203:
33:
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1893:) was created on 9 December 1957, englobing 7,000 square km controlled by seven infantry regiments. Furthermore, a civilian-military intelligence apparatus was created, combining colonial and local staff, assisted by a civilian militia.
3219:
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1901:
was reversed in an attempt to separate the civilian population from the guerrilla. In that aim, the local population was rounded up in guarded villages located on the main roads that were controlled by the French Army.
2092:'s illness, he dealt with the everyday administration of the country and adopted a conservative stance opposed to Chaban-Delmas' previous policies. Henceforth, he stopped the liberalization of the
2081:, which Messmer opposed in his investiture speech. Messmer had been chosen by Pompidou as a guarant of his fidelity to de Gaulle, and his cabinet included personalities close to Pompidou, such as
3216:
4828:
3269:
1992:
in
Algeria, on 1 May 1962 during which an accident occurred. Officials, soldiers, and Algerian workers escaped as they could, often without wearing any protection. Palewski died in 1984 of
3296:
2229:, and declared: "The time has come when the Frenchmen could stop hating themselves and begin to grant pardon to themselves". Along with some other former Resistants, he demanded Papon's
4858:
1886:(1954–62). Visiting de Gaulle in Paris, he was implicitly granted permission for his change of policies in Cameroon, which exchanged repression for negotiations with the UPC.
4818:
2411:
2376:
2402:(Academy of Sciences of Overseas Territories). He was named perpetual secretary of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1995. He was also chancellor of the
3471:
3053:
4868:
3743:
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1954:
regime's hardline stance against decolonisation on the grounds that
Portugal represented the last vestige of white Western civilisation on the African continent.
3698:
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2189:
replaced him on 29 May 1974. After the election of
Giscard, he never held again ministerial offices, and became one of the historical voices of Gaullism.
1863:, Minister of Overseas Territories who enacted the Defferre Act granting to colonial territories internal autonomy, a first step towards independence.
4798:
4878:
1621:
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2168:'s withdrawals. Faure accepted, as well as Giscard on the condition that Chaban-Delmas also withdrew himself. However, Chaban-Delmas, despite the
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In 1974, when
Pompidou died, those close to Messmer encouraged him to run for president. He accepted at the condition of Chaban-Delmas,
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3723:
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1948:
In 1960, Messmer visited Lisbon and expressed lament for the United
Nations resolutions against colonialism and approved of the
3684:
1659:
865:
671:
2185:. He served as prime minister for another few weeks after Pompidou's death, ending his term after the presidential elections.
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2493:
2182:
2038:
2029:. A member of the conservative wing of the Gaullist movement, he criticised the "New Society" plan of Prime Minister
1205:
3559:
3519:
2140:
2116:
2019:
1966:
1871:
884:
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4741:
1607:
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184:
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3191:
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4773:
3922:
3733:
3081:"Diplomacy at the end of empire: evolving French perspectives on Portuguese colonialism in the 1950s and 1960s"
621:
3535:
2728:
2574:
2445:
2197:
Messmer remained a Member of
Parliament for the Moselle department until 1988, and served as President of the
2178:
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1811:
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An important figure of the French
Resistance during World War II, Pierre Messmer was a member of the
2240:. He was the last surviving major French Politician to have been a member of the Free French forces.
2210:
2004:
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1178:
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1870:, where a civil war had started the preceding year following the outlawing of the independentist
1816:
1773:
1749:(a future French General), and sailed first to Gibraltar, then London and engaged himself in the
1688:
1373:
1220:
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s campaign against him, maintained himself, leading
Messmer to withdraw his candidacy. Finally,
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1950:
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3226:(General Politics Speech) of Messmer during his 1972 investiture, French government's website
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Le temps est venu où les Français pourraient cesser de se haïr et commencer de se pardonner"
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2364:. In 2006, he was named Chancellier de l'Ordre de la Libération after the death of General
2321:
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2170:
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1989:
1977:
that it was de Gaulle's ambition to replace the
Belgians and control a reunited Congo from
1777:
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825:
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1839:. He was named the following year general secretary of the interministerial committee for
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3130:
Katanga 1960–63: Mercenaries, Spies and the
African Nation that Waged War on the World
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3187:
Pierre Messmer : désinformation et opacité sur le nucléaire civil et militaire
3094:
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2758:
2676:
2634:
2487:
2427:
2391:
2124:
2089:
2041:. He quit the government after de Gaulle's resignation and founded the association
2034:
1840:
1781:
1734:
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1143:
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He then became a senior civil servant in the colonial administration and became a
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In October 2001, Messmer succeeded to the General Jean Simon as President of the
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2144:
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1985:
1974:
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2214:
2186:
2082:
2015:
1997:
1970:
1962:
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2543:
16 March 1973 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Pleven as interim Minister of Justice.
2463:
2360:, and the recipient of numerous decorations including the highest rank of the
2257:
Minister of State, Minister of Departments and Overseas Territories: 1971–1972
1010:
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606:
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2716:
2710:
2646:
2628:
2610:
2586:
2562:
2556:
2237:
2218:
1746:
1678:, he was considered one of the historical Gaullists, and died aged 91 in the
1595:
1411:
1183:
1148:
1020:
736:
616:
596:
432:
373:
4526:
2734:
2640:
2604:
2469:
1173:
4689:
4413:
4398:
4385:
4370:
4340:
4285:
4150:
3965:
3623:
3615:
2511:
2226:
1958:
1926:
1883:
1366:
756:
726:
721:
716:
691:
676:
523:
425:
291:
132:
4448:
4360:
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2143:
was also re-created and put under the authority of an ultra-conservative,
571:
298:
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4005:
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1938:
1856:
1693:
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466:
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284:
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72:
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2202:
1894:
1852:
414:
388:
1467:
2991:
2390:(the French language academy) in 1999, replacing a Gaullist comrade,
2217:'s government. In 1997 he testified as a witness during the trial of
1859:
from 1954 to 1956, when he briefly returned to Paris in the staff of
1738:
1705:
1446:
340:
305:
124:
2460:– Minister of National Education, Labour, Employment, and Population
2236:
He died in 2007 aged 91, just four days after fellow Prime Minister
1815:(War Cross) with six citations after the Liberation, as well as the
3326:
2950:
2811:
succeeds Royer as interim Minister of Posts and Telecommunications.
2053:
He occupied cabinet positions again in the 1970s, serving first as
1993:
1867:
1832:
1647:
1460:
496:
274:
238:
2701:
2131:, while he named several Independent Republicans members, such as
2127:. Messmer's second cabinet excluded several Gaullists, among whom
2201:
regional assembly from 1968 to 1992. He was mayor of the town of
347:
2637:– Minister of Housing, Tourism, Regional Planning, and Equipment
2490:– Minister of Housing, Tourism, Equipment, and Regional Planning
3062:
2230:
2008:
1843:
and then head of staff of the high commissary of the Republic.
1646:; 20 March 1916 – 29 August 2007) was a French
1866:
That same year, Messmer was nominated as governor general of
1709:
1405:
149:
3355:
Museum of the Order of the Liberation page on Pierre Messmer
2061:
in 1971, then as Prime Minister from July 1972 to May 1974.
1909:
from January 1958 to July 1958, and as high commissioner of
1851:
Messmer began his high-level African service as governor of
3293:"Video of the passing of powers between Messmer and Chirac"
2093:
2064:
2000:, and Messmer always remained close-mouthed on the affair.
4829:
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
3279:
on 3 June 1974 (film), on the French government's website
1882:
methods theorized in Indochina and implemented during the
1827:
After World War II, he returned to the colonies and was a
2540:
succeeds Schumann as interim Minister of Foreign Affairs.
3051:
Pierre Messmer, un soldat que le Cameroun n'a pas oublié
2834:
Le Service militaire. Débat avec Jean-Pierre Chevènement
2011:, he advised de Gaulle against the use of the military.
3346:
L'Organisation des Nations Unies et les guerres civiles
1835:, during two months in 1945, after the outbreak of the
2548:
Messmer's Second Ministry, 6 April 1973 – 1 March 1974
2205:
from 1971 to 1989. Messmer was also president of the
1708:
in 1916. He graduated in 1936 in the language school
4859:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
2843:, in collaboration with Professor Alain Larcan (PUF)
2737:– Minister of Industry, Commerce, and Craft Industry
2419:
Messmer's First Ministry, 5 July 1972 – 2 April 1973
2583:– Minister of Industrial and Scientific Development
2454:– Minister of Industrial and Scientific Development
2115:an electoral alliance, which enabled it to win the
2096:media governmental organization, naming as its CEO
1846:
2631:– Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
1855:from 1952 to 1954, and then served as governor of
3706:
2406:(1998–2005) before becoming honorary chancellor.
1916:
1725:in 1939. In the outbreak of World War II, he was
4755:
3406:Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
2743:– Minister of Labour, Employment, and Population
2625:– Minister of Natural Protection and Environment
2589:– Minister of Labour, Employment, and Population
4869:Union of Democrats for the Republic politicians
4819:École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer alumni
2823:Le Régime administratif des emprunts coloniaux.
2767:– Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
2702:Messmer's Third Ministry, 1 March – 28 May 1974
2619:– Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
2484:– Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
1686:in August 2007. He was elected a member of the
3479:
2855:Les Blancs s’en vont. Récits de décolonisation
2761:– Minister of Cultural Affairs and Environment
2396:French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences
2048:
1733:, and refused France's capitulation after the
1658:from 1960 to 1969 – the longest serving since
1164:National Centre of Independents & Peasants
786:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
3692:
3465:
2773:– Minister of Regional Planning and Equipment
2181:, a conservative rival of the Gaullists, was
1615:
836:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
4784:French colonial governors and administrators
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3212:
3210:
2107:(UDR) presidential majority negotiated with
1554:
1383:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1271:
457:
430:
393:
357:
338:
289:
265:
227:
4794:French prisoners of war in the 20th century
2209:(RPR) parliamentary group during the first
3699:
3685:
3472:
3458:
2841:Les Écrits militaires du général de Gaulle
2791:– Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
2697:succeeds Malaud as Minister of Information
2661:– Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
2508:– Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
2386:He also became elected as a member of the
1704:Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer was born in
1622:
1608:
31:
3552:Jean de Dieu-Raymond de Cucé de Boisgelin
3232:
3207:
2673:– Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry
2192:
2007:, Messmer was "one of his two arms. " In
4799:Politicians of the French Fifth Republic
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2065:Messmer's cabinet (July 1972 – May 1974)
1996:, which he always has attributed to the
1925:'s presidency and in the turmoil of the
1715:Ecole nationale de la France d'outre-mer
4879:French colonial governors of Mauritania
3127:Othen, Christopher (7 September 2015).
