Vichy France - Knowledge

2945: 5241: 4229: 6018: 5467:

regeneration and used propaganda, women's organisations and legislation to promote maternity; patriotic duty and female submission to marriage, home and children's education. The falling birth rate appeared to be a grave problem to Vichy, which introduced family allowances and opposed birth control and abortion. Conditions were very difficult for housewives, as food was short as well as most necessities. Mother's Day became a major date in the Vichy calendar, with festivities in the towns and schools featuring the award of medals to mothers of numerous children. Divorce laws were made much more stringent, and restrictions were placed on the employment of married women. Family allowances, which had begun in the 1930s, were continued and became a vital lifeline for many families as a monthly cash bonus for having more children. In 1942, the birth rate started to rise, and

3975: 867: 3657:

Nouailhetas to use the port and railway. The suggestion was accepted by the British government but because of the concessions granted to the Vichy regime in Syria, proposals were made to invade the colony instead. In June, Nouailhetas was given an ultimatum, the blockade was tightened and the Italian garrison at Assab was defeated by an operation from Aden. For six months, Nouailhetas remained willing to grant concessions over the port and railway but would not tolerate Free French interference. In October, the blockade was reviewed, but the beginning of the war against Japan in December led to all but two blockade ships being withdrawn. On 2 January 1942, the Vichy government offered the use of the port and railway, subject to the lifting of the blockade but the British refused and ended the blockade unilaterally in March.

2519: 2386: 4221: 4980: 2276:

Joan's example literally, saying: "Some of the most notable heroes in our history have been women. But nevertheless, girls should preferably exercise the virtues of patience, persistence and resignation. They are destined to tend to the running of the household ... It is in love that our future mothers will find the strength to practise those virtues which best befit their sex and their condition". Exemplifying Vichy propaganda's synthesis of Joan the warrior and Joan the dutiful woman, Anne-Marie Hussenot, speaking at the school at Uriage, stated: "a woman should remember that, in the case of Joan of Arc, or other illustrious women throughout the exceptional mission that was confided to them, they first of all performed humbly and simply their woman's role".

5494: 2429: 4741: 1804: 1788: 173: 5364: 745: 704: 5140: 3067: 2124: 763: 3154: 2657: 6112:

Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession. The 1940 invasion prompted the Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population, a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Germans or volunteering to fight alongside them. The Walloon population, in turn, led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of

19655: 5509:) on 8 November 1942. Following the conclusion of the operation on 12 November, Vichy's remaining military forces were disbanded. Vichy continued to exercise its remaining jurisdiction over almost all of metropolitan France, with the residual power devolved into the hands of Laval, until the gradual collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944. On 7 September 1944, following the Allied invasion of France, the remainders of the Vichy government cabinet fled to Germany and established a 295: 5389: 5688: 5795:. In as much as blanket rescission of all acts taken by Vichy, including measures that might have been taken by a legitimate republican government, was deemed impractical, the order provided that acts not expressly noted as nullified in the order were to continue to receive "provisional application". Many acts were explicitly repealed, including all acts that Vichy had called "constitutional acts", all acts that discriminated against Jews, all acts related to so-called "secret societies" (such as 36: 5185:, where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942. "France, on that day , committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners," he said. Those responsible for the roundup were "450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state". 3602: 5680: 3791: 255: 3404:, the local administrator and bishop sided with Vichy but faced opposition from some of the population and clergy; their attempts at naming a local king in 1941 to buffer the territory from their opponents backfired as the newly elected king refused to declare allegiance to Pétain. The situation stagnated for a long while due to the remoteness of the islands and because no overseas ship visited the islands for 17 months after January 1941. An 159: 6271: 5836: 4760: 4523: 1715: 5405:

economy was not a success, as German demands grew heavier and more unrealistic, passive resistance and inefficiencies multiplied and Allied bombers hit the rail yards. Vichy made the first comprehensive long-range plans for the French economy, but the government had never attempted a comprehensive overview. De Gaulle's provisional government in 1944–45 quietly used the Vichy plans as a base for its own reconstruction program. The

2005:

debated the circumstances of the vote by the National Assembly of the Third Republic granting full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940. The main arguments advanced against Vichy's right to incarnate the continuity of the French state were based on the pressure exerted by Pierre Laval, a former prime minister in the Third Republic, on the deputies in Vichy and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship

6286: 1401: 2671: 805: 787: 686: 2468: 5601: 2812: 4415:

departments. The Vichy Minister of Interior wrote in 1942; "I am advised that the Travailleurs Étrangers...continue to be mobilization centres on behalf of the revolution. The responsible leaders of the communist activities have been recruiting among the Spanish Republicans...who, during the civil war in their own country, showed that they are capable of furnishing the core of an insurrectionary army".

1416: 2244:("deep France", denoting profoundly French aspects of French culture) still existed, and that the French people needed to return to what Pétain insisted was their true identity. Alongside this claim for a moral revolution was Pétain's call for France to turn inwards and to withdraw from the world, which Pétain always portrayed as a hostile and threatening place full of endless dangers for the French. 2483:

remaining two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain. Ostensibly, the Vichy French government administered the whole of France (excluding Alsace-Lorraine), including Overseas Vichy France-North Africa.

4609:), using connections to the Pétain cabinet. Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities", the Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent". The Foundation also had for some time as general secretary 4882:, encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons, unaware of the upcoming danger and assisted by the police, presented themselves at police stations in accordance with the military order. The registered information was then centralised by the French police, who constructed, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the 5427:. Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings and crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasant conditions of poor housing, inadequate heating, limited food, and poor medical care, all compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. The workers finally returned home in the summer of 1945. The forced labour draft encouraged the French Resistance and undermined the Vichy government. 8935:

titre originaire ; la loi du 22 juillet 1940 établit un processus de révision des naturalisations acquises depuis 1927 ; enfin, la loi du 16 août 1940 réorganise la profession médicale et stipule que « nul ne peut exercer la profession de médecin en France s'il ne possède la nationalité française à titre originaire comme étant né de père français ».

2339:" and the relentless "eternal enemy" of France whose ruthlessness knew no bounds. Joan of Arc, who had fought against England, was made into the symbol of France partly for that reason. The chief themes of Vichy Anglophobia were British "selfishness" in using and then abandoning France after instigating wars, British "treachery" and British plans to take over 2034:'s attempts in London to dissuade them; only the German occupation of all of France in November 1942 ended diplomatic recognition. Supporters of Vichy point out that the grant of governmental powers was voted by a joint session of both chambers of the Third Republic Parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies) in keeping with the constitutional law. 1615:. In October 1940, during meeting with Adolf Hitler in Montoire sur le Loire, Petain officially announced the policy of collaboration with Germany while maintaining overall neutrality in the war, believing that improving relations with Germany would have been the only viable option to save France and preserve for it a dignified place within the context of 2454:

French territory, particularly as Hitler turned his attention toward Britain, which did not surrender and fought on against Germany. Finally, as Germany lacked a navy sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the British the use of those territories was to maintain France's status as a

2757:

Blum, who voted no, wrote three months later that Laval's "obvious objective was to cut all the roots that bound France to its republican and revolutionary past. His 'national revolution' was to be a counter-revolution eliminating all the progress and human rights won in the last one hundred and fifty years". The minority of mostly

2324:, which was said to have destroyed French society and to have brought about the defeat of 1940. Such a harsh critique of French society could generate only so much support, and as such Vichy blamed French problems on various "enemies" of France, the chief of which was Britain, the "eternal enemy" that had supposedly conspired via 9821: 5101:, less than half of them with French citizenship (the others being foreign, mostly exiles from Germany during the 1930s). About 200,000 of them, and the large majority of foreign Jews, resided in Paris and its outskirts. Among the 150,000 French Jews, about 30,000, generally native from Central Europe, had been 1636:) on young Frenchmen. The Vichy government tried to negotiate with Germany for the early release of the French prisoners of war. French soldiers were kept hostage to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food, and supplies to Germany. French police were ordered to 226: 5113:, this would have made for a total figure of 90,000 Jewish deaths (a quarter of the total Jewish population before the war, by his estimate). Paxton's numbers imply that 14,000 Jews died in French concentration camps, but the systematic census of Jewish deportees from France (citizens or not) drawn under 230: 1844:(French State). Because of its unique situation in the history of France, its contested legitimacy and the generic nature of its official name, the "French State" is most often represented in English by the synonyms "Vichy France"; "Vichy regime"; "government of Vichy"; or, in context, simply "Vichy". 229: 228: 7962:

L'Assemblée Nationale donne les plein pouvoirs au gouvernement de la République, sous l'autorité et la signature du maréchal Pétain, à l'effet de promulguer par un ou plusieurs actes une nouvelle Constitution de l'État français. Cette Constitution doit garantir les droits du travail, de la famille et

6111:

Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbour Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands, but the situation in

5445:

and hostility to state management of the food supply. The Germans seized about 20% of the French food production, causing severe disruption to the French household economy. French farm production fell by half because of lack of fuel, fertiliser and workers. Even so, the Germans seized half the meat,

5409:

of 1946 reaped the heritage of previous efforts at planning in the 1930s, Vichy, the Resistance, and the Provisional Government. Monnet's plan to modernise the economy was designed to improve the country's competitive position so as to prepare it for participation in an open multilateral system and,

5125:

Proportionally, either number makes for a lower death toll than in some other countries (in the Netherlands, 75% of the Jewish population was murdered). This fact has been used as arguments by supporters of Vichy; according to Paxton, the figure would have been greatly lower if the "French state" had

5029:

and shipped by rail to Auschwitz. Most of the victims died en route due to lack of food or water. The remaining survivors were sent to the gas chambers. This action alone represented more than a quarter of the 42,000 French Jews sent to concentration camps in 1942, of whom only 811 would return after

4414:

Suspicions had been raised among prefects and police officials by the Vichy Minister of Interior as to the intentions of the men working within the camps. Many were suspected of retaining ties to anti-fascist groups as well as the burgeoning maquis and resistance groups, in particular in the southern

2482:

As per the terms of the Franco-German armistice of June 22, 1940, Nazi Germany effectively annexed the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine while the German army occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the

5462:

The two million French soldiers held as prisoners-of-war and forced labourers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat, but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high. The government provided a modest allowance, but one in ten became prostitutes to support

5449:

Some people, including German soldiers, benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers especially diverted meat to the black market and so there was much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from

5418:

Nazi Germany kept French prisoners-of-war as forced labourers throughout the war. They added compulsory and volunteer workers from occupied nations, especially in metal factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government to pass a law in September 1942 that effectively deported workers to

5396:

Vichy rhetoric exalted the skilled labourer and small businessman. In practice, the needs of artisans for raw materials were neglected in favour of big businesses. The General Committee for the Organization of Commerce (CGOC) was a national program to modernise and professionalise small business. In

5196:

and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this," Macron insisted, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German" was directly involved," he added. Macron was even more specific than Chirac had been in stating that the Government during the War

5130:

of July 1942, Laval ordered the deportation of children, against explicit German orders. Paxton pointed out that if the total number of victims had not been higher, it was due to the shortage in wagons, the resistance of the civilian population, and deportation in other countries (notably in Italy).

2806:

The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshal Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new constitution of the French state. This constitution must guarantee the rights of labour, of family and of the

2794:

Out of a total of 544 Deputies, only 414 voted; and out of a total of 302 senators, only 235 voted. Of these, 357 deputies voted in favour of Pétain and 57 against, while 212 senators voted for Pétain, and 23 against. Thus, Pétain was approved by 65% of all deputies and 70% of all senators. Although

2756:

Most legislators believed that democracy would continue, albeit with a new constitution. Although Laval said on 6 July that "parliamentary democracy has lost the war; it must disappear, ceding its place to an authoritarian, hierarchical, national and social regime", the majority trusted Pétain. Léon

2637:

The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. The French regarded this as a "dishonourable" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany

2275:

declared "the Voices did speak!" in contrast with republican school texts, which had strongly implied Joan was mentally ill. Vichy instructors sometimes struggled to square Joan's military heroism with the classical virtues of womanhood, with one school textbook insisting that girls ought not follow

5446:

20% of the produce and 2% of the champagne. Supply problems quickly affected French stores, which lacked most items. The government answered by rationing, but German officials set the policies, and hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops.

5375:

Labour unions came under tight government control. There were no elections. The independence of women was reversed, with an emphasis put on motherhood. Government agencies had to fire married women employees. Conservative Catholics became prominent. Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art

3169:

made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and from outside supplies. After negotiations with Japan, the French allowed the Japanese to set up military bases in Indochina. That seemingly-subservient behaviour convinced Major-General

2559:

was fixed at 60,000 men plus an anti-aircraft force of 10,000 men. Despite the influx of trained soldiers from the colonial forces (reduced in size in accordance with the armistice), there was a shortage of volunteers. As a result, 30,000 men of the class of 1939 were retained to fill the quota. In

2471:

The map clearly shows the division of France as per all the historical realities of the era: Nazi Germany effectively annexed Alsace Lorraine and occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the remaining

2291:

were all Anglophobes. As early as February 1936, Pétain had told the Italian Ambassador to France that "England has always been France's most implacable enemy" and went on to say that France had "two hereditary enemies", namely Germany and Britain, with the latter being easily the more dangerous of

2004:

appointed prime minister by President Lebrun on 16 June 1940 and he was legally within his rights to sign the armistice with Germany; however, his decision to ask the National Assembly to dissolve itself while granting him dictatorial powers has been more controversial. Historians have particularly

1931:

never annexed the region. The Reich government at the time was not interested in attempting to enforce piecemeal annexations in the West although it later annexed Luxembourg; it operated under the assumption that Germany's new western border would be determined in peace negotiations, which would be

6728:

Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic.

6247:

Though it is certain that the Vichy government and many of its top administration collaborated in the implementation of the Holocaust, the exact level of such co-operation is still debated. Compared with the Jewish communities established in other countries invaded by Germany, French Jews suffered

5790:

The provisional government considered the Vichy government to have been unconstitutional and all of its actions therefore without legitimate authority. All "constitutional acts, legislative or regulatory" taken by the Vichy government, as well as decrees taken to implement them, were declared null

5453:

Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1013 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by

5371:

Vichy authorities strongly opposed "modern" social trends and tried "national regeneration" to restore behaviour more in line with traditional Catholicism. Philip Manow argued that, "Vichy represents the authoritarian, antidemocratic solution that the French political right, in coalition with the

5161:

instituted a new French State during the war and that the Republic had been reestablished when the war was over. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events that happened while it had not existed and that had been carried out by a State it did not recognise. For example, former

4654:

demographics institute, employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944. "The foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health. It was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million

4058:

to gain the support of the civilian population. On 30 October 1940, Pétain made state collaboration official, declaring on the radio: "I enter today on the path of collaboration." On 22 June 1942, Laval declared that he was "hoping for the victory of Germany". The sincere desire to collaborate did

2854:

Pétain was a reactionary by nature and education, despite his status as a hero of the Third Republic during World War I. Almost as soon as he was granted full powers, Pétain began blaming the Third Republic's democracy and endemic corruption for France's humiliating defeat by Germany. Accordingly,

2497:

Germany took two million French soldiers as prisoners-of-war and sent them to camps in Germany. About a third had been released on various terms by 1944. Of the remainder, the officers and NCOs (corporals and sergeants) were kept in camps but were exempt from forced labour. The privates were first

2420:

While the debate continued, the government was forced to relocate several times to avoid capture by advancing German forces and finally reached Bordeaux. Communications were poor and thousands of civilian refugees clogged the roads. In those chaotic conditions, advocates of an armistice gained the

5404:

In 1940, the government took direct control of all production, which was synchronised with German demands. It replaced free trade unions with compulsory state unions that dictated labour policy without regard to the voice or needs of the workers. The centralised bureaucratic control of the French

4956:

Along with many French police officials, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of Drancy internment camp in 1941, which was used largely by French police as the central transit camp for detainees captured in France. All Jews and others "undesirables" passed through Drancy before

2563:

The Vichy French Metropolitan Army was deprived of tanks and other armoured vehicles and was desperately short of motorised transport, a particular problem for cavalry units. Surviving recruiting posters stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship, reflecting both the

231: 8934:

Dès juillet 1940, paraissent donc de nouveaux textes qui vont constituer un arsenal législatif antijuif visant en particulier les médecins juifs : la loi du 17 juillet 1940 stipule que, désormais, pour être employé par une administration publique, il faut posséder la nationalité française à

6225:

Historiographical debates are still passionate and oppose different views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy's collaborationism with Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Three main periods have been distinguished in the historiography of Vichy. Firstly, the Gaullist period aimed at

5466:

Meanwhile, the Vichy regime promoted a highly-traditional model of female roles. The National Revolution's official ideology fostered the patriarchal family, headed by a man with a subservient wife, who was devoted to her many children. It gave women a key symbolic role to carry out the national

3716:

The additional participation of Free French forces in the Syrian operation was controversial within Allied circles. It raised the prospect of Frenchmen shooting at Frenchmen, raising fears of a civil war. Additionally it was believed that the Free French were widely reviled within Vichy military

2984:

hoped to use American influence to encourage elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. Washington also hoped to encourage Vichy to resist German war demands, such as for air bases in French-mandated Syria or moving war supplies through French territories in

2453:

had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from North Africa and that the French Navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering

1932:

attended by all of the Western Allies and thus producing a frontier that would be recognised by all of the major powers. Since Hitler's overall territorial ambitions were not limited to recovering Alsace-Lorraine, and Britain was never brought to terms, those peace negotiations never took place.

1775:. As the last French prime minister he blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany, rather than military weakness. He set up an authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, despite Vichy's official neutrality. The Vichy government co-operated with 5707:

was selected by the Germans to establish a pseudo-government in exile at Sigmaringen. Pétain refused to participate further and the Sigmaringen operation had little to no authority. The offices used the official title "French Government Commission for the Defense of National Interests" (French:

3656:

Wavell considered that if British pressure was applied, a rally would appear to have been coerced. Wavell preferred to let the propaganda continue and provided a small amount of supplies under strict control. When the policy had no effect, Wavell suggested negotiations with Vichy governor Louis

5117:

concluded that 3,000 had died in French concentration camps and 1,000 more had been shot. Of the approximately 76,000 deported, 2,566 survived. The total thus reported is slightly below 77,500 dead (somewhat less than a quarter of the Jewish population in France in 1940). Over half of the Jews

4134:

used their position to push various state, administrative, and economic reforms. These reforms have been cited as evidence of a continuity of the French administration before and after the war. Many of these civil servants and the reforms they advocated were retained after the war. Just as the

2025:

wrote, "There seems little doubt... that at the beginning Vichy was both legal and legitimate". He stated that if legitimacy comes from popular support, Pétain's massive popularity in France until 1942 made his government legitimate, and if legitimacy comes from diplomatic recognition, over 40

4705:

The conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to ensure order. Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their

2030:'s Free French acknowledged the weakness of its case against Vichy's legality by citing multiple dates (16 June, 23 June and 10 July) for the start of Vichy's illegitimate rule, implying that at least for some time, Vichy was still legitimate. Countries recognised the Vichy government despite 5474:

On the other side, women of the Resistance, many of whom were associated with combat groups linked to the French Communist Party, broke the gender barrier by fighting side by side with men. After the war, this was considered to have been a mistake, but France did give women the vote in 1944.

3617:, had a garrison of seven battalions of Senegalese and Somali infantry, three batteries of field guns, four batteries of anti-aircraft guns, a company of light tanks, four companies of militia and irregulars, two platoons of the camel corps and an assortment of aircraft. After visiting from 3019:

of the combined Allied command made Darlan sign on 22 November 1942 a treaty putting "North Africa at the disposition of the Americans" and making France "a vassal country". Washington then imagined, between 1941 and 1942, a protectorate status for France, which would be submitted after the

5759:

ordered his forces to take Sigmaringen. The end came within days, and by the 26th, Pétain was in the hands of French authorities in Switzerland while Laval had fled to Spain. Brinon, Luchaire, and Darnand were captured, tried, and executed by 1947. Other members escaped to Italy or Spain.

4380:

national) could also be interned in Camp Gurs and others. As the Wehrmacht advanced into Northern France, common prisoners evacuated from prisons were also interned in these camps. Camp Gurs received its first contingent of political prisoners in June 1940. It included left-wing activists

3253:, declared that the French colonies in India would continue to fight with the British allies. Free French forces from that area and others participated in the Western Desert campaign, although news of the death of French-Indian soldiers caused some disturbances in Pondicherry. The French 9818: 1651:

Most of the French public initially supported the regime, but opinion turned against the Vichy government and the occupying German forces as the war dragged on and living conditions in France worsened. Open opposition intensified as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. The

5751:

The Commission lasted for seven months, surviving Allied bombing runs, poor nutrition and housing, and a bitterly cold winter where temperatures plunged to −30 °C (−22 °F), while residents nervously watched the advancing Allied troops drawing closer and discussed rumours.

4886:, "this filing system is subdivided into files alphabetically classed, Jewish with French nationality and foreign Jewish having files of different colours, and the files were also classed, according to profession, nationality and street ". These files were then handed over to 2913:

There were five governments during the tenure of the Vichy regime, starting with the continuation of Pétain's position from the Third Republic, which dissolved itself and handed him full powers, leaving Pétain in absolute control of the new, "French State" as Pétain named it.

4054:) interview in Hitler's train on 24 October 1940, during which Pétain and Hitler shook hands and agreed on co-operation between the two states. Organised by Pierre Laval, a strong proponent of collaboration, the interview and the handshake were photographed and exploited by 3782:

initiated co-operation with the Allies, who recognised Darlan's self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (head of civil government) for North and West Africa. He ordered Vichy forces there to cease resisting and to co-operate with the Allies, and they did so. When the

2458:

independent and neutral nation and to send a message to Britain that it was alone, with France appearing to switch sides and the United States remaining neutral. However, German espionage against France after its defeat intensified greatly, particularly in southern France.

2190:(French for the English word "I"), portrayed himself as a Christ-like figure sacrificing himself for France and assuming a God-like tone of a semi-omniscient narrator who knew truths about the world that the rest of the French did not. To justify the Vichy ideology of the 6119:

The proportion of collaborators was also higher in Norway, and collaboration occurred on a larger scale in the Netherlands (as in Flanders), based partly on linguistic and cultural commonality with Germany. The internments in Norway and the Netherlands, meanwhile, were

5892:, Fresnes prison or the Drancy internment camp. Women who were suspected of having romantic liaisons with Germans or more often of being prostitutes who had entertained German customers were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. Those who had engaged in the 5372:

national Church hierarchy, had sought repeatedly during the interwar period and almost put in place in 1934". Calling for "National Regeneration", Vichy reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy, with central planning as a key feature.

3178:, that Vichy France would not seriously resist a campaign by the Thai military to recover parts of Cambodia and Laos that had been taken from Thailand by France in the early 20th century. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with 2425:, who headed the French armistice delegation, was told to break off negotiations if the Germans demanded the occupation of all of Metropolitan France, the French fleet, or any of the French overseas territories. The Germans did not, however, make any of those demands. 2749:, to grant full and extraordinary powers to Pétain. By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new constitution. By Act No. 2 on the following day, Pétain defined his own powers and abrogated any Third Republic laws that were in conflict with them. ( 2369:

to portray the British as a racially degenerate "mixed race" working for Jewish capitalists, in contrast to the "racially pure" peoples on the continent of Europe who were building a "New Order". In an interview conducted by Béraud with Admiral Darlan published in

3190:

over the Thais, Japan forced the French to accept Japanese mediation of a peace treaty, which returned the disputed territory to Thai control. The French were left in place to administer the rump colony of Indochina until 9 March 1945, when the Japanese staged a

2268:

by René Jeanneret was required reading, and the anniversary of Joan's death became an occasion for school speeches commemorating her martyrdom. Joan's encounter with angelic voices, according to Catholic tradition, were presented as literal history. The textbook

2408:

on 10 May 1940. Within days, it became clear that French military forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent. Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the débâcle, debated how to proceed. Many officials, including Prime Minister

4952:

The police oversaw the confiscation of telephones and radios from Jewish homes and enforced a curfew on Jews starting in February 1942. They also enforced requirements that Jews not appear in public places and ride only on the last car of the Parisian metro.

3854:

Henri Giraud arrived in Algiers on 10 November 1942 and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the French Africa army commander. Even though Darlan was now in the Allied camp, he maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including

3074:

The British feared that the French naval fleet could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining North Atlantic shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the

3439:

in 1941 to enable private trans-Atlantic communications was blocked after pressure by Roosevelt. On 24 December 1941 Free French forces on three corvettes, supported by a submarine landed and seized control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on orders from

2498:

sent to "Stalag" camps for processing and were then put to work. About half of them worked in German agriculture, where food rations were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.

4706:

savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts.

3450:, on the northern coast of South America, removed its Vichy-supporting government on 22 March 1943, shortly after eight allied ships had been sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Guiana, and the arrival of American troops by air on 20 March. 3085:, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into German hands but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach by sending it to Britain or to far-away French colonies such as in the West Indies. That did not satisfy 1956:

and pointedly the customs posts separating France from Germany were placed back where they had been between 1871 and 1918. Similarly, a sliver of French territory in the Alps was under direct Italian administration from June 1940 to September 1943.

