
10:
1779:
1621:Crossley, John N. (2014).
485:A couple belonging to the
361:Natives of the Philippines
274:, son of Governor General
160:contact. It also contains
89:, where it is held by the
1640:10.1017/S1356186313000552
1169:) Warrior with Wife from
975:Merchant with Wife from
843:Noble Prince and Princess
203:
1539:Souza & Turley, 2015
1508:
97:Description and contents
1079:Warrior with Wife from
773:) Noble with Wife from
175:Mainland Southeast Asia
1726:of the Boxer Codex at
884:General with Attendant
276:Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas
226:Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas
215:History and provenance
209:Philippine Archipelago
193:), and books from the
171:Indonesian Archipelago
76:The English historian
44:
1592:Boxer, C. R. (1950).
1110:Noble with Wife from
800:Noble with Wife from
272:Luis Pérez Dasmariñas
234:Luis Pérez Dasmariñas
156:at the time of early
24:
1478:José Honorato Lozano
1351:Terangganu Sultanate
1243:Taiwanese Aboriginal
1213:Taiwanese Aboriginal
342:adding missing items
107:Early Manila Hokkien
105:with some labels in
103:Early Modern Spanish
1056:) under either the
1040:Noble with Wife in
938:" Couple living in
903:" Couple living in
861:Mandarin Bureaucrat
307:Charles Ralph Boxer
111:Spanish orthography
78:Charles Ralph Boxer
1728:Indiana University
1473:Códice Casanatense
1424:Sangir Archipelago
977:Ming Dynasty China
847:Ming Dynasty China
829:Ming Dynasty China
806:Ming Dynasty China
340:; you can help by
315:Indiana University
87:Indiana University
45:
1758:Filipino nobility
1498:Fabián de la Rosa
1493:Fernando Amorsolo
1449:Warrior from the
1312:Northern Marianas
1285:Northern Marianas
993:Couple (Possibly
358:
357:
115:Classical Chinese
25:Reception of the
1770:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1669:
1660:
1642:
1617:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1537:
1524:
1519:
1443:
1412:
1389:
1366:
1349:Couple from the
1343:
1323:
1304:Marianas Islands
1296:
1277:Marianas Islands
1269:
1239:
1209:
1186:
1162:
1151:Southern Vietnam
1135:
1104:
1073:
1034:
987:
962:
927:
893:
875:
857:
839:
817:
794:
763:
733:
720:, showing their
702:
677:) couple of the
662:
642:
624:
602:
574:
554:
539:
524:
501:
482:
467:
449:
422:Taimei Anchorage
413:
393:
376:A Lady from the
373:
353:
350:
332:
331:
325:
280:Governor-General
206:
205:
200:
138:
129:
43:
40:
35:Ladrones Islands
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1733:
1732:
1716:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1578:, p. 1004.
1574:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:, p. 1003.
1550:
1543:
1538:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1469:
1462:
1453:(in modern-day
1444:
1435:
1426:(in modern-day
1413:
1404:
1390:
1381:
1367:
1358:
1353:(in Modern-day
1344:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1297:
1288:
1270:
1261:
1256:(in modern-day
1254:Spanish Formosa
1240:
1231:
1226:(in modern-day
1224:Spanish Formosa
1210:
1201:
1187:
1178:
1163:
1154:
1145:(in modern-day
1136:
1127:
1105:
1096:
1074:
1065:
1035:
1026:
988:
979:
963:
954:
928:
919:
894:
885:
876:
867:
863:with Wife from
858:
849:
840:
831:
818:
809:
804:(then ruled by
795:
786:
777:(Likely either
764:
753:
746:
734:
725:
703:
694:
663:
654:
643:
634:
625:
616:
611:Lady (Possibly
603:
594:
575:
566:
555:
546:
540:
531:
525:
516:
502:
493:
483:
474:
473:hunters hunting
468:
459:
450:
441:
414:
405:
394:
385:
374:
363:
354:
348:
345:
329:
323:
217:
99:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1731:
1730:
1715:
1714:External links
1712:
1711:
1710:
1691:
1686:978-9004292734
1685:
1670:
1661:
1633:(1): 115–124.
