2768:
1734:), the syllable is produced phonetically at a lower pitch. This system of tone depression is phonologically regular (that is, the product of a small number of phonological parameters), but is highly complex, interacting extensively with the morphology (and to some extent with the lexicon). Phonologically, Phuthi is argued to display a three-way High/Low/toneless distinction. Like all Nguni languages, Phuthi also displays phonetically rising and falling syllables, always related to the position of a depressed syllabic nucleus.
2085:
1879:
241:
481: â just seven years older than Moorosiâwhose authority in the 1830s, however, was far from covering the present-day territory of Lesotho. Until 1820, there were only "a few isolated villages of Basotho, and a small clan of Baphuti, over which Moshoeshoe exercised ill-defined sovereignty". Most Phuthis, with Moorosi, were far to the south of Thaba Bosiu, south of the
1713:, by comparison, has clicks at only one place (dental ), but five (or even six) manners and phonations. The reduced variety of clicks in Phuthi may be partly related to the nearly total absence of prenasalised consonants in Phuthi, assuming (for example) *nkx, *ngx would be analyzed as equivalent to prenasalized *ng, *nk.
347:
The documentary origins of Phuthi can be traced to
Bourquin (1927), but in other oblique references more than 100 years from the present (Ellenberger 1912). Until recently, the language has been very poorly documented with respect to its linguistic properties. The only significant earlier study (but
1790:
interactions have been identified in Phuthi. This phenomenon results in what is analysed at one level as massive and sustained violations of locality requirements on a H tone domain arising from a single H tone source, e.g. surface configurations of the type HLH (in fact H L* H) are possible where
659:
However, Phuthi is no longer coherently in any obvious sort of heteronomous dialect relationship to Swati (several hundred kilometres separate the two language territories; Phuthi-speakers appear to have no conscious awareness of any relationship to Swati). Nevertheless, there are very significant
476:
The most famous Phuthi leader in the historical record was the powerful chief, Moorosi (born in 1795). It seems that approximately the land south of the Orange River in present-day
Lesotho was Phuthi-speaking during the time of the greatest historical figure in the history of the Basotho people,
648:
There are also regional effects: the Mpapa Phuthi dialect (the only one to retain labialised coronal stops) leans much more heavily towards
Sesotho lexicon and morphology (and even phonology), whereas the Sigxodo dialect leans more towards Xhosa lexicon and morphology (and even phonology).
1810:
is separated from the set of consonants that typically induce it, and is used grammatically in the morphological copulative â similar to the Swati copula â and elsewhere in the grammar too (e.g. in associative prefixes formed from 'weak' class noun prefixes 1,3,4,6,9).
1725:
distinctions, H (high) or L (low), is possible for each syllable (and in certain limited cases rising (LH) and falling (HL) tones are possible too). There is a subtype within the L tone category: when a syllable is 'depressed' (that is, from a depressor consonant in the
515:). This siege is often referred to as "Moorosi's Rebellion". The issue that triggered the siege was alleged livestock theft in the Herschel area. In the aftermath of the siege, Phuthi people dispersed widely over what is contemporary southern Lesotho and the northern
2933:
1791:
all H syllables emanate from a single underlying H source, given at least one L syllable being depressed. Such tone/voice configurations lead to grave problems for any theoretical phonology that seeks to be maximally constrained in its architecture and operations.
636:
1949) that Phuthi displays very heavy contact and levelling effects from its long cohabitation with
Sesotho (for a period perhaps in excess of three centuries). There is, for example, a very high level of 'lexical doublets' for many items, for many speakers, e.g.
2232:
The Phuthi noun (as everywhere in Bantu) consists of two essential parts: the prefix and the stem. Nouns can be grouped into noun classes according to prefix, which are numbered consecutively according to the pan-Bantu system established by
868:
vocalic propertyâin root-final position triggers suffix vowels of the same supercloseness value. In the second, all mid vowels uninterruptedly adjacent to the right edge of a phonological word are lax (); all other mid vowels are tense ().
1770:'). These consonants are so named because they have a consistent depression effect on the pitch of an immediately successive H (high) tone. In addition, these consonants produce complex non-local phonological tone-depression effects.
410:
Within Phuthi, there are at least two dialect areas, based on linguistic criteria: Mpapa/Daliwe vs. all other areas. This taxonomy is based on a single (but very salient) phonological criterion (presence/absence of
660:
linguistic elements at all levels of the grammar â not least the lexicon â that tie Phuthi closely to Swati historically, in fact indicating Swati to be the closest living relative of Phuthi.