9767: 4696:

The German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be

3843:, who refused to recognise Darlan's status. After Darlan signed an armistice with the Allies and took power in North Africa, Germany violated the 1940 armistice with France and invaded Vichy France on 10 November 1942 in the operation code-named 2564:

general emphasis placed by the Vichy government on rural virtues and outdoor activities and the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as

9970: 5811:

The Provisional Government also took steps to replace local governments, including governments that had been suppressed by the Vichy regime through new elections or by extending the terms of those who had been elected not later than 1939.

4240:

Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice, as long as public order was maintained. As soon as it was established, Pétain's government voluntarily took measures against "undesirables":

3770:), started on 8 November 1942, with landings in Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian forces from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean and prepare for an invasion of Italy in 1943. The 2421:

upper hand. The Cabinet agreed on a proposal to seek armistice terms from Germany with the understanding that if Germany set forth dishonourable or excessively-harsh terms, France would retain the option to continue to fight. General

9438:

French: « ce fichier se subdivise en fichier simplement alphabétique, les Juifs de nationalité française et étrangère ayant respectivement des fiches de couleur différentes, et des fichiers professionnels par nationalité et par

4634:

and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance. Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health, the Foundation also supported an 11 October 1946 law instituting

2883:), composed of notables from the countryside and the provinces, was instituted under the same conditions. Despite the clear authoritarian cast of Pétain's government, he did not formally institute a one-party state, maintained the 225: 4505:

Vichy also enacted racial laws in its territories in North Africa. "The history of the Holocaust in France's three North African colonies (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) is intrinsically tied to France's fate during this period."

15123: 2730:

to Pétain. They used every means available, such as promising ministerial posts to some and threatening and intimidating others. They were aided by the absence of popular, charismatic figures who might have opposed them, such as

2472:

two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain.

4041:

Historians distinguish between state collaboration followed by the Vichy regime, and "collaborationists", who were private French citizens eager to collaborate with Germany and who pushed towards a radicalisation of the regime.

1590:

At Vichy, Pétain established an authoritarian government that reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy. Conservative Catholics became prominent. The media were tightly controlled and promoted

1939:, replacing that region's inhabitants with German settlers, and initially forbade French refugees from returning to the region, but the restrictions were never thoroughly enforced and were basically abandoned following the 15721: 2413:, wanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa and to continue the war with the French Navy and colonial resources. Others, particularly Vice-Premier Philippe Pétain and Commander-in-Chief General 227: 16287: 4194:(GMR, Reserve Mobile Groups), is another example of Vichy policy reform and restructuring maintained by subsequent governments. A national paramilitary police force, the GMR was occasionally used in actions against the 3412:

took over Wallis on behalf of the Free French on 27 May 1942 and Futuna on 29 May 1942. That allowed American forces to build an airbase and seaplane base on Wallis (Navy 207) that served the Allied Pacific operations.

3894:

to counsel Giraud and to press him to repeal the Vichy laws. After difficult negotiations, Giraud agreed to suppress the racist laws and to liberate Vichy prisoners from the southern Algerian concentration camps. The

6029:

commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. In the police, some collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. This continuity of the administration was pointed out, in particular concerning the events of the

2591:

after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. By contrast, the Milice continued to collaborate, and its members were subject to reprisals after the

13194: 13154: 13221: 13080: 13826: 3649:. The British changed policy, with encouragement from the Free French, to "rally French Somaliland to the Allied cause without bloodshed". The Free French were to arrange a "voluntary ralliement" by propaganda ( 3555:

in response to the attack on Dakar. Shaken by the resolute Vichy defence and not wanting to further escalate the conflict, British and Free French forces withdrew on 25 September, bringing the battle to an end.

8170: 15726: 2550:

The exact strength of the Vichy French Metropolitan Army was set at 3,768 officers, 15,072 non-commissioned officers, and 75,360 men. All members had to be volunteers. In addition to the army, the size of the

1571:. By mid-June, the military situation of the French was dire, and it was apparent that it would lose the battle for Metropolitan France. The French government began to discuss the possibility of an armistice. 2560:

early 1942 those conscripts were released, but there were still not enough men. That shortage remained until the regime's dissolution, despite Vichy appeals to the Germans for a regular form of conscription.

15751: 866: 13375: 3633:

in June, the neutralisation of Vichy French colonies allowed the Italians to concentrate on the more lightly defended British Somaliland. On 23 July, Legentilhomme was ousted by the pro-Vichy naval officer

15116: 13631: 4084:

movement, judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise", and many people of his persuasion believed it preferable to have an authoritarian government similar to that of

3867:. Numerous Jewish children were prohibited from going to school, which even Vichy had not implemented in Metropolitan France. Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist 13189: 9749: 4407:" (National Revolution), the French administration opened up many concentration camps, to the point that, as historian Maurice Rajsfus writes, "The quick opening of new camps created employment, and the 2376:

newspaper in 1941, Darlan was quoted as saying that if the "New Order" failed in Europe, it would mean "here in France, the return to power of the Jews and Freemasons subservient to Anglo-Saxon policy".

8223: 2119:

rejects the idea that Vichy France was fascist, noting that "Pétain refused to create a single party state, avoided getting France involved in a new war, hated modernization, and supported the Church".

15756: 15736: 6052:

who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms. Some of them were given the option of doing time in

2599:

Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the terms of the armistice, but in the Mediterranean area alone, Vichy still had nearly 150,000 men under arms. There were about 55,000 in

9952: 3471:

facilities from the Americans on the basis that it could be "acquired" at any time if needed. In July 1943, Free French sympathisers on the island took control of the gold and the fleet once Admiral

1965:, who coordinated raids with the Nazis. German laws took precedence over French laws in the occupied territories, and the Germans often rode roughshod over the sensibilities of Vichy administrators. 4917:

of French Jewish citizens. The law excluded Jews from the administration, the armed forces, entertainment, arts, media, and certain professions, such as teaching, law, and medicine. The next day, a

13204: 2439:

Prime Minister Reynaud favoured continuing the war but was soon outvoted by those who advocated an armistice. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President

15109: 13654: 6833: 5197:

was certainly that of France. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."

13351: 15761: 1992:

Vichy's claim to be the legitimate French government was denied by Free France and by all subsequent French governments after the war. They maintain that Vichy was an illegal government run by

13301: 9330: 6821:

Simultaneously, the French delegates at Wiesbaden were working to reach endurable levels of occupation costs, the early release of prisoners of war, and the return of the government to Paris.

6124:

and rather indiscriminate: there was a brief internment peak in these countries since internment was used partly for the purpose of separating collaborationists from others. Norway ended up

5540:, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. Darlan was neutralised within 15 hours by a 400-strong French resistance force. Roosevelt and Churchill accepted Darlan, rather than 5520:

Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and other leaders. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General

3371:, where he took control on 19 September. Its location on the edge of the Coral Sea and on the flank of Australia made New Caledonia become strategically critical in the effort to combat the 2964:, as well as the United States and the Soviet Union. During the war, Vichy France conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents and was an example of 15839: 15716: 14422: 1529: 730: 709: 13335: 10140:

Philip Manow, "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime". Journal of European Social Policy 25.1 (2015): 32–49.

9890: 2447:

was signed on 22 June 1940. A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided.

2262:

also fit well with Vichy's traditionalist message. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore. Under the Vichy regime, the school textbook

15746: 5398: 5200:

Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."

2819:

The Constitutional Acts of 11 and 12 July 1940 granted to Pétain all powers (legislative, judicial, administrative, executive and diplomatic) and the title of "head of the French state" (

2985:

North Africa. The US position was essentially that unless explicitly required by the armistice terms, France should take no action that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war.

1622:

The Vichy government believed that with its policy of collaboration, it could have extracted significant concessions from Germany and avoid harsh terms in the peace treaty. Germany kept

8278: 12273:. (Comparative study of anti-Jewish policy implemented by the government in Nazi-Germany, by German occupational forces in France and by the semi-autonomic French government in Vichy) 3547:

was heavily damaged by torpedoes, and Free French troops landing at a beach south of the port were driven off by heavy fire. Even worse from a strategic point of view, bombers of the

6731:

Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';...

5223: 4116: 11384:

Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941

5060:

near Aix-en-Provence before arriving at Drancy. Then, on 22, 23, and 24 January 1943, assisted by Bousquet's police force, the Germans organised a raid in Marseilles. During the

3625:

decided that Legentilhomme would command the military forces in both Somalilands in case of war against Italy. In June, an Italian force was assembled to capture the port city of

13287: 4271:'s conception of the "Anti-France" (which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons, and foreigners"), Vichy persecuted these supposed enemies. 4046:, on the other hand, were direct supporters of Marshal Pétain rather than of Germany (although they accepted Pétain's state collaboration). State collaboration was sealed by the 2355:

in September 1940. Typical of Vichy anti-British propaganda was the widely distributed pamphlet published in August 1940 and written by self-proclaimed "professional Anglophobe"

6967:(literally 'in spite of us' or 'against our wishes') was the name given to those inhabitants of the Alsace-Lorraine region forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS. 4646:

The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls (

14028: 2891:. Pétain excluded fascists from office in his government, and by and large, his cabinet comprised "February 6 men" (members of the "National Union government" formed after the 16247: 16066: 15971: 12829: 10798: 6705: 5544:, as the French leader in North Africa. De Gaulle had not even been informed of the landing in North Africa. The United States also resented the Free French taking control of 4198:, but its main purpose was to enforce Vichy authority through intimidation and repression of the civilian population. After Liberation, some of its units were merged with the 11046: 6125: 5450:

farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes became common although those activities were strictly forbidden and thus carried the risk of confiscation and fines.

2745:

on their way to North Africa and exile. On 10 July the National Assembly, comprising both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, voted by 569 votes to 80, with 20 voluntary

4422:, and Romani. Social undesirables such as homosexuals, and prostitutes were also interned. Vichy opened its first internment camp in the northern zone on 5 October 1940, in 13315: 10938: 10829: 4655:

francs, roughly one franc per inhabitant: a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by the German Occupation on the nation's resources. By way of comparison, the whole

4103: 2417:, insisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people; they called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. 14276: 6244:, a civil servant in Bordeaux who had been in charge of "Jewish affairs" during the war and was convicted after a very long trial (1981–1998) for crimes against humanity. 5034:) had directed the action, French police authorities vigorously participated. "There was no effective police resistance until the end of Spring of 1944", wrote historians 4264: 3890:. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander-in-chief, who was more qualified militarily. Later, the Americans sent 3292:'s agreement, organised "Operation Bobcat" to send nine ships with 5000 American soldiers to build a naval refuelling base and airstrip and set up coastal defence guns on 3467:

in June 1940. The island was blockaded by the British navy until an agreement was reached to immobilise French ships in port. The British used the gold as collateral for

18226: 12251: 11149: 4874:

of Paris, a filing system registering Jewish people was created. Tulard had previously created such a filing system under the Third Republic, registering members of the

3922:, which unified the Free French Forces and territories controlled by them and had been founded in late 1943. Democratic rule for the European population was restored in 3257:

joined the Free French in 1940 or in one case in 1942. They later served as bases for the Allied effort in the Pacific and contributed troops to the Free French Forces.

17971: 9726: 8122: 7034: 4282:. Between June 1940 and August 1944, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalised. This bureaucratic decision was instrumental in their subsequent internment in the 17572: 13877: 13664: 9929: 8167: 3990: 13855: 13280: 11929: 2306:, Vichy needed to portray the French declaration of war on Germany as a hideous mistake and the French society under the Third Republic as degenerate and rotten. The 20437: 19577: 17588: 16262: 13294: 11244: 9454: 2847:("forced labor in perpetuity"). Reynaud was arrested in September 1940 by the Vichy government and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1941, before the opening of the 1847:

The territory under the control of the French State was based in the city of Vichy, in the unoccupied southern portion of Metropolitan France. This was south of the

11183: 9849: 2944: 2855:

his government soon began taking on authoritarian characteristics. Democratic liberties and guarantees were immediately suspended. The crime of "crime of opinion" (

20830: 16097: 15674: 15535: 15525: 15490: 14495: 13722: 12263:

Staaten als Täter. Ministerialbürokratie und 'Judenpolitik' in NS-Deutschland und Vichy-Frankreich. Ein Vergleich. Preface by Horst Möller and Georges-Henri Soutou

4617: 17915: 4479:, which was used to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) with the aim of obtaining a collection of undamaged skeletons for the use of Nazi professor 2587:(militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance. Members of the regular army could thus defect to the 20217: 17511: 17483: 16627: 14882: 13308: 5912:(GPRF, 1944–46) quickly reestablished order, and brought collaborationists before the courts. Many convicted collaborationists were then given amnesty under the 4066:

who felt that France's unfortunate fate was a result of its republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s, in particular of the

2254:

as the national symbol of France under Vichy, as her status as one of France's best-loved heroines gave her widespread appeal, and the image of Joan as a devout

2227:

values – locked in sterile rivalry with its antithetical outgrowths, Socialism and Communism". Pétain argued that rescuing the French people from

9062: 3685:, intervened in the fighting in small numbers. That highlighted Syria as a threat to British interests in the Middle East. Consequently, on 8 June, British and 2015:, notably by the United States and several other major Allied powers. Diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom had been severed since 8 July 1940 after the 20860: 19556: 18235: 17922: 17049: 15829: 13831: 13689: 13329: 12488: 10079: 8227: 6634: 6104:, who estimated the number to be around 10,000, which is also the figure accepted today by mainstream historians. Approximately 9,000 of these 10,000 refer to 5326:

Collaborationists may have influenced the Vichy government's policies, but ultra-collaborationists never comprised the majority of the government before 1944.

4692:". In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Alexis Carrel had added a praise to the eugenics policies of the Third Reich, writing the following: 4620:", which required all couples seeking marriage to submit to a biological examination, to ensure the "good health" of the spouses, in particular with regard to 3645:

In March 1941, the British enforcement of a strict contraband regime to prevent supplies being passed on to the Italians, lost its point after the conquest of

11850: 9130: 5337: 2331:

No other nation was attacked as frequently and violently as Britain was in Vichy propaganda. In Pétain's radio speeches, Britain was always portrayed as the "

18538: 17901: 17203: 16828: 16132: 15515: 13344: 12804: 6461: 5732:

Germany and Japan, as well as an Italian consulate. The population of the enclave was about 6,000, including known collaborationist journalists, the writers

1943:, which had the effect of turning German territorial ambitions almost exclusively to the East. German troops guarding the boundary line of the northeastern 11136: 6708:[Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944]. 2651: 1679:

in April 1945. Pétain was put on trial for treason by the new Provisional Government, and sentenced to death, but this was commuted to life imprisonment by

832:

Although the French Republic's institutions were officially maintained, the word "Republic" never occurred in any official document of the Vichy government.

17544: 17490: 16676: 15520: 15510: 14594: 13979: 11782: 4372:

started with France's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939, these camps were used to intern enemy aliens. These included German Jews and

3725:

was forced to agree to a joint British and Free French proclamation promising that Syria and Lebanon would become fully independent at the end of the war.

12473: 11647:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 8970: 4155:(CNR), which gathered all Resistance movements under one unified political body, these reforms were a primary instrument in the establishment of post-war 20865: 18008: 17497: 17113: 15500: 15495: 5780: 5552:

believed, it interfered with a U.S.–Vichy agreement to maintain the status quo with respect to French territorial possessions in the western hemisphere.

3717:

circles and that Vichy forces in Syria were less likely to resist the British if they were not accompanied by elements of the Free French. Nevertheless,

3363:

promptly declared allegiance to the Free French on 20 July, the first colonial head to do so. The outcome was decided by a combination of patriotism and

3044: 3029: 2581:

The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving that role to the Vichy

2116: 1444: 9839:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)" 9254: 5177:

The first official admission that the French State had been complicit in the deportation of 76,000 Jews during WW II was made in 1995 by then President

4721: 294: 16523: 13605: 13266: 9347: 9121: 8341: 5035: 4918: 3021: 1603:. The terms of the armistice allowed some degree of independence, France was officially declared as neutral country, and the Vichy government kept the 12359: 9819:

Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)

9325: 8819: 17894: 17334: 17210: 16206: 15485: 15364: 15044: 14504: 13273: 13259: 13137: 13122: 12648: 9567: 6706:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944" 6582: 5441:

Civilians suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods. The rationing system was stringent and badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment,

4600: 4487: 4174: 3986: 3969: 3552: 3059:, Canada, despite being at war with the Axis since 1939, maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until early November 1942, when 2829:

as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto,

1509: 408: 5240: 2825:), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July, Pétain designated Laval as vice-president and his designated successor and appointed 17187: 16567: 16349: 16001: 14967: 14865: 12814: 10911: 6597: 5272:

to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany. Examples are the

3930: 3864: 3090: 10964: 6021:

Paris 1944: Women accused of collaboration with Nazis are paraded through the streets; they often had their hair cut off as a form of humiliation.

4228: 4000: 2365:("Should England Be Reduced to Slavery?"); the question in the title was merely rhetorical. Additionally, Vichy mixed Anglophobia with racism and 17624: 16936: 14870: 14853: 9874: 6587: 6260: 3249:. The colonies were small and non-contiguous but politically united. Immediately after the fall of France, the Governor General of French India, 2762: 1791:

Metropolitan/continental France under German occupation (Germans occupied the southern zone starting in November 1942 – Operation

13636: 12819: 9228: 9202: 9176: 9150: 4945: 4364:

was founded in 1939 for this use; it later became the central transit camp through which all deportees passed on their way to concentration and

3540:). After attempts to encourage them to join the Allies were rebuffed by the defenders, fierce fighting erupted between Vichy and Allied forces. 3051:

Moscow maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy government until 30 June 1941, when they were broken by Vichy expressing support for

1859:, which was "an integral part of Vichy", with antisemitic policies implemented in Vichy France also being implemented here. This was called the 20850: 17443: 16745: 14632: 13998: 12990: 12524: 6607: 6011: 5245: 5215: 4725: 3736:, which the British feared Japanese forces might use as a base to disrupt trade and communications in the Indian Ocean. The initial landing at 19449: 14085: 11495: 9392: 6089: 3089:, who ordered French ships in British ports to be seized by the Royal Navy. Shortly after the armistice (22 June 1940), Britain conducted the 20543: 20109: 18242: 18205: 18182: 17696: 16618: 16588: 15873: 15374: 14999: 14232: 13238: 12623: 12500: 8270: 6017: 5909: 5784: 5774: 5564: 4689: 4640: 3039: 2776:

and all postwar French governments have contended that this vote by the National Assembly was illegal. Three main arguments are put forward:

1665: 1267: 794: 17957: 6663:, Pétain never promulgated a new constitution. A draft was written in 1941 and signed by Pétain in 1944 but was never submitted or ratified. 4824: 4471:) for the detention of enemy aliens on French territory; in Alsace, which was under the direct administration of the Reich, they opened the 3567:, had to be occupied by military force between 27 October and 12 November 1940. On 8 November 1940, Free French forces under the command of 2799:, the dubious circumstances of the vote explain why most French historians do not consider Vichy a complete continuity of the French state. 421: 18335: 18191: 18175: 18147: 17388: 16595: 16344: 15049: 14979: 14488: 12598: 6121: 4729: 4658: 3280:, with outlying islands reporting agreement in the following days. The vote was 5564 to 18 in favour of joining the Free French. After the 3024:(AMGOT) like Germany. After the assassination of Darlan on 24 December 1942, the Americans turned again towards Giraud to whom had rallied 8432: 5380:

wrote that Vichy "is notorious for its enactment of anti-Semitic laws and decrees, and these were all loyally enforced by the judiciary".

4796: 4203: 20815: 20805: 19092: 18159: 18071: 18015: 17978: 17253: 14692: 14687: 13199: 12975: 11007: 7670: 7252: 7213: 11480:

Manow, Philip. "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime".

11366:

Kocher, Adam, Adria K. Lawrence and Nuno P. Monteiro. 2018. "Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation."

7775: 7104: 5505:

to occupy Corsica and then the rest of the unoccupied southern zone in immediate reaction to the landing of the Allies in North Africa (

5192:

denounced the country's role in the Holocaust in France and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for the 1942

2926:

was then head of government until April 1942, followed by Pierre Laval again until August 1944. The Vichy government fled into exile in

2444: 1611:

under French control, avoiding full occupation of the country by Germany. Despite heavy pressure, the Vichy government never joined the

18064: 16789: 14875: 14860: 12593: 9591: 8705: 8413: 7014: 3974: 3910:

in January 1943. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and

2972:

on 27 November 1942 to prevent its capture by the Axis. Washington at first granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral

5105:

French during the 1930s. Of the total, approximately 25,000 French Jews and 50,000 foreign Jews were deported. According to historian

20770: 20765: 19882: 19570: 18198: 16581: 16539: 15896: 15066: 14557: 14256: 12653: 7882: 4803: 3144: 1687:, although many had participated in the deportation of Jews, abuses of prisoners, and severe acts against members of the Resistance. 11030: 10794: 6713: 6088:

Executions without trials and other forms of "mob justice" were harshly criticised immediately after the war, with circles close to

5056:

The French police, headed by Bousquet, arrested 7,000 Jews in the southern zone in August 1942. 2,500 of them transited through the

3485:, also changed allegiance in 1943 after Admiral Georges Robert ordered police to fire on protestors, before he fled back to Europe. 19419: 17231: 17005: 16768: 16634: 16445: 16373: 15908: 15142: 12970: 10887: 5888:

After the liberation, France was swept for a short period with a wave of executions of collaborationists. Some were brought to the

4293:

inaugurated by the Third Republic were immediately put to new use, ultimately becoming transit camps for the implementation of the

4059:

not stop the Vichy government from organising the arrest and even sometimes the execution of German spies entering the Vichy zone.

2716:

hub. Toulouse was too remote and had a left-wing reputation. Vichy was centrally located and had many hotels for ministers to use.

2708:, their provisional capital in central France. Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but Mayor 1952:

Nevertheless, effectively Alsace-Lorraine was annexed: German law applied to the region, its inhabitants were conscripted into the

116: 10821: 8300: 5367:

Vichy French zinc and aluminium coins made during the war circulated in both the German–occupied zone and Vichy's unoccupied zone.

2518: 19708: 18314: 18111: 17763: 17141: 16641: 16553: 16489: 16137: 16117: 16041: 15741: 15024: 14481: 14404: 14109: 13764: 13626: 12728: 12633: 10931: 10104:

Collaborationists openly embraced fascism. ...They had to continue to believe in German victory or cease to be collaborationists.

6885: 6602: 6160: 4922: 3919: 3848: 3753: 2969: 2769:. The deputies and senators who voted to grant full powers to Pétain were condemned on an individual basis after the Liberation. 2492: 2389: 1949:

were withdrawn on the night of 17–18 December 1941, but the line remained in place on paper for the remainder of the occupation.

1700: 1623: 1437: 15858: 9040: 5166:

had maintained that the Vichy Government, not France's Republic, was responsible. This position was more recently reiterated by

172: 20880: 20810: 20755: 20750: 20257: 20242: 20159: 18517: 18029: 16872: 16410: 16112: 16107: 15986: 15816: 13836: 13760: 13171: 12565: 6248:

proportionately lighter losses, but in 1942, repression and deportations started to strike French Jews, not just foreign Jews.

5787:

quickly. The first action of the Provisional Government was to reestablish republican legality throughout Metropolitan France.

5085:, in charge of the German Police in France, made the trip from Paris and transmitted to Bousquet orders directly received from 4856:

A Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940 forced Jews of the occupied zone to declare themselves as such at a police station or

4810: 4509:

With regard to economic contribution to the German economy, it is estimated that France provided 42% of the total foreign aid.

4486:

The Vichy government took a number of racially motivated measures. In August 1940, laws against antisemitism in the media (the

3826: 613: 15834: 13795: 13732: 11146: 9710: 9372: 9295: 4494:

a number of French citizens, in particular Jews from Eastern Europe. Foreigners were rounded-up in "Foreign Workers' Groups" (

4446:, was the largest internment camp in the Southeast of France; twenty-five hundred Jews were deported from there following the 2795:

Pétain could claim legality for himself, particularly in comparison with the essentially self-appointed leadership of Charles

20825: 20010: 19113: 19018: 18545: 18291: 18166: 17245: 17219: 17076: 16782: 16699: 15863: 15853: 15731: 14043: 13892: 13887: 13037: 12432: 12403: 12299: 12270: 12216: 12182: 12053: 12009: 11696: 11678: 11652: 11547: 11513: 11471: 11392: 11360: 11296: 11265: 10974: 10863: 10588: 10563: 10538: 10439: 10414: 10320: 10287: 10161: 10125: 10089: 10051: 9544: 9486: 8847:"Discretionary Power in the Hands of an Authoritarian State: A Study of Denaturalizations under the Vichy Regime (1940–1944)" 8805: 8715: 8542: 8126: 8031: 7924: 7847: 7769: 7664: 7353: 7295: 7246: 7207: 7098: 7060: 7031: 6868: 6764: 6251:

Robert Paxton has denuded this weak defence of crimes against humanity in his book Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order (1972)

5331: 4576: 3583:, was bombed and captured. The final Vichy troops in Gabon surrendered without any military confrontation with the Allies at 2200:. During his radio speeches, the entire French Third Republic era was always painted in the blackest of colours as a time of 1087: 10772: 9913: 6025:

Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles

3300:(phonetic pronunciation of the naval acronym, CB, or Construction Battalion) efforts in the Pacific, and the Bora Bora base 2385: 2240:, which Pétain claimed the French had forgotten. Despite his highly-negative view of the Third Republic, Pétain argued that 2161:

would again unify the nation. The Vichy government's "francisque" insignia featured two symbols from the Gallic period: the

20641: 19346: 18753: 18639: 17804: 17264: 17260: 17238: 16842: 16061: 15951: 15901: 15061: 14312: 14070: 13882: 13149: 10000: 9797: 8680: 6010:

Other historians have distinguished the purges against intellectuals (Brasillach, Céline, etc.), industrialists, fighters (

4177:(INED) after the war and exists to this day. Another example is the creation of the national statistics institute, renamed 16147: 11241: 9448: 5493: 5376:

and culture. The media were tightly controlled and stressed virulent anti-Semitism and, after June 1941, anti-Bolshevism.

