29:
174:
185:
1016:“Our principle is to seize the individual everywhere. At primary school, we have him. Later on he tends to escape us. We strive to catch up with him at every turn. I have arranged for this discipline of EG (General Education) to be imposed on students (...) We allow for sanctions in case of desertion.” (
1018:« Notre principe est de saisir l’individu partout. Au primaire, nous le tenons. Plus haut il tend à s’échapper. Nous nous efforçons de le rattraper à tous les tournants. J’ai obtenu que cette discipline de l’EG soit imposée aux étudiants (…). Nous prévoyons des sanctions en cas de désertion »
473:
None of these changes were forced on France by
Germany. The Vichy government instituted them voluntarily as part of the National Revolution, while Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice as long as public order was maintained. It was suspicious
815:
The supporters were, however, in the minority. Although the Vichy government initially had substantial support from those who were glad that the war was over and expected that
Britain would soon surrender, and Pétain remained personally popular during the war, by late autumn 1940 most French hoped
501:
was never fully defined by the Vichy regime although it was frequently invoked by its most enthusiastic supporters. Philippe Pétain himself was rumoured to dislike the term and only used it four times in his wartime speeches. As a result, different factions formed different views of what it meant
449:
welcomed these changes and expressed a certain degree of support towards the regime until 1944, although the Church was also strongly critical of some Vichy policies, such as the deportation of the Jews and institutional racism. However, a consistent number of
Catholics took part in the
484:"I have never known what the National Revolution was, it was never defined and it was an expression that personally I never used Everyone put his own desire, ideal and the regime that he saw into these words, but the National Revolution was never defined in any form at any time."
32:
Emblem of
Philippe Pétain, chief of state of the French State, featuring the motto Travail, Famille, Patrie (Work, Family, Fatherland). The Francisque was only Pétain's personal emblem but was also gradually used as the regime's informal emblem on official
986:) and one multi-sport federation (the FSGT). In April 1942, they additionally prohibited the activities of the UFOLEP and USEP multi-sport federations, also seizing their goods which were to be transferred to the “National Council of Sports”.
2049:
2009:
368:
drastically limited their presence at the
University, among physicians, lawyers, filmmakers, bankers or small traders. Soon the list of off-limits works was greatly increased. In less than a year, more than half of
2076:
1935:
2681:
961:
In
October 1940, the two General Commissioners prohibited professionalism in two federations (tennis and wrestling), while permitting a three-year delay for four other federations (football, cycling, boxing and
539:
Those who supported the ideology of the
National Revolution rather than the person of Pétain himself could be divided, in general, into three groups: the counter-revolutionary reactionaries; the supporters of a
2230:
2486:
2044:
2059:
2509:
2206:
2156:
3277:
2190:
323:: they were largely successful in rebutting the charges, and won sympathetic coverage in the international press, leading to the suspension of the trial in 1942 and its closure in 1943.
141:’ concept of the "Anti-France", or "internal foreigners", which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners". The regime also persecuted
802:
188:
Vichy poster comparing the security of a house built on the principles of the
National Revolution with the insecurity of one based on "laziness", "demagogy" and "internationalism"
2142:
438:
2883:
1684:
2170:
3131:
2732:
2519:
2710:
2135:
2149:
614:
The supporters of a “French fascism”, who attacked Vichy and
Maurras for not seeking to bring Nazism to France. They opposed specific traditionalist aspects such as
2577:
1006:“I pledge on my honour to practice sports with selflessness, discipline and loyalty to improve myself and serve better my fatherland” (Sportsman's pledge —
544:; and the reformers who saw in the new regime in opportunity to modernize the state apparatus. The last current would include opportunists such as the journalist
2163:
757:. Most of them were not ideologically anti-democrats, but claimed to take advantage of the new conditions set by the Vichy regime—they also included plain
1282:
307:’s left-wing government prepared France for the war by launching a new military effort), Communists, Jews, etc. The defendants of the Riom Trial included Blum,
2686:
2544:
2184:
2199:
1659:
2834:
1008:« Je promets sur l’honneur de pratiquer le sport avec désintéressement, discipline et loyauté pour devenir meilleur et mieux servir ma patrie »
2460:
2121:
1363:
347:
782:
2128:
2114:
1992:
1977:
1503:
849:
433:, was influential in the Vichy regime, which was also active in defending traditional Catholic values, eulogising national religious figures such as
1669:
277:
1021:
954:
2491:
1674:
1388:
859:
2853:
1845:
1289:
1049:
474:
of the aspects of the
National Revolution that encouraged French patriotism, and banned Vichy veteran and youth groups from the Occupied Zone.