3015:Messmer, légionnaire et baron gaulliste
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2829:(Librairie juridique et administrative)
2779:– Minister of Relations with Parliament
2649:– Minister of Relations with Parliament
2105:Union des Démocrates pour la République
1905:Messmer served as high commissioner of
1794:the landings in Normandy in August 1944
4756:
3078:
2607:– Minister of Veterans and War Victims
1792:'s military staff and participated in
1718:(National School of Oversea France).
1284:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)
4844:French Army personnel of World War II
4839:Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
3680:
3453:
3147:from the original on 14 December 2021
3126:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2297:President of the Regional Council of
1984:Along with the Minister of Research,
1822:
1641:
1564:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau
3315:Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mort
2939:Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mort
2898:
2679:– Minister of Administrative Reforms
2520:– Minister of Administrative Reforms
2398:since 1988, and, since 1976, of the
2014:Messmer became a personality of the
1973:peacekeeping forces. He confided to
1692:in 1999; his seat was taken over by
4874:Ministers of the overseas of France
4854:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2693:becomes Minister of Civil Service.
2375:In 1992 he became president of the
2243:
1957:Messmer gave permission for former
1889:A "Pacification Zone" – the ZOPAC (
1874:(UPC) in July 1955. He initiated a
1674:from 1972 to 1974. A member of the
1324:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire
13:
4864:Rally for the Republic politicians
4789:French colonial people in Cameroon
3159:
3079:Byrnes, Melissa K. (26 May 2019).
3036:
3001:
2960:
2135:, close to Giscard, himself named
1933:. He was confronted with the 1961
885:"The Future of the Intelligentsia"
60:5 July 1972 – 27 May 1974
14:
4890:
4824:Members of the Académie Française
3544:Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon
3496:Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac
3339:
3248:Le gouvernement de Pierre Messmer
2848:Après tant de batailles, Mémoires
2731:– Minister of Economy and Finance
2577:– Minister of Economy and Finance
2448:– Minister of Economy and Finance
2400:Académie des sciences d'outre-mer
2149:construction of 13 nuclear plants
2147:. In June 1974, he initiated the
2100:, a personal friend of Pompidou.
2085:, named Minister of Agriculture.
2069:He succeeded in this function to
1764:Messmer then participated to the
1660:Étienne François, duc de Choiseul
1206:French Agrarian and Peasant Party
3560:Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle
3528:Jean-François Leriget de La Faye
3520:Jean-Baptiste-Henri de Valincour
2755:– Minister of National Education
2601:– Minister of National Education
2368:. He was also an officer of the
2137:Minister of Economy and Finances
1891:Zone de pacification du Cameroon
1872:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
1847:Colonial administrator in Africa
1589:
1577:
201:
3313:, quoted by Thomas Ferenczi in
3303:
3285:
3263:
2815:
2707:Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
2553:Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
2424:Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
2003:De Gaulle said that along with
1699:
1289:Initiative and Liberty Movement
4809:Ministers of justice of France
4804:Ministers of defence of France
3217:Discours de politique générale
3180:
3120:
3072:
2613:– Minister of Cultural Affairs
2478:– Minister of Cultural Affairs
2436:– Minister of National Defense
2394:. He was also a member of the
1965:against the newly independent
1917:Minister of Armies (1959–1969)
1788:in Egypt. He joined in London
1712:and the following year at the
1:
3708:Heads of government of France
3504:François de La Mothe Le Vayer
3166:La bombe atomique en héritage
3099:10.1080/14682745.2019.1597857
2892:
2713:– Minister of Foreign Affairs
2559:– Minister of Foreign Affairs
2430:– Minister of Foreign Affairs
2415:(Foundation of Free France).