519:
region, to escape capture by the colonial powers. It is for this reason, it has been hypothesised, that Phuthi villages (including Mpapa, Daliwe, Hlaela, Mosifa and Mafuraâall to the east of
930:
system (the axiomatic negative polarity of the copula: "There is no..."). A morphological use for a vocalic property (here: ) does not appear to be recorded elsewhere for a Bantu language.
2724:
vowels, subscript commas are used for transcribing superclose vowels. Such superclose vowels would be represented in the same way in the phonetic transcription of Phuthi (but are given as
1690:, at the three common articulation points: dental, alveolar, and lateral. But the range of manners and phonations, or click 'accompaniments', is relatively impoverished, with only four:
1774:
and Phuthi have similar properties in this respect, except that the parameters of the Phuthi depression effects are significantly more complex than those documented thus far for Swati.
880:
is the vowel harmony-like morphophonological phenomenon found in many Bantu languages. Vowel imbrication in two-syllable verb roots is effectively fully productive in Phuthi, that is,
673:) resulted in the discovery of a surprisingly wide range of phonological and morphological phenomena, aspects of which are unique to Phuthi (within all of the southern Bantu region).
3390:
645:"think" (Sesotho-source). Phuthi noun class prefixes are nearly all of the shape CV- (that is, they follow the Sesotho consonant-vowel shape, not the general Nguni VCV- shape).
2350:
2120:
A Phuthi orthography has not yet been standardised. Donnelly (1999, 2007) uses a proposed alphabet based uncontroversially on that of other Nguni and
Sesotho languages:
426:, on the dust road leading to Tosing, then on to Mafura (itself a Phuthi-speaking village), and finally Mpapa/Daliwe. Other Phuthi-speaking areas (all given in
3383:
601:'s classification. Further, given the range of lexical, phonological and even low-level phonetic effects that appear to be shared almost exclusively with
2908:
2646:
Msimang, Christian T. (1989) 'Some
Phonological Aspects of the Tekela Nguni Languages'. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
3376:
566:
language, given the very high level of hybridity displayed in all subsystems of the grammar (lexicon, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax).
344:
languages, but retains a distinct core of lexicon and grammar not found in either Xhosa or
Sesotho, and found only partly in Swati to the north.
684:
Contrary to other Nguni languages, Phuthi has a 9-vowel system with four different heights. It has acquired a new series of "superclose" vowels
2817:
2938:
669:
Sustained field work by Simon
Donnelly (UCT/Illinois/Wits Universities) in 1994â1995 among speech communities in Sigxodo and Mpapa (southern
558:, clearly within the southeastern Zone S (cf. Guthrie 1967â1971). But within southern Africa Phuthi is viewed ambivalently as being either a
364:
use Phuthi as their home language, but the actual figures could be much higher. No census data on Phuthi-speakers is available from either
530:
After the siege of "Moorosi's rebellion", many Phuthi people were captured, and forced into building the bridge (now, the old bridge) at
251:
4279:
3404:
199:
2151:
b bh d dl (dv) dz f g gr h hh hl j jh k kg kgh kh l lh m mh n ng nh ny nyh p ph r rh s t (tf) th tj tjh tl tlh ts tsh v w wh y yh z
2901:
2683:
2649:
Mzamane, Godfrey I. M. (1949) 'A concise treatment on Phuthi with special reference to its relationship with Nguni and
Sesotho'.
2604:
Donnelly, Simon (1999) 'Southern Tekela is alive: reintroducing the Phuthi language'. In K. McKormick & R. Mesthrie (eds.),
2137:
vowels, also found in the
Sesotho languages. In the Phuthi orthography they are indicated with a circumflex diacritic, thus:
754:
375:
Phuthi is spoken in dozens (perhaps many dozens) of scattered communities in the border areas between where the far northern
2357:; rather, it is a near copy of Class 10, barring Class 10's homorganic nasal prefix consonant. Except in monosyllabic nouns
1460:
1550:
1536:
273:
527:) are typically found in such topographically mountainous regions, accessible only with great difficulty to outsiders).
4341:
2894:
2810:
763:
2629:. Transl. into English by J.C. Macgregor. (1992 reprint of 1912 ed.). Morija, Lesotho: Morija Museum & Archives.
328:. Although there is no contemporary sociocultural or political contact, Phuthi is linguistically part of a historic
2928:
1467:
1360:
546:, subsequent to the 1879 uprising the Phuthi people essentially fade from modern Lesotho and Eastern Cape history.