4792: 4220: 4152: 3899:, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by Gaulle. 3387:) and Army in the South Pacific, and as a repair base for Allied vessels. New Caledonia contributed personnel both to the 2831: 2790:

The 1884 constitutional amendment making it unconstitutional to put into question the "republican form" of the government.

178: 20364: 20127: 19783: 19773: 19261: 18725: 18057: 18043: 17249: 16173: 15996: 15611: 14848: 14810: 11180: 10746: 10719: 10338:"L'exploitation de la Main-d'oeuvre Française dans l'industrie Siderurgique Allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale" 10198:

Zdatny, Steven M. (1986). "The Corporatist Word and the Modernist Deed: Artisans and Political Economy in Vichy France".

9838: 7814: 5956:'s first ordonnance instituting purge Commissions was enacted on 18 August 1943): judgements of collaborationists by the 4979: 1205: 49: 13226: 8369:"Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940: Entre légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy" 6485: 5341:

and cadets of the Légion, who had never seen battle but supported Pétain's régime. The name was then quickly changed to

4401:

and Germany. Finally, after Pétain's proclamation of the "French State" and the beginning of the implementation of the "

20212: 19470: 19339: 19217: 18795: 18510: 18461: 18219: 17774: 17019: 16858: 16706: 16560: 15009: 13013: 12078: 11958: 11577: 9084: 8257: 7998: 6954: 6639: 4732:

have accused Carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under Vichy.

3372: 3116: 2961: 2713: 2428: 1921:

and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of

1532:

at first affected only the northern and western portions of the country, but in November 1942 the Germans and Italians

1430: 15679: 15530: 12980: 3233:

and severed diplomatic ties with the Vichy government only when it became clear that Vichy would not join the Allies.

3008:'s turn towards the Free Forces (he had been prime minister from February 1941 to April 1942) they played him against 2869:, and critics were frequently arrested. Elective bodies were replaced by nominated ones. The "municipalities" and the 2815:

1943 1 Franc coin. Front: "French State". Back: "Work Family Homeland". Symbolism on coinage was a propaganda vehicle.

1840:(French Republic) disappeared from all official documents. From then on, the regime was referred to officially as the 20855: 20840: 20775: 20184: 20169: 19586: 18468: 18440: 18257: 17839: 17551: 17518: 16142: 15868: 14564: 14508: 13740: 13380: 13132: 13127: 13085: 13075: 12985: 12761: 12150: 12121: 12104: 12031: 11991: 11922: 11837: 11753: 11527: 11445: 11421: 11125: 9058: 9024: 8987: 8955: 8768: 8471: 8156: 8099: 7948: 6660: 5875: 4843: 4562: 3708: 3596: 3301: 3269: 2939: 2750: 2647: 2625:. Colonial forces were allowed to keep some armoured vehicles, though these were mostly "vintage" World War I tanks ( 2012: 1754: 1560: 1552: 1366: 572: 91: 16734: 16334: 14473: 14245: 13934: 12482: 6382:, head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux. Condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998. 5804: 5621: 5351: 4458:. In contrast, French colonial soldiers were interned by the Germans in French territory instead of being deported. 2283:. In part, Vichy's virulent Anglophobia was due to its leaders' personal dislike of the British, as Marshal Pétain, 20885: 20835: 20452: 20293: 20247: 19623: 18781: 18718: 17853: 17682: 16805: 16051: 15165: 15034: 14957: 13610: 13562: 13430: 12638: 12209:

Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée : comment 75 % des juifs de France ont échappé à la mort

12174: 11847: 11224: 6324: 6190:. He had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949. In 1994, former Vichy official 5563:) and the departure of the Vichy leaders, the U.S., the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union finally recognised the 5309:

refers to those, primarily from the fascist right, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own, whereas

4740: 4431: 4398: 3886:

successor in French Africa with Allied support. That occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and

3192: 3148: 3093:, killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations with Britain. The French squadron at 1319: 17359: 15847: 15101: 10066:

In France, collaborationists were committed to the victory of the Third Reich and actively worked toward that end.

7748:

French Colonial Soldiers in German Prisoner-of-War Camps (1940–1945), Raffael Scheck, 2010, French History, p. 421

6159:

spent part of their postwar effort trying to bring them before the courts. Some collaborationists then joined the

5468: 5009:, the state railway company. The police arrested 13,152 Jews, including 4,051 children – which the 2899:) and mainstream politicians whose career prospects had been blocked by the triumph of the Popular Front in 1936. 2115:

modernizers, and concluded that genuinely fascist elements had only minor roles in most sectors. French historian

2026:

countries, including the United States, Canada, and China, recognised the Vichy government. According to Jackson,

1936: 20820: 20780: 19147: 18988: 18977: 18813: 18572: 18531: 18424: 18362: 17742: 17012: 16881: 16849: 16056: 16026: 15039: 14672: 14251: 13537: 12643: 11211: 9667: 6726:

Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist.

5488: 3876: 3333: 1388: 1106: 17529: 17097: 15348: 14637: 13024: 11779: 10716:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental" 10040:

Waschuk, Roman; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (20 June 1986). Boshyk, Yury; Wynnyckyj, Andriy (eds.).

9479:

The Vichy laws: acts called 'laws' of the de facto authority claiming to be the 'government of the French state'

4450:. Exiled Republican, antifascist Spaniards who had sought refuge in France after the Nationalist victory in the 3952:(PPA). On the day of the Liberation of France, the GPRF would harshly repress a rebellion in Algeria during the 3426: 1787: 20472: 20047: 19533: 19505: 19383: 19176: 18413: 17864: 17790: 17579: 16950: 16669: 16574: 16459: 16211: 16036: 15981: 15313: 14942: 13408: 13403: 13103: 12618: 12470: 11716: 8688: 7839:

Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005)

5857: 5745: 5442: 5118:

deported from France were from Paris, with the majority of these Parisian Jews being taken into custody by the

4781: 4544: 3740:

was relatively quick, though it took British forces a further six months to gain control of the entire island.

2600: 1918: 1914: 1803: 1736: 1627: 12460: 12066:

Culture, médias, pouvoirs aux Etats-Unis et en Europe occidentale, France, Italie, RFA, Royaume-Uni, 1945–1991

6364:, delegate of Bousquet in the "free zone", charged with crimes against humanity for his role in the July 1942 6176: 5109:, 76,000 Jews were deported and died in concentration and extermination camps. Including the Jews who died in 4165:. An example of such continuities is the creation of the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems by 3461: 3250: 3000:, general delegate of Vichy for Africa until December 1941. After the first choice had failed, they turned to 20395: 20015: 19956: 19951: 19593: 19526: 19477: 19408: 19233: 18739: 18690: 18454: 18447: 18050: 17811: 17595: 16648: 16092: 16087: 15708: 15596: 15407: 15004: 14733: 13592: 13070: 13047: 12718: 12256: 11163: 9250: 5853: 5821: 5401:

under the cover of supporting French agriculture but in fact to support flagging German armament production.

5110: 4777: 4749: 4540: 4455: 4242: 3856: 2679: 1796: 1776: 1732: 1564: 1383: 1376: 1361: 1349: 1334: 1136: 20037: 15669: 11201: 9344: 9118: 8345: 6978:

Peter Jackson & Simon Kitson ‘The paradoxes of foreign policy in Vichy France’ in Jonathan Adelman(ed),

1961:, the head of French police nominated by Vichy, exercised his power in Paris through his second-in-command, 20723: 20462: 19941: 19778: 19667: 19563: 18938: 18899: 17818: 17646: 17631: 17558: 17537: 17355: 17033: 16819: 16812: 16796: 16507: 16466: 16438: 16257: 16252: 16242: 16152: 15961: 15956: 15931: 15824: 14919: 14887: 13679: 13557: 12603: 12588: 11932:[Autumn publishing season launch – With Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, That's life in the castle]. 11599: 11313:

Jennings, Eric (1994). "'Reinventing Jeanne': The Iconology of Joan of Arc in Vichy Schoolbooks, 1940–44".

8794: 5436: 5313:

refers to those of the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans. Organisations such as

4899: 4817: 4621: 4112: 3903: 3802: 3787:

was fought, the French forces in North Africa had gone over to the Allied side and joined the Free French.

3136: 3070:

Memorial to the 1,297 French seamen who died during the British bombardment of their ships at Mers El Kebir

2689: 2638:

proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice.

1925:

was placed under direct German administration. Alsace-Lorraine was officially still part of France, as the

1848: 752: 17: 14984: 14266: 12248:. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2008, Beiheft der Francia Nr. 67, hrsg. von Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris. 11609:; with Stitt, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1954). 10743:"Ordonnance du 21 avril 1944 relative à l'organisation des pouvoirs publics en France après la Libération" 9474:

Les lois de Vichy: actes dits 'lois' de l'autorité de fait se prétendant 'gouvernement de l'Etat français'

7485:

Cornick, Martyn "Fighting Myth with Reality: The Fall of France, Anglophobia, and the BBC" pp. 65–87 from

4151:– reforms adopted during World War II were kept and extended. Along with the 15 March 1944 Charter of the 3728:

From 5 May to 6 November 1942, British and Commonwealth forces conducted Operation Ironclad, known as the

3422: 1059: 20795: 20580: 20300: 20174: 20164: 19912: 19753: 19701: 19630: 18954: 18906: 18524: 18496: 18349: 17964: 17943: 17457: 17120: 17026: 16516: 16216: 16127: 15427: 14962: 14574: 13552: 13542: 13216: 12849: 11610: 9630: 6523: 6313: 6172: 5984:, executed on 6 February 1945, etc.), but many of those who survived that phase were later given amnesty. 5571:

as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944. Before that, the first return of democracy to

4357: 4062:

The composition and policies of the Vichy cabinet were mixed. Many Vichy officials, such as Pétain, were

4027: 3105:, commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet. After the Mers-el-Kebir incident, the British recognised 2908: 2234: 2053: 1356: 241: 20845: 14271: 13941: 13646: 10908: 6497: 6402: 6078: 5419:

Germany, where they were 15% of the labour force by August 1944. The largest number worked in the giant

5273: 5235: 3863:. Jewish goods were "aryanized" (stolen), and a special Jewish Affairs service was created, directed by 2543:

overseas. The function of those forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from

20491: 20412: 20179: 20089: 20068: 19768: 19758: 19748: 19428: 18924: 18843: 18788: 18676: 18632: 18282: 17908: 17832: 17727: 17604: 17476: 17469: 17429: 17402: 17134: 17067: 16662: 16473: 16403: 16226: 16221: 15946: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15550: 15460: 15086: 15054: 15019: 14763: 14227: 14065: 13775: 12965: 12558: 10200: 6592: 5908:, or Butter Eggs Cheese, because of the products sold at outrageous prices during the Occupation). The 5792: 4290: 4123: 3949: 1371: 1339: 1314: 874: 846: 626: 532: 14023: 11917:(dir. Jean-Pierre Azéma & François Bédarida, Institut d'histoire du temps présent), Fayard, 1992, 10340:[The Exploitation of French Labor in the German Iron and Steel Industry During World War II]. 10235:

Jones, Joseph (1982). "Vichy France and Postwar Economic Modernization: The Case of the Shopkeepers".

6759:. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71. 6198:

was likewise convicted in 1998 but was released three years later due to ill health and died in 2007.

5068:

of 40,000 people, and the operation sent 2,000 Marseillese people in the death trains, leading to the

4360:(the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) in August 1939, these camps were also used to intern French communists. 4317:

in the Unoccupied Zone; the regime even had a mixed-race cabinet minister, the Martinique-born lawyer

2841:(Work, Family, Homeland). It was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of 2348: 2016: 1676: 20671: 20427: 20342: 20315: 20232: 20027: 19872: 19330: 19247: 19032: 18892: 18864: 18697: 18602: 18392: 17825: 16892: 16546: 16157: 15843: 15073: 14994: 14795: 14785: 13600: 13460: 12766: 12756: 11818:

Poznanski, Renée. "Rescue of the Jews and the Resistance in France: From History to Historiography",

11725: 10237: 9587: 9382: 9304: 9224: 9198: 9172: 9146: 8979: 6156: 5517:. That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945. 4940: 4910: 4499: 3510: 3436: 3025: 2783:

The impossibility for Parliament to delegate its constitutional powers without controlling their use

2477: 2397: 2064: 1852: 1836: 1584: 1501: 940: 883: 17090: 13780: 12864: 12538: 12114:

Vichy-Auschwitz. Le rôle de Vichy dans la solution finale de la question juive en France. 1943–1944.

9650:

Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, 1985.

9251:"The Holocaust: Re-examining The Wannsee Conference, Himmler's Appointments Book, and Tunisian Jews" 7325: 6468: 6331: 5988: 5933:

made in 1948 and 1952 counted as many as 6,000 executions before the Liberation and 4,000 afterward.

5733: 5363: 3055:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In response to British requests and sensitivities of the 2919: 2351:

on the French Mediterranean fleet that killed over 1,300 French sailors in July 1940 and the failed

494: 20760: 20252: 20222: 19827: 19069: 19046: 18298: 18099: 18092: 17749: 17409: 17381: 17374: 16761: 15941: 15368: 15278: 15263: 15081: 14820: 14682: 14627: 14622: 14547: 13684: 13669: 13484: 12676: 12521: 11606: 11492: 9400: 8913: 8204:

Jouin, Yves (1965). "La Nouvelle-Calédonie et la Polynésie Française dans la Guerre du Pacifique".

7963:

de la patrie. Elle sera ratifiée par la nation et appliquée par les Assemblées qu'elle aura créées.

6504: 6366: 6149: 5987:

the third phase, more lenient towards collaborationists (the trial of Philippe Pétain or of writer

5537: 5392:

Vichy-era poster calling for volunteers to work in Germany in exchange for French prisoners of war.

5193: 5127: 4992: 4974: 4962: 4902:, which resulted in 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews being interned in various camps, including 4418:

Besides the political prisoners already detained there, Gurs was then used to intern foreign Jews,

3560: 3494: 3472: 3394: 3380: 3319: 3102: 2153:

as the "founder" of the French nation. It was asserted that just as the defeat of the Gauls in the

1827: 1645: 902: 451: 194: 17106: 17083: 14090: 11231:

Historical Dictionary of World War Two France: The Occupation, Vichy and the Resistance, 1938–1946

7995:"Actes constitutionnels du Gouvernement de Vichy, 1940–1944, France, MJP, université de Perpignan" 6057: 5779:

The Free French, concerned that the Allies might decide to put France under administration of the

5355:(SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis and was fully approved by Pétain. 5072:. The operation also encompassed the expulsion of an entire neighbourhood (30,000 persons) in the 5021:(Winter Velodrome) in unhygienic conditions. They were led to Drancy internment camp (run by Nazi 2547:

assault. The French forces were to remain under the overall direction of the German armed forces.

2526:

The French government had responsibility for preventing French citizens from escaping into exile.

1512:. Though Paris was nominally its capital, the government established itself in the resort town of 20508: 20390: 20337: 20283: 20237: 19926: 19491: 19435: 19305: 19165: 18850: 18503: 18399: 18305: 17873: 17734: 17704: 17668: 17653: 17525: 17417: 17395: 17341: 17327: 17309: 16973: 16754: 16482: 16431: 16046: 15991: 15966: 15029: 14989: 14947: 14929: 14924: 14843: 14800: 14790: 14775: 14723: 14655: 14617: 14579: 14358: 14172: 13841: 12859: 12839: 12608: 12369: 12330: 8054:

John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation (New York, 1986), p. 33

6236: 6187: 6046: 5846: 5171: 5139: 5119: 5015:

had not asked for – and 5,082 women, on 16 and 17 July and imprisoned them in the

4879: 4770: 4533: 4324:

The Third Republic had first opened concentration camps during World War I for the internment of

4260: 3686: 3341: 3305: 1725: 1684: 1637: 1344: 1329: 1324: 1017: 13160: 11382: 9662: 8328: 5930: 5889: 5335:(LFC) (French Legion of Fighters), including at first only former combatants but quickly adding 5329:

To enforce the régime's will, some paramilitary organisations were created. One example was the

5182: 5017: 4403: 4215: 2213:

Summarising Pétain's speeches, the British historian Christopher Flood wrote that Pétain blamed

2192: 2129: 2043: 1049: 20613: 20575: 20533: 20518: 20310: 20132: 20032: 19694: 19183: 19076: 18878: 18829: 18732: 18625: 18595: 18378: 18266: 17992: 17783: 17367: 17348: 17318: 16865: 16835: 15697: 15298: 14599: 14390: 14261: 13907: 13745: 13581: 13042: 12698: 12516: 12364: 10991: 10337: 10312: 10279: 10273: 6168: 6031: 5913: 5655:, the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the 5652: 5545: 5320: 4903: 4875: 4361: 4353: 4341: 4314: 4279: 4256: 4067: 3923: 3868: 3694: 3548: 3281: 2892: 2807:

homeland. It will be ratified by the nation and applied by the assemblies which it has created.

2758: 2544: 2540: 2513: 2340: 2174: 2157:(52 BCE) had been the moment in French history when a sense of common nationhood was born, the 2137:

The Vichy government tried to assert its legitimacy by symbolically connecting itself with the

1704: 1608: 1548: 1525: 1277: 1156: 398: 105: 12064: 11565: 8967: 8224:"Les ÉFO dans la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : la question du ralliement et ses conséquences" 8021: 7916: 7837: 7654: 7282:. Palgrave Studies in Political History. Springer International Publishing. pp. 311–326. 7236: 7197: 6860: 6373: 5972:, was thus condemned to a life sentence on 25 January 1945), including 1,500 death sentences ( 5163: 4475:, the only concentration camp created by the Nazis on French territory. Natzweiler included a 158: 20790: 20785: 20745: 20538: 20528: 20320: 20144: 20052: 19987: 19674: 19397: 19240: 19136: 19106: 19062: 18802: 18767: 18760: 18683: 18581: 18022: 17999: 17846: 17450: 16987: 16727: 16713: 16396: 15878: 15440: 15412: 14805: 14462: 14238: 13992: 12899: 12713: 12551: 11944: 10375:

Kitson, Simon (2009). "The Marseille Police and the German Forced Labour Draft (1943–1944)".

10041: 9472: 8407: 8108: 7759: 7088: 6618: 6222:(1987), Vichy and the state collaboration of France remains a "past that doesn't pass away". 6006:, creator of the General Commission for Jewish Affairs, René Bousquet, head of French police) 5938: 5825: 5661: 5219: 5126:

not wilfully collaborated with Germany, which lacked staff for police activities. During the

5073: 4936: 4898:

IV-D. They were used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the

4857: 4636: 4252: 3956:

of 8 May 1945, which has been characterised by some historians as the "real beginning of the

3860: 2977: 2866: 2588: 2372: 2335:", a nation that was the complete antithesis of everything good in France, the blood-soaked " 2197: 1897:

were based on abbreviation and wordplay, such as the "zone nono", for the non-occupied zone.

1831: 1544: 1287: 1214: 1176: 1116: 691: 17285: 11614: 10304: 10151: 7908: 7018: 3572: 3098: 2996:

and regarded him as an "apprentice dictator". The Americans first tried to support General

2877:(nominated by and dependent on the executive power). In January 1941, the National Council ( 73: 20875: 20800: 20563: 20104: 20042: 19931: 19822: 19498: 19353: 19004: 18961: 18931: 18857: 18667: 18646: 17565: 17042: 16720: 16370: 16329: 16292: 16021: 15802: 15455: 15417: 15338: 15333: 15253: 14897: 14770: 14758: 14748: 14642: 14607: 14397: 14222: 14080: 13917: 13750: 13659: 13210: 13018: 12723: 9649: 9510: 8186: 7708: 6629: 5716:). The enclave had its own radio station (Radio-patrie, Ici la France) and official press ( 5061: 4871: 4596: 4283: 4148: 4144: 4089:'s Spain, even if under Germany's yoke, than to have a republican government. Others, like 3822: 3729: 3364: 3323: 3120: 3066: 3052: 2593: 2554: 2539:) – stationed in the unoccupied zone, and for the military provision of the 2123: 2112: 2084: 1940: 1661: 1596: 1555:. The German Army rapidly broke through the Allied lines by bypassing the highly fortified 1166: 892: 15435: 14116: 11904: 7878: 5265: 3153: 8: 20646: 20603: 20523: 20477: 20354: 20347: 20327: 20288: 20200: 19992: 19961: 19936: 19902: 19804: 19799: 19616: 19390: 19268: 19224: 18746: 17880: 17639: 17166: 16996: 16980: 16929: 16102: 15629: 15540: 15445: 15233: 15218: 15208: 14902: 14815: 14743: 14667: 14177: 14167: 13790: 13450: 13390: 13052: 13031: 11930:"Rentrée littéraire – Avec Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, c'est la vie de château !" 11882:(1962). "Pétain : sa carrière, son procès" [Pétain: his career, his trial]. 11742: 9957: 9754: 7975: 6946: 6455: 5696: 5674: 5572: 5514: 5098: 5089:. It is another notable case of the French police's wilful collaboration with the Nazis. 4631: 4382: 4333: 3646: 3541: 3187: 3175: 3171: 3124: 2927: 2092: 2083:. French communists, strongest in labour unions, turned against Vichy in June 1941, when 2056: 1906: 1856: 1537: 1497: 1126: 1035: 974: 964: 770: 639: 325: 14281: 12670: 10879: 9564:

La Police de Vichy. Les Forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944

8492: 6541: 6186:

was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for

6136:

Some accused war criminals were judged, some for a second time, from the 1980s onwards:

5968: 5631: 5528:, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa – Admiral 5031: 4610: 4349: 4080: 4023:(General Secretary of the French National Police created in 1941), creator of the GMRs; 2736: 2233:

required a period of authoritarian government that would restore national unity and the

555: 20558: 20503: 20457: 20305: 20271: 19855: 19609: 19442: 19367: 19321: 19291: 19199: 19039: 18704: 18588: 18482: 18433: 18371: 18127: 18078: 17887: 17504: 17159: 16957: 16189: 15786: 15621: 15505: 15450: 15258: 15198: 14677: 14162: 14053: 13902: 13800: 13547: 13465: 13422: 12949: 12735: 11330: 10633: 10527: 10357: 10254: 10217: 9684: 8874: 8846: 8638: 8630: 8390: 8304: 7313: 7301: 7160: 6799: 6218: 6073: 5999: 5556: 5377: 5069: 4685: 4365: 4310: 4199: 4012: 3830: 3635: 3614: 3533: 3482: 3384: 3222: 3123:

in 1944, when Pétain resigned and was deported to Germany for the creation of a forced

2870: 2862: 2656: 2618: 2608: 2344: 2332: 2080: 2049: 1616: 1524:), where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its 15634: 14142: 14132: 12914: 12844: 12771: 12539:

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, But Not for All: France and the "Alien" Jews, 1933–1942

12465: 12234: 12199:

Jacques Sabille. "Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation". Paris: Edition du

11506:

Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes – French Writers Who Flirted with Fascism, 1930–1945

11198:

The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France: Foreigners, Undesirables, and Strangers

9275:

Christoph Buchheim, 'Die besetzten Lander im Dienste der Deutschen Kriegswirtschaft',

8508: 7693: 6893: 6515: 6474: 6385: 6307: 6042:

was head of state. Papon was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.