1618:
1600:(1/2): 37–49.
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1565:
1556:
1541:
1525:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:Tipos del País
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:Damián Domingo
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1455:Maluku Islands
1445:
1438:
1436:
1428:North Sulawesi
1418:Warriors from
1414:
1407:
1405:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1036:
1029:
1027:
989:
982:
980:
964:
957:
955:
929:
922:
920:
895:
888:
886:
877:
870:
868:
859:
852:
850:
841:
834:
832:
819:
812:
810:
796:
789:
787:
765:
758:
752:
749:
748:
747:
735:
728:
726:
704:
697:
695:
664:
657:
655:
644:
637:
635:
633:(royal) couple
626:
619:
617:
604:
597:
595:
576:
569:
567:
556:
549:
547:
541:
534:
532:
526:
519:
517:
503:
496:
494:
484:
477:
475:
469:
462:
460:
451:
444:
442:
415:
408:
406:
398:Cagayan Valley
395:
388:
386:
378:Cagayan Valley
375:
368:
362:
359:
356:
355:
349:September 2019
335:
333:
322:
319:
291:Lord Ilchester
278:, the Spanish
232:, or his son,
228:, the Spanish
216:
213:
179:Martín de Rada
146:Southeast Asia
98:
95:
27:Manila galleon
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1775:
1764:
1763:Lilly Library
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1700:
1696:
1695:"Boxer Codex"
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1064:at that time.
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
986:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
961:
956:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
887:
883:
880:
874:
869:
866:
862:
856:
851:
848:
844:
838:
833:
830:
826:
822:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
762:
757:
756:
755:
744:
743:
739:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
661:
656:
652:
651:
647:
641:
636:
632:
629:
623:
618:
614:
610:
609:
601:
596:
593:in the 1500s)
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
568:
564:
563:
559:
553:
548:
544:
538:
533:
529:
523:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:
500:
495:
492:
488:
481:
476:
472:
466:
461:
458:
455:hunters from
454:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Lingayen Gulf
423:
419:
412:
407:
403:
399:
396:Warrior from
392:
387:
383:
379:
372:
367:
366:
365:
352:
343:
339:
336:This list is
334:
327:
326:
318:
316:
312:
311:Lilly Library
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Holland House
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
224:direction of
222:
212:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
186:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
128:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
92:
91:Lilly Library
88:
84:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1675:
1665:
1630:
1626:
1597:
1559:
1517:
1302:Hunter from
1287:) with Spear
1275:Hunter from
1248:Couple from
1218:Couple from
1192:Couple from
1141:Couple from
1126:at the time.
1124:Nguyễn lords
1122:) under the
1021:
1003:) living in
994:
952:Ming Dynasty
917:Ming Dynasty
879:Ming Dynasty
865:Ming Dynasty
754:
740:
721:
684:
678:
648:
630:
606:
579:common women
560:
510:
504:
438:Pangasinense
364:
346:
288:
269:
259:or possibly
243:depicts the
240:
238:
220:
218:
188:
184:Shānhǎi Jīng
182:
135:
100:
75:
49:
48:
46:
18:
1753:1590s books
1563:Souza, 2015
1420:Siau Island
1058:Mạc dynasty
1009:Philippines
944:Philippines
909:Philippines
583:headscarves
434:Philippines
420:hilt from
284:Philippines
241:Boxer Codex
221:Boxer Codex
167:Far Eastern
109:written in
50:Boxer Codex
42: 1590
1737:Categories
1724:manuscript
1704:August 17,
1586:References
1576:Roces 1977
1552:Roces 1977
1461:)
1314:) with Bow
1246:Headhunter
1216:Headhunter
1147:Ninh Thuận
1108:Vietnamese
1077:Vietnamese
1062:Lê dynasty
1038:Vietnamese
1011:, wearing
724:or tattoos
708:(Possibly
669:(Possibly
436:(Possibly
400:(Possibly
380:(Possibly
338:incomplete
154:Micronesia
132:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
1679:. Brill.