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
3368:
2737:
Basic historical, linguistic and geographical information about Phuthi is found in the Donnelly (1999) reference.
2717:
1446:
777:
263:
800:
231:
4336:
2803:
2241:. The following table gives an overview of Phuthi noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.
1015:
538:). Prior to 1879, it seems Moorosi had been regarded in some ways as a very threatening competitor to Chief
308:
and areas in South Africa adjacent to the same border. The closest substantial living relative of Phuthi is
4160:
3153:
3123:
1453:
1348:
1117:
786:
213:
91:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1354:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1199:
1192:
1187:
697:
693:
689:
685:
4236:
3343:
1481:
809:
731:
2641:
Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu Languages.
2987:
1557:
1228:
1221:
825:
111:
2096:
1890:
4172:
4166:
4124:
3173:
3032:
2917:
1474:
1317:
618:
586:
582:
101:
85:
2767:
4331:
3069:
2978:
927:
740:
225:
3451:
2995:
2955:
1239:
457:
3427:
2620:
Data and Theory: Papers in Phonology in Celebration of Charles W. Kisseberth. Language Sciences
960:
4282:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
4270:
3720:
3318:
2968:
2860:
1627:
1543:
1525:
1154:
1147:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1022:
512:
3348:
2826:
2155:
The following Phuthi consonant and vowel graphs have the same values they receive in Xhosa
1163:
1124:
853:
563:
337:
1604:
The plain voiceless stops and affricates are realised phonetically as ejectives , , , , .
8:
4154:
3608:
3602:
3492:
3219:
3168:
2171:. Most (non-labial) consonants can also occur with a secondary labial glide articulation
1763:
1762:
languages of southwestern Africa), a significant subset of the consonants in Phuthi are '
1631:
1435:
1373:
1335:
1310:
1250:
1008:
4047:
3457:
2365: â see phrases 6, 7 above. Thus, Phuthi Classes 8 and 10 are completely conflated.
1783:
1730:
position, or a morphologically or lexically imposed depression feature in the syllabic
1722:
1170:
1110:
955:
189:
3714:
3209:
3163:
3148:
2695:
1787:
987:
980:
972:
877:
542:. Even though currently represented to a nominal extent in the Lesotho government in
329:
1837:
3. Gi-ya-w(u)-tshĂĄdza m(Ăș)-ti wh-ĂĄkho lĂłm(u)-tjhĂĄ : I like your new homestead .
632:
The contemporary lexicon and morphology of Phuthi confirms the standard claim (e.g.
468:
border post) and Mfingci (across the Tele River, opposite Sigxodo, approximately).
269:
3995:
3843:
3807:
3766:
3702:
3684:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3614:
3550:
3486:
3439:
2721:
1861:
11. Si-ti-mĂĄbhiye tĂ-bhĂźtĂĄ t-ĂĄkho lĂ©ti-kgĂșlĂș : We are carrying your big pots .
1731:
1691:
1673:
occurs natively only in affixes; its occurrence in roots is also loaned from Sotho.
951:
946:
865:
748:
657:
lists Phuthi as an alternative name for Swati, the national language of Swaziland.
606:
493:
430:
416:
131:
3398:
4201:
4195:
4041:
4035:
4029:
3977:
3971:
3914:
3902:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3778:
3772:
3760:
3726:
3626:
3620:
3538:
3400:
3261:
3235:
3199:
3077:
3024:
3011:
2346:
2187:
1751:
1743:
1687:
1683:
1619:
secondary articulation and when followed by a rounded vowel (except superclose
1136:
995:
967:
771:
633:
610:
598:
597:
language. Thus, it should be numbered in the S.40 group within Zone S, following
594:
559:
349:
298:
218:
126:
116:
77:
2618:
Donnelly, Simon (2009) 'Tone and depression in Phuthi'. In M. Kenstowicz (ed.),
1855:
9. Si-yi-mĂĄbh-iye Ă-bhĂźtĂĄ yh-ĂĄkho lĂ©-kgĂșlĂș : We are carrying your big pot .
4263:
4242:
4230:
4207:
4142:
4136:
4118:
4106:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4012:
3983:
3965:
3959:
3908:
3819:
3813:
3790:
3696:
3690:
3649:
3544:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3469:
3463:
3445:
3433:
3333:
3323:
3295:
3230:
3224:
3204:
3143:
3138:
3096:
3048:
3040:
3003:
2870:
2843:
1840:
4. Gi-ya-yi-tshĂĄdza mĂș-ti yh-ĂĄkho lĂ©mi-tjhĂĄ : I like your new homesteads .
1795:
1771:
1755:
1747:
1727:
1710:
1210:
794:
614:
602:
590:
578:
555:
500:
460:). Phuthi-speaking diaspora (that is, heritage) areas include the far northern
453:
438:
404:
341:
333:
309:
301:
121:
2615:. Doctoral dissertation (revised), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
1798:
properties which each take on an additional morphological function in Phuthi:
4325:
4213:
4189:
4112:
3931:
3708:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3183:
3158:
3056:
2875:
2755:
1871:
Examples 3 to 11 contain typical Bantu object-noun/object-pronoun agreement.
1858:
10. Si-ya-tĂ-mabha tĂ-bhĂźtĂĄ t-ĂĄkho lĂ©ti-kgĂșlĂș : We carry your big pots .
1807:
1767:
1616:
1570:
1490:
1406:
1280:
1181:
842:
713:
570:
520:
489:
423:
400:
58:
2886:
4130:
3989:
3784:
3643:
913:
849:
574:
539:
535:
531:
482:
478:
376:
365:
325:
48:
1849:
7. Gi-ya-ti-tshĂĄdza tĂ-dlhu t-ĂĄkho lĂ©-tjhĂĄ : I like your new houses .
1834:
2. Gi-visĂsĂĄ sĂ-GonĂ kĂĄ-nci tĂ©jhe : I understand just a little Xhosa.
3287:
2134:
1852:
8. Si-ya-yĂ-mabha Ă-bhĂźtĂĄ yh-ĂĄkho lĂ©-kgĂșlĂș : We carry your big pot .
1846:
6. Gi-ya-yi-tshĂĄdza Ă-dlhu yh-ĂĄkho lĂ©-tjhĂĄ : I like your new house .
919:
861:
846:
725:
708:
465:
96:
2084:
1878:
2795:
2760:
817:
718:
653:
348:
with very uneven data, and limited coherent linguistic assumptions) is
321:
626:
3301:
2963:
857:
384:
182:
170:
2601:, 279â287. Hamburg: Kommissionsverlag von L. Friederichsen & Co.
360:
It has been estimated that around 20,000 people in South Africa and
240:
3328:
3266:
1669:
occur mostly in loanwords from Sotho, not in inherited vocabulary.
692:
from Sotho, while the inherited Nguni high vowels are reflected as
516:
461:
388:
317:
281:
2934:
Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
452:) further to the east; and a number of villages north and west of
3754:
2234:
1759:
1742:
In line with a number of southern Bantu languages (including all
670:
524:
508:
434:
427:
396:
392:
380:
369:
361:
305:
277:
106:
44:
2374:
Verbs use the following affixes for the subject and the object:
1801:
4287:
Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates
3338:
3256:
2780:
Aspects of Tone and Voice in Phuthi, S. Donnelly, 2007, page 65
2599:
Festschrift Meinhof: Sprachwissenschaftliche und andere Studien
543:
248:
845:
patterns propagate in opposite directions: perseverative super
3353:
3214:
622:
504:
3240:
2238:
2353:
languages, "Class 8" does not reflect Proto-Bantu Class 8
1867:
13. Ku-ya-nqadza lakha kha(ha)dle: It is cold outside here
456:. (Qacha is the main southeastern town in Lesotho, in the
280:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2653:
1.4: 120â249. Fort Hare: The Fort Hare University Press.
1843:
5. Gi-ya-si-visĂsa sĂ-GonĂ : I understand Xhosa .
499:) in 1879, after a protracted nine-month siege by the
2050:
si-Goni : Xhosa (language/culture) (cf. "Nguni")
1968:
sĂ-GonĂ : Xhosa (language/culture) (cf. "Nguni")
1634:, which have an effect on the tone of their syllable.
383:: from Herschel northwards and eastwards, and in the
247:
Phuthi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
2361:
from Sesotho, Phuthi entirely lacks this Class 9/10
907:
888:
in the perfective aspect (or 'perfect tense'), e.g.
676:
The following phoneme inventory is found in Phuthi:
511:
forces (including the military participation of the
399:
in the southwest, through regions south and east of
2597:Bourquin, Walther (1927) 'Die Sprache der Phuthi'.
2698:(Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 37.