2260:Minister of Armies: 1960–1969
1988:, Messmer was present at the
1880:counter-revolutionary warfare
1635:Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer
119:Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer
16:83rd Prime Minister of France
4779:Companions of the Liberation
2526:– Minister of Social Affairs
2412:Fondation de la France libre
1251:Union for a Popular Movement
7:
4814:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
3536:Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon
3270:Interview of Pierre Messmer
2875:
2785:– Minister of Public Health
2655:– Minister of Public Health
2502:– Minister of Public Health
2381:Fondation Charles de Gaulle
2279:National Assembly of France
2049:From the 1970s to the 2000s
1741:an Italian cargo ship (the
10:
4895:
3027:Radio France International
2887:France in the 20th century
2725:– Minister of the Interior
2571:– Minister of the Interior
2442:– Minister of the Interior
2377:Institut Charles de Gaulle
2351:
2151:in order to confront the "
2103:Under his government, the
2033:and thus won the trust of
1806:Compagnon de la Libération
1189:VIA, the Way of the People
924:The Tears of the White Man
796:The Genius of Christianity
4834:Prime ministers of France
4728:
4575:
4457:
4422:
4384:
3941:
3921:
3898:
3855:
3767:
3714:
3490:
3438:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3397:
3387:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3275:30 September 2007 at the
3253:19 September 2007 at the
3222:27 September 2007 at the
2985:29 September 2007 at the
2797:– Minister of Information
2667:– Minister of Information
2254:Prime Minister: 1972–1974
2039:elected President in 1969
2005:Maurice Couve de Murville
1921:From 1959 to 1969, under
1878:process and imported the
1809:in 1941, he received the
1745:), along with his friend
1650:politician. He served as
1310:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
174:
166:
156:
139:
114:
109:
105:
93:
81:
64:
53:
46:
42:
30:
23:
4736:Chief minister of France
3320:8 September 2007 at the
3056:3 September 2007 at the
3020:2 September 2007 at the
2944:8 September 2007 at the
2729:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2575:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2446:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2343:Municipal councillor of
2179:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2162:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2109:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2059:the Overseas Territories
2045:(Presence of Gaullism).
1907:French Equatorial Africa
1784:. He also fought at the
1729:of the 12th regiment of
1386:Service d'Action Civique
876:Enquête sur la monarchie
776:Considerations on France
329:Catholic social teaching
183:This article is part of
48:Prime Minister of France
3576:Antoine-Vincent Arnault
2980:Pierre Messmer est mort
2643:– Minister of Transport
2496:– Minister of Transport
2304:Regional councillor of
2223:crimes against humanity
2141:Ministry of Information
2123:realized with the 1972
2113:Independent Republicans
1817:medal of the Resistance
1776:, participating to the
1584:Conservatism portal
1374:Independent Republicans
1221:Independent Republicans
904:Violence and the Sacred
816:St Petersburg Dialogues
3381:Minister of the Armies
2514:– Minister of Commerce
2472:– Minister of Veterans
2358:Ordre de la Libération
2320:General councillor of
2285:: 1969–1971, 1974–1988
2249:Governmental functions
2207:Rally for the Republic
2193:Later career and death
2020:elected deputy in 1968
1941:and adapted it to the
1737:. He then hijacked in
1731:Senegalese tirailleurs
1555:
1384:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1322:
1308:
1294:
1281:Carrefour de l'Horloge
1272:
1236:Rally for the Republic
1159:Future with Confidence
914:The Camp of the Saints
458:
431:
394:
358:
339:
290:
266:
228:
194:Conservatism in France
4774:People from Vincennes
4742:Deputy Prime Minister
3299:on 30 September 2007.
3133:. The History Press.
2749:– Minister of Justice
2595:– Minister of Justice
2466:– Minister of Justice
2379:and, in 1995, of the
2075:parliamentary reading
2071:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
2043:Présence du gaullisme
2031:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
1961:veterans to fight in
1759:French Foreign Legion
1676:French Foreign Legion
1639:French pronunciation:
1545:Immigrant criminality
1525:Clerical philosophers
1241:Republican Federation
894:The Reign of Quantity
567:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet
482:Thermidorian Reaction
440:Traditional authority
244:Political Catholicism
88:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
4849:French Army officers
2862:La Patrouille perdue
2719:– Minister of Armies
2565:– Minister of Armies
2225:committed under the
2073:, who had adopted a
1786:Battle of El Alamein
1778:Battle of Bir Hakeim
1643:[pjɛʁmɛsmɛʁ]
1535:French–German enmity
934:The Tyranny of Guilt
826:Democracy in America
519:Second French Empire
268:Révolution nationale
3632:Wladimir d'Ormesson
3608:Paul-Albert Besnard
3568:Louis-Benoît Picard
3432:Minister of Justice
3201:, 2 September 2007
3192:Sortir du nucléaire
3174:, 21 February 2007
2871:(Xavier de Guibert)
2795:Jean-Philippe Lecat
2695:Jean-Philippe Lecat
2213:(1986–1988), under
1913:from 1958 to 1959.