2940:
3087:
2093:
1478:
1453:
862:
and Jacques Ménétrier). Charged with the "study, under all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the
2054:
1830:
536:
opposed collaboration but supported the National Revolution because they believed that reforming France would help it avenge its defeat.
1378:
1448:
957:, former rugby champion, director of sports under Borotra and then second General Commissioner to Sports from April 1942 to July 1944.
3111:
1508:
1825:
1044:
3259:
2964:
2619:
2481:
1583:
1488:
2691:
2615:
2026:
1420:
2650:
2587:
807:
3348:
2898:
2747:
2742:
1892:
1347:
825:
1373:
3167:
2925:
2737:
2004:
719:
The Reformers, who were looking for new political, social and economic policies, and formed an important group during the
404:
2081:
1868:
161:
policies aimed at reviving the "French race" (including a sports policy), although these policies never went as far as
154:
1835:
890:
was a supporter of amateurism. Vichy's sport policy followed the moral aim of "rebuilding the nation", was opposed to
2595:
2235:
1987:
1982:
1940:
1930:
1840:
1616:
1250:
1210:
3100:
2789:
940:(PSF). Ybarnegaray was first nominated State minister in May 1940, then State secretary from June to September 1940.
664:
2465:
2417:
2285:
1493:
644:
330:. Jews, national or not, were excluded from the Nation, and prohibited from working in public services. The first
237:
3106:
2392:
1498:
1383:
1879:
2263:
2258:
1958:
1473:
919:(General Commissioner to General and Sport Education) was created. Three men in particular headed this policy:
20:
509:
gathered those who supported the personal figure of Marshal Pétain, considered at that time a war hero of the
2447:
1925:
1902:
1573:
370:
120:
2534:
2412:
1458:
1443:
947:
724:
3121:
970:. Furthermore, they prohibited, or spoiled by seizing the assets of, at least four uni-sport federations (
28:
2407:
2397:
2071:
1704:
1384:
JP Azéma: Président commission "Politique du sport et éducation physique en France pendant l'occupation."
459:
266:
3343:
3126:
2796:
2501:
654:
528:
Supporters of collaboration were not necessarily supporters of the National Revolution, and vice versa.
3353:
3082:
2920:
2630:
1820:
1413:
374:
2878:
373:
was deprived of any means of subsistence. Foreign Jews first, then all Jews were at first detained in
2455:
2315:
1621:
1611:
1320:
746:
446:
331:
134:
2635:
1719:
1286:
699:
119:
As soon as it was established, Pétain's government took measures against the “undesirables”, namely
2539:
2524:
2339:
1531:
1298:
1198:
902:. They also were used to engrain the youth in various associations and federations, as done by the
703:
420:
409:
382:
2945:
1368:
950:”) and also a PSF member, the first General Commissioner to Sports from August 1940 to April 1942.
936:
931:
521:
or advocated collaboration, but who are considered more moderate, or more opportunistic, than the
280:(suppression of trade-unions replaced by corporations organized by profession, suppression of the
270:, became the unofficial national anthem. Obedience to the leader and to the hierarchy was exalted.