2606:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
605:, Phuthi can be classified uncontroversially as a
433:orthography) include Makoloane and Mosuoe , near
336:. Phuthi is heavily influenced by the surrounding
926:is active in at least one paradigm of the Phuthi
422:) are villages in southern Lesotho, southeast of
4323:
2643:(Volumes 1â4). Farnborough: Gregg International.
403:, to mountain villages west and north of Qacha (
488:Moorosi was to die in unclear circumstances on
3384:
2916:
2902:
2811:
2746:V. Ellenberger, 1933:18 (reader translation).
1802:Morphological use of breathy voice/depression
2634:Un SiĂšcle de Mission au Lessouto (1833â1933)
4311:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones NâS)
4306:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones JâM)
4301:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones EâH)
4296:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones CâD)
4291:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones AâB)
2636:. Paris: Société des Missions Evangéliques.
2167:. Symbols in parentheses are allophones of
1831:1. Gi-ya-ku-tshĂĄdza : I like/love you.
904:'be holding'. (Cf. examples 9, 11, below).
355:
3391:
3377:
2909:
2895:
2818:
2804:
2669:
2667:
2056:si-Phûthß : Phuthi (language/culture)
2053:si-Kguwa : English (language/culture)
1974:sĂ-PhĂ»thĂź : Phuthi (language/culture)
1971:sĂ-KgĂșwĂĄ : English (language/culture)
852:harmony (left-to-right); and anticipatory
621:, and the Eastern Cape remnant languages,
239:
2708:The second and third vowels in this word
2627:History of the Basuto, Ancient and Modern
1777:
2825:
2696:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
372:. The language is certainly endangered.
252:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2664:
1737:
464:villages of Gcina (on the road to the
274:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4324:
2676:
3372:
2890:
2799:
1794:The last two phenomena are non-tonal
943:
860:(right-to-left). In the first, 'super
569:But Phuthi is geneticallyâalong with
437:, in south-western Lesotho; Seqoto (
2728:in the proposed Phuthi orthography).
2625:Ellenberger, David-Frédéric. (1912)
2079:
2072:-visisa : understand (cf. Swati
1990:-visĂsa : understand (cf. Swati
1873:
922:' property also active in the first
872:
609:language, that is, in the subset of
471:
2613:Aspects of Tone and Voice in Phuthi
1677:
13:
4269:Languages between parentheses are
2713:
2059:-tfwatsha : carry on the head
1977:-tfwĂĄtsha : carry on the head
923:
412:
14:
4353:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1359:
1347:
1316:
1238:
1227:
1220:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1146:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1021:
1014:
1007:
908:Morphological use of vowel height
856:/RTR tenseness harmony, invoking
824:
808:
799:
785:
776:
762:
753:
739:
730:
549:
2929:Pan South African Language Board
2766:
2345:Caveat for the table: as in all
2083:
2065:-tshadza : love (cf. Xhosa
2033:ka-nci : little (cf. Xhosa
1983:-tshĂĄdza : love (cf. Xhosa
1951:kĂĄ-nci : little (cf. Xhosa
1877:
836:
485:, well out of Moshoeshoe's way.
2684:New Updated Guthrie List Online
2591:
4273:of the language on their left.
2939:Department of Arts and Culture
2783:
2774:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2702:
2688:
2639:Guthrie, Malcolm. (1967â1971)
1997:-ciga : think (cf. Xhosa
1915:-ciga : think (cf. Xhosa
1:
2157:⟨bh d gr hl kh⟩
2026:tejhe : just (cf. Xhosa
1944:téjhe : just (cf. Xhosa
1909:
1626:The consonants marked with a
933:
2632:Ellenberger, Victor. (1933)
2043:mu-ti : homestead (pl:
1961:mĂș-ti : homestead (pl:
664:
641:"think" (Nguni-source), and
7:
2115:
1814:
896:'be carrying on the head',
10:
4358:
2222:
924:vowel harmony type (above)
911:
391:; and throughout southern
4342:Languages of South Africa
4255:
4222:
4181:
4098:
4021:
4004:
3951:
3944:
3923:
3894:
3799:
3746:
3739:
3676:
3635:
3594:
3587:
3530:
3501:
3478:
3419:
3412:
3311:
3286:
3279:
3249:
3192:
3131:
3116:
3089:
3068:
3023:
2986:
2977:
2954:
2947:
2924:
2918:Languages of South Africa
2853:
2833:
2165:⟨j kg ng r⟩
1686:, typical for nearly all
1524:
1434:
1334:
1209:
1135:
994:
971:
966:
959:
950:
945:
679:
387:area of the northeastern
260:
238:
224:
212:
196:
180:
168:
163:
74:
64:
54:
40:
33:
28:
23:
2682:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
2657:
2369:
2227:
2012:i-dlu : house (pl:
1930:Ă-dlu : house (pl:
1864:12. Ito lakha: Come here
1808:breathy voice/depression
534:that crosses the Senqu (
356:Geography and demography
16:Language of South Africa
2611:Donnelly, Simon (2007)
1716:
1682:Phuthi has a system of
1615:have allophones with a
413:secondary labialisation
4280:Guthrie classification
3405:Guthrie classification
2854:Non-official languages
2789:Donnelly 2007:103â104.