1837:First Indochina War
1798:Liberation of Paris
1766:campaign in Eritrea
1753:as a member of the
1440:La Nation française
1216:Movement for France
1211:French Social Party
1026:Political positions
1016:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
622:Fustel de Coulanges
509:Bourbon Restoration
504:Second White Terror
249:Christian democracy
3481:Académie française
3366:Political offices
2882:Politics of France
2783:Michel Poniatowski
2689:23 October 1973 –
2653:Michel Poniatowski
2404:Institut de France
2388:Académie française
2265:Electoral mandates
2133:Michel Poniatowski
1990:Béryl nuclear test
1937:, reorganised the
1931:Minister of Armies
1911:French West Africa
1823:After World War II
1751:Free French Forces
1689:Académie française
1652:Minister of Armies
1530:European New Right
1454:Le Figaro Magazine
1419:Famille chrétienne
1296:La Manif pour tous
944:The French Suicide
542:Barbey d'Aurevilly
492:Companions of Jehu
487:First White Terror
334:Counter-revolution
218:French nationalism
4751:
4750:
4600:Couve de Murville
3674:
3673:
3448:
3447:
3439:Succeeded by
3413:Succeeded by
3388:Succeeded by
3374:Pierre Guillaumat
3330:, 29 August 2007
3257:, politique.net,
3140:978-0-7509-6580-4
3066:, 30 August 2007
3030:, 30 August 2007
2995:, 29 August 2007
2954:, 29 August 2007
2937:Thomas Ferenczi,
2869:Ma part de France
2827:Doctorate of Laws
2765:Raymond Marcellin
2569:Raymond Marcellin
2538:André Bettencourt
2440:Raymond Marcellin
2366:Alain de Boissieu
2330:Municipal Council
2271:National Assembly
2088:Due to President
2055:Minister of state
1923:Charles de Gaulle
1755:13th Demi-Brigade
1680:military hospital
1656:Charles de Gaulle
1632:
1631:
1596:France portal
1540:French Revolution
1499:Valeurs actuelles
1001:de La Tour du Pin
856:What Is a Nation?
477:War in the Vendée
178:
177:
4886:
4738:(pre-Revolution)
4552:Bourgès-Maunoury
4121:Waldeck-Rousseau
3925:National Defense
3913:Cousin-Montauban
3865:Dupont de l'Eure
3701:
3694:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3640:Maurice Schumann
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3421:Preceded by
3398:Preceded by
3371:Preceded by
3363:
3362:
3359:
3351:
3334:
3333:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3295:. Archived from
3289:
3283:
3282:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3086:Cold War History
3076:
3070:
3069:
3049:David Servenay,
3047:
3034:
3033:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2977:
2958:
2957:
2935:
2807:11 April 1974 –
2771:Olivier Guichard
2759:Alain Peyrefitte
2677:Alain Peyrefitte
2635:Olivier Guichard
2536:15 March 1973 –
2488:Olivier Guichard
2428:Maurice Schumann
2392:Maurice Schumann
2362:Légion d'honneur
2291:Regional Council
2244:Political career
2176:
2157:" (oil crisis).
2090:Georges Pompidou
2035:Georges Pompidou
1935:Generals' Putsch
1782:Tunisia campaign
1672:Georges Pompidou
1645:
1640:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1560:
1492:Radio Courtoisie
1473:
1389:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1327:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1277:
1274:Action Française
1246:Resistance Party
1231:Rally for France
1154:The Nationalists
1144:Debout la France
991:de Chateaubriand
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
881:
871:
861:
851:
846:The Ancient City
841:
831:
821:
811:
801:
791:
781:
602:de Chateaubriand
463:
436:
421:Social hierarchy
399:
363:
344:
295:
271:
233:
205:
195:
180:
179:
146:
110:Personal details
96:
84:
77:
69:Georges Pompidou
58:
35:
21:
20:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4724:
4571:
4459:Fourth Republic
4453:
4425:
4418:
4380:
4231:François-Marsal
3937:
3924:
3917:
3894:
3857:Second Republic
3851:
3763:
3710:
3705:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3592:Octave Feuillet
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3444:
3442:Jean Taittinger
3435:
3426:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3384:
3376:
3357:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3322:Wayback Machine
3308:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:Wayback Machine
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:Wayback Machine
3246:
3233:
3227:
3224:Wayback Machine
3215:
3208:
3202:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3058:Wayback Machine
3048:
3037:
3031:
3022:Wayback Machine
3013:
3002:
2996:
2987:Wayback Machine
2978:
2961:
2955:
2946:Wayback Machine
2936:
2899:
2895:
2878:
2825:Thesis for his
2818:
2753:Joseph Fontanet
2747:Jean Taittinger
2704:
2691:Philippe Malaud
2665:Philippe Malaud
2599:Joseph Fontanet
2593:Jean Taittinger
2581:Jean Charbonnel
2550:
2476:Jacques Duhamel
2458:Joseph Fontanet
2452:Jean Charbonnel
2421:
2370:American Legion
2354:
2314:General Council
2246:
2195:
2174:
2171:Canard enchaîné
2145:Philippe Malaud
2121:left-wing union
2067:
2051:
2022:, representing
1986:Gaston Palewski
1975:Roger Trinquier
1919:
1861:Gaston Defferre
1849:
1829:prisoner of war
1825:
1812:Croix de guerre
1727:sous-lieutenant
1702:
1638:
1628:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1471:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1349:Cercle Proudhon
1340:Camelots du Roi
1317:Student Cockade
1283:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1179:The Republicans
1139:Alliance Royale
1131:
1123:
1122:
1021:Le Pen (Marine)
971:
963:
962:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
770:
762:
761:
537:
529:
528:
514:Ultra-royalists
453:
445:
444:
360:Noblesse oblige
319:
311:
310:
230:Nouvelle Droite
213:
193:
157:Political party
148:
144:
123:
121:
120:
94:
82:
75:
71:
59:
54:
38:
37:Messmer in 1988
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4577:Fifth Republic
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Casimir-Perier
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3943:Third Republic
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:Maurizio Serra
3660:
3652:
3648:Pierre Messmer
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3341:
3340:External links
3338:
3336:
3335:
3302:
3284:
3262:
3231:
3206:
3179:
3158:
3139:
3119:
3093:(4): 477–491.