1657:162791393
1649:1356-1863
1606:0035-869X
1488:Juan Luna
1459:Indonesia
1432:Indonesia
1416:Sangirese
1401:Indonesia
1328:Mercenary
1194:Kampuchea
1165:Siamese (
1112:Quảng Nam
1081:Hải Phòng
1024:trade era
783:Manchuria
605:A Native
303:the Blitz
257:Cagayanes
150:East Asia
148:, and in
144:, across
1614:25222372
1467:See also
1451:Moluccas
1447:Moluccan
1393:Javanese
1370:Bruneian
1355:Malaysia
1300:Chamorro
1273:Chamorro
1198:Cambodia
1175:Thailand
1116:Đại Việt
1089:Đại Việt
1050:Đại Việt
991:Japanese
946:wearing
930:Another
911:wearing
779:Mongolia
769:(Likely
706:Pintados
691:freedman
650:kadatuan
631:kadatuan
585:(likely
491:falconry
457:Zambales
418:Kampilan
265:Negritos
249:Visayans
245:Tagalogs
67:Ladrones
63:Moluccas
31:Chamorro
1220:Keelung
1120:Vietnam
1093:Vietnam
1054:Vietnam
1044:, from
1019:during
996:Samurai
973:Chinese
936:Sangley
932:Chinese
901:Sangley
897:Chinese
882:Chinese
825:Empress
821:Emperor
775:Tartary
738:Visayan
736:Native
716:) from
710:Cebuano
693:status)
671:Cebuano
667:Pintado
646:Visayan
628:Visayan
613:Visayan
608:Binukot
591:Maynila
587:Muslims
577:Native
562:maginoo
558:Tagalog
543:Tagalog
528:Tagalog
515:hunters
512:Negrito
282:of the
261:Ibanags
253:Zambals
158:Spanish
137:Hàn-bûn
122:Chinese
119:Hokkien
33:in the
29:by the
1720:Record
1683:
1655:
1647:
1612:
1604:
1378:Brunei
1374:Borneo
1258:Taiwan
1250:Tamsui
1228:Taiwan
1143:Champa
1085:Tonkin
1046:Tonkin
1042:Manila
1022:Nanban
1013:yukata
1005:Manila
940:Manila
905:Manila
823:&
802:Dalian
798:Manchu
771:Mongol
742:uripon
680:timawa
487:Zambal
471:Zambal
453:Zambal
402:Ibanag
382:Ibanag
299:London
263:, and
197:shenmo
187:(山海经,
181:: the
162:Taoist
134::
124::
69:, and
65:, the
61:, the
1653:S2CID
1610:JSTOR
1509:Notes
1347:Malay
1330:from
1190:Khmer
1017:Japan
1000:Ronin
970:Hakka
950:from
948:hanfu
915:from
913:hanfu
845:from
767:Tatar
722:patok
718:Bohol
714:Waray
686:tumao
675:Waray
589:from
430:Luzon
83:codex
55:Japan
1722:and
1706:2021
1681:ISBN
1645:ISSN
1602:ISSN
1397:Java
1308:Guam
1281:Guam
1171:Siam
1167:Thai
1139:Cham
506:Aeta
239:The
219:The
152:and
113:and
71:Siam
59:Java
47:The
1635:doi
1376:or
1060:or
968:or
966:She
827:of
781:or
712:or
683:or
673:or
509:or
344:.
313:at
297:in
1739::
1697:.
1651:.
1643:.
1631:24
1629:.
1625:.
1608:.
1596:.
1568:^
1544:^
1528:^
1457:,
1430:,
1422:,
1399:,
1252:,
1222:,
1149:,
1114:,
1095:).
1087:,
1083:,
1048:,
1007:,
942:,
907:,
665:A
432:,
428:,
424:,
317:.
255:,
251:,
247:,
236:.
211:.
204:神魔
130:;
127:漢文
93:.
57:,
39:c.
37:,
1708:.
1689:.
1659:.
1637::
1616:.
1434:)
1403:)
1380:)
1357:)
1334:.
1310:/
1306:(
1283:/
1279:(
1260:)
1230:)
1200:)
1196:(
1177:)
1173:(
1153:)
1118:(
1091:(
1052:(
998:/
934:"
899:"
808:)
785:)
615:)
440:)
404:)
384:)
351:)
347:(
201:(
117:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