3213:
3027:
2696:
1714:
1694:
1463:
1238:
908:
1094:
Actes constitutionnels du Gouvernement de Vichy, 1940-1944, France, MJP, université de Perpignan
3245:
3116:
2762:
2600:
2436:
1897:
1553:
1039:
863:
742:
562:
378:
300:
241:
1202:
3338:
3317:
3093:
2847:
1754:
1568:
1406:
762:
583:
568:
296:
1393:
3358:
3252:
3077:
2935:
2772:
2605:
2514:
2065:
1873:
1578:
967:
845:
247:
173:
89:
69:
2971:
790:
502:
which conformed with their own ideological views about the regime and the postwar future.
8:
3032:
3022:
2645:
2305:
2245:
1907:
1886:
883:
674:
556:”, in the strict sense of the word: all those who dreamt of a return to "before", either:
257:
233:
184:
85:
73:
3136:
1525:
687:
600:(AF), etc. But the Vichy regime also received support from large sectors of the liberal
596:
532:
was a collaborationist but was dubious about the National Revolution, while others like
308:
3017:
2908:
2757:
2655:
2402:
2320:
2277:
1804:
1590:
1152:
895:
858:), using connections to the Pétain cabinet (specifically, French industrial physicians
339:
251:
2997:
2987:
1769:
1699:
1626:
351:
229:
192:
The ideology of the French State (Vichy France) was an adaptation of the ideas of the
65:
3282:
3206:
3192:
3037:
2767:
2660:
2529:
1734:
1729:
1343:
1246:
1206:
1191:
1144:
1104:
754:
695:
638:
who are seen as more moderate or more opportunist). Those included the supporters of
627:
575:
451:
425:
264:, printed on money, stamps, walls or represented in sculptures. A song to his glory,
113:
109:
3052:
1595:
1242:
1232:
879:
761:
willing to make a quick career. They presented various and contradictory solutions:
3238:
3199:
2818:
2387:
2021:
1759:
1724:
1548:
1315:
1188:
1136:
1077:
923:
794:
720:
707:
679:
606:
587:
510:
355:
288:
225:
213:
193:
2562:
1664:
1631:
441:, though the law was never fully repealed and Catholicism was not reinstated as a
19:"National Revolution" redirects here. For the Indonesian War of Independence, see
2950:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2610:
2362:
2325:
2310:
2177:
1998:
1947:
1654:
1537:
1483:
1293:
798:
770:
455:
364:
320:
281:
201:
138:
48:
1789:
891:
64:(the “French State”) which had been established in July 1940 and led by Marshal
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3174:
3141:
3042:
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2107:
1799:
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1543:
1108:
899:
841:
750:
659:
649:
541:
533:
442:
393:
335:
316:
236:" (according to a quote by Pétain himself, brought by his civil head of staff,
97:
3057:
2625:
1709:
1093:
882:(1875–1957), who denounced professional and spectacular competition, and like
639:
3332:
3220:
3047:
2640:
2300:
1863:
1794:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1749:
1679:
1169:
1148:
1058:
963:
927:
887:
829:
786:
778:
732:
669:
626:
prepared for a "re-birth" of French society. These formed the most stringent
545:
359:
327:
162:
142:
105:
81:
774:
691:
2992:
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2422:
2382:
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1429:
1054:
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979:
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903:
529:
518:
489:
437:
and restoring some privileges of the clergy that had been abolished by the
430:
343:
312:
217:
209:
61:
894:’s sport policy during the Popular Front, and was specifically opposed to
304:
2810:
2665:
2347:
1744:
766:
758:
728:
712:
615:
553:
434:
416:
273:
261:
205:
180:
propaganda poster promoting the personality cult of Philippe Pétain, 1942
146:
101:
93:
1316:
Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy
878:
Vichy's policy concerning sports found its origins in the conception of
2957:
2224:
2100:
1952:
1637:
1563:
1156:
1128:
926:, president and founder of the French and International Federations of
837:
683:
591:
389:
292:
197:
130:
77:
469:
and of intellectual and urban elites. Policy of “return to the earth”.
2840:
983:
601:
466:
400:
150:
1140:
833:
737:
619:
158:
57:
1374:
Politique sportive du gouvernement de Vichy: discours et réalité
350:, this one authorizing detainment of foreign Jews in France. The
753:), etc. All of these circles would also provide recruits to the
2803:
1398:
870:
of the Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel appointed as “regent”.