3071:
3035:
3000:
2959:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2864:(Albin Michel)
2858:
2857:(Albin Michel)
2851:
2850:(Albin Michel)
2844:
2837:
2830:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:Hubert Germain
2799:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2777:Hubert Germain
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2723:Jacques Chirac
2720:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2659:Hubert Germain
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2623:Robert Poujade
2620:
2617:Jacques Chirac
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2506:Hubert Germain
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2482:Jacques Chirac
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2326:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2277:Member of the
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2215:Jacques Chirac
2194:
2191:
2187:Jacques Chirac
2154:choc pétrolier
2125:Common Program
2117:1973 elections
2083:Jacques Chirac
2066:
2063:
2050:
2047:
2016:Gaullist Party
1998:Beryl incident
1979:Élisabethville
1971:United Nations
1918:
1915:
1876:decolonization
1848:
1845:
1824:
1821:
1790:General Koenig
1723:Doctor of Laws
1701:
1698:
1668:Prime Minister
1666:– and then as
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1547:
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1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:Archeofuturism
1514:
1512:Related topics
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1485:Nouvelle École
1481:
1474:
1464:
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1443:
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1429:
1422:
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1402:
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1390:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1314:
1305:
1303:March for Life
1300:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:Party of Order
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:National Rally
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
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1060:
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1028:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
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969:
968:
965:
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961:
960:
950:
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930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
882:
872:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
812:
802:
792:
782:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
754:
749:
747:de Tocqueville
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
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629:
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619:
614:
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589:
584:
579:
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569:
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531:
530:
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494:
484:
479:
474:
469:
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454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
428:
423:
417:
412:
407:
402:
401:
400:
386:
381:
379:French culture
376:
371:
369:Ethnopluralism
366:
365:
364:
355:
345:
336:
331:
326:
324:Anti-communism
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
302:
301:
296:
287:
282:
272:
263:
262:
261:
259:Ultramontanism
256:
251:
241:
236:
235:
234:
225:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
198:
197:
189:
188:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
147:(aged 91)
143:29 August 2007
141:
137:
136:
118:
116:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:Jacques Chirac
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
66:
62:
61:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
25:Pierre Messmer
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4891:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
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4777:
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4772:
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4683:
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4608:
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4605:Chaban-Delmas
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
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4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Mendès France
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
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4364:
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4299:
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4119:
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4112:
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4099:
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4037:
4034:
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4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:A. de Broglie
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:A. de Broglie
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3923:Government of
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3900:Second Empire
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:V. de Broglie
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:V. de Broglie
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3769:July Monarchy
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
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3713:
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3697:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:Eugène Scribe
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3408:
3407:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2988:
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2981:
2976:
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2897:
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2866:
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2859:
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2838:
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2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
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2810:
2806:
2805:
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2803:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:Georges Gorse
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:Robert Galley