2673:Donnelly 1999:114â115.
2190:and click combinations
2019:i-jha : dog (pl:
1937:Ă-jhĂĄ : dog (pl:
1782:Significantly complex
1778:Tone/voice interaction
1721:Either of two surface
1607:The dental affricates
892:'carry on the head' â
262:This article contains
3319:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
2861:Lesotho Sign Language
2169:⟨tf dv⟩
2161:⟨dv tf⟩
1806:The vocalic property
513:Cape Mounted Riflemen
415:). Mpapa and Daliwe (
4337:Languages of Lesotho
3119:unofficial languages
2827:Languages of Lesotho
2720:needed to represent
1738:Depressor consonants
1632:depressor consonants
458:Qacha's Nek District
29:SĂphĂčthĂŹ or Siphuthi
3493:Mwera of Mbamba Bay
2846:(national language)
2726:⟨Ăź Ă»⟩
2218:nasalised: nc nq nx
2212:aspirated: ch qh xh
2133:There are two super
2040:-mabha : carry
1958:-mabha : carry
940:
617:, some versions of
448:); Makoae (Phuthi
304:spoken in southern
70:(20,000 cited 1999)
4125:(Northern) Ndebele
2998:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
2834:Official languages
2181:⟨zw⟩
2095:. You can help by
1889:. You can help by
938:
884:verb stems become
4319:
4318:
4264:extinct languages
4251:
4250:
3940:
3939:
3909:North-West Herero
3735:
3734:
3583:
3582:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3275:
3274:
3124:1996 constitution
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3033:Southern Ndebele
2884:
2883:
2764:(25th ed., 2022)
2716:. In the adapted
2589:
2588:
2342:
2341:
2203:⟨x⟩
2199:⟨q⟩
2195:⟨c⟩
2177:⟨z⟩
2173:⟨w⟩
2163:, and in Sesotho
2113:
2112:
1907:
1906:
1601:
1600:
1573:
1532:
1493:
1442:
1409:
1376:
1342:
1313:
1283:
1253:
1217:
1184:
1143:
1104:
1070:
1036:
1002:
990:
983:
878:Vowel imbrication
873:Vowel imbrication
834:
833:
472:Political history
330:dialect continuum
288:
287:
270:rendering support
266:phonetic symbols.
4349:
4173:Sumayela Ndebele
3949:
3948:
3886:Kolonkadhi-Eunda
3744:
3743:
3592:
3591:
3417:
3416:
3403:(Zones NâS) (by
3393:
3386:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3344:SA Sign Language
3284:
3283:
3174:Northern Ndebele
3129:
3128:
3121:mentioned in the
2984:
2983:
2952:
2951:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2651:Fort Hare Papers
2622:31(2/3):161-178.