867:
805:, which would form the basis after the war of the elite school
1189:
Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).
816:
for a British victory and opposed collaboration with Germany.
407:” was replaced by the motto of “Labour, Family, Fatherland” (
125:
1389:
Exemples: Badminton, Tennis de table, Jeu de paume Interdits
454:
with the support of some segments of the clergy, among whom
1287:
Maurras (1858-1952): le mythe d'une droite révolutionnaire
866:
in all of its activities," the Foundation was created by
108:
as the program opposed almost every change introduced to
966:). They prohibited competitions for women in cycling or
781:, who also became Minister of Pétain, the civil servant
439:
1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State
354:
of 1870 was abrogated on 7 October by Interior Minister
917:
Commissariat Général à l’Education Générale et Sportive
137:. The persecution of these four groups was inspired by
855:
Fondation Française pour l’Etude des Problèmes Humains
1266:
1264:
1262:
1193:
France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation
1184:
1182:
997:“Le sport bien dirigé, c’est de la morale en action”
287:
Stigmatization of those seen as responsible for the
2461:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race
2244:
1259:
1190:
1129:"1944-1951: Les deux corps de Notre-Dame de Paris"
100:. Despite its name, the ideological policies were
1993:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems
1978:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
1179:
946:, former international tennis player (member of “
850:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems
232:on 11 July 1940 gave to him "more powers than to
3330:
548:who saw in the new regime career opportunities.
334:was promulgated on 3 October 1940. Thousands of
1936:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime
1230:
848:(PPF), went on to advocate the creation of the
773:, technocracy rule, etc. Some examples include
2854:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
1050:History of France during the twentieth century
419:and promotion of traditional Catholic values.
226:conflation of legislative and executive powers
1414:
1226:
1224:
1222:
995:“Sport well directed is morality in action” (
1340:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation
853:
2055:Underground media in German-occupied France
1421:
1407:
1219:
1126:
423:of the time, particularly the encyclical
153:activists in general. Vichy imitated the
96:, as well as opposition to the theory of
2077:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration
1045:History of far right movements in France
1013:“to be strong to serve better” (IO 1941)
769:or corporations, "return to the earth",
362:of their French citizenship as well. A
183:
172:
27:
2482:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs
2060:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944
342:, while all Jews were forced to wear a
68:. Pétain's regime was characterized by
3331:
2027:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
1379:Sport et Français pendant l'occupation
458:, who later became the founder of the
1402:
1337:
1270:
832:, who had been an early proponent of
777:, Minister of Production and Labour,
604:, in particular from its mouthpiece,
291:, expressed in particular during the
228:: the Constitutional Acts drafted by
47:
3168:The Destruction of the European Jews
2010:Political situation in French Africa
2005:Police collaboration in Vichy France
517:include those who collaborated with
492:, speaking during his trial in 1945.
240:), including that of drafting a new
208:) by a crisis government that was a
1296:" (pp.10-11); article published in
590:, the oldest one being composed of
16:Ideological program of Vichy France
13:
1869:French National-Collectivist Party
1133:Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire
1107:, “La République recommencée”, in
155:racial policies of the Third Reich
88:, rejection of the constitutional
14:
3370:
1983:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
1941:French Constitutional Law of 1940
1617:French Constitutional Law of 1940
1357:
1234:France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944
525:, advocates of a French fascism.
2466:Second law on the status of Jews
1893:Légion Française des Combattants
1428:
808:École nationale d'administration
645:Rassemblement national populaire
260:: Marshal Pétain's portrait was
2157:France, revue de l'État nouveau
2050:Censorship under the occupation
1331:
1308:
873:
371:the Jewish population in France
86:promotion of traditional values
1959:Service du travail obligatoire
1931:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
1441:World War II collaboration in:
1276:
1163:
1120:
1098:
1087:
1071:
346:. The next day, Pétain signed
276:, with the establishment of a
21:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
2082:Office français d'information
1903:Revolutionary Social Movement
1574:History of the Jews in France
1064:
694:cosmetic group), the writers
381:where they were then sent to
375:concentration camps in France
3349:Far-right politics in France
1880:Jeunesse Populaire Française
1127:Le Moigne, Frédéric (2003).