2715:
2712:
2711:Michel Jobert
2709:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2647:Joseph Comiti
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:Bernard Stasi
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:Maurice Druon
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:Georges Gorse
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:Robert Galley
2561:
2558:
2557:Michel Jobert
2555:
2552:
2551:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:Robert Galley
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
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2447:
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2432:
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2426:
2423:
2422:
2416:
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2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2342:
2339:
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2332:
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2323:
2319:
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2315:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2238:Raymond Barre
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:, charged of
2220:
2219:Maurice Papon
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:, and in the
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
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1597:
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1500:
1496:
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1458:
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1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1426:L'Écho du Sud
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:Organisations
1260:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Soyons libres
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:French Future
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
967:
966:
956:
955:
951:
946:
945:
941:
936:
935:
931:
926:
925:
921:
916:
915:
911:
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
891:
886:
883:
878:
877:
873:
868:
867:
863:
857:
853:
848:
847:
843:
838:
837:
833:
828:
827:
823:
818:
817:
813:
808:
807:
803:
798:
797:
793:
788:
787:
783:
778:
777:
773:
772:
766:
765:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:de La Mennais
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
536:Intellectuals
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
461:
460:Ancien Régime
456:
455:
449:
448:
441:
438:
435:
434:
433:Souverainisme
429:
427:
424:
422:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
398:
397:
392:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:Family values
372:
370:
367:
362:
361:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
343:
342:
337:
335:
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122:20 March 1916
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41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4609:
4386:Vichy France
4301:Paul-Boncour
3647:
3624:Paul Claudel
3616:Louis Gillet
3429:
3404:
3391:Michel Debré
3379:
3325:
3310:
3305:
3297:the original
3287:
3265:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3169:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3129:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3090:
3084:
3074:
3061:
3025:
2990:
2949:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2822:
2816:Bibliography
2801:
2800:
2683:
2682:
2530:
2529:
2512:Yvon Bourges
2434:Michel Debré
2410:
2408:
2385:
2374:
2355:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2290:
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2263:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2227:Vichy regime
2211:cohabitation
2196:
2169:
2159:
2152:
2129:Michel Debré
2119:despite the
2102:
2098:Arthur Conte
2087:
2079:Constitution
2068:
2052:
2042:
2026:
2013:
2002:
1983:
1959:Algerian War
1956:
1949:
1947:
1927:Algerian War
1920:
1904:
1899:people's war
1890:
1888:
1884:Algerian War
1865:
1850:
1826:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1763:
1742:
1720:
1713:
1703:
1700:Early career
1687:
1684:Val-de-Grâce
1634:
1633:
1517:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1367:Croix-de-Feu
1331:
1330:
1266:
1194:
1193:
1133:
1093:de La Rocque
1052:
952:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
874:
864:
844:
834:
824:
814:
804:
794:
784:
774:
524:Vichy France
426:Social order
405:Metapolitics
396:Restauration
292:Maurrassisme
145:(2007-08-29)
133:Val-de-Marne
95:Succeeded by
55:
18:
4769:2007 deaths
4764:1916 births
4424:Provisional
3716:Restoration
3656:Simone Veil
3600:Pierre Loti
3512:Jean Racine
3424:René Pleven
3358:(in French)
3350:(in French)
3348:by Messmer
3332:(in French)
3281:(in French)
3259:(in French)
3228:(in French)
3203:(in French)
3176:(in French)
3068:(in French)
3032:(in French)
2997:(in French)
2956:(in French)
2524:Edgar Faure
2464:René Pleven
2347:: 1971–1989
2340:: 1971–1989
2324:: 1970–1982
2308:: 1968–1992
2301:: 1978–1979
2166:Edgar Faure
2057:charged of
2027:département
1951:Estado Novo
1943:nuclear era
1939:French Army
1857:Ivory Coast
1694:Simone Veil
1557:Sinistrisme
1550:Remigration
1108:de Vaublanc
1078:de Polignac
986:Cathelineau
970:Politicians
647:de Jouvenel
642:Houellebecq
637:de Gobineau
467:Monarchiens
384:Imperialism
353:Meritocracy
280:Bonapartism
254:Integralism
83:Preceded by
73:Alain Poher
4758:Categories
4426:Government
4206:Clemenceau
4141:Clemenceau
3996:Waddington
3986:Rochebouët
3724:Talleyrand
3410:1971–1972
3385:1960–1969
3171:L'Humanité
2893:References
2789:Jean Royer
2735:Yves Guéna
2671:Jean Royer
2641:Yves Guéna
2605:André Bord
2518:Roger Frey
2500:Jean Foyer
2470:André Bord
2345:Sarrebourg
2338:Sarrebourg
2203:Sarrebourg
1895:Mao Zedong
1853:Mauritania
1747:Jean Simon
1201:Feuillants
1174:Reconquête
1113:de Villèle
1088:Retailleau
954:Submission
769:Literature
732:de Rivarol
712:Peyrefitte
707:d'Ornellas
682:de Maistre
592:Brunetière
562:de Benoist
415:Patriotism
389:Monarchism
318:Principles
285:Legitimism
212:Ideologies
167:Occupation
4744:(defunct)
4695:Cazeneuve
4650:Bérégovoy
4585:De Gaulle
4567:De Gaulle
4434:De Gaulle
4356:Chautemps
4326:Doumergue
4316:Chautemps
4271:Chautemps
4211:Millerand
4176:Doumergue
4101:Bourgeois
4066:Freycinet
4041:Freycinet
4026:Fallières
4016:Freycinet
4001:Freycinet
3875:Cavaignac
3754:Martignac
3744:Richelieu
3734:Dessolles
3729:Richelieu
3309:French: "
3107:191733021
2992:Le Figaro
2836:(Balland)
2336:Mayor of
2233:in 2001.