5802:

Collaborationist paramilitary and political organisations, such as the Milice and the

5529: 5158: 3818: 3779: 3005: 3004:

shortly before the landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942. Finally, after Admiral

2923: 2723: 2709: 2432: 2296:, an event that Pétain claimed would solve all of the economic problems caused by the 2288: 1768: 1576: 1575:

resigned as prime minister rather than sign an armistice, and was replaced by Marshal

1485: 568: 506: 470: 440: 20704: 20686: 20681: 20666: 20651: 20590: 20553: 20467: 20400: 20378: 20359: 20227: 20154: 19977: 19877: 19763: 19743: 19720: 19600: 19484: 19374: 19314: 19275: 19208: 19190: 19156: 19099: 19053: 18997: 18822: 18560: 18552: 18489: 18342: 17936: 17461: 16922: 16901: 16611: 16297: 15323: 15248: 14972: 14503: 14427: 14351: 14337: 14182: 13912: 13805: 13674: 12879: 12874: 12438: 12428: 12409: 12399: 12373: 12305: 12295: 12266: 12212: 12188: 12178: 12146: 12117: 12100: 12084: 12074: 12049: 12027: 12005: 11997: 11987: 11964: 11954: 11918: 11893: 11833: 11749: 11692: 11674: 11648: 11624: 11583: 11573: 11543: 11523: 11509: 11467: 11460: 11441: 11426: 11398: 11388: 11356: 11334: 11292: 11271: 11261: 11121: 11038: 10999: 10970: 10859: 10584: 10559: 10534: 10507: 10472: 10435: 10410: 10316: 10305: 10283: 10221: 10167: 10157: 10121: 10095: 10085: 10057: 10047: 9962: 9921: 9882: 9759: 9718: 9688: 9540: 9492: 9482: 9044: 9020: 8983: 8951: 8878: 8866: 8811: 8801: 8764: 8730: 8711: 8642: 8467: 8253: 8152: 8037: 8027: 7944: 7920: 7909: 7853: 7843: 7765: 7660: 7624: 7349: 7305: 7291: 7242: 7203: 7152: 7094: 7056: 6996: 6950: 6864: 6853: 6779: 6760: 6624: 6612: 6568: 6554: 6444: 6349: 6343: 6105: 5981: 5929:– wild purge): extrajudicial executions and shaving of women's heads. Estimations by 5756: 5724: 5704: 5656: 5609: 5584: 5576: 5560: 5281: 5065: 5051: 4887: 4883: 4677: 4451: 4337: 4195: 4140: 3935: 3678: 3441: 3401: 3349: 3261: 3226: 3196: 3086: 2887:

and other symbols of republican France and, unlike many on the far right, was not an

2826: 2773: 2422: 2336: 2142: 2068: 2022: 1669: 1653: 1096: 995: 855: 829:

capital of the French State, although the Vichy government never operated from there.

15203: 14552: 14197: 12740: 11645:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)

10490:

Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".

10455:

Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".

7164: 7053:

Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate

4710:

Alexis Carrel had also taken an active part to a symposium in Pontigny organised by

4624:(STDs) and "life hygiene". Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar booklet" ( 4005: 3953: 2328:

to weaken France and then to pressure France into declaring war on Germany in 1939.

1997: 20618: 20570: 20442: 20417: 19907: 19519: 19512: 19456: 19120: 18885: 18871: 18774: 18711: 18662: 18475: 18328: 18275: 18085: 18036: 17950: 17173: 17150: 16683: 16365: 15243: 15213: 15131: 14660: 14647: 14612: 14383: 14344: 13963: 13532: 13166: 12904: 12869: 12693: 12510: 12342: 11720: 11703:

Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II

11322: 10625: 10499: 10464: 10384: 10349: 10246: 10209: 9676: 9387: 9369: 9292: 8925: 8858: 8622: 8441: 8380: 7906: 7879:"Constitutional act no. 2, defining the authority of the chief of the French state" 7283: 7142: 6337: 6230:, who conceived himself above political parties and divisions. Then, the 1960s had 6113: 5744:, and their families, as well as 500 soldiers, 700 French SS, prisoners of war and 5257: 5227: 5086: 4744:

Poster above the entrance of an anti-semitic exhibition called "The Jew and France"

4419: 4162: 4086: 3941: 3784: 3622: 3525: 3297: 3285: 3284:, American forces identified French Polynesia as an ideal refuelling point between 3265: 3254: 3056: 2973: 2965: 2874: 2622: 2405: 2297: 2154: 2096: 2088: 2072: 2001: 1888: 1821: 1772: 1069: 56: 20080: 19919: 16692: 13707: 12809: 12776: 12325: 11616:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

11208:

Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation

10851: 7489:

edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 69–74.

6518:, wore the Gestapo uniform during the war and participated in the creation of the 6301: 6231: 6183: 5078: 4185: 4020: 3101:, was effectively interned until 1943, when an agreement was reached with Admiral 2087:. Vichy was intensely anti-communist and generally pro-German; American historian 1958: 1236: 1041: 20713: 20676: 20661: 20656: 20598: 20513: 20073: 19814: 19542: 19254: 19169: 19127: 19025: 18968: 18836: 18618: 18609: 18138: 17713: 17689: 16943: 16031: 15649: 15639: 15268: 15157: 15014: 14714: 14095: 14048: 14038: 14033: 13755: 13507: 13470: 13455: 13322: 13143: 13092: 12799: 12682: 12628: 12528: 12492: 12477: 12422: 12393: 12281: 12160: 12109: 11883: 11854: 11786: 11499: 11255: 11248: 11187: 11153: 10915: 10768: 10581:

Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to a Political-Sociology of Gender

9992: 9825: 9789: 9559: 9458: 9376: 9351: 9299: 9125: 8998: 8974: 8684: 8430:

Lestrade, Claude (1997). "Le ralliement de Wallis à la " France libre " (1942)".

8417: 8174: 8103: 7372:

edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 92–93

7287: 7038: 6940: 6814: 6536: 6530: 5963: 5741: 5506: 5189: 5154: 5114: 5057: 5039: 4443: 4439: 4386: 4268: 4127: 4075: 4055: 3896: 3775: 3749: 3666: 3650: 3626: 3576: 3367:

in the expectation that independence would result. Sautot subsequently sailed to

3183: 3140: 2896: 2888: 2693: 2529:

Article IV of the Armistice allowed for a small French army – the

2352: 2292:

the two; and he wanted a Franco-German-Italian alliance that would partition the

2220: 2060: 1969: 1922: 1878: 1461: 1225: 585: 405: 378: 214: 139: 20059: 19654: 15936: 12934: 11619:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. 8677: 8248:

Triest, Willard G. "Gearing up for Operation Bobcat" in Mason, John T., editor,

4867: 4498:) and as with the colonial troops, used by the Germans as manpower. The October 4318: 2443:

appointed the 84-year-old Pétain as the new prime minister on 16 June 1940. The

2356: 2071:

but demanded a return to traditional lines of culture and religion. It embraced

1905:

In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of

1187: 20870: 20636: 20631: 20623: 20447: 20405: 19982: 19549: 19085: 19011: 17056: 16915: 16071: 16006: 15644: 15465: 14892: 14835: 14569: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14319: 14286: 14187: 13897: 13435: 13398: 13252: 12944: 12703: 12688: 12337: 11868: 11708: 11326: 11128:; Biography of Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs 11076: 10213: 8626: 8191: 7129:

Kocher, Matthew Adam; Lawrence, Adria K.; Monteiro, Nuno P. (1 November 2018).

6548: 6492: 6425: 6207: 6068: 5973: 5737: 5687: 5626: 5612: 5605: 5388: 5346: 5293: 5277: 5178: 4891: 4592: 4394: 4313:, and the first raids took place in May 1941. Vichy imposed no restrictions on 4275: 4139:

during the First World War had pushed forward state measures to reorganise the

4131: 4090: 3859:

in southern Algeria and racist laws. Detainees were also forced to work on the

3630: 3457: 3166: 2997: 2884: 2732: 2604: 2530: 2507: 2414: 2293: 2162: 2158: 1910: 1600: 1420: 1006: 388: 164: 14202: 13770: 12854: 12442: 12413: 12088: 11968: 11402: 11191: 10742: 10715: 10099: 10061: 10039: 9496: 8522: 7857: 7810: 6319: 6144:, René Bousquet (the head of the French police during the war) and his deputy 5980:, head of the French government, were executed after trial on 4 October 1945, 5343:

Légion Française des Combattants et des volontaires de la Révolution Nationale

5285: 4672:("Man, This Unknown"). Since the early 1930s, Carrel had advocated the use of 4461:

Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened some

3813:

by the French Resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested, including General

3758:

Operation Torch was the American and British invasion of French North Africa (

2712:

was too associated with the Third Republic. Marseilles had a reputation as an

20739: 20718: 20548: 20332: 20020: 19360: 17278: 17127: 16966: 16122: 16011: 15328: 15318: 15288: 15273: 15228: 14584: 14535: 14365: 14192: 13785: 13445: 13008: 12939: 12924: 12919: 12909: 12894: 12824: 12377: 12309: 12192: 11628: 11587: 11216: 11114: 11042: 11003: 10171: 9966: 9925: 9886: 9763: 9750:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust" 9722: 9680: 9634: 8870: 8815: 8041: 7280:

Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century

7156: 6450: 6419: 6397: 6391: 6379: 6291: 6276: 6241: 6195: 6141: 6053: 6035: 6003: 5536:

the day before Operation Torch. Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French

5261: 5167: 5106: 5022: 4932: 4681: 4647: 4580: 4491: 4427: 4298: 4166: 4094: 3814: 3447: 3432: 3368: 3309: 3016: 2726:

began their campaign to convince the assembled senators and deputies to vote

2697: 2440: 2366: 2325: 2207: 2150: 2104: 1808: 1660:

movement, increased in strength over the course of the occupation. After the

1568: 1405: 1146: 111:"French State" and "Fascist France" redirect here. For the modern state, see 12246:

Der verwaltete Raub. Die "Arisierung" der Wirtschaft in Frankreich 1940–1944

12239:

Frankreich in Hitlers Europa: die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im 2. Weltkrieg

11275: 11170:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

10407:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

9875:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity" 9088: 7994: 6412:, condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the 6148:. Bousquet and Leguay were both convicted for their responsibilities in the 4502:

excluded them from the civil administration and numerous other professions.

3701:, was captured on 17 June and the five-week campaign ended with the fall of 20432: 20137: 19894: 19865: 19659: 19463: 17661: 17292: 16655: 16419: 15343: 15188: 15133: 14697: 14530: 14137: 13717: 13712: 13567: 13527: 13502: 13497: 13440: 12929: 12884: 12834: 12511:

Vica Nazi Propaganda Comics – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections

12456: 12277: 12156: 12019: 11897: 11825: 11539: 11348: 11285: 10616:

Schwartz, Paula (1989). "Partisianes and Gender Politics in Vichy France".

10511: 10476: 9422: 6510: 6438: 6409: 6355: 6213: 6201: 6191: 6164: 6137: 6100:

estimated the mob executions to a number of 40,000 in 1960. This surprised

5977: 5893: 5710:

Commission gouvernementale française pour la défense des intérêts nationaux

5648: 5644: 5636: 5549: 5521: 5510: 4984: 4711: 4673: 4373: 4051: 4035: 3957: 3945: 3794: 3506: 3502: 3360: 3356: 3242: 3200: 3001: 2981: 2915: 2766: 2719: 2450: 2410: 2380: 2284: 2006: 1696: 1592: 1572: 1556: 1505: 1489: 985: 657: 542: 518: 482: 414: 411: 319: 11951:

And above all, not a word to the Maréchale ... : Pétain and his women

11566:"10 Collaboration and collaborators in Vichy France: An unfinished debate" 10771:. Axis and Foreign Volunteer Legion Military Awards & Postal History. 10353: 9588:""France" in U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum online Holocaust Encyclopedia" 8445: 8385: 8368: 8096: 7131:"Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation" 6328:(RNP) in 1941. Joined the government in the last months of the Occupation. 4071: 1968:

On 11 November 1942, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa (

20099: 20002: 19847: 19298: 19284: 18946: 17615: 17436: 17421: 16775: 16282: 15303: 15238: 14702: 14521: 13955: 13810: 13492: 12889: 12170: 11879: 9663:"The Parisian Police and the Holocaust: Control, Round-ups, Hunt, 1940–4" 9451:

Disclosed: the zealous way Marshal Pétain enforced Nazi anti-Semitic laws

7147: 7130: 6361: 6153: 6145: 6097: 5729: 5700: 5580: 5406: 5250: 5102: 5002: 4480: 4476: 4408: 4377: 4325: 4136: 4063: 3891: 3737: 3639: 3601: 3584: 3498: 3475:

departed following a threat by America to launch a full-scale invasion.

3345: 3246: 3212: 3112: 3106: 3076: 2957: 2918:

formed the first government in 1940. The second government was formed by

2727: 2675: 2280: 2247: 2181: 2138: 2108: 1973: 1962: 1657: 1612: 1604: 1580: 1249: 368: 300: 16016: 12071:

Culture, Media, Power in the United States and Western Europe, 1945–1991

11131:

Campbell, Caroline. "Gender and Politics in Interwar and Vichy France."

10503: 10468: 10388: 10361: 9370:

Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy

9293:

Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy

8929: 8394: 5703:

by the German forces. After both Pétain and Laval refused to cooperate,

4352:'s government (April 1938 – March 1940) took the decision to outlaw the 2343:. The three examples that were used to illustrate these themes were the 63: 20608: 19837: 18653: 18406: 18385: 17271: 16604: 16532: 16324: 15308: 15293: 15193: 14102: 13369: 13245: 13097: 12782: 12708: 12532: 9175:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 6 January 2011. 8831: 8750:

University of Chicago Press, 2008; the French edition appeared in 2005.

7275: 6755:

quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.).

6479: 6093: 6064: 5948: 5860: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5484: 5345:(French Legion of Fighters and Volunteers of the National Revolution). 5315: 5082: 4914: 4784: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4588: 4547: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4472: 4369: 4274:

In July 1940, Vichy set up a special commission charged with reviewing

4161:, a kind of semi-planned economy which led to France becoming a modern 3979: 3844: 3771: 3733: 3580: 3521: 3478: 3468: 3453: 3337: 3094: 3060: 3034: 2848: 2746: 2664: 2401: 2259: 2224: 1977: 1867: 1792: 1739: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1644:

and political refugees, and at least 72,500 French Jews were killed in

1641: 1533: 1519: 1481: 922: 599: 12360:"Was Vichy France a Puppet Government or a Willing Nazi Collaborator?" 11813: 11803: 11257:

France at War in the Twentieth Century: Propaganda, Myth, and Metaphor

11160:

France and the Second World War: Resistance, Occupation and Liberation

11095:

Collaboration and Resistance: Images of Life in Vichy France 1940–1944

10637: 10307:

France and the international economy: from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome

10258: 8893:État et identité nationale. Un rapport ambigu à propos des naturalisés 8634: 5679: 5188:

On 16 July 2017, also at a ceremony at the Vel' d'Hiv site, President

3926:, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps. 3790: 2873:

were thus placed under the authority of the administration and of the

2811: 19946: 18916: 18321: 18118: 17929: 17720: 17675: 15390: 15223: 15183: 14952: 14912: 14907: 14738: 13985: 12291: 11946:

Et surtout, pas un mot à la Maréchale ... : Pétain et ses femmes

11118:

Bad Faith. A Forgotten History of Family, Fatherland and Vichy France

11102:

Voices from the Dark Years: The Truth About Occupied France 1940–1945

9914:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'" 6983: 5796: 5231: 4958: 4870:, head of the Service on Foreign Persons and Jewish Questions at the 4666:

Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book

4345: 4329: 4302: 4294: 4206:(CRS, Republican Security Companies), France's main anti-riot force. 4157: 4108: 3674: 3293: 3179: 2076: 2011:

and so could not take part in the vote. However, during the war, the

1953: 17196: 11418:

National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944

11260:. Contemporary France (Providence, R.I.). New York: Berghahn Books. 9017:

Beyond Death and Exile; the Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955

8613:

Funk, Arthur L. (April 1973). "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan'".

7184:

National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944

7032:

Canada's diplomatic relationships with Vichy: Foreign Affairs Canada

5835: 4759: 4522: 3995: 3409: 3376: 1714: 254: 17180: 16908: 16339: 15283: 14780: 14728: 14589: 12466:

Original "Establishment of the Vichy government" constitutional act

11934: 10629: 10250: 9345:

Eugenics in France (1913–1941) : a review of research findings

8862: 7656:

Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars

6519: 6096:", "anarchy", or "blind vengeance". The writer and Jewish internee 4991:

In July 1942, under German orders, the French police organised the

4584: 4423: 4390: 4305:). A Vichy law of 4 October 1940 authorised internments of foreign 4170: 4047: 3698: 3610: 3514: 2701: 2255: 2251: 2237: 401: 347: 11570:

Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust

6729:

This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.

4616:

The Foundation was behind the 16 December 1942 Act mandating the "

3375:

and to protect the sea lanes between North America and Australia.

2300:. Beyond that, to justify both the armistice with Germany and the 19860: 19728: 11793:

Vichy's Afterlife: History & Counterhistory in Postwar France

11643:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

11381:

Kroener, Bernhard R.; Muller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (2000).

11177:

Vichy, Resistance, Liberation: New Perspectives on Wartime France

9059:"Saline royale d'Arc et Senans (25) – L'internement des Tsiganes" 7346:

Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage Under Vichy

6428:, Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and Minister of Defense. 6270: 6082: 5683:

The Sigmaringen operation was based in the city's ancient castle.

5587:

was quashed by an overwhelming German attack by the end of July.

5533: 5224:

33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)

5026: 5011: 3944:, took advantage of his absence to exile anti-imperialist leader 3767: 3763: 3759: 3721:

convinced Churchill to allow his forces to participate, although

3690: 3665:

The next flashpoint between Britain and Vichy France came when a

3537: 2670: 2184:. In his radio speeches, Pétain always used the personal pronoun 2100: 1993: 1980:, occupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited " 949: 825: 19686: 12046:

Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961

11802:(1995) 19#2 pp 495–518, on the denial of the realities of Vichy 9953:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism" 9537:

Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961

6577: 6285: 5600: 4332:, for example, had been set up in southwestern France after the 4038:, although it has also been argued it had an agenda of its own. 3119:

maintained diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the

2660:

Pierre Laval with the head of German police units in France, SS-

2467: 2196:("national revolution"), Pétain needed a radical break with the 1871:(Free Zone) in France, or less formally as the "Southern Zone" ( 1540:, ending any pretence of independence by the Vichy government. 20149: 19717: 17797: 16388: 15771: 13948: 12543: 11536:

Haile Selassie's War: The Italian−Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941

11438:

France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1996

9355: 5995: 5712:) and informally was known as the "French Delegation" (French: 5211: 4233: 3810: 3702: 3277: 3273: 3158: 3063:

led to the complete occupation of Vichy France by the Germans.

2583: 2170: 2166: 953: 112: 11798:

Gordon, Bertram M. "The 'Vichy Syndrome' problem in history",

11450:

Lemmes, Fabian. "Collaboration in wartime France, 1940–1944",

10858:(in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Tanum-Norli. p. 59. 9631:

Le rôle du gouvernement de Vichy dans la déportation des juifs

8226:. Itereva Histoire-Géographie. 5 November 2006. Archived from 7907:

Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).

6226:

national reconciliation and unity under the figure of Charles

3732:, the seizure of the large, Vichy French-controlled island of 3229:

1940 radio address. Initially, Churchill was ambivalent about

3130: 2210:

were alleged to have suffered moral degeneration and decline.

1834:

voted to give full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940, the name

17985: 14753: 8558: 7881:. Journal Officiel de la République française. 11 July 1940. 6834:"Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]" 6573: 5424: 5420: 5319:

opposed the Third Republic, particularly while the left-wing

4435: 4247: 4178: 3682: 3564: 3529: 3405: 2992:

was especially hesitant and inconsistent. Roosevelt disliked

2949: 2705: 2626: 2575: 2396:

France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 after the

2146: 1513: 1493: 354: 342: 12283:

Vichy: Frankreich unter deutscher Besatzung ; 1940–1944

12265:

München, Oldenbourg, 2010 (Studien zur Zeitgeschichte; 80).

11689:

England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy, 1940–1942

11671:

Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship

8748:

The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting Espionage in Vichy France.

8301:"Le Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique (BIMP)" 7594: 7570: 7548: 7546: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7492: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7375: 5555:

Following the invasion of France via Normandy and Provence (

4224:

French Police registering new inmates at the Pithiviers camp

1855:. It also included the overseas French territories, such as 1668:(GPRF) was installed as the new national government, led by 20422: 19832: 12424:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944

12200: 11830:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944

11620: 11387:. Germany & Second World War. OUP Oxford. p. iii. 11353:

The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France

10644: 10597: 8594: 8582: 7416: 6108:

in the whole of the country, which occurred during battle.

5006: 4895: 4651: 4462: 4340:(1936–1939), to receive the Republican refugees, including 4184:

The reorganisation and unification of the French police by

4098: 3670: 2565: 1771:

was known as a World War I hero, who was the victor of the

912: 12513: – Pro-Nazi comics produced in Vichy France 11984:

L'Eglise sous Vichy. 1940–1945. La repentance en question.

11842:

Singer, Barnett. "The Changing Image of Vichy in France",

11141:

Christofferson, Thomas R., and Michael S. Christofferson.

7634: 7445: 7443: 7404: 7368:

Flood, Christopher "Pétain and de Gaulle" pp. 88–110 from

7178: 7176: 7174: 6942:

French Crime Fiction, 1945–2005 Investigating World War II

6920: 5699:

on 25 August 1944, Pétain and his ministers were taken to

5288:. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among 4430:

department, which it quickly filled with PCF members. The

2219:

on "political and economic liberalism, with its divisive,

11713:

Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation

10529:

We Will Wait: Wives of French Prisoners of War, 1940–1945

7606: 7582: 7558: 7543: 7516: 7504: 7387: 7274:

Wiewiorka, Olivier (2019). "Vichy, a Fascist State?". In

5001:) under orders by René Bousquet and his second in Paris, 4490:) were repealed, while decree n°1775 of 5 September 1943 4306: 4297:

and the extermination of all undesirables, including the

3326:

and subsequently combining with another unit to form the

1492:. It was named after its seat of government, the city of 11221:

Americans in Paris: Life and Death Under Nazi Occupation

10932:"Bousquet, Touvier and Papon: Three Vichy personalities" 9633:, notes taken by Evelyne Marsura during a conference of 5919:

Four different periods are distinguished by historians:

4909:

On 3 October 1940, the Vichy government promulgated the

4101:

sympathizers. A number of these joined the units of the

3551:

based in North Africa began bombing the British base at

2381:

Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government

2318:("France alone") were meant to "regenerate" France from 11892:] (in French). Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin. 11558:

France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era

10692: 10432:

The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food

9227:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9201:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9149:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9019:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 124. 8914:"L'éviction des médecins juifs dans la France de Vichy" 8773: 7467: 7455: 7440: 7428: 7171: 7090:

France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era

6557:, chairman of the municipal council of Paris 1943–1944. 5640: 4676:

to rid humanity of its "inferior stock", endorsing the

4447: 3528:, an attempt to seize the strategic Vichy-held port of 1547:

had begun the war in September 1939 on the side of the

17050:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

11977:

Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'Occupation

11808:

Munholland, Kim. "Wartime France: Remembering Vichy",

11572:. Routledge Jewish Studies series. London: Routledge. 11109:

France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise

10680: 10668: 10081:

Collaborationism in France During the Second World War

10043:

Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath

9386:, 25:2 Spring 2002), p. 339. Also quoted in French by 8570: 8546: 8497:. Center of Military History United States Army. 1964. 8125:. International.gc.ca. 31 January 2011. Archived from 7790: 7701: 7629:

The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940

7128: 7068: 6635:

Western Front (Frankreich) Area (Luftflotte 3, France)

6583:

Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II

6194:(1915–1996) was convicted of crimes against humanity. 4630:"), which could be used to record students' grades in 4606:

Fondation Française pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains

3882:

After Darlan's assassination, Henri Giraud became his

2067:, had never accepted the republican traditions of the 315:

Independent state under partial occupation (1940–1942)

11143:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

11031:"Ex-Vichy Aide Is Convicted And Reaction Ranges Wide" 10579:

Muel-Dreyfus, Francine; Johnson, Kathleen A. (2001).

8420:, Gordon L. Rottman, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 7911:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

7902: 7900: 7757: 6908: 6800:"Allocution Radiodiffusée [Broadcast Speech]" 6675:

J'entre aujourd'hui dans la voie de la collaboration.

6462:

Legion des volontaires francais contre le bolchevisme

6092:

advancing the figures of 100,000 and denouncing the "

5469:

by 1945, it was higher than it had been for a century

5045: 4890:, head of the Gestapo in France, under the orders of 4104:

Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchévisme

3206: 3195:

and took control, establishing their own colony, the

11732:, Manchester University Press, 1998, paperback 2007. 8275:

for valor during the fourth battle of Monte Cassino"

6376:, later President of the French Republic (1981–1995) 5962:, who condemned approximately 120,000 persons (e.g. 5799:), and all acts that established special tribunals. 5604:

A recruitment poster for the Milice. The text says "

5575:

since 1940 had occurred with the declaration of the

5454:

home gardens and especially black market purchases.