725:non-conformists of the 1930s
594:, monarchist members of the
405:Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité
338:Jews were deprived of their
49:[ʁevɔlysjɔ̃nɑsjɔnal]
7:
3107:Municipal elections of 1945
2790:Service d'ordre légionnaire
2398:French protectorate of Laos
2072:Maréchal, nous voilà !
1705:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
1028:
819:
686:terrorist group, funded by
665:Service d'ordre légionnaire
460:Popular Republican Movement
403:. The Republican motto of “
377:, before being deported to
267:Maréchal, nous voilà !
168:
10:
3375:
3132:Holocaust denial in France
3083:Ordinance of 9 August 1944
1821:Government of Vichy France
999:), Report of E. Loisel to
477:
238:H. Du Moulin de Labarthète
18:
3273:
3230:
3184:
3159:
3150:
3112:1946 legislative election
3068:
3010:
2980:
2926:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2866:
2827:
2781:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2674:
2586:
2553:
2500:
2474:
2456:Law on the status of Jews
2446:
2435:
2375:
2338:
2276:
2236:Syria and Lebanon mandate
2216:
2035:
1968:
1916:
1854:
1813:
1647:
1612:Armistice of 22 June 1940
1604:
1517:
1436:
1321:French Historical Studies
989:
803:École des cadres d'Uriage
622:", but still thought the
447:Catholic Church in France
332:law on the status of Jews
3122:Trial of Philippe Pétain
2797:Groupe mobile de réserve
2340:French Equatorial Africa
2143:L'Émancipation nationale
2045:Antisemitic publications
1231:Jackson, Julian (2001).
1199:Fordham University Press
1024:, speech on 27 June 1942
704:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle
655:Parti Populaire Français
421:Catholic social teaching
410:Travail, Famille, Patrie
383:Nazi concentration camps
60:program promoted by the
3214:The Sorrow and the Pity
3028:Siegfried Line campaign
2835:SS Charlemagne division
2697:The Holocaust in France
1846:Second Laval government
1715:Charles du Paty de Clam
1695:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau
1338:Vinen, Richard (2006).
1239:Oxford University Press
930:, deputy and member of
743:Radical Socialist Party
582:These were part of the
303:(despite the fact that
3088:Provisional Government
2748:15th Military Division
2743:14th Military Division
2578:Yellow badge in France
1898:National Popular Rally
1831:First Laval government
1720:Pierre-Étienne Flandin
1554:French colonial empire
1342:. London: Allen Lane.
1040:Popular Front (France)
854:
700:Louis-Ferdinand Céline
678:(originally funded by
486:
465:Rejection of cultural
379:Drancy internment camp
189:
181:
34:
3318:Category:Vichy France
2941:Operation Bright Moon
2738:7th Military Division
2136:Documents maçonniques
1364:Loi et décret 1940-42
1082:Les droites en France
937:Parti Social Français
932:François de la Rocque
741:, Young Turks of the
727:, Christian-democrat
723:. Those included the
584:counter-revolutionary
482:
250:and rejection of the
187:
176:
45:French pronunciation:
31:
3253:Le Silence de la mer
3078:Liberation of France
2687:Deportation timeline
2192:Révolution nationale
2066:Le Juif et la France
2016:Révolution nationale
1874:French Popular Party
1579:Treaty of Versailles
1394:Vichy et le football
1176:, Points-Seuil, 1974
968:association football
915:On 7 August 1940, a
846:French Popular Party
840:and was a member of
624:Révolution nationale
574:before 1789 and the
567:before 1870 and the
561:before 1936 and the
499:Révolution nationale
299:, in particular the
248:Anti-parliamentarism
178:Révolution nationale
157:and also engaged in
90:separation of powers
70:anti-parliamentarism
40:Révolution nationale
3033:Sigmaringen enclave
3023:Liberation of Paris
2682:Deportation convoys
2651:Royallieu-Compiègne
2616:Natzweiler-Struthof
2487:Order of Physicians
2246:French North Africa
1908:Peasant Corporation
1887:Mouvement Franciste
1685:Jacques Charpentier
1660:Jean-Marie Bergeret
1369:Sports et Politique
1324:, 2002; 25: 331-356
948:The Four Musketeers
884:Pierre de Coubertin
675:Mouvement Franciste
392:” and rejection of
258:Personality cultism
74:personality cultism
56:) was the official
54:National Revolution
3127:Klaus Barbie trial
3018:Operation Overlord
2758:Army of the Levant
2692:Holocaust timeline
2376:Asia & Oceania
2278:French West Africa
1836:Flandin government