2377:
2376:
2244:
2243:
2237:and modified by
2215:voiced: gc gq gx
2204:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2108:
2105:
2087:
2080:
2062:-tjha : new
1980:-tjhĂĄ : new
1902:
1899:
1881:
1874:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1758:), and also all
1684:click consonants
1678:Click consonants
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1340:
1320:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1242:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1000:
986:
979:
941:
939:Phuthi phonemes
937:
900:'catch, hold' â
828:
812:
803:
789:
780:
766:
757:
743:
734:
703:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
661:
619:Southern Ndebele
587:southern Ndebele
254:
243:
234:
208:
202:
192:
173:
112:Southern Bantoid
80:
21:
20:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4332:Nguni languages
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4247:
4218:
4177:
4094:
4017:
4000:
3936:
3919:
3915:Botswana Herero
3890:
3795:
3731:
3721:Lomwe of Malawi
3672:
3631:
3579:
3526:
3497:
3474:
3470:Ngoni of Malawi
3408:
3401:Bantu languages
3397:
3367:
3358:
3307:
3271:
3245:
3188:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3085:
3064:
3019:
3004:Southern Sotho
2996:Northern Sotho
2973:
2943:
2920:
2915:
2885:
2880:
2849:
2829:
2824:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2594:
2381:
2372:
2230:
2225:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2093:needs expansion
1912:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1887:needs expansion
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1804:
1780:
1740:
1719:
1680:
962:
936:
916:
910:
875:
839:
682:
667:
658:
634:Godfrey Mzamane
552:
474:
358:
350:Godfrey Mzamane
268:Without proper
256:
255:
246:
230:
206:
203:
198:
188:
169:
159:
81:
78:Language family
76:
67:
66:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Pretoria Sotho
3331:
3326:
3324:Oorlams Creole
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2979:Southern Bantu
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2701:
2687:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2192:
2191:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2090:
2088:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1816:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1796:suprasegmental
1779:
1776:
1768:breathy voiced
1739:
1736:
1718:
1715:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1635:
1624:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
984:
976:
975:
970:
965:
958:
949:
944:
935:
932:
909:
906:
874:
871:
838:
835:
832:
831:
829:
822:
820:
814:
813:
806:
804:
797:
791:
790:
783:
781:
774:
768:
767:
760:
758:
751:
745:
744:
737:
735:
728:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
681:
678:
666:
663:
613:that includes
556:Bantu language
551:
550:Classification
548:
473:
470:
357:
354:
302:Bantu language
286:
285:
272:, you may see
258:
257:
245:
244:
236:
235:
228:
222:
221:
216:
210:
209:
204:
197:
194:
193:
186:
178:
177:
174:
166:
165:
164:Language codes
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
122:Southern Bantu
92:AtlanticâCongo
84:
82:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
35:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4354:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:South Ndebele
4164:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3115:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2956:West Germanic
2953:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2786:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2107:
2104:December 2009
2098:
2094:
2091:This section
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:(cf. Sesotho
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:(cf. Sesotho
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1885:This section
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1637:The phonemes
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
969:
964:
957:
953:
948:
942:
931:
929:
928:morphological
925:
921:
915:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
870:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
843:vowel harmony
837:Vowel harmony
830:
827:
823:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
807:
805:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
784:
782:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
761:
759:
756:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
738:
736:
733:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:
701:
677:
674:
672:
662:
656:
655:
650:
646:
644:
640:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:âcertainly a
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
521:Mount Moorosi
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Thaba Moorosi
495:
491:
490:Mount Moorosi
486:
484:
480:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
429:
425:
424:Mount Moorosi
421:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
401:Mount Moorosi
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:), spoken in
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
265:
259:
253:
250:
242:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
220:
217:
215:
211:
205:
201:
195:
191:
187:
185:
184:
179:
175:
172:
167:
162:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
87:
83:
79:
73:
69:
63:
60:
59:Phuthi people
57:
53:
50:
46:
43:
39:
36:
34:Pronunciation
32:
27:
22:
19:
4259:
4148:
3300:
3227:(historical)
3178:
3098:
3079:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3035:(isiNdebele)
3034:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2988:SothoâTswana
2865:
2785:
2776:
2759:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2709:
2704:
2690:
2678:
2650:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2608:136: 97â120.
2605:
2598:
2592:Bibliography
2373:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:SothoâTswana
2250:Doke Number
2231:
2209:plain: c q x
2205:is lateral.
2201:is palatal;
2193:
2154:
2132:
2119:
2101:
2097:adding to it
2092:
2073:
2066:
2044:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1962:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1895:
1891:adding to it
1886:
1870:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1741:
1720:
1706:
1705:, and nasal
1702:
1698:
1697:, aspirated
1694:
1681:
917:
914:Vowel height
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
850:vowel height
840:
683:
675:
668:
652:
651:
647:
642:
638:
631:
607:Tekela Nguni
568:
564:SothoâTswana
554:Phuthi is a
553:
540:Moshoeshoe I
536:Orange River
532:Aliwal North
529:
496:
487:
483:Orange River
479:Moshoeshoe I
475:
449:
445:
441:
419:
409:
377:Eastern Cape
374:
366:South Africa
359:
346:
326:South Africa
324:province of
313:
294:
290:
289:
261:
226:Linguasphere
200:Guthrie code
181:
136:
49:South Africa
18:
3575:Sena-Malawi
3349:Angloromani
3288:LGBTQ slang
3099:(Tshivenáža)
2197:is dental;
2159:, in Swati
1526:Approximant
466:Tele Bridge
454:Qacha's Nek
405:Qacha's Nek
276:instead of
102:BenueâCongo
97:Volta-Congo
86:NigerâCongo
4326:Categories
4155:Nhlangwini
4131:Old Mfengu
4072:Phalaborwa
3868:Dombondola
3603:Ndengereko
3220:Portuguese
3169:Nhlangwini
3132:Indigenous
3117:Recognised
3080:(Xitsonga)
3070:TswaâRonga
3051:(isiXhosa)
3014:(Setswana)
2761:Ethnologue
2714:superclose
2580:reflexive
2426:2nd plur.