4663:(CNRS) was given a budget of fifty million francs." 4209: 3379:

served as a headquarters of the United States Navy (

2107:

analysed the entire range of Vichy supporters, from

2079:. The Vichy regime also framed itself as decisively 10992:"Maurice Papon, Convicted Vichy Official, 96, Dies" 10578: 9539:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. p. 17. 9318: 9316: 9314: 9147:"Vichy discrimination against Jews in North Africa" 7199:

Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition

6447:, writer, executed for collaboration after the war. 6346:, Vichy ambassador to the United States of America. 5781:

Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories

5629:, became independent and was transformed into the " 5153:For decades, the French government argued that the 5076:

before its destruction. For this occasion, then SS-

4931:) was created on 29 March 1941. It was directed by 3681:aircraft, staging through the French possession of 3456:became home to the bulk of the Gold reserve of the 3444:without reference to any of the Allied commanders. 3028:, who had financial responsibilities in Vichy, and 2641: 2180:To advance his message, Pétain frequently spoke on 1996:, having come to power through an unconstitutional 1865:(Unoccupied Zone) by the Germans, and known as the 1656:, working largely in concert with the London-based 13606:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race 13389: 11663:Reign of virtue: mobilising gender in Vichy France 11520:Darlan: Admiral and Statesman of France, 1881–1942 11459: 11284: 11238:Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France 10709: 10707: 10656: 10556:Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France 10526: 9612:Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.), 9324: 8978:. Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995). 8793: 8366: 7897: 7692: 6852: 6034:, executed under the orders of Paris Police Chief 5410:thereby, to reduce the need for trade protection. 5149:after the 16–17 July 1942 roundup of Jews in Paris 4650:). The foundation, which after the war became the 3963: 3509:on 30 August 1940. They were joined by the French 3022:Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories 2922:, and lasted just two months until February 1941. 2652:Vote of full constituent powers to Philippe Pétain 2522:French colonial prisoner in German captivity, 1940 1683:. Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for 1675:The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the 15620: 13138:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 13123:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 11873:La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation 10966:Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914–1945 10077: 9326:"Vichy mentally ill patients 'were not murdered'" 9199:"Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance" 8673: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 5639:himself, the SOL was led by Darnand, who held an 5548:on 24 December 1941, because, Secretary of State 5478: 5025:and French constabulary police) and crammed into 4601:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 4301:(who refer to the extermination of the Romani as 3970:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 3879:, he is believed to have acted as an individual. 3875:had been a member of the resistance group led by 3673:was put down by British forces in June 1941. The 3497:went over to the Free French almost immediately: 3493:In Central Africa, three of the four colonies in 3460:, with 286 tons of gold transported there on the 3397:that saw action in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. 3217:To counter the Vichy government, General Charles 2956:Vichy France in 1940–1942 was recognised by most 2835:(Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood) was replaced by 20737: 12043: 11596:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 9528: 9393:"Quand le négationnisme s'invite à l'université" 9311: 9225:"Jews in North Africa after the Allied Landings" 8273:bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique 7278:; Box, Zira; Morant, Toni; Sanz, Julián (eds.). 7195: 6859:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 6812: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6598:Italian occupation of France during World War II 6340:, State Secretary of Information and Propaganda. 5647:. Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as 5143:Commemorative plaque to the victims held in the 4368:in the Third Reich and Eastern Europe. When the 3978:23 January 1943: German-Vichy French meeting in 3940:, secretary of the general government headed by 3653:), and the British were to blockade the colony. 3329:Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique 3091:destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir 3045:Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie 1984:" that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice. 1468:; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the 1235: 57:http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331 20831:German occupation of France during World War II 13081:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime 11605: 11090:(The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1985) 10797:. german-foreign-policy.com. 11 December 2007. 10704: 10400: 10398: 10153:Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage, 1940–1945 10116:Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Wiewiorka, Olivier (2004). 10025:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite à Vichy". 9711:"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews" 9626: 9624: 9622: 9041:"Aincourt, camp d'internement et centre de tri" 9003:Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire 8678:Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer 8564: 8367:Regnault, Jean-Marc; Kurtovitch, Ismet (2002). 7871: 7842:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140. 7348:. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–128. 7015:"Historique des relations franco-australiennes" 6995: 6588:German occupation of France during World War II 6477:, co-founder of the right-wing terrorist group 6261:Category:French collaborators with Nazi Germany 4968: 3817:, chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral 3575:, along with the assistance of the Royal Navy, 2013:Vichy government was internationally recognised 1496:. Officially independent, but with half of its 14633:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 14505:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy 13999:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 10769:"Flemish Legion Military and Feldpost History" 10188:(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015) pp. 91–112. 10115: 10084:. Cornell University Press. pp. 20, 143. 9461:, 3 October 2010, last accessed 3 October 2010 8785: 8662: 8013: 7829: 7086: 6886:"Vichy Web – The Occupiers and Their Policies" 6816:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-44 6608:Military history of France during World War II 6432: 6202:Historiographical debates and "Vichy syndrome" 5358: 5305:) should be distinguished from collaboration. 5216:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 4454:were then deported, and 5,000 of them died in 4147:theories – structures retained after the 1919 3322:in 1942, distinguishing themselves during the 3296:. That first experience was valuable in later 20861:States and territories disestablished in 1944 19702: 16404: 15117: 14489: 12559: 12471:Map of the "free" and "occupied" French zones 12288:Vichy: France under the Occupation: 1940–1944 12063:Delporte, Christian; Moine, Caroline (2018). 12062: 11462:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary 11375:The Expectation of Justice: France, 1944–1946 11343:Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance 10909:René Bousquet devant la Haute Cour de Justice 10740: 10713: 10143: 9131:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration 9085:"Listes des internés du camp des Milles 1941" 8735:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates 8342:"Document 3: le choix des Nouvelles-Hébrides" 7992: 7808: 7761:The Papon Affair: Memory and Justice on Trial 7715:. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7055:, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–251, 6855:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary 6691: 6175:became counsellor to the Portuguese dictator 5910:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5785:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5775:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5565:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5097:In 1940, approximately 350,000 Jews lived in 4690:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 4641:Provisional Government of the French Republic 3697:, or Operation Exporter. The Syrian capital, 3524:and Free French forces under Gaulle launched 3488: 1666:Provisional Government of the French Republic 1438: 20078: 20057: 19917: 16187: 15388: 15163: 15155: 12357: 12290:]. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Munich: 11737:The Unfree French: Life Under the Occupation 10822:"War memories widen Belgium's communal rift" 10395: 10071: 10033: 9619: 9323:Broughton, Philip Delves (16 October 2003). 9287: 9285: 8252:U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2003, pp. 41–51 7960: 7736:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation 7339: 7337: 7335: 6962: 6932: 6826: 6750: 6744: 6673: 6422:, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions. 6240:(1971). Finally, in the 1990s, the trial of 5957: 5924: 5903: 5897: 5717: 5144: 5134: 5005:, with co-operation from authorities of the 4996: 4926: 4861: 4715: 4667: 4659:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 4656: 4625: 4604: 4466: 4189: 3834: 3706: 3427:History of French Guiana § 20th century 3388: 3373:Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1941–1942 3327: 3313: 3080: 2878: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2820: 2740: 2612: 2574:(buttoned-back greatcoats) were replaced by 2569: 2552: 2534: 2360: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2270: 2263: 2228: 2214: 2201: 2185: 1944: 1926: 1892: 1882: 1872: 1860: 1812: 1631: 1517: 1474: 239: 212: 192: 131: 115:. For the history of fascism in France, see 13200:Underground media in German-occupied France 12391: 12201:Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine 12073:] (in French). Malakoff: Armand Colin. 11885:Grands dossiers de l'histoire contemporaine 11253: 8704:Wright, Edmund (2006). "Vichy government". 8509:"Eight Allied Ships Sunk Off French Guiana" 8494:Guarding the United States and Its Outposts 8457: 8455: 8067:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 p. 83. 7612: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7537: 7525: 7510: 7498: 7410: 7398: 7381: 6844: 6712:. Legifrance. 9 August 1944. Archived from 5896:were also stigmatised as "war profiteers" ( 5635:" (French Militia). Officially directed by 4983:Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing 4251:(immigrants from Mediterranean countries), 3809:In North Africa, after the 8 November 1942 3638:and left on 5 August for Aden, to join the 3131:French Indochina, Japan and Franco-Thai War 2861:) was reestablished, effectively repealing 299:The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to 20866:States and territories established in 1940 19709: 19695: 16411: 16397: 15124: 15110: 14496: 14482: 12566: 12552: 12358:Boissoneault, Lorraine (9 November 2017). 10429: 10027:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau? 9464: 9429:New York: Syracuse University Press, 1977. 9173:"Jewish population of French North Africa" 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8065:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944 7811:"Loi constitutionnelle du 10 Juillet 1940" 6539:, writer and founder of royalist movement 6077:, prison guards asked him for autographs. 5942:or legal purge), which began with Charles 5625:(SOL) collaborationist militia, headed by 5595: 5260:in 1974 and then other historians such as 5030:the end of the war. Although the Nazi VT ( 4921:was signed authorising their detention. A 4411:never ceased to hire during this period." 4336:, in the first months of 1939, during the 4169:, a renowned physician who also supported 3776:killing 479 Allied forces and wounding 720 2462: 2362:Faut-il réduire l'Angleterre en esclavage? 2279:The key component of Vichy's ideology was 1445: 1431: 293: 253: 11942: 11701:Sutherland, Jonathan, and Diane Canwell. 11145:(2nd ed. 2006) 206pp; brief introduction 10342:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 10184:Hans Petter Graver, "The Opposition", in 9993:"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews" 9322: 9282: 8899:, hors-série 2007, pp. 39–49 (see p. 48) 8461: 8384: 8373:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 8197: 8019: 7835: 7343: 7332: 7273: 7146: 5876:Learn how and when to remove this message 5768: 5668: 4928:Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives 4844:Learn how and when to remove this message 4599:(PPF), advocated for the creation of the 4563:Learn how and when to remove this message 4175:National Institute of Demographic Studies 4078:, a monarchist writer and founder of the 3423:History of Martinique § World War II 3352:and onwards to the Liberation of France. 3145:Japanese coup de main in French Indochina 2988:The US position towards Vichy France and 2968:. The most important such action was the 2753:would later be annulled in August 1944.) 2127:Propaganda poster for the Vichy Regime's 1935:The Nazis had some intention of annexing 1887:by German forces in November 1942. Other 1755:Learn how and when to remove this message 92:Learn how and when to remove this message 13222:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration 12038:La vie politique à Alger, de 1940 à 1944 11953:] (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. 11642: 11466:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11312: 10962: 10844: 10615: 10558:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10278:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 10271: 10024: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9106: 8791: 8600: 8588: 8452: 8429: 7802: 7473: 7461: 7449: 7434: 7422: 6890:French Studies, University of Birmingham 6883: 6742: 6736: 6016: 5994:finally came the period for amnesty and 5686: 5678: 5599: 5590: 5492: 5387: 5362: 5239: 5138: 4978: 4739: 4680:discourse. One of the founders of these 4328:and later used them for other purposes. 4227: 4219: 3973: 3825:finally accepted his self-nomination as 3789: 3600: 3152: 3065: 3048:(National Bank for Trade and Industry). 2943: 2810: 2674:Pierre Laval and Philippe Pétain in the 2669: 2655: 2517: 2466: 2427: 2392:are marched off under German guard, 1940 2384: 2353:Anglo-Free French attempt to seize Dakar 2122: 1802: 1786: 1583:. Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the 117:History of far-right movements in France 45:lists the same citations more than once. 27:Client state of Nazi Germany (1940–1944) 13627:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 13205:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 12206: 12048:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. 11996: 11776:France at War: Vichy and the Historians 11533: 11457: 11380: 11355:, (University of Chicago Press, 2008). 11282: 11175:Diamond, Hanna, and Simon Kitson, eds. 11162:(Introduction to History) (2000) 128pp 11028: 10989: 10850: 10698: 10650: 10603: 10553: 10524: 10404: 10275:Jean Monnet: The Path to European Unity 10272:Brinkley, Douglas; et al. (1992). 10149: 10020: 10018: 9950: 9911: 9747: 9534: 8779: 8576: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8149:La France à l'heure allemande 1940–1944 8083: 8023:Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 7796: 7640: 7241:. U. of California Press. p. 298. 7234: 7074: 6926: 6914: 6850: 6603:List of French possessions and colonies 6014:etc.) and civil servants (Papon etc.). 5643:rank and pledged an oath of loyalty to 4946:Union générale des israélites de France 4923:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 4267:, and left-wing activists. Inspired by 3920:French Committee of National Liberation 3849:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon 3754:French Committee of National Liberation 3660: 3609:The governor of French Somaliland (now 3264:, debate arose among the population of 2970:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon 2802:The text voted by the Congress stated: 2493:French prisoners of war in World War II 2048:The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern 1701:Events preceding World War II in Europe 14: 20738: 18265: 18243:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 15779: 15604: 15400: 15176: 13172:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 12420: 12276: 12155: 11563: 11491:. (Stanford University Press, 1995). 11487:Marrus, Michael R. and Robert Paxton. 11254:Holman, Valerie; Kelly, Debra (2000). 10990:Whitney, Craig R. (18 February 2007). 10374: 10335: 10197: 9905: 9867: 9782: 9708: 9481:] (in French). Editions Romillat. 8703: 8523:"Encyclopedia Britannica – Guadeloupe" 8097:When the US wanted to take over France 7652: 7487:France At War In the Twentieth Century 7370:France At War In the Twentieth Century 7255:from the original on 27 September 2015 7202:. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137. 6938: 5203: 4173:. This institution was renamed as the 3821:. Darlan was released, and US General 3743: 2400:on 1 September. After the eight-month 20851:Political history of France by period 19690: 19114:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 18546:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 18192:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 18148:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 17246:Rape during the occupation of Germany 16392: 15105: 14477: 12547: 12004:. Tempus (in French). Paris: Perrin. 11938:(in French). Le Point Communications. 11927: 11746:Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France 11668: 11010:from the original on 16 December 2017 10775:from the original on 24 February 2009 10662: 10489: 10454: 10302: 10234: 10156:. Montreal: McGill-Queen. p. 5. 9790:"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files" 9702: 9594:from the original on 2 September 2012 9333:from the original on 10 January 2022. 9103: 9014: 8911: 8552: 8324: 8322: 8203: 8168:Lawrence Journal-World – Aug 22, 1944 7915:. Fordham University Press. pp. 7733: 7124: 7122: 7050: 6794: 6792: 6659:Given full constituent powers in the 5579:on 3 July 1944, at the behest of the 5174:, during the 2017 election campaign. 4496:groupements de travailleurs étrangers 4107:(Legion of French Volunteers Against 4034:Vichy is often described as a German 3109:as the legitimate French government. 2976:as American ambassador. US President 275: German military occupation zone 64:https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025 18236:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 17261:Rape during the liberation of France 14313:The Destruction of the European Jews 13155:Political situation in French Africa 13150:Police collaboration in Vichy France 12173: ? n° 1720 (in French). Paris: 11890:Major issues in contemporary history 11878: 11820:French Politics, Culture and Society 11049:from the original on 2 February 2018 10890:from the original on 13 January 2014 10832:from the original on 31 January 2012 10819: 10722:from the original on 8 February 2012 10686: 10674: 10533:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 10015: 10003:from the original on 5 December 2017 9973:from the original on 1 February 2018 9932:from the original on 28 January 2018 9893:from the original on 24 October 2017 9800:from the original on 9 November 2017 9770:from the original on 13 January 2018 9729:from the original on 7 December 2017 9660: 9470: 8844: 8612: 8480: 8433:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 7885:from the original on 8 December 2015 7778:from the original on 2 November 2015 7694:"Spying for Germany in Vichy France" 7673:from the original on 1 November 2015 7216:from the original on 24 October 2015 7107:from the original on 24 October 2015 6045:The French members of the Waffen-SS 5858:adding citations to reliable sources 5829: 5092: 4782:adding citations to reliable sources 4753: 4701:Carrel also wrote this in his book: 4545:adding citations to reliable sources 4516: 4512: 4204:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité 3629:, the main military base. After the 3590: 3302:supplied the Allied ships and planes 3236: 2933: 1937:a large swath of northeastern France 1737:adding citations to reliable sources 1708: 1530:occupation of France by Nazi Germany 29: 14811:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 12392:Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998). 11748:. New York University Press. 1998. 11665:(University of Chicago Press, 2012) 11315:The Journal of Contemporary History 11088:From Munich to Liberation 1938–1944 9367:Quoted in Andrés Horacio Reggiani. 8822:from the original on 15 August 2016 7017:. 27 September 2006. Archived from 6358:, Prime Minister (1940, 1942–1944). 6126:executing only 37 collaborationists 5497:Progressive end of the Vichy regime 4939:until February 1944. Mirroring the 4735: 4376:, but any German citizen (or other 4356:(PCF) following the signing of the 3336:, distinguishing themselves at the 3308:. Troops from French Polynesia and 1981: 1624:two million French prisoners-of-war 24: 20816:Former countries in French history 20806:Catholicism and far-right politics 18462:German invasion of the Netherlands 16735:Weather events during World War II 13014:French National-Collectivist Party 12351: 12211:(in French). Paris: Seuil Arènes. 11915:Le régime de Vichy et les Français 11029:Whitney, Craig R. (3 April 1998). 10929: 9205:from the original on 3 August 2009 9087:. Jewishtraces.org. Archived from 8319: 8112:, May 2003 (English, French, etc.) 8001:from the original on 29 March 2013 7976:"Centre for History and Economics" 7119: 6789: 6743:Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre 6640:World War II in the Basque Country 6352:, general and Minister of Defense. 6316:, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs. 6254: 5583: – but that act of 5399:mobilisation of non-ferrous metals 5046:August 1942 and January 1943 raids 4030:(Commissioner for Jewish Affairs). 3207:Colonial struggle with Free France 2765:who opposed Laval became known as 1807:Personal flag of Philippe Pétain, 1619:shaped by the victorious Germany. 1500:occupied under the harsh terms of 25: 20897: 19716: 19093:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15559:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 14565:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 13128:Collaboration with Imperial Japan 13086:French Constitutional Law of 1940 12762:French Constitutional Law of 1940 12450: 11928:Béglé, Jérôme (20 January 2014). 11760: 11730:The French Empire at War, 1940–45 11508:. (Sussex Academic Press, 2016). 11482:Journal of European Social Policy 11287:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 10801:from the original on 23 July 2011 10583:. Durham: Duke University Press. 9912:Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017). 9855:from the original on 24 July 2014 9354:", Joint Programmatic Commission 8845:Zalc, Claire (16 November 2020). 8409:World War II Pacific Island Guide 8281:from the original on 11 July 2011 8123:"Canada and the World: A History" 7817:from the original on 23 July 2001 6784:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 6279:in 1941, who was executed in 1944 5430: 4438:, was used to intern Romani. The 4358:German–Soviet non-aggression pact 4210:Racial policies and collaboration 4153:Conseil National de la Résistance 3918:then became co-presidents of the 3906:, with Roosevelt, Churchill, and 3827:High Commissioner of North Africa 3597:French Somaliland in World War II 2940:Foreign relations of Vichy France 2648:French Constitutional Law of 1940 2632: 2501: 2312:together with Pétain's policy of 2169:) arranged so as to resemble the 1777:the Germans' Nazi racial policies 1640:and other "undesirables" such as 20771:1944 disestablishments in France 20766:1944 disestablishments in Europe 19653: 16418: 16047:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 14661:Russian Liberation People's Army 13611:Second law on the status of Jews 13038:Légion Française des Combattants 12573: 12175:Presses Universitaires de France 12024:Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas 11705:(Pen & Sword Aviation, 2011) 11607:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 11022: 10983: 10956: 10944:from the original on 20 May 2011 10923: 10902: 10872: 10820:Helm, Sarah (16 February 1996). 10813: 10787: 10761: 10749:from the original on 12 May 2013 10734: 10609: 10572: 10547: 10518: 10483: 10448: 10423: 10368: 10329: 10296: 10265: 10228: 10191: 10178: 10134: 10109: 9985: 9944: 9831: 9812: 9748:McAuley, James (10 April 2017). 9741: 9709:Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995). 9654: 9643: 9606: 9580: 9553: 9503: 9442: 9432: 9415: 9361: 9337: 9269: 9257:from the original on 4 June 2011 9243: 9217: 9191: 9165: 9139: 9077: 9065:from the original on 21 May 2011 9051: 9033: 9008: 8992: 8960: 8940: 8905: 8885: 8838: 8800:. Paris: PUF. pp. 143–193. 8511:. The Advertiser. 12 March 1943. 7764:. Psychology Press. p. 14. 6576:, Allied intelligence center in 6486:Mouvement social révolutionnaire 6325:Rassemblement national populaire 6284: 6269: 6171:escaped to Quebec, then Brazil. 5923:the first phase of mob justice ( 5834: 5746:French civilian forced labourers 5413: 5332:Légion Française des Combattants 5064:, the French police checked the 4758: 4521: 4432:Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans 3149:French Indochina in World War II 2739:, who were then aboard the ship 2642:10 July 1940 vote of full powers 2085:Germany invaded the Soviet Union 2059:in France, with strength in the 1713: 1414: 1399: 865: 803: 785: 761: 743: 702: 684: 223: 171: 157: 34: 16027:Norway (Administrative Council) 14673:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 13302:France, revue de l'État nouveau 13195:Censorship under the occupation 11767:Conan, Eric, and Henry Rousso. 