1805:Carltheo Zeitschel
1591:War guilt question
1292:2007-09-26 at the
1283:Alain-Gérard Slama
1174:La France de Vichy
898:imported from the
896:professional sport
682:), members of the
632:collaborationistes
523:Collaborationistes
401:traditional values
252:multi-party system
212:, born out of the
190:
182:
80:, state-sponsored
35:
3354:Fascist movements
3326:
3325:
3283:French Resistance
3269:
3268:
3207:Milice, film noir
3193:Bombing the Nazis
3101:Épuration sauvage
3038:Fernand de Brinon
3006:
3005:
2946:Wallis and Futuna
2862:
2861:
2705:
2704:
2596:Beaune-la-Rolande
2431:
2430:
2418:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
2371:
2370:
2334:
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2272:
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2207:L'Union française
1988:Foreign relations
1841:Darlan government
1826:Pétain government
1735:Charles Huntziger
1730:Gaston Henry-Haye
1349:978-0-713-99496-4
1105:Olivier Wieviorka
1003:, 15 October 1940
886:, founder of the
864:French population
791:François Lehideux
785:, X-Crise member
696:Robert Brasillach
628:Collaborationists
576:French Revolution
452:French Resistance
426:Quadragesimo anno
114:French Revolution
3366:
3246:Section spéciale
3239:Castle to Castle
3200:The Eye of Vichy
3157:
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3137:Mission Mattéoli
3094:Épuration légale
2848:Légion impériale
2819:Special Brigades
2723:
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2444:
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2388:French Indochina
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2090:
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1926:Anti-Jewish laws
1760:George Montandon
1755:Bernard Ménétrel
1725:Philippe Henriot
1526:Action Française
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857:
795:Yves Bouthillier
721:inter-war period
708:Philippe Henriot
690:(the founder of
688:Eugène Schueller
680:Benito Mussolini
634:, distinct from
597:Action française
588:French far right
511:Battle of Verdun
493:
356:Marcel Peyrouton
326:State-sponsored
309:Édouard Daladier
214:defeat of France
194:French far-right
51:
46:
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3344:Philippe Pétain
3329:
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3278:Occupied France
3265:
3260:Suite française
3226:
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3070:
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2988:François Darlan
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2178:Je suis partout
2115:Le Cahier jaune
2088:
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1999:La jeune France
1970:
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1948:Paris Protocols
1918:
1912:
1856:
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1770:Philippe Pétain
1700:François Darlan
1655:Joseph Antignac
1643:
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1600:
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771:planned economy
668:(SOL) militia,
495:
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456:Georges Bidault
365:numerus clausus
352:Crémieux Decree
321:Maurice Gamelin
295:(1942–43): the
289:military defeat
282:right to strike
220:. It included:
202:Charles Maurras
171:
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66:Philippe Pétain
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842:Jacques Doriot
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751:Groupe X-Crise
733:neo-socialists
717:
660:Joseph Darnand
650:Jacques Doriot
636:collaborateurs
586:branch of the
580:
579:
572:
569:Third Republic
565:
558:
557:
542:French fascism
534:Maxime Weygand
515:Collaborateurs
481:
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443:state religion
414:
397:
394:class conflict
386:
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317:Georges Mandel
297:Third Republic
285:
278:Labour Charter
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230:Marshal Pétain
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129:(foreigners),
110:French society
98:class conflict
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1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Baltic states
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1273:, p. 76.