1929:, he was
1841:Indochina
1743:Capo Olmo
1739:Marseille
1706:Vincennes
1472:(Defunct)
1447:Le Figaro
1006:de Gaulle
981:de Bonald
866:The Crowd
702:d'Orcival
577:de Bonald
547:Bainville
497:Muscadins
472:Feuillant
341:Dirigisme
306:Sarkozysm
299:Orléanism
135:), France
125:Vincennes
65:President
56:In office
4700:Philippe
4675:Villepin
4670:Raffarin
4655:Balladur
4595:Pompidou
4562:Pflimlin
4557:Gaillard
4507:Queuille
4497:Queuille
4487:Queuille
4467:Ramadier
4366:Daladier
4336:Bouisson
4321:Daladier
4306:Daladier
4256:Poincaré
4241:Painlevé
4226:Poincaré
4201:Painlevé
4161:Poincaré
4156:Caillaux
4011:Gambetta
3908:Ollivier
3885:Hautpoul
3782:Laffitte
3759:Polignac
3430:interim
3327:Le Monde
3318:Archived
3273:Archived
3251:Archived
3220:Archived
3151:24 April
3145:Archived
3112:15 March
3054:Archived
3018:Archived
2983:Archived
2951:Le Monde
2942:Archived
2876:See also
2306:Lorraine
2299:Lorraine
2199:Lorraine
2018:and was
1994:leukemia
1868:Cameroun
1833:Vietminh
1796:and the
1774:in Libya
1770:in Syria
1664:Louis XV
1648:Gaullist
1461:Le Point
1433:La Croix
1412:Éléments
1379:Hussards
1083:Pompidou
1068:Poincaré
1058:Pécresse
1048:Maréchal
1043:MacMahon
806:The Pope
752:Veuillot
667:Lemaître
662:Lefebvre
587:Bruckner
410:Nativism
275:Royalism
239:Gaullism
223:Integral
185:a series
152:, France
76:(Acting)
4729:Related
4720:Barnier
4685:Ayrault
4645:Cresson
4610:Messmer
4492:Bidault
4482:Schuman
4472:Schuman
4444:Bidault
4404:Flandin
4371:Reynaud
4346:Sarraut
4331:Flandin
4311:Sarraut
4296:Herriot
4291:Tardieu
4276:Tardieu
4266:Tardieu
4251:Herriot
4236:Herriot
4216:Leygues
4186:Viviani
4171:Barthou
4136:Sarrien
4131:Rouvier
4111:Brisson
4056:Floquet
4051:Rouvier
4036:Brisson
4021:Duclerc
3991:Dufaure
3971:Dufaure
3951:Dufaure
3890:Faucher
3807:Mortier
3749:Villèle
3739:Decazes
3484:seat 13
2802:Changes
2684:Changes
2531:Changes
2352:Honours
2322:Moselle
2283:Moselle
2183:elected
2077:of the
2024:Moselle
1963:Katanga
1831:of the
1757:of the
1682:of the
1468:Présent
1358:Civitas
1332:Defunct
1195:Defunct
1130:Parties
1118:Zemmour
1103:Schuman
1098:Sarkozy
1073:Poisson
1053:Messmer
1038:Malraux
1033:Maurras
976:Bellamy
722:Raspail
697:Maurras
677:Madiran
672:Le Play
627:Dumézil
582:Boutang
557:Barruel
452:History
348:Elitism
4705:Castex
4680:Fillon
4665:Jospin
4640:Rocard
4635:Chirac
4630:Fabius
4625:Mauroy
4615:Chirac
4547:Mollet
4532:Laniel
4512:Pleven
4502:Pleven
4409:Darlan
4394:Pétain
4376:Pétain
4261:Briand
4246:Briand
4221:Briand
4191:Briand
4166:Briand
4146:Briand
4126:Combes
4106:Méline
4071:Loubet
4061:Tirard
4046:Goblet
3966:Buffet
3961:Cissey
3933:Trochu
3880:Barrot
3842:Guizot
3832:Thiers
3817:Thiers
3797:Gérard
3787:Perier
3666:(2020)
3658:(2008)
3650:(1999)
3642:(1974)
3634:(1956)
3626:(1946)
3618:(1935)
3610:(1924)
3602:(1891)
3594:(1862)
3586:(1834)
3578:(1829)
3570:(1807)
3562:(1804)
3554:(1776)
3546:(1762)
3538:(1731)
3530:(1730)
3522:(1699)
3514:(1672)
3506:(1639)
3498:(1634)
3137:
3105:
3063:Rue 89
2867:2003
2860:2002
2853:1998
2846:1992
2839:1985
2832:1977
2821:1939
2231:pardon
2009:May 68
1803:Named
1735:defeat
1670:under
1662:under
1654:under
1478:Minute
1267:Active
1134:Active
1063:Pétain
996:Ciotti
958:(2015)
948:(2014)
938:(2006)
928:(1983)
918:(1973)
908:(1972)
898:(1945)
888:(1905)
880:(1900)
870:(1895)
860:(1882)
850:(1864)
840:(1855)
830:(1835)
820:(1821)
810:(1819)
800:(1802)
790:(1797)
780:(1796)
692:Massis
657:Le Bon
632:Guénon
617:Freund
607:Daudet
597:Carrel
552:Barrès
419:
4715:Attal
4710:Borne
4690:Valls
4660:Juppé
4620:Barre
4590:Debré
4542:Faure
4527:Mayer
4522:Pinay
4517:Faure
4477:Marie
4439:Gouin
4414:Laval
4399:Laval
4341:Laval
4286:Laval
4281:Steeg
4196:Ribot
4181:Ribot
4151:Monis
4116:Dupuy
4096:Ribot
4091:Dupuy
4081:Dupuy
4076:Ribot
4031:Ferry
4006:Ferry
3976:Simon
3870:Arago
3837:Soult
3827:Soult
3802:Maret
3792:Soult
3436:1973
3103:S2CID
2175:'
1967:Congo
1710:ENLOV
1406:CNews
1400:Media
1011:Juppé
757:Ye'or
742:Taine
737:Rueff
727:Renan
687:Morel
150:Paris
131:(now
129:Seine
4449:Blum
4361:Blum
4351:Blum
3847:Molé
3822:Molé
3153:2018
3135:ISBN
3114:2023
2281:for
2164:and
2139:. A
2094:ORTF
1969:and
717:Pujo
612:Faye
572:Bloy
140:Died
115:Born
3198:HNS
3095:doi
2111:'s
1897:'s
1761:.
161:UDR
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