11377:. (Duke University Press. 1999) 11064: 9951:McAuley, James (16 July 2017). 9668:Journal of Contemporary History 9231:from the original on 6 May 2009 9179:from the original on 6 May 2009 9153:from the original on 6 May 2009 8761:World War Two. Nation by Nation 8753: 8740: 8733:, "The Republic and Vichy." in 8724: 8697: 8649: 8615:Journal of Contemporary History 8606: 8536: 8515: 8501: 8423: 8401: 8360: 8334: 8293: 8263: 8242: 8216: 8180: 8161: 8141: 8115: 8070: 8057: 8048: 7986: 7968: 7953: 7933: 7751: 7742: 7727: 7685: 7646: 7618: 7479: 7362: 7267: 7228: 7189: 7080: 7044: 7025: 7007: 6989: 6972: 6666: 6653: 6182:In 1993, former Vichy official 6131: 5902:), and popularly called "BOF" ( 5845:needs additional citations for 5728:), and hosted the embassies of 5524:as a preferable alternative to 5489:Operation Attila (World War II) 4866:). Under the responsibility of 4793:"Vichy antisemitic legislation" 4769:needs additional citations for 4688:in his 1853–1855 essay titled " 4532:needs additional citations for 3964:Collaboration with Nazi Germany 3435:build powerful transmitters on 3193:coup d'état in French Indochina 2165:and the double-headed hatchet ( 1900: 1724:needs additional citations for 1664:began in 1944, the Free French 1516:in the unoccupied "free zone" ( 20048:Government of National Defense 19340:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 17043:Territorial changes of Germany 16951:Indonesian National Revolution 13104:Service du travail obligatoire 13076:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 12586:World War II collaboration in: 12097:Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation 11812:(1994) 18#3 pp. 801–820 9005:, Cherche Midi éditeur (2005). 8344:. 17 July 2010. Archived from 8020:Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2011). 7758:Richard Joseph Golsan (2000). 6939:Hutton, Margaret-Anne (2016). 6877: 6806: 6773: 6163:terrorist movement during the 5479:German invasion, November 1942 4344:from all nations, fleeing the 3948:and arrest the leaders of his 3709:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 3605:Map of French Somaliland, 1922 2902: 2435:meeting Hitler in October 1940 2091:found that it was "distinctly 1919:French protectorate of Tunisia 1915:French protectorate in Morocco 1782: 1633:service du travail obligatoire 13: 1: 20881:Former states and territories 20811:Client states of Nazi Germany 20756:1940 establishments in France 20751:1940 establishments in Europe 19957:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 19952:War of the Spanish Succession 18740:Japanese invasion of Thailand 18691:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 18455:German invasion of Luxembourg 16829:Mediterranean and Middle East 16052:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 14734:Collaborationist Chinese Army 13227:Office français d'information 13048:Revolutionary Social Movement 12719:History of the Jews in France 11433:, (1947); U.S. policy 1940–42 11133:Contemporary European History 10311:. London: Routledge. p. 10303:Lynch, Frances M. B. (1997). 9661:Joly, Laurent (23 May 2019). 9616:, 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993 9358:-ONG Science and Ethics, 2003 8851:The Journal of Modern History 8707:A Dictionary of World History 7344:Karlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011). 7093:. Princeton U.P. p. 12. 6685: 6334:, Prime Minister (1940–1941). 6310:, Prime Minister (1941–1942). 6071:; according to the newspaper 5966:, the leader of the royalist 5946:'s 26 and 27 June 1944 purge 5822:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators 5111:concentration camps in France 4750:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 4643:(GPRF) after the Liberation. 4622:sexually transmitted diseases 4456:Mauthausen concentration camp 4280:reform of the nationality law 3836:Afrique occidentale française 3241:Until 1962, France possessed 3186:. Although the French won an 3038:and entrepreneur, as well as 2780:Abrogation of legal procedure 2404:, the Germans launched their 1987: 1889:contemporary colloquial terms 1822:Zone libre § Other names 1795:). The yellow zone was under 76:to identify unique citations. 18647:Invasion of the Soviet Union 18336:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 17647:Independent State of Croatia 15825:Army Group Rear Area Command 15132:Administrative divisions in 13025:Jeunesse Populaire Française 12517:NAZI diplomacy: Vichy, 1940 12427:. Harvard University Press. 11691:, London, Weidenfeld, 2009. 11345:(Oxford, 1985), short survey 10046:. CIUS Press. pp. 45–. 9828:, Président de la république 9061:. Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. 8737:(2011): 65–73 quoting p. 65. 8466:. Macmillan London Limited. 8177:. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 7288:10.1007/978-3-030-22411-0_17 6501:(PPF) and member of the LVF. 6441:, also known as Pierre Bony. 6304:, head of the French police. 6152:of July 1942. Among others, 5763: 5437:Black market in Vichy France 5397:1941 it also instituted the 5122:rather than by the Germans. 4969:July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4900:11th arrondissement of Paris 3877:Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie 3839:, AOF), a move that enraged 3705:and the Convention of Acre ( 3431:A Vichy France plan to have 3318:in 1940; became part of the 3174:, the prime minister of the 3137:Invasion of French Indochina 2832:Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité 2486: 2347:in May 1940, the Royal Navy 1941:invasion of the Soviet Union 201:("Work, Family, Fatherland") 7: 19631:End of World War II in Asia 19471:Western invasion of Germany 18978:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 18955:Second Battle of El Alamein 18525:Hundred Regiments Offensive 18497:Battle of the Mediterranean 18350:Italian invasion of Albania 16517:Air warfare of World War II 16207:Belgium and Northern France 15830:Belgium and Northern France 14575:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 14252:Municipal elections of 1945 13935:Service d'ordre légionnaire 13543:French protectorate of Laos 13217:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 12850:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 12395:Vichy: An Ever-present Past 11769:Vichy: An ever-present past 11291:. Oxford University Press. 11283:Jackson, Julian T. (2001). 9848:(in French). 16 July 1995. 9637:at Lyon on 4 November 2000 9614:La France des années noires 8710:. Oxford University Press. 8462:Stevenson, William (1976). 8250:The Pacific War Remembered. 8206:Revue Historique des Armées 8026:. OUP Oxford. p. 291. 7980:www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk 6561: 6453:, founder of the far-right 6433:Non-Vichy collaborationists 6394:, Minister of the Interior. 6314:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 6177:António de Oliveira Salazar 5805:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5622:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5359:Social and economic history 5352:Service d'Ordre Légionnaire 4935:until May 1942 and then by 4028:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 3416: 3251:Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin 2909:Governments of Vichy France 2844:travaux forcés à perpetuité 2607:, and almost 40,000 in the 2037: 1690: 242:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 10: 20902: 20438:French subdivisions by GDP 20185:2022 presidential election 20170:2017 presidential election 19557:Naval bombardment of Japan 18925:First Battle of El Alamein 18844:Battle of Christmas Island 18789:Japanese invasion of Burma 18553:Italian invasion of Greece 18469:German invasion of Belgium 18441:German invasion of Denmark 18414:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 18283:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 16540:Comparative military ranks 15709:Civil Administration Areas 15314:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 14764:First Indian National Army 14277:Holocaust denial in France 14228:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 12966:Government of Vichy France 11875:, 8 volumes, Laffont, 1976 11568:. In Stauber, Roni (ed.). 11452:European Review of History 11327:10.1177/002200949402900406 11069: 10430:Collingham, E. M. (2011). 10336:Berger, Françoise (2003). 10214:10.1177/026569148601600202 10201:European History Quarterly 10078:Bertram M. Gordon (1980). 8897:Journal des anthropologues 8763:, London, Cassell, p. 86. 8627:10.1177/002200947300800205 7659:. McFarland. p. 111. 7003:. Knopf. pp. 364–376. 6757:La vie musicale sous Vichy 6593:Government of Vichy France 6258: 6205: 5976:, head of the Milice, and 5819: 5793:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 5783:, strove to establish the 5772: 5691:Liberation of France, 1944 5672: 5513:in exile in the so-called 5482: 5434: 5383: 5209: 5049: 4972: 4919:law regarding foreign Jews 4913:, which created a special 4747: 4291:Internment camps in France 4213: 4191:groupes mobiles de réserve 3967: 3747: 3594: 3520:On 23 September 1940, the 3489:Equatorial and West Africa 3420: 3348:; and participated in the 3243:four colonies across India 3210: 3134: 3057:French-Canadian population 3042:, general director of the 2937: 2906: 2645: 2511: 2505: 2490: 2475: 2041: 1819: 1694: 778:Commission for the Defense 502:• 1941–1942 (acting) 490:• 1940–1941 (acting) 283: French protectorates 259:The French State in 1942: 110: 103: 20699: 20589: 20499: 20490: 20386: 20377: 20279: 20270: 20208: 20199: 20120: 20001: 19970: 19942:Second Hundred Years' War 19893: 19846: 19813: 19792: 19784:Liberalism and radicalism 19736: 19727: 19646: 19478:Bratislava–Brno offensive 19418: 19409:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 19146: 19033:Allied invasion of Sicily 18987: 18893:Aleutian Islands campaign 18865:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 18812: 18803:Greek famine of 1941–1944 18698:Second Battle of Changsha 18603:German invasion of Greece 18571: 18448:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 18423: 18361: 18256: 18137: 17863: 17773: 17614: 17317: 17308: 17066: 16891: 16783:North and Central Pacific 16744: 16506: 16499: 16426: 16358: 16317: 16310: 16275: 16235: 16199: 16186: 16166: 16080: 15924: 15917: 15889: 15815: 15795: 15770: 15707: 15696: 15662: 15595: 15579:North Brabant and Limburg 15574:South Holland and Zeeland 15569:North Holland and Utrecht 15564:Gelderland and Overijssel 15549: 15478: 15426: 15387: 15357: 15154: 15141: 14833: 14713: 14529: 14519: 14515: 14418: 14375: 14329: 14304: 14295: 14257:1946 legislative election 14213: 14155: 14125: 14071:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14011: 13972: 13926: 13870: 13863: 13854: 13819: 13731: 13698: 13645: 13619: 13601:Law on the status of Jews 13591: 13580: 13520: 13483: 13421: 13381:Syria and Lebanon mandate 13361: 13180: 13113: 13061: 12999: 12958: 12792: 12757:Armistice of 22 June 1940 12749: 12662: 12581: 12491:27 September 2007 at the 12486:coverage of the armistice 12227: 12207:Sémelin, Jacques (2013). 12138:.: A documentary history. 12044:Jean-Luc Einaudi (2001). 11943:Bentégeat, Hervé (2014). 11907:& François Bedarida, 11861: 11810:French Historical Studies 11800:French Historical Studies 11771:(UP of New England, 1998) 11534:Mockler, Anthony (1984). 11489:Vichy France and the Jews 11458:Levieux, Eleanor (1999). 11120:. New York: Knopf. 2006. 11104:(The History Press, 2015) 11097:(2000) 220pp; photographs 10826:The Independent on Sunday 10618:French Historical Studies 10554:Pollard, Miranda (1998). 10238:French Historical Studies 9383:French Historical Studies 9305:French Historical Studies 8980:Stanford University Press 8968:Vichy France and the Jews 8950:, Romillat, 2004, p. 91, 8147:Burrin, Philippe (1997). 7941:De Munich à la Libération 7238:Fascism: A Reader's Guide 7196:Stanley G. Payne (1983). 6851:Levieux, Eleanor (1999). 6813:Robert O. Paxton (1972). 6157:Serge and Beate Klarsfeld 6114:Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse 5815: 5302: 5157:had been dismantled when 5135:Government responsibility 4941:Reich Association of Jews 4911:Law on the status of Jews 4657: 4500:law on the status of Jews 4010:(Commander of Marseilles 3689:forces invaded Syria and 3511:League of Nations mandate 3437:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3157:Japanese troops entering 3026:Maurice Couve de Murville 2578:and simplified uniforms. 2478:Armistice of 22 June 1940 2398:German invasion of Poland 1853:Armistice of 22 June 1940 1814:(Chef de l'État Français) 1585:Armistice of 22 June 1940 1551:. On 10 May 1940, it was 1510:a policy of collaboration 819: 663: 653: 649: 636: 623: 610: 595: 582: 565: 552: 548: 538: 528: 524: 512: 500: 488: 476: 464: 460: 450: 446: 434: 430: 420: 394: 384: 374: 364: 335: 308: 292: 252: 248:("Marshal, here we are!") 205: 187: 153: 148: 126: 20856:Politics of World War II 20841:Modern history of France 20826:France–Germany relations 20776:Anti-communism in France 20213:Administrative divisions 19070:Allied invasion of Italy 19047:Solomon Islands campaign 18796:Third Battle of Changsha 18393:First Battle of Changsha 18299:Second Sino-Japanese War 17232:German military brothels 17098:United States war crimes 15817:Military administrations 15349:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 14683:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 14628:National Republican Army 14623:Latvian Auxiliary Police 14548:Albanian Fascist Militia 14267:Trial of Philippe Pétain 13942:Groupe mobile de réserve 13485:French Equatorial Africa 13288:L'Émancipation nationale 13190:Antisemitic publications 12527:22 February 2019 at the 12501:"Obituary of a Republic" 12318: 11774:Fishman, Sarah, et al. 11247:13 December 2019 at the 11152:14 December 2019 at the 11093:Azema, Jean-Pierre, ed. 10856:Det vanskelige oppgjøret 9681:10.1177/0022009419839774 9572:La Bataille de Marseille 9471:Rémy, Dominique (1992). 9427:The Theology of Medicine 9350:18 February 2006 at the 8106:, Annie Lacroix-Riz, in 8102:27 November 2010 at the 7943:, Le Seuil, 1979, p. 82 7836:Beigbeder, Yves (2006). 7653:Singer, Barnett (2008). 7235:Laqueur, Walter (1978). 6646: 6524:Service d'Action Civique 6505:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle 6498:Parti Populaire Français 6403:Parti Populaire Français 6173:Jacques Ploncard d'Assac 5577:Free Republic of Vercors 5457: 5274:Parti Populaire Français 5236:Groupe mobile de réserve 4632:French secondary schools 4583:, an early proponent of 3902:Giraud took part in the 3693:; this was known as the 3577:invaded Vichy-held Gabon 3561:French Equatorial Africa 3495:French Equatorial Africa 3395:Free French Naval Forces 3381:Naval Base New Caledonia 3320:1st Free French Division 3288:and Australia and, with 3270:referendum was organised 3103:Andrew Browne Cunningham 2871:departmental commissions 2838:Travail, Famille, Patrie 1646:Nazi concentration camps 1224: 1186: 1016: 1005: 984: 195:Travail, Famille, Patrie 20886:Provisional governments 20836:The Holocaust in France 20433:Franc (former currency) 20038:Coup of 2 December 1851 20011:Long nineteenth century 19492:Second Guangxi campaign 19347:Philippines (1944–1945) 18851:Battle of the Coral Sea 18754:Fall of the Philippines 18400:Battle of South Guangxi 18306:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 17705:Italian Social Republic 14801:Royal Thai Armed Forces 14791:Manchukuo Imperial Army 14776:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 14724:Burma Independence Army 14656:Russian Liberation Army 14618:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps 14580:Belarusian Home Defence 14544:Albanian collaborators 14359:The Sorrow and the Pity 14173:Siegfried Line campaign 13980:SS Charlemagne division 13842:The Holocaust in France 12991:Second Laval government 12860:Charles du Paty de Clam 12840:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau 12522:The Holocaust in France 12370:Smithsonian Institution 12331:The Sorrow and the Pity 12116:, Fayard, Paris, 1985, 12040:, L.G.D.J., Paris 1963. 12026:, Fayard, Paris, 1994, 11986:, Perrin, Paris, 1998. 11717:excerpt and text search 11600:excerpt and text search 11564:Michel, Alain (2014) . 11498:11 October 2017 at the 11454:(2008), 15#2 pp 157–177 11422:excerpt and text search 11233:(Westport, Conn., 1998) 11225:excerpt and text search 11212:excerpt and text search 11202:excerpt and text search 11164:excerpt and text search 10963:Traverso, Enzo (2016). 10914:3 December 2002 at the 10525:Fishman, Sarah (1991). 10405:Diamond, Hanna (1999). 10150:Hellman, John (2008) . 10120:. Perrin. p. 234. 9457:1 December 2016 at the 9375:4 February 2007 at the 9298:4 February 2007 at the 9124:28 January 2016 at the 8973:24 October 2015 at the 8792:Boninchi, Marc (2005). 8173:26 January 2016 at the 7734:Vinen, Richard (2006). 7613:Holman & Kelly 2000 7601:Holman & Kelly 2000 7589:Holman & Kelly 2000 7577:Holman & Kelly 2000 7565:Holman & Kelly 2000 7553:Holman & Kelly 2000 7538:Holman & Kelly 2000 7526:Holman & Kelly 2000 7511:Holman & Kelly 2000 7499:Holman & Kelly 2000 7411:Holman & Kelly 2000 7399:Holman & Kelly 2000 7382:Holman & Kelly 2000 7087:Philip G. Nord (2010). 6237:The Sorrow and the Pity 6188:crimes against humanity 5959:Commissions d'épuration 5808:, were also dissolved. 5596:Independence of the SOL 5120:Paris Police Prefecture 4987:before the mass arrests 4880:department of the Seine 4309:on the sole basis of a 4278:granted since the 1927 4143:against the prevailing 4130:and engineers from the 4117:SS Charlemagne Division 3950:Algerian People's Party 3505:on 29 August 1940, and 3342:Battle of Monte Cassino 3306:battle of the Coral Sea 3272:on 2 September 1940 in 3188:important naval victory 2980:and Secretary of State 2948:A propaganda poster in 2822:chef de l'État français 2463:Conditions of armistice 2390:French prisoners of war 2349:attack at Mers-el-Kébir 2206:("decadence") when the 2103:". Political scientist 2017:attack on Mers-el-Kébir 1685:crimes against humanity 1567:, and as an extension, 1553:invaded by Nazi Germany 831: 822: 20821:France in World War II 20781:Antisemitism in France 20453:Science and technology 20110:Provisional Government 20079: 20058: 19918: 19077:Armistice of Cassibile 18879:Battle of Dutch Harbor 18830:Battle of the Java Sea 18733:Attack on Pearl Harbor 18633:Syria–Lebanon campaign 18626:Battle of South Shanxi 18596:Invasion of Yugoslavia 18379:Battle of the Atlantic 17993:Korean Liberation Army 17699:(until September 1943) 17656:(until September 1944) 17634:(until September 1944) 16188: 15918:Puppet administrations 15722:Carinthia and Carniola 15389: 15164: 15156: 15136:and German occupations 14786:Malayan Volunteer Army 14652:Russian collaborators 14600:Finnish Defence Forces 14233:Provisional Government 13893:15th Military Division 13888:14th Military Division 13723:Yellow badge in France 13043:National Popular Rally 12976:First Laval government 12865:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 12699:French colonial empire 12421:Rousso, Henry (1991). 12099:, Seuil, Paris, 1991, 11911:, Paris, Fayard, 1996. 11560:(Princeton U.P., 2010) 11484:(2015) 25#1 pp: 32–49. 11368:International Security 11135:27.3 (2018): 482–499. 10434:. London: Allen Lane. 10186:Judges Against Justice 9846:www.jacqueschirac-asso 9515:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 9128:on the website of the 8796:Vichy et l'ordre moral 8683:1 October 2013 at the 7961: 7713:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7135:International Security 7051:Young, Ernest (2013), 6963: 6819:. Barrie and Jenkins. 6751: 6745: 6674: 6469:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 6332:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 6169:Jacques de Bernonville 6116:, were controversial. 6063:Among artists, singer 6032:Paris massacre of 1961 6022: 5989:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 5958: 5925: 5904: 5898: 5769:Provisional government 5734:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 5718: 5713: 5709: 5692: 5684: 5669:Sigmaringen commission 5653:Jacques de Bernonville 5616: 5581:Free French government 5546:St Pierre and Miquelon 5498: 5393: 5368: 5254: 5246:Légion des Volontaires 5150: 5145: 4997: 4988: 4927: 4862: 4745: 4717:Entretiens de Pontigny 4716: 4708: 4699: 4668: 4626: 4618:prenuptial certificate 4605: 4467: 4362:Drancy internment camp 4354:French Communist Party 4237: 4225: 4190: 4181:after the Liberation. 4031: 3869:Bonnier de La Chapelle 3835: 3806: 3707: 3695:Syria-Lebanon campaign 3621:1940, British General 3606: 3549:Vichy French Air Force 3390:Bataillon du Pacifique 3389: 3328: 3315:Bataillon du Pacifique 3314: 3282:attack on Pearl Harbor 3255:possessions in Oceania 3162: 3081: 3071: 2953: 2920:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 2893:6 February 1934 crisis 2879: 2857: 2843: 2837: 2821: 2816: 2809: 2741: 2685: 2667: 2613: 2570: 2553: 2541:French colonial empire 2535: 2523: 2514:Vichy French Air Force 2473: 2445:armistice with Germany 2436: 2393: 2361: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2271: 2264: 2229: 2215: 2202: 2186: 2134: 1945: 1927: 1893: 1883: 1881:, the invasion of the 1873: 1861: 1851:as established by the 1817: 1813: 1800: 1705:Causes of World War II 1632: 1609:French colonial empire 1599:started in June 1941, 1518: 1475: 1465: 1060:Valois-Angoulême kings 798:of the French Republic 796:Provisional Government 638:• Capture of the 240: 213: 193: 132: 106:Vichy (disambiguation) 72:Please consider using 19241:Second Battle of Guam 19137:Bengal famine of 1943 19107:Second Battle of Kiev 19063:Battle of the Dnieper 18768:Battle of Wake Island 18640:East African campaign 18582:Battle of South Henan 18227:atrocities by Germans 18000:Korean Volunteer Army 16974:Occupation of Germany 16728:Music in World War II 15369:Reichsfestung Belgrad 14806:Russian Fascist Party 14595:Croatian Armed Forces 14463:Category:Vichy France 14086:Operation Bright Moon 13883:7th Military Division 13281:Documents maçonniques 12476:13 April 2005 at the 12134:, Julliard, , 1967. 11909:Vichy et les Français 11853:8 August 2020 at the 11785:5 August 2020 at the 11673:. London: Brassey's. 11669:Raugh, H. E. (1993). 11416:Lackerstein, Debbie. 11186:5 August 2020 at the 10409:. New York: Longman. 10354:10.3917/rhmc.503.0148 9824:13 April 2009 at the 9570:, 1995. Chapter XIV, 9015:Stein, Louis (1979). 8912:Nahum, Henri (2008). 8657:The Politics of Torch 8464:A man called Intrepid 8446:10.3406/jso.1997.2029 8416:19 March 2015 at the 8386:10.3917/rhmc.494.0071 8109:Le Monde diplomatique 7021:on 27 September 2006. 6980:Hitler and his Allies 6752:Maréchal, nous voilà! 6206:Further information: 6020: 5820:Further information: 5690: 5682: 5603: 5591:Decline of the regime 5496: 5391: 5366: 5243: 5181:, at the site of the 5142: 5050:Further information: 4982: 4937:Darquier de Pellepoix 4743: 4703: 4694: 4637:occupational medicine 4231: 4223: 4214:Further information: 4115:, later becoming the 3977: 3968:Further information: 3904:Casablanca Conference 3861:Trans-Saharan Railway 3803:Casablanca Conference 3793: 3613:), Brigadier-General 3604: 3203:controlled by Tokyo. 3156: 3069: 3032:, a former member of 2978:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2947: 2938:Further information: 2814: 2804: 2688:On 10 July 1940, the 2673: 2659: 2646:Further information: 2521: 2476:Further information: 2470: 2431: 2406:offensive in the West 2388: 2198:French Third Republic 2145:, and celebrated the 2126: 2042:Further information: 1820:Further information: 1806: 1790: 1695:Further information: 1545:Third French Republic 780:of National Interests 478:• 1940 (acting) 375:Common languages 303:and the Allied powers 267: Unoccupied zone 48:The reason given is: 20258:World Heritage Sites 20175:Coronavirus pandemic 19527:Surrender of Germany 19005:Battle of West Hubei 18962:Guadalcanal campaign 18932:Battle of Stalingrad 18858:Battle of Madagascar 17625:Albania protectorate 17412:(formerly Swaziland) 17121:Wehrmacht war crimes 16937:Expulsion of Germans 16721:Art and World War II 16619:British contribution 16568:Governments in exile 16371:Strength Through Joy 16330:Weather Station Kurt 16032:Norway (Quisling II) 15279:Munich–Upper Bavaria 15264:March of Brandenburg 14771:Inner Mongolian Army 14759:Indian National Army 14643:Royal Hungarian Army 14638:Romanian Land Forces 14398:Le Silence de la mer 14223:Liberation of France 13832:Deportation timeline 13337:Révolution nationale 13211:Le Juif et la France 13161:Révolution nationale 13019:French Popular Party 12724:Treaty of Versailles 12141:Herbert R. Lottman. 12126:Launay, Jacques de. 11979:(2nd ed. 2000) 732pp 11822:(2012) 30#2 pp 8–32. 11743:Weisberg, Richard H. 11602:; influential survey 11086:Azema, Jean-Pierre. 10880:"Vichy France Facts" 10745:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 10718:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 9796:. 28 December 2015. 9279:, 32, (1984), p. 119 8759:J.Lee Ready (1995), 8565:Playfair et al. 1954 8348:on 28 September 2011 7997:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 7813:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 7182:Debbie Lackerstein, 7148:10.1162/isec_a_00329 6947:Taylor & Francis 6630:Amy Elizabeth Thorpe 6483:in 1935 and fascist 6085:were also detained. 5899:profiteurs de guerre 5854:improve this article 5714:Délégation française 5253:on the Eastern Front 5172:National Front Party 5062:Battle of Marseilles 4872:Prefecture of Police 4778:improve this article 4720:". Scholars such as 4669:L'Homme, cet inconnu 4597:French Popular Party 4541:improve this article 4404:Révolution nationale 4284:green ticket roundup 4216:Révolution nationale 4149:Treaty of Versailles 3823:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3774:initially resisted, 3730:Battle of Madagascar 3661:Syria and Madagascar 3365:economic opportunism 3324:Battle of Bir Hakeim 3245:, the largest being 3121:liberation of France 3053:Operation Barbarossa 2536:Armée de l'Armistice 2309:Révolution nationale 2303:Révolution nationale 2193:Révolution nationale 2173:, the symbol of the 2130:Révolution nationale 2044:Révolution nationale 1837:République française 1733:improve this article 1662:liberation of France 1597:Operation Barbarossa 1268:Provisional Republic 1050:Valois-Orléans kings 104:For other uses, see 20396:Automotive industry 20180:2021 labor protests 19937:Peace of Westphalia 19805:History of Normandy 19800:History of Brittany 19617:Potsdam Declaration 19506:Italy (Spring 1945) 19269:Liberation of Paris 18726:Siege of Sevastopol 17737:(until August 1944) 17640:Wang Jingwei regime 17462:from September 1943 17422:from September 1944 17360:from September 1944 17220:Romanian war crimes 17211:Persecution of Jews 17197:Croatian war crimes 17167:Japanese war crimes 16981:Occupation of Japan 16930:First Indochina War 16642:Military production 16554:Declarations of war 16190:Reichskommissariats 16022:Norway (Quisling I) 15952:Chechnya-Ingushetia 15612:Bohemia and Moravia 15597:Partial annexations 15408:Danzig–West Prussia 14816:Takasago Volunteers 14744:Gando Special Force 14668:Security Battalions 14178:Sigmaringen enclave 14168:Liberation of Paris 13827:Deportation convoys 13796:Royallieu-Compiègne 13761:Natzweiler-Struthof 13632:Order of Physicians 13391:French North Africa 13053:Peasant Corporation 13032:Mouvement Franciste 12830:Jacques Charpentier 12805:Jean-Marie Bergeret 12484:National Geographic 12368:. Washington D.C.: 12132:Collection Archives 12128:Le Dossier de Vichy 12036:Yves Maxime Danan, 11844:Contemporary Review 11791:Golsan, Richard J. 11719:, focus on city of 11522:. (Praeger, 1998). 