1272:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1252:0-19-820706-9
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1212:0-8232-2562-3
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1170:Robert Paxton
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:(78): 75–88.
1134:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1113:La République
1110:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1059:The Holocaust
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1022:Joseph Pascot
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:Basque pelota
956:
955:Joseph Pascot
952:
949:
945:
942:
939:
938:
933:
929:
928:Basque pelota
925:
922:
921:
920:
918:
913:
911:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:Olympic Games
885:
881:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Alexis Carrel
827:
817:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:Pierre Pucheu
784:
783:Gérard Bardet
780:
779:Lucien Romier
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
670:Marcel Bucard
667:
666:
661:
657:
656:
651:
647:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
577:
573:
570:
566:
564:
563:Popular Front
560:
559:
555:
554:Reactionaries
551:
550:
549:
547:
546:Jean Luchaire
543:
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
494:
491:
485:
475:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
415:
412:
411:
406:
402:
399:Promotion of
398:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:Algerian Jews
357:
353:
349:
348:another edict
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:anti-Semitism
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Popular Front
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
268:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
179:
175:
166:
164:
163:Nazi eugenics
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Romani people
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
106:revolutionary
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:anti-Semitism
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
42:
41:
30:
26:
22:
3339:Vichy France
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3173:
3166:
3099:
3092:
3071:& Impact
2993:Henri Giraud
2958:
2951:
2930:
2915:
2873:
2846:
2839:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2733:1st Regiment
2573:Yellow badge
2568:Nazi plunder
2563:Aryanisation
2545:Villeurbanne
2515:Green ticket
2423:New Hebrides
2383:French India
2358:Ubangi-Shari
2353:Middle Congo
2223:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2064:
2015:
2014:
1997:
1969:Policy &
1957:
1885:
1878:
1790:André Tulard
1785:Paul Touvier
1740:Pierre Laval
1690:Henry Coston
1648:Participants
1636:
1536:
1524:
1504:Soviet Union
1440:
1430:Vichy France
1339:
1319:
1310:
1297:
1278:
1233:
1192:
1173:
1165:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1100:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1055:World War II
1035:Vichy France
1017:
1007:
1001:Jean Borotra
996:
980:Jeu de paume
976:table tennis
972:rugby league
960:
944:Jean Borotra
935:
916:
914:
907:
904:Hitler Youth
892:Léo Lagrange
877:
874:Sport policy
823:
814:
806:
767:cooperatives
759:opportunists
736:
729:personalists
711:
673:
663:
653:
643:
635:
631:
623:
605:
595:
581:
538:
530:Pierre Laval
527:
522:
519:Nazi Germany
514:
506:
504:
498:
496:
490:Pierre Laval
487:
483:
472:
431:Pope Pius XI
424:
408:
363:
358:, stripping
344:yellow badge
313:Paul Reynaud
265:
242:Constitution
218:Nazi Germany
210:client state
191:
177:
124:
118:
104:rather than
62:Vichy regime
53:
39:
38:
36:
25:
3359:Reactionary
3153:& Media
3058:Marcel Déat
3011:Dissolution
2811:Franc-Garde
2675:Deportation
2646:Romainville
2556:and plunder
2403:Cochinchina
2321:Upper Volta
2286:Ivory Coast
2194:(newspaper)
2108:Aujourd'hui
1855:Parties and
1814:Governments
1745:Jean Leguay
1710:Marcel Déat
1584:Article 231
1304:(in French)
1241:. pp.
1201:. pp.
1116:(in French)
1109:S. Berstein
1078:René Rémond
1020:), Colonel
826:Nobel Prize
763:communalism
747:technocrats
713:Radio Paris
640:Marcel Déat
616:clericalism
610:newspaper.