2415:1st plur.
2404:2nd sing.
2393:1st sing.
2179:, so also
2175:, e.g. as
2146:consonants
1910:Vocabulary
1764:depressors
1617:labialised
934:Consonants
918:The 'super
912:See also:
858:mid vowels
749:Near-close
654:Ethnologue
322:Mpumalanga
4271:varieties
4262:indicate
4048:Khalaxadi
3880:Kwaluudhi
3856:Ndongwena
3826:Ngandyera
3458:Ndendeule
3302:IsiNgqumo
3250:Religious
3059:(isiZulu)
3043:(siSwati)
3006:(Sesotho)
2964:Afrikaans
2712:are both
2129:a e i o u
2035:ka-ncinci
1953:ka-ncinci
1701:, voiced
1628:diaeresis
1441:voiceless
1436:Fricative
1374:aspirated
1341:voiceless
1336:Affricate
1311:implosive
1251:aspirated
1216:voiceless
1103:nasalised
1035:aspirated
920:closeness
894:-tfwetshe
890:-tfwatsha
864:'âalso a
862:closeness
772:Close-mid
665:Phonology
444:, Phuthi
442:Zingxondo
385:Matatiele
232:99-AUT-fc
183:Glottolog
171:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
3960:Korekore
3850:Mbalanhu
3808:Kwanyama
3522:Manganja
3329:Fanagalo
3267:Sanskrit
3210:Gujarati
2948:Official
2710:SĂphĂčthĂŹ
2359:borrowed
2116:Alphabet
2001:); also
1919:); also
1898:May 2008
1815:Phrases
1707:nc nq nx
1703:gc gq gx
1699:ch qh xh
963:alveolar
956:Alveolar
795:Open-mid
583:northern
517:Transkei
462:Transkei
389:Transkei
352:(1949).
320:and the
318:Eswatini
295:SĂphĂčthĂŹ
282:Help:IPA
219:Siphuthi
190:phut1246
4260:Italics
4214:Hlengwe
3996:Kalanga
3984:Karanga
3972:Manyika
3862:Kwankwa
3844:Mbandja
3767:Nyaneka
3755:Umbundu
3656:Makonde
3615:Matumbi
3551:Nyungwe
3487:Tumbuka
3440:Matengo
3399:Narrow
3193:Foreign
3149:Khoisan
3078:Tsonga
3012:Tswana
2969:English
2844:Sesotho
2840:English
2722:Sesotho
2385:Prefix
2380:Person/
2235:Meinhof
2223:Grammar
2074:-visisa
2067:-thanda
2007:-nahana
2003:-nakana
1992:-visisa
1985:-thanda
1925:-nahana
1921:-nakana
1766:' (or '
1760:Khoisan
1732:nucleus
1571:breathy
1491:breathy
1407:breathy
1281:breathy
1182:breathy
1069:breathy
988:lateral
981:central
973:Glottal
866:Sesotho
714:Central
671:Lesotho
643:-nakana
599:Guthrie
525:Lesotho
509:Basotho
501:British
494:Sesotho
450:Magwayi
446:Sigxodo
435:Quthing
431:Sesotho
428:Lesotho
417:Sesotho
397:Quthing
395:, from
393:Lesotho
381:Lesotho
370:Lesotho
362:Lesotho
338:Sesotho
314:Siswati
306:Lesotho
297:) is a
278:Unicode
107:Bantoid
45:Lesotho
4241:[S611
4212:[S511
4202:Tsonga
4196:Gwamba
4149:Phuthi
4129:[S401
4090:Pulana
4078:Kutswe
4070:[S301
4060:Lobedu
4042:Ngwatu
4036:Kgatla
4030:Tswana
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3982:S14
3978:Tebe
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3958:S11
3930:R41
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3806:R21
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3759:R12
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3660:P24
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3648:P22
3642:P21
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3607:P12
3601:P11
3567:N46
3561:N45
3557:Sena
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3549:N43
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3537:N41
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