11518:Melton, George E. 11493:online 1981 edition 11440:(Oxford U P 1997). 11196:Fogg, Shannon Lee. 10741:Jean-Pierre Maury. 10714:Jean-Pierre Maury. 10653:, pp. 567–568. 10606:, pp. 331–332. 9958:The Washington Post 9755:The Washington Post 9308:, 2002; 25: 331–356 8930:10.3917/aj.411.0041 8603:, pp. 323–324. 8591:, pp. 322–323. 8331:Order of Liberation 8076:William L. Langer, 7993:Jean-Pierre Maury. 7939:Jean-Pierre Azéma, 7809:Jean-Pierre Maury. 7738:. pp. 183–214. 7643:, pp. 121–126. 7425:, pp. 712–714. 6929:, pp. 160–162. 6661:law of 10 July 1940 6527:(SAC) in the 1960s. 6456:Mouvement franciste 6374:François Mitterrand 6060:instead of prison. 6056:(1946–54) with the 5905:Beurre Oeuf Fromage 5697:liberation of Paris 5675:Sigmaringen enclave 5608:/ French Militia / 5573:Metropolitan France 5515:Sigmaringen enclave 5290:collaborationnistes 5270:collaborationnistes 5268:have used the term 5205:Collaborationnistes 5164:François Mitterrand 5099:metropolitan France 5070:extermination camps 4998:Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv 4385:, trade-unionists, 4366:extermination camps 4122:On the other hand, 4070:(1936–1938) led by 3929:In late April 1945 3857:concentration camps 3744:French North Africa 3713:) on 14 July 1941. 3647:Italian East Africa 3517:on 27 August 1940. 3501:on 26 August 1940, 3176:Kingdom of Thailand 3172:Plaek Pibulsonggram 3125:government-in-exile 2930:in September 1944. 2690:Chamber of Deputies 1907:Metropolitan France 1877:) especially after 1857:French North Africa 1849:Line of Demarcation 1677:Sigmaringen enclave 1538:Metropolitan France 823:Paris remained the 640:Sigmaringen enclave 627:Vichy laws repealed 326:Government-in-exile 50:DuplicateReferences 20796:Anti-Protestantism 20463:Telecommunications 20165:2015 Paris attacks 20028:Revolution of 1848 19856:Visigothic Kingdom 19610:Surrender of Japan 19443:Battle of Iwo Jima 19292:Belgrade offensive 18705:Siege of Leningrad 18589:Battle of Shanggao 18518:British Somaliland 18483:Dunkirk evacuation 18434:Norwegian campaign 18372:Invasion of Poland 18199:Japanese prisoners 17160:Italian war crimes 17091:British war crimes 17006:Soviet occupations 16790:South-West Pacific 16677:Allied cooperation 16635:Military equipment 15622:General Government 15299:Schleswig-Holstein 14678:Slovene Home Guard 14272:Klaus Barbie trial 14163:Operation Overlord 13903:Army of the Levant 13837:Holocaust timeline 13521:Asia & Oceania 13423:French West Africa 12981:Flandin government 12950:Carltheo Zeitschel 12736:War guilt question 12162:Le régime de Vichy 11998:Cointet, Jean-Paul 11975:Michèle Cointet. 11832:. (2nd ed. 2006). 11661:Pollard, Miranda. 11594:Paxton, Robert O. 11107:Burrin, Philippe. 11035:The New York Times 10996:The New York Times 10029:. Paris: Le Seuil. 9918:The New York Times 9715:The New York Times 9343:Gwen Terrenoire, " 8891:François Masure, " 7037:2011-08-11 at the 6896:on 11 October 2017 6367:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 6219:The Vichy Syndrome 6150:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 6106:summary executions 6023: 6000:Jean-Pierre Esteva 5936:the second phase ( 5693: 5685: 5617: 5557:Operation Overlord 5499: 5394: 5378:Hans Petter Graver 5369: 5299:Collaborationnisme 5255: 5249:fighting with the 5151: 5128:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 5066:identity documents 4993:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4989: 4975:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4746: 4686:Arthur de Gobineau 4684:theories had been 4682:pseudoscientifical 4591:, and a member of 4468:Internierungslager 4238: 4236:guarding detainees 4226: 4188:, who created the 4111:) fighting on the 4032: 4013:Sicherheitspolizei 3831:French West Africa 3807: 3636:Pierre Nouailhetas 3615:Paul Legentilhomme 3607: 3573:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 3534:French West Africa 3483:French West Indies 3385:South Pacific Area 3223:Free French Forces 3165:In June 1940, the 3163: 3099:René-Emile Godfroy 3072: 2954: 2863:freedom of thought 2817: 2686: 2681:Divide and Conquer 2668: 2609:Army of the Levant 2524: 2474: 2437: 2394: 2345:Dunkirk evacuation 2242:la France profonde 2135: 2050:counter-revolution 1862:Unbesetztes Gebiet 1818: 1801: 1617:New European Order 1502:the 1940 armistice 1484:headed by Marshal 1480:), was the French 1421:History portal 917: until 50 BC 318:Fully occupied by 20733: 20732: 20695: 20694: 20486: 20485: 20373: 20372: 20365:Political parties 20301:Foreign relations 20266: 20265: 20195: 20194: 19978:French Revolution 19932:Thirty Years' War 19913:Absolute monarchy 19878:Kingdom of France 19774:Foreign relations 19754:Political history 19684: 19683: 19642: 19641: 19485:Battle of Okinawa 19384:Burma (1944–1945) 19218:Mariana and Palau 18998:Tunisian campaign 18823:Fall of Singapore 18747:Fall of Hong Kong 18490:Battle of Britain 18343:Operation Himmler 18252: 18251: 17916:Dutch East Indies 17552:Southern Rhodesia 17304: 17303: 17204:Genocide of Serbs 17107:German war crimes 17084:Soviet war crimes 17077:Allied war crimes 16923:Division of Korea 16902:Chinese Civil War 16700:Strategic bombing 16612:Manhattan Project 16386: 16385: 16382: 16381: 16306: 16305: 16276:Other occupations 16271: 16270: 16182: 16181: 15897:Adriatic Littoral 15890:Operational Zones 15811: 15810: 15692: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15658: 15657: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15586: 15474: 15473: 15383: 15382: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15078: 14934: 14829: 14828: 14717:collaborationists 14693:Wehrmacht foreign 14688:Waffen-SS foreign 14604: 14538:collaborationists 14471: 14470: 14428:French Resistance 14414: 14413: 14352:Milice, film noir 14338:Bombing the Nazis 14246:Épuration sauvage 14183:Fernand de Brinon 14151: 14150: 14091:Wallis and Futuna 14007: 14006: 13850: 13849: 13741:Beaune-la-Rolande 13576: 13575: 13563:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 13516: 13515: 13479: 13478: 13417: 13416: 13352:L'Union française 13133:Foreign relations 12986:Darlan government 12971:Pétain government 12880:Charles Huntziger 12875:Gaston Henry-Haye 12434:978-0-674-93538-9 12405:978-0-87451-795-8 12301:978-3-406-58454-1 12271:978-3-486-58945-0 12241:, Stuttgart 1966. 12218:978-2-35204-235-8 12184:978-2-13-054077-9 12055:978-2-84405-173-8 12011:978-2-262-03300-2 11982:Michèle Cointet. 11905:Jean-Pierre Azéma 11715:(New York, 1986) 11697:978-0-297-85218-6 11680:978-0-08-040983-2 11654:978-1-84574-066-5 11549:978-0-394-54222-5 11514:978-1-84519-784-1 11504:Martin Mauthner. 11473:978-0-226-47502-8 11436:Larkin, Maurice. 11394:978-0-19-160683-0 11373:Kooreman, Megan. 11361:978-0-226-43893-1 11298:978-0-19-820706-1 11267:978-1-57181-701-3 11083:, (Longman, 1997) 10976:978-1-78478-134-7 10884:World War 2 Facts 10865:978-82-518-0917-7 10795:"Accession Plans" 10689:, pp. 81–82. 10677:, pp. 48–49. 10590:978-0-8223-2777-6 10565:978-0-226-67349-3 10540:978-0-300-04774-5 10504:10.1093/fh/crq025 10469:10.1093/fh/crq025 10441:978-0-7139-9964-8 10416:978-0-582-29909-2 10389:10.1093/fh/crp006 10322:978-0-415-14219-9 10289:978-0-312-04773-3 10163:978-0-7735-0973-3 10127:978-2-262-02229-7 10091:978-0-8014-1263-9 10053:978-0-920862-36-0 9546:978-2-84405-173-8 9488:978-2-87894-026-8 8948:Les Lois de Vichy 8807:978-2-13-055339-7 8731:Julian T. Jackson 8717:978-0-19-280700-7 8555:, pp. 75–76. 8271:"Citation of the 8230:on 17 August 2011 8129:on 11 August 2011 8033:978-0-19-956707-2 7926:978-0-8232-2562-0 7849:978-90-474-1070-6 7771:978-0-415-92365-1 7666:978-0-7864-3571-5 7625:Robert A. Doughty 7603:, pp. 75–76. 7579:, pp. 72–73. 7540:, pp. 71–76. 7501:, pp. 69–70. 7384:, pp. 96–98. 7355:978-0-8047-7018-7 7297:978-3-030-22411-0 7248:978-0-520-03642-0 7209:978-0-299-08064-8 7100:978-0-691-14297-5 7062:978-0-19-992462-2 6870:978-0-226-47502-8 6780:Julian T. Jackson 6766:978-2-87027-864-2 6672:French: Pétain: " 6625:Organisation Todt 6613:Oradour-sur-Glane 6569:Camp of Septfonds 6555:Pierre Taittinger 6495:, founder of the 6445:Robert Brasillach 6350:Charles Huntziger 6344:Gaston Henry-Haye 6322:, founder of the 6212:As the historian 5982:Robert Brasillach 5926:épuration sauvage 5890:Vélodrome d'hiver 5886: 5885: 5878: 5757:General de Lattre 5755:On 21 April 1945 5725:Le Petit Parisien 5705:Fernand de Brinon 5657:French Resistance 5610:Secretary-General 5606:Against Communism 5567:(GPRF) headed by 5561:Operation Dragoon 5511:puppet government 5338:Amis de la Légion 5282:Robert Brasillach 5266:Jean-Pierre Azéma 5183:Vélodrome d'Hiver 5093:Jewish death toll 5052:Marseille roundup 5018:Vélodrome d'Hiver 4888:Theodor Dannecker 4854: 4853: 4846: 4828: 4678:scientific racism 4639:, enacted by the 4573: 4572: 4565: 4513:Eugenics policies 4452:Spanish Civil War 4448:August 1942 raids 4420:stateless persons 4338:Spanish Civil War 4334:fall of Catalonia 4311:prefectoral order 4196:French Resistance 4145:classical liberal 4141:economy of France 4135:necessities of a 3847:, triggering the 3679:Italian Air Force 3591:French Somaliland 3442:Charles de Gaulle 3402:Wallis and Futuna 3350:Provence landings 3262:Appeal of 18 June 3237:India and Oceania 3227:Appeal of 18 June 3197:Empire of Vietnam 3182:and launched the 3087:Winston Churchill 3030:Lemaigre-Dubreuil 3020:Liberation to an 2934:Foreign relations 2827:Fernand de Brinon 2774:French historians 2678:documentary film 2423:Charles Huntziger 2337:Perfidious Albion 2272:Miracle de Jeanne 2265:Miracle de Jeanne 2117:Olivier Wiewiorka 2075:while dismissing 2069:French Revolution 2023:Julian T. Jackson 1828:National Assembly 1767:In 1940, Marshal 1765: 1764: 1757: 1670:Charles de Gaulle 1654:French Resistance 1536:the remainder of 1455: 1454: 1406:France portal 1299: 1298: 1196: 1195: 1107:Kingdom of France 1097:French Revolution 1088:Long 19th century 1078: 1077: 1026: 1025: 996:Kingdom of France 931: 930: 839: 838: 815: 814: 811: 810: 776:French Government 723: 722: 533:National Assembly 514:• 1942–1944 466:• 1940–1942 436:• 1940–1944 232: 102: 101: 94: 16:(Redirected from 20893: 20497: 20496: 20413:Economic history 20384: 20383: 20277: 20276: 20206: 20205: 20084: 20063: 19962:Seven Years' War 19927:Wars of Religion 19923: 19908:House of Bourbon 19903:Early modern era 19883:Fundamental laws 19759:Military history 19734: 19733: 19711: 19704: 19697: 19688: 19687: 19677: 19670: 19663: 19660:World portal 19658: 19657: 19633: 19626: 19619: 19612: 19603: 19596: 19589: 19580: 19573: 19566: 19559: 19552: 19545: 19536: 19529: 19522: 19520:Prague offensive 19515: 19513:Battle of Berlin 19508: 19501: 19494: 19487: 19480: 19473: 19466: 19459: 19457:Vienna offensive 19452: 19445: 19438: 19436:Battle of Manila 19431: 19411: 19402: 19393: 19386: 19377: 19370: 19363: 19356: 19349: 19342: 19335: 19326: 19317: 19310: 19301: 19294: 19287: 19280: 19271: 19264: 19257: 19250: 19243: 19236: 19229: 19220: 19213: 19204: 19195: 19186: 19179: 19177:Korsun–Cherkassy 19172: 19161: 19139: 19130: 19123: 19116: 19109: 19102: 19095: 19088: 19079: 19072: 19065: 19058: 19049: 19042: 19035: 19028: 19021: 19019:Bombing of Gorky 19014: 19007: 19000: 18980: 18973: 18964: 18957: 18950: 18941: 18934: 18927: 18920: 18909: 18902: 18895: 18888: 18886:Battle of Midway 18881: 18874: 18872:Battle of Gazala 18867: 18860: 18853: 18846: 18839: 18832: 18825: 18805: 18798: 18791: 18784: 18782:Battle of Borneo 18777: 18775:Malayan campaign 18770: 18763: 18756: 18749: 18742: 18735: 18728: 18721: 18719:Bombing of Gorky 18714: 18712:Battle of Moscow 18707: 18700: 18693: 18686: 18679: 18672: 18656: 18649: 18642: 18635: 18628: 18621: 18612: 18605: 18598: 18591: 18584: 18564: 18555: 18548: 18541: 18534: 18527: 18520: 18513: 18506: 18499: 18492: 18485: 18478: 18476:Battle of France 18471: 18464: 18457: 18450: 18443: 18436: 18416: 18409: 18402: 18395: 18388: 18381: 18374: 18352: 18345: 18338: 18331: 18329:Munich Agreement 18324: 18317: 18308: 18301: 18294: 18285: 18278: 18263: 18262: 18245: 18238: 18229: 18222: 18215: 18214:Soviet prisoners 18208: 18201: 18194: 18185: 18178: 18169: 18162: 18155: 18154:German prisoners 18150: 18130: 18121: 18114: 18107: 18102: 18095: 18088: 18081: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18039: 18032: 18025: 18018: 18011: 18002: 17995: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17953: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17890: 17883: 17876: 17856: 17849: 17842: 17835: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17707: 17700: 17692: 17685: 17683:French Indochina 17678: 17671: 17664: 17657: 17649: 17642: 17635: 17627: 17607: 17598: 17591: 17582: 17575: 17568: 17561: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17530:from August 1944 17521: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17493: 17486: 17479: 17472: 17465: 17453: 17446: 17439: 17432: 17425: 17413: 17405: 17398: 17391: 17384: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17351: 17344: 17337: 17330: 17315: 17314: 17295: 17288: 17281: 17274: 17267: 17256: 17241: 17234: 17227: 17222: 17213: 17206: 17199: 17190: 17183: 17176: 17174:Nanjing Massacre 17169: 17162: 17153: 17151:Nuremberg trials 17144: 17137: 17130: 17123: 17116: 17109: 17100: 17093: 17086: 17079: 17059: 17052: 17045: 17036: 17029: 17022: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16992: 16983: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16953: 16946: 16939: 16932: 16925: 16918: 16911: 16904: 16884: 16875: 16868: 16861: 16852: 16845: 16838: 16831: 16822: 16815: 16808: 16799: 16792: 16785: 16778: 16771: 16764: 16757: 16755:Asia and Pacific 16737: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16709: 16702: 16695: 16686: 16684:Mulberry harbour 16679: 16672: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16644: 16637: 16630: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16598: 16591: 16584: 16577: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16526: 16519: 16504: 16503: 16492: 16485: 16476: 16469: 16462: 16455: 16448: 16441: 16434: 16413: 16406: 16399: 16390: 16389: 16315: 16314: 16197: 16196: 16193: 15922: 15921: 15909:Alpine Foothills 15777: 15776: 15727:Gebiet Bialystok 15705: 15704: 15618: 15617: 15602: 15601: 15547: 15546: 15461:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 15424: 15423: 15398: 15397: 15394: 15339:Westphalia-South 15334:Westphalia-North 15254:Magdeburg-Anhalt 15174: 15173: 15169: 15161: 15152: 15151: 15126: 15119: 15112: 15103: 15102: 15076: 14932: 14648:Royal Iraqi Army 14602: 14527: 14526: 14517: 14516: 14498: 14491: 14484: 14475: 14474: 14391:Section spéciale 14384:Castle to Castle 14345:The Eye of Vichy 14302: 14301: 14282:Mission Mattéoli 14239:Épuration légale 13993:Légion impériale 13964:Special Brigades 13868: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13665:Clermont-Ferrand 13589: 13588: 13533:French Indochina 13518: 13517: 13481: 13480: 13419: 13418: 13387: 13386: 13267:Le Cri du peuple 13235: 13167:Special Sections 13071:Anti-Jewish laws 12905:George Montandon 12900:Bernard Ménétrel 12870:Philippe Henriot 12671:Action Française 12568: 12561: 12554: 12545: 12544: 12497: 12446: 12417: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12343:The Eye of Vichy 12313: 12260: 12244:Martin Jungius: 12222: 12196: 12167:The Vichy Regime 12092: 12059: 12015: 11972: 11939: 11901: 11735:Vinen, Richard. 11721:Clermont-Ferrand 11684: 11658: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11611:Butler, J. R. M. 11591: 11553: 11477: 11465: 11431:Our Vichy gamble 11413: 11411: 11409: 11338: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11290: 11279: 11206:Gildea, Robert. 11168:Diamond, Hanna. 11059: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11015: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10943: 10936: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10848: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10765: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10711: 10702: 10696: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10532: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10427: 10421: 10420: 10402: 10393: 10392: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10310: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10195: 10189: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10147: 10141: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10075: 10069: 10068: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10022: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9999:. 16 July 2017. 9989: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9881:. 17 July 2017. 9871: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9854: 9843: 9835: 9829: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9658: 9652: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9628: 9617: 9610: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9535:Einaudi (2001). 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9468: 9462: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9403:on 16 March 2007 9399:. Archived from 9388:Didier Daeninckx 9365: 9359: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9328: 9320: 9309: 9289: 9280: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9119:Film documentary 9116: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9047:on 14 July 2006. 9043:. Archived from 9037: 9031: 9030: 9012: 9006: 8996: 8990: 8964: 8958: 8946:Dominique Rémy, 8944: 8938: 8937: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8829: 8827: 8799: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8757: 8751: 8744: 8738: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8675: 8660: 8655:Arthur L. Funk, 8653: 8647: 8646: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8489: 8478: 8477: 8459: 8450: 8449: 8427: 8421: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8388: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8303:. Archived from 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8277:. 22 July 1944. 8267: 8261: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8201: 8195: 8184: 8178: 8165: 8159: 8151:. Paris: Seuil. 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8119: 8113: 8094: 8081: 8078:Our Vichy Gamble 8074: 8068: 8061: 8055: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7957: 7951: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7914: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7341: 7330: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7317: 7309: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7193: 7187: 7180: 7169: 7168: 7150: 7126: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7048: 7042: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7001:Our Vichy gamble 6993: 6987: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6892:. Archived from 6881: 6875: 6874: 6858: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6754: 6748: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6702: 6679: 6677: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6542:Action Française 6388:, Head of State. 6338:Philippe Henriot 6288: 6273: 6229: 6122:highly temporary 6103: 6067:was detained in 6041: 6028: 5969:Action Française 5961: 5955: 5945: 5939:épuration légale 5928: 5907: 5901: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5861: 5838: 5830: 5826:Épuration légale 5791:and void by the 5721: 5632:Milice française 5570: 5543: 5527: 5463:their families. 5307:Collaborationism 5304: 5303:collaborationism 5258:Stanley Hoffmann 5228:Special Brigades 5220:Légion impériale 5170:, leader of the 5148: 5087:Heinrich Himmler 5036:Jean-Luc Einaudi 5032:Verfügungstruppe 5000: 4930: 4884:Dannecker report 4865: 4863:sous-préfectures 4849: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4786: 4762: 4754: 4736:Antisemitic laws 4719: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4629: 4627:"livret scolaire 4611:François Perroux 4608: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4525: 4517: 4470: 4387:anti-militarists 4350:Édouard Daladier 4200:Free French Army 4193: 4163:social democracy 4087:Francisco Franco 4081:Action Française 4009: 3942:Yves Chataigneau 3939: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3889: 3874: 3842: 3838: 3800: 3785:Tunisia Campaign 3724: 3720: 3712: 3623:Archibald Wavell 3620: 3570: 3526:Operation Menace 3392: 3334:Italian Campaign 3332:; fought in the 3331: 3317: 3304:that fought the 3291: 3266:French Polynesia 3232: 3225:(FFL) after his 3220: 3097:, under Admiral 3084: 3082:Marine Nationale 3011: 2995: 2991: 2974:William D. Leahy 2966:armed neutrality 2882: 2880:Conseil National 2860: 2846: 2840: 2824: 2798: 2772:The majority of 2744: 2737:Édouard Daladier 2616: 2573: 2558: 2538: 2364: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2298:Great Depression 2274: 2267: 2232: 2218: 2205: 2189: 2175:Italian Fascists 2155:Battle of Alesia 2143:France's history 2089:Stanley G. Payne 2073:authoritarianism 2033: 2029: 2002:constitutionally 1948: 1930: 1896: 1886: 1876: 1864: 1816: 1811:of Vichy France 1773:Battle of Verdun 1760: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1717: 1709: 1682: 1635: 1523: 1478: 1447: 1440: 1433: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1295: 1211: 1210: 1093: 1092: 1046: 1045: 1007:Direct Capetians 946: 945: 889: 888: 869: 859: 841: 840: 807: 806: 799: 789: 788: 781: 765: 764: 757: 754:Italian military 747: 746: 739: 727: 726: 718: 706: 705: 696: 688: 687: 681: 680: 665: 664: 606:11 November 1942 556:Second Compiègne 409:collaborationist 365:Capital-in-exile 357:(constitutional) 297: 282: 274: 266: 257: 245: 234: 233: 218: 198: 175: 161: 143: 135: 124: 123: 97: 90: 86: 83: 77: 74:named references 66:(refs: 157, 158) 59:(refs: 117, 120) 38: 37: 30: 21: 20901: 20900: 20896: 20895: 20894: 20892: 20891: 20890: 20846:Philippe Pétain 20761:1940s in France 20736: 20735: 20734: 20729: 20728: 20709: 20691: 20672:Public holidays 20585: 20544:Life expectancy 20482: 20369: 20262: 20191: 20160:Great Recession 20133:Fourth Republic 20128:1900 to present 20116: 20033:Second Republic 19997: 19966: 19889: 19842: 19809: 19788: 19723: 19715: 19685: 19680: 19673: 19666: 19652: 19650: 19638: 19629: 19622: 19615: 19608: 19599: 19592: 19585: 19576: 19571:Atomic bombings 19569: 19562: 19555: 19548: 19541: 19532: 19525: 19518: 19511: 19504: 19497: 19490: 19483: 19476: 19469: 19462: 19455: 19448: 19441: 19434: 19427: 19414: 19407: 19396: 19389: 19382: 19373: 19366: 19359: 19352: 19345: 19338: 19329: 19320: 19313: 19304: 19297: 19290: 19283: 19274: 19267: 19262:Eastern Romania 19260: 19255:Warsaw Uprising 19253: 19248:Tannenberg Line 19246: 19239: 19234:Western Ukraine 19232: 19223: 19216: 19207: 19198: 19189: 19182: 19175: 19164: 19155: 19142: 19135: 19126: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19098: 19091: 19084: 19075: 19068: 19061: 19052: 19045: 19038: 19031: 19026:Battle of Kursk 19024: 19017: 19010: 19003: 18996: 18983: 18976: 18967: 18960: 18953: 18944: 18937: 18930: 18923: 18914: 18905: 18898: 18891: 18884: 18877: 18870: 18863: 18856: 18849: 18842: 18837:St Nazaire Raid 18835: 18828: 18821: 18808: 18801: 18794: 18787: 18780: 18773: 18766: 18759: 18752: 18745: 18738: 18731: 18724: 18717: 18710: 18703: 18696: 18689: 18682: 18675: 18661: 18652: 18645: 18638: 18631: 18624: 18619:Anglo-Iraqi War 18617: 18610:Battle of Crete 18608: 18601: 18594: 18587: 18580: 18567: 18558: 18551: 18544: 18539:Eastern Romania 18537: 18530: 18523: 18516: 18509: 18502: 18495: 18488: 18481: 18474: 18467: 18460: 18453: 18446: 18439: 18432: 18419: 18412: 18405: 18398: 18391: 18384: 18377: 18370: 18357: 18348: 18341: 18334: 18327: 18320: 18313: 18304: 18297: 18290: 18281: 18274: 18248: 18241: 18234: 18225: 18218: 18213: 18204: 18197: 18190: 18181: 18174: 18165: 18158: 18153: 18146: 18133: 18126: 18117: 18110: 18105: 18100:Western Ukraine 18098: 18091: 18084: 18077: 18070: 18063: 18056: 18049: 18044:Northeast China 18042: 18035: 18028: 18021: 18014: 18007: 17998: 17991: 17984: 17977: 17970: 17963: 17956: 17949: 17942: 17935: 17928: 17921: 17914: 17907: 17900: 17893: 17886: 17879: 17872: 17859: 17852: 17845: 17838: 17831: 17824: 17817: 17810: 17803: 17796: 17789: 17782: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17743:Slovak Republic 17741: 17733: 17726: 17719: 17714:Empire of Japan 17712: 17703: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17674: 17667: 17660: 17652: 17645: 17638: 17630: 17623: 17610: 17603: 17594: 17587: 17578: 17571: 17564: 17557: 17550: 17543: 17536: 17524: 17517: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17475: 17468: 17456: 17449: 17442: 17435: 17428: 17416: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17333: 17326: 17300: 17291: 17284: 17277: 17270: 17259: 17244: 17237: 17230: 17226:Sexual violence 17225: 17218: 17209: 17202: 17195: 17186: 17179: 17172: 17165: 17158: 17149: 17140: 17133: 17126: 17119: 17112: 17105: 17096: 17089: 17082: 17075: 17062: 17055: 17048: 17041: 17032: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16995: 16986: 16979: 16972: 16965: 16956: 16949: 16944:Greek Civil War 16942: 16935: 16928: 16921: 16914: 16907: 16900: 16887: 16880: 16871: 16864: 16857: 16848: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16818: 16811: 16804: 16795: 16788: 16781: 16774: 16769:South-East Asia 16767: 16760: 16753: 16740: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16705: 16698: 16691: 16682: 16675: 16668: 16661: 16654: 16647: 16640: 16633: 16628:Military awards 16626: 16617: 16610: 16603: 16594: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16531: 16522: 16515: 16495: 16488: 16481: 16472: 16465: 16458: 16453: 16444: 16437: 16430: 16422: 16417: 16387: 16378: 16374:holiday resorts 16354: 16302: 16267: 16231: 16178: 16162: 16076: 15913: 15885: 15807: 15791: 15766: 15699: 15684: 15654: 15616: 15583: 15545: 15470: 15422: 15379: 15353: 15234:Halle-Merseburg 15219:Electoral Hesse 15209:Eastern Hanover 15146: 15144: 15137: 15130: 15100: 15091: 14854:Italian Albania 14825: 14709: 14534: 14511: 14502: 14472: 14467: 14432:Year in France 14423:Occupied France 14410: 14405:Suite française 14371: 14325: 14297: 14291: 14262:Fourth Republic 14215: 14209: 14147: 14143:Philippe Pétain 14133:François Darlan 14121: 14049:Franco-Thai War 14003: 13968: 13922: 13846: 13815: 13727: 13700: 13694: 13641: 13615: 13583: 13572: 13512: 13475: 13413: 13385: 13357: 13323:Je suis partout 13260:Le Cahier jaune 13233: 13229: 13182: 13176: 13144:La jeune France 13115: 13109: 13093:Paris Protocols 13063: 13057: 13001: 12995: 12954: 12915:Philippe Pétain 12845:François Darlan 12800:Joseph Antignac 12788: 12772:Philippe Pétain 12745: 12683:Camelots du Roi 12658: 12577: 12572: 12529:Wayback Machine 12495: 12493:Wayback Machine 12478:Wayback Machine 12453: 12435: 12406: 12382: 12380: 12354: 12352:Further reading 12349: 12321: 12316: 12302: 12254: 12235:Eberhard Jäckel 12230: 12225: 12219: 12185: 12110:Serge Klarsfeld 12081: 12056: 12012: 11961: 11864: 11859: 11855:Wayback Machine 11787:Wayback Machine 11763: 11758: 11709:Sweets, John F. 11681: 11655: 11633: 11631: 11598:(2nd ed. 2001) 11580: 11550: 11500:Wayback Machine 11474: 11427:Langer, William 11407: 11405: 11395: 11370:43(2): 117–150. 