592:Legitimists
507:Pétainistes
417:Clericalism
340:citizenship
336:naturalized
274:Corporatism
262:omnipresent
206:integralism
196:(including
147:homosexuals
102:reactionary
94:corporatism
58:ideological
3333:Categories
2936:Madagascar
2656:Rivesaltes
2631:Pithiviers
2540:Vel' d'Hiv
2306:Mauritania
2225:Zone libre
2200:La Semaine
2038:propaganda
1953:Riom Trial
1675:André Broc
1638:Zone libre
1622:The Eighty
1605:Beginnings
1564:Phoney War
1532:Boulangism
1479:Luxembourg
1332:References
1299:L'Histoire
1271:Vinen 2006
1065:References
860:André Gros
838:euthanasia
775:René Belin
755:Resistance
618:or "naive
602:Orleanists
435:Joan d'Arc
390:Organicism
293:Riom Trial
198:monarchism
135:Communists
131:Freemasons
78:xenophobia
33:documents.
3069:Aftermath
2899:Indochina
2884:Gibraltar
2841:Carlingue
2828:Auxiliary
2763:Air Force
2661:Septfonds
2636:Récébédou
2530:Marseille
2217:Territory
2150:La France
2036:Press and
1917:Legal and
1205:, 37–40.
1149:0294-1759
984:badminton
824:In 1941,
801:, or the
738:planistes
467:modernism
305:Léon Blum
234:Louis XIV
151:left-wing
2981:Officers
2909:Ko Chang
2711:Military
2641:Rieucros
2620:subcamps
2502:Roundups
2393:Cambodia
2363:Cameroon
2326:Togoland
2094:L'Alerte
1971:politics
1919:treaties
1499:Slovakia
1302:in 1992
1290:Archived
1111:(dir.),
1029:See also
953:Colonel
834:eugenics
820:Eugenics
620:scouting
607:Le Temps
216:against
169:Ideology
159:natalist
126:métèques
3231:Fiction
3160:History
3151:History
2972:Réunion
2867:Battles
2782:Militia
2726:Regular
2439:affairs
2316:Senegal
2291:Dahomey
2264:Tunisia
2259:Morocco
2185:Revivre
2129:Combats
2101:L'Appel
1518:Prelude
1509:Ukraine
1464:Denmark
1459:Croatia
1454:Belarus
1444:Albania
1243:139–141
1157:3772572
909:Balilla
828:winner
692:L'Oréal
684:Cagoule
658:(PPF),
648:(RNP),
478:Support
112:by the
3221:Uranus
2965:Toulon
2804:Milice
2719:Forces
2666:Vernet
2611:Milles
2601:Drancy
2437:Jewish
2413:Tonkin
2301:Guinea
2089:Press:
1494:Serbia
1489:Poland
1484:Norway
1474:Greece
1469:France
1346:
1249:
1209:
1155:
1147:
990:Quotes
868:decree
811:(ENA).
716:, etc.
513:. The
445:. The
149:, and
133:, and
92:, and
2959:Anton
2952:Torch
2894:Gabon
2889:Dakar
2773:Guard
2588:Camps
2525:Izieu
2408:Annam
2311:Niger
2296:Sudan
2171:Idées
1153:JSTOR
552:The “
3311:1944
3306:1943
3301:1942
3296:1941
3291:1940
3185:Film
2931:1942
2916:1941
2874:1940
2768:Navy
2606:Gurs
2535:Lyon
2492:UGIF
2448:Laws
2348:Chad
1344:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1145:ISSN
1057:and
982:and
836:and
505:The
497:The
319:and
224:The
200:and
121:Jews
37:The
2626:Noé
1285:, "
1137:doi
934:’s
844:'s
710:at
702:or
672:'s
662:'s
652:'s
642:'s
429:of
3335::
1318:,
1261:^
1245:.
1237:.
1221:^
1203:34
1197:.
1181:^
1172:,
1151:.
1143:.
1131:.
1080:,
978:,
974:,
912:.
797:,
793:,
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731:,
706:,
698:,
571:or
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1255:.
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388:“
385:.
254:.
244:.
43:(
23:.
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