11341:Kedward, H. R. 11303: 11301: 11299: 11268: 11249:Wayback Machine 11236:Halls, W. D. 11188:Wayback Machine 11158:Davies, Peter. 11154:Wayback Machine 11100:Boyd, Douglas. 11077:Atkin, Nicholas 11072: 11067: 11062: 11052: 11050: 11027: 11023: 11013: 11011: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10969:. Verso Books. 10961: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10941: 10934: 10930:Kitson, Simon. 10928: 10924: 10918: 10916:Wayback Machine 10907: 10903: 10893: 10891: 10878: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10849: 10845: 10835: 10833: 10818: 10814: 10804: 10802: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10776: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10750: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10712: 10705: 10697: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10673: 10669: 10661: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10614: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10577: 10573: 10566: 10552: 10548: 10541: 10523: 10519: 10488: 10484: 10463:(2): 262–282 . 10453: 10449: 10442: 10428: 10424: 10417: 10403: 10396: 10373: 10369: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10301: 10297: 10290: 10270: 10266: 10233: 10229: 10196: 10192: 10183: 10179: 10164: 10148: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10114: 10110: 10092: 10076: 10072: 10054: 10038: 10034: 10023: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9976: 9974: 9949: 9945: 9935: 9933: 9910: 9906: 9896: 9894: 9873: 9872: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9826:Wayback Machine 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9746: 9742: 9732: 9730: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9644: 9638: 9629: 9620: 9611: 9607: 9597: 9595: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9574:, pp. 209–217. 9568:Le Cherche midi 9560:Maurice Rajsfus 9558: 9554: 9547: 9533: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9509: 9508: 9504: 9489: 9469: 9465: 9459:Wayback Machine 9447: 9443: 9437: 9433: 9420: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9391: 9377:Wayback Machine 9366: 9362: 9352:Wayback Machine 9342: 9338: 9321: 9312: 9300:Wayback Machine 9290: 9283: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9182: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9156: 9154: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9126:Wayback Machine 9117: 9104: 9094: 9092: 9091:on 22 July 2011 9083: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9057: 9056: 9052: 9039: 9038: 9034: 9027: 9013: 9009: 8999:Maurice Rajsfus 8997: 8993: 8982:. pp. 367–368. 8975:Wayback Machine 8965: 8961: 8945: 8941: 8918:Archives Juives 8910: 8906: 8900: 8890: 8886: 8843: 8839: 8825: 8823: 8808: 8790: 8786: 8778: 8774: 8758: 8754: 8745: 8741: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8685:Wayback Machine 8676: 8663: 8654: 8650: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8563: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8537: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8491: 8490: 8481: 8474: 8460: 8453: 8428: 8424: 8418:Wayback Machine 8406: 8402: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8349: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8327: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8307:on 23 July 2011 8299: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8202: 8198: 8185: 8181: 8175:Wayback Machine 8166: 8162: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8104:Wayback Machine 8095: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8062: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7991: 7987: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7958: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7905: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7850: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7807: 7803: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7772: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7448: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7397: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7367: 7363: 7356: 7342: 7333: 7321: 7320: 7311: 7310: 7298: 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7210: 7194: 7190: 7181: 7172: 7127: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7101: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7049: 7045: 7039:Wayback Machine 7030: 7026: 7013: 7012: 7008: 6997:Langer, William 6994: 6990: 6977: 6973: 6957: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6849: 6845: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6746:La Marseillaise 6741: 6737: 6730: 6727: 6719: 6717: 6716:on 16 July 2009 6704: 6703: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6671: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6564: 6537:Charles Maurras 6531:Robert Le Vigan 6516:Étienne Leandri 6475:Eugène Deloncle 6435: 6386:Philippe Pétain 6308:François Darlan 6298: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6263: 6257: 6255:Notable figures 6227: 6210: 6204: 6134: 6101: 6039: 6026: 5964:Charles Maurras 5953: 5943: 5931:police prefects 5914:Fourth Republic 5882: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5851: 5839: 5828: 5818: 5777: 5771: 5766: 5742:Robert Le Vigan 5677: 5671: 5598: 5593: 5568: 5541: 5538:19th Army Corps 5530:François Darlan 5525: 5507:Operation Torch 5501:Hitler ordered 5491: 5481: 5460: 5439: 5433: 5423:steel works in 5416: 5386: 5361: 5238: 5210:Main articles: 5208: 5190:Emmanuel Macron 5159:Philippe Pétain 5155:French Republic 5137: 5115:Serge Klarsfeld 5095: 5058:Camp des Milles 5054: 5048: 5040:Maurice Rajsfus 4977: 4971: 4876:Communist Party 4858:sub-prefectures 4850: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4787: 4785: 4775: 4763: 4752: 4738: 4569: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4538: 4526: 4515: 4488:Marchandeau Act 4473:Natzweiler camp 4444:Aix-en-Provence 4440:Camp des Milles 4395:French fascists 4276:naturalisations 4269:Charles Maurras 4218: 4212: 4128:Jean Bichelonne 4076:Charles Maurras 4056:Nazi propaganda 4003: 3987:Bernhard Griese 3984:Sturmbannführer 3972: 3966: 3933: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3897:Cremieux decree 3887: 3872: 3840: 3819:François Darlan 3805:in January 1943 3798: 3780:François Darlan 3756: 3750:Operation Torch 3748:Main articles: 3746: 3722: 3718: 3663: 3651:Operation Marie 3618: 3599: 3593: 3579:. The capital, 3568: 3491: 3462:French cruiser 3429: 3421:Main articles: 3419: 3289: 3239: 3230: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3184:Franco-Thai War 3151: 3141:French-Thai War 3135:Main articles: 3133: 3009: 3006:François Darlan 2993: 2989: 2942: 2936: 2924:François Darlan 2911: 2905: 2897:Stavisky Affair 2889:anti-Dreyfusard 2858:délit d'opinion 2796: 2724:Raphaël Alibert 2714:organised crime 2710:Édouard Herriot 2654: 2644: 2635: 2614:Armée du Levant 2516: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2480: 2465: 2433:Philippe Pétain 2383: 2341:French colonies 2315:la France seule 2289:François Darlan 2221:individualistic 2065:Roman Catholics 2046: 2040: 2031: 2027: 1990: 1978:Operation Anton 1970:Operation Torch 1923:Alsace-Lorraine 1903: 1879:Operation Anton 1824: 1799:administration. 1785: 1769:Philippe Pétain 1761: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1730: 1718: 1707: 1693: 1680: 1577:Philippe Pétain 1561:through Belgium 1486:Philippe Pétain 1466:Régime de Vichy 1451: 1415: 1413: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1278:Fourth Republic 1259: 1226:Interwar period 1208: 1198: 1197: 1157:Second Republic 1090: 1080: 1079: 1038: 1028: 1027: 943: 933: 932: 886: 857: 850: 835: 804: 797: 795: 786: 779: 777: 775: 774: 762: 755: 753: 744: 737: 736:German military 735: 731: 716: 715:German military 714: 710: 703: 694: 692: 685: 642: 629: 616: 603: 591:8 November 1942 588: 586:Operation Torch 575: 558: 515: 507:François Darlan 503: 491: 479: 471:Philippe Pétain 467: 441:Philippe Pétain 437: 360: 351:administrative) 331: 304: 288: 287: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 247: 237: 236: 235: 224: 220: 215:La Marseillaise 210: 200: 183: 182: 181: 176: 168: 167: 162: 144: 137: 129: 120: 109: 98: 87: 81: 78: 71: 70: 67: 60: 53: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20899: 20889: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20731: 20730: 20727: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20710: 20708: 20707: 20701: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20693: 20692: 20690: 20689: 20684: 20679: 20674: 20669: 20664: 20659: 20654: 20649: 20644: 20639: 20634: 20629: 20628:Cultural icons 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20595: 20593: 20587: 20586: 20584: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20567: 20566: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20500: 20494: 20488: 20487: 20484: 20483: 20481: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20460: 20455: 20450: 20448:Stock exchange 20445: 20440: 20435: 20430: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20409: 20408: 20398: 20393: 20387: 20381: 20375: 20374: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20351: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20330: 20325: 20324: 20323: 20318: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20297: 20296: 20286: 20280: 20274: 20268: 20267: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20260: 20255: 20250: 20248:National parks 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20223:Climate change 20220: 20215: 20209: 20203: 20197: 20196: 20193: 20192: 20190: 20189: 20188: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20145:Fifth Republic 20142: 20141: 20140: 20130: 20124: 20122: 20118: 20117: 20115: 20114: 20113: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20087: 20086: 20085: 20071: 20066: 20065: 20064: 20053:Third Republic 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20024: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20007: 20005: 19999: 19998: 19996: 19995: 19990: 19988:First Republic 19985: 19983:Napoleonic era 19980: 19974: 19972: 19968: 19967: 19965: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19915: 19910: 19905: 19899: 19897: 19891: 19890: 19888: 19887: 19886: 19885: 19875: 19870: 19869: 19868: 19858: 19852: 19850: 19844: 19843: 19841: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19828:Greek colonies 19825: 19819: 19817: 19811: 19810: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19796: 19794: 19790: 19789: 19787: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19756: 19751: 19746: 19740: 19738: 19731: 19725: 19724: 19714: 19713: 19706: 19699: 19691: 19682: 19681: 19679: 19678: 19671: 19664: 19647: 19644: 19643: 19640: 19639: 19637: 19636: 19635: 19634: 19627: 19620: 19606: 19605: 19604: 19590: 19587:South Sakhalin 19583: 19582: 19581: 19567: 19560: 19553: 19546: 19539: 19538: 19537: 19523: 19516: 19509: 19502: 19495: 19488: 19481: 19474: 19467: 19460: 19453: 19446: 19439: 19432: 19424: 19422: 19416: 19415: 19413: 19412: 19405: 19404: 19403: 19387: 19380: 19379: 19378: 19364: 19357: 19350: 19343: 19336: 19327: 19318: 19311: 19302: 19295: 19288: 19281: 19272: 19265: 19258: 19251: 19244: 19237: 19230: 19221: 19214: 19205: 19196: 19187: 19180: 19173: 19162: 19152: 19150: 19144: 19143: 19141: 19140: 19133: 19132: 19131: 19124: 19110: 19103: 19096: 19089: 19082: 19081: 19080: 19066: 19059: 19050: 19043: 19036: 19029: 19022: 19015: 19012:Battle of Attu 19008: 19001: 18993: 18991: 18985: 18984: 18982: 18981: 18974: 18965: 18958: 18951: 18942: 18935: 18928: 18921: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18903: 18889: 18882: 18875: 18868: 18861: 18854: 18847: 18840: 18833: 18826: 18818: 18816: 18810: 18809: 18807: 18806: 18799: 18792: 18785: 18778: 18771: 18764: 18761:Battle of Guam 18757: 18750: 18743: 18736: 18729: 18722: 18715: 18708: 18701: 18694: 18687: 18684:Battle of Kiev 18680: 18673: 18659: 18658: 18657: 18643: 18636: 18629: 18622: 18615: 18614: 18613: 18599: 18592: 18585: 18577: 18575: 18569: 18568: 18566: 18565: 18556: 18549: 18542: 18535: 18528: 18521: 18514: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18486: 18479: 18472: 18465: 18458: 18451: 18444: 18437: 18429: 18427: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18417: 18410: 18403: 18396: 18389: 18382: 18375: 18367: 18365: 18359: 18358: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18353: 18346: 18339: 18332: 18325: 18311: 18310: 18309: 18302: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18271: 18269: 18260: 18254: 18253: 18250: 18249: 18247: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18231: 18230: 18223: 18211: 18210: 18209: 18195: 18188: 18187: 18186: 18183:United Kingdom 18179: 18172: 18171: 18170: 18151: 18143: 18141: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18131: 18124: 18123: 18122: 18115: 18103: 18096: 18089: 18082: 18075: 18068: 18061: 18054: 18047: 18040: 18033: 18026: 18019: 18012: 18005: 18004: 18003: 17996: 17982: 17975: 17968: 17961: 17954: 17947: 17940: 17933: 17926: 17919: 17912: 17905: 17898: 17891: 17884: 17877: 17869: 17867: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17857: 17850: 17843: 17836: 17829: 17822: 17815: 17808: 17801: 17794: 17787: 17779: 17777: 17771: 17770: 17768: 17767: 17760: 17753: 17746: 17739: 17731: 17724: 17717: 17710: 17709: 17708: 17693: 17686: 17679: 17672: 17665: 17658: 17650: 17643: 17636: 17628: 17620: 17618: 17612: 17611: 17609: 17608: 17601: 17600: 17599: 17585: 17584: 17583: 17580:British Empire 17573:United Kingdom 17569: 17562: 17555: 17548: 17541: 17534: 17522: 17515: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17480: 17473: 17466: 17454: 17447: 17440: 17433: 17426: 17414: 17406: 17399: 17392: 17389:Czechoslovakia 17385: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17352: 17345: 17338: 17331: 17323: 17321: 17312: 17306: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17298: 17297: 17296: 17289: 17286:Rape of Manila 17282: 17275: 17268: 17257: 17242: 17235: 17223: 17216: 17215: 17214: 17207: 17193: 17192: 17191: 17184: 17177: 17163: 17156: 17155: 17154: 17147: 17146: 17145: 17138: 17124: 17117: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17072: 17070: 17064: 17063: 17061: 17060: 17057:United Nations 17053: 17046: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17030: 17023: 17016: 17002: 16993: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16963: 16954: 16947: 16940: 16933: 16926: 16919: 16916:Decolonization 16912: 16905: 16897: 16895: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16862: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16846: 16839: 16825: 16824: 16823: 16816: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16793: 16786: 16779: 16772: 16765: 16750: 16748: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16738: 16731: 16724: 16717: 16710: 16703: 16696: 16689: 16688: 16687: 16680: 16666: 16659: 16652: 16645: 16638: 16631: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16608: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16592: 16589:United Kingdom 16585: 16571: 16564: 16557: 16550: 16543: 16536: 16529: 16528: 16527: 16512: 16510: 16501: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16493: 16486: 16479: 16478: 16477: 16470: 16463: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16435: 16427: 16424: 16423: 16416: 16415: 16408: 16401: 16393: 16384: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16376: 16368: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16321: 16319: 16312: 16308: 16307: 16304: 16303: 16301: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16279: 16277: 16273: 16272: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16239: 16237: 16233: 16232: 16230: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16203: 16201: 16194: 16184: 16183: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16176: 16170: 16168: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16084: 16082: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16074: 16072:Zuyev Republic 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15962:Czechoslovakia 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15928: 15926: 15919: 15915: 15914: 15912: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15904: 15893: 15891: 15887: 15886: 15884: 15883: 15882: 15881: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15821: 15819: 15813: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15799: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15789: 15783: 15781: 15774: 15768: 15767: 15765: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15713: 15711: 15702: 15694: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15666: 15664: 15660: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15653: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15626: 15624: 15615: 15614: 15608: 15606: 15599: 15593: 15592: 15589: 15588: 15585: 15584: 15582: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15555: 15553: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15482: 15480: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15469: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15432: 15430: 15421: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15404: 15402: 15395: 15385: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15377: 15372: 15361: 15359: 15355: 15354: 15352: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15259:Main Franconia 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15199:Cologne–Aachen 15196: 15191: 15186: 15180: 15178: 15171: 15149: 15143:Administrative 15139: 15138: 15129: 15128: 15121: 15114: 15106: 15097: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15071: 15070: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14879: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14851: 14849:German Albania 14840: 14838: 14836:Axis countries 14831: 14830: 14827: 14826: 14824: 14823: 14821:Vanguard Youth 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14720: 14718: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14700: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14570:Armistice Army 14567: 14562: 14561: 14560: 14555: 14553:Balli Kombëtar 14550: 14541: 14539: 14524: 14513: 14512: 14509:Imperial Japan 14501: 14500: 14493: 14486: 14478: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14465: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14430: 14425: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14408: 14401: 14394: 14387: 14379: 14377: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14341: 14333: 14331: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14323: 14320:Strange Defeat 14316: 14308: 14306: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14287:Vichy syndrome 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14242: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14219: 14217: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14207: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14198:Eugène Bridoux 14195: 14190: 14188:Joseph Darnand 14185: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14159: 14157: 14153: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14129: 14127: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14119: 14114: 14113: 14112: 14100: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14015: 14013: 14009: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13961: 13960: 13959: 13945: 13938: 13930: 13928: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13898:Armistice Army 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13874: 13872: 13865: 13858: 13852: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13823: 13821: 13817: 13816: 13814: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13737: 13735: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13704: 13702: 13699:Discrimination 13696: 13695: 13693: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13655:French Riviera 13651: 13649: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13623: 13621: 13620:Administration 13617: 13616: 13614: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13597: 13595: 13586: 13578: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13524: 13522: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13489: 13487: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13427: 13425: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13399:French Algeria 13395: 13393: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13348: 13341: 13333: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13277: 13270: 13263: 13256: 13249: 13242: 13230: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13186: 13184: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13119: 13117: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13107: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13065: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13005: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12952: 12947: 12945:Maxime Weygand 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12815:Louis Bourgain 12812: 12807: 12802: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12786: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12753: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12743: 12741:Henry Dorgères 12738: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12721: 12716: 12714:Third Republic 12711: 12706: 12704:Nuremberg Laws 12701: 12696: 12694:Fall of France 12691: 12689:Dreyfus affair 12686: 12679: 12674: 12666: 12664: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12571: 12570: 12563: 12556: 12548: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12519: 12514: 12508: 12507:, 22 July 1940 12498: 12480: 12468: 12463: 12461:Vichy web-page 12452: 12451:External links 12449: 12448: 12447: 12433: 12418: 12404: 12389: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12347: 12338:Claude Chabrol 12335: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12300: 12274: 12249: 12242: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12217: 12204: 12197: 12183: 12153: 12139: 12124: 12107: 12093: 12080:978-2200624187 12079: 12060: 12054: 12041: 12034: 12018:Eric Conan et 12016: 12010: 11994: 11980: 11973: 11960:978-2226256911 11959: 11940: 11925: 11912: 11902: 11876: 11869:Henri Amouroux 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11848:online edition 11840: 11823: 11816: 11806: 11796: 11789: 11780:online edition 11772: 11764: 11762: 11761:Historiography 11759: 11757: 11756: 11740: 11733: 11726:Thomas, Martin 11723: 11706: 11699: 11687:Smith, Colin. 11685: 11679: 11666: 11659: 11653: 11640: 11603: 11592: 11579:978-1138788770 11578: 11561: 11556:Nord, Philip. 11554: 11548: 11531: 11516: 11502: 11485: 11478: 11472: 11455: 11448: 11434: 11424: 11414: 11393: 11378: 11371: 11364: 11346: 11339: 11321:(4): 711–734. 11310: 11297: 11280: 11266: 11251: 11242:online edition 11234: 11227: 11217:Glass, Charles 11214: 11204: 11200:(2009), 226pp 11194: 11181:online edition 11173: 11166: 11156: 11147:online edition 11139: 11129: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11021: 10982: 10975: 10955: 10922: 10901: 10871: 10864: 10843: 10812: 10786: 10760: 10733: 10703: 10701:, p. 426. 10691: 10679: 10667: 10655: 10643: 10630:10.2307/286436 10624:(1): 126–151. 10608: 10596: 10589: 10571: 10564: 10546: 10539: 10517: 10498:(2): 262–282. 10492:French History 10482: 10457:French History 10447: 10440: 10422: 10415: 10394: 10383:(2): 241–260. 10377:French History 10367: 10348:(3): 148–181. 10328: 10321: 10295: 10288: 10264: 10251:10.2307/286424 10245:(4): 541–563. 10227: 10208:(2): 155–179. 10190: 10177: 10162: 10142: 10133: 10126: 10108: 10090: 10070: 10052: 10032: 10014: 9984: 9943: 9904: 9866: 9830: 9811: 9781: 9740: 9701: 9675:(3): 557–578. 9653: 9642: 9618: 9605: 9579: 9552: 9545: 9527: 9502: 9487: 9463: 9449:The Guardian: 9441: 9431: 9414: 9360: 9336: 9310: 9291:See Reggiani, 9281: 9268: 9253:. Nizkor.org. 9242: 9216: 9190: 9164: 9138: 9102: 9076: 9050: 9032: 9025: 9007: 8991: 8959: 8939: 8904: 8884: 8863:10.1086/711477 8857:(4): 817–858. 8837: 8806: 8784: 8782:, p. 139. 8772: 8752: 8746:Simon Kitson, 8739: 8723: 8716: 8696: 8661: 8648: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8579:, p. 241. 8569: 8557: 8545: 8535: 8514: 8500: 8479: 8472: 8451: 8440:(2): 199–203. 8422: 8400: 8359: 8333: 8318: 8292: 8262: 8258:978-1591144786 8241: 8215: 8196: 8192:The Rising Sun 8179: 8160: 8140: 8114: 8082: 8069: 8056: 8047: 8032: 8012: 7985: 7967: 7952: 7932: 7925: 7896: 7870: 7848: 7828: 7801: 7799:, p. 142. 7789: 7770: 7750: 7741: 7726: 7700: 7684: 7665: 7645: 7633: 7617: 7605: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7542: 7530: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7478: 7476:, p. 724. 7466: 7464:, p. 725. 7454: 7452:, p. 717. 7439: 7437:, p. 716. 7427: 7415: 7413:, p. 101. 7403: 7386: 7374: 7361: 7354: 7331: 7296: 7266: 7247: 7227: 7208: 7188: 7170: 7141:(2): 117–150. 7118: 7099: 7079: 7077:, p. 134. 7067: 7061: 7043: 7024: 7006: 6988: 6971: 6956:978-1317132691 6955: 6931: 6919: 6917:, p. iii. 6907: 6884:Simon Kitson. 6876: 6869: 6843: 6825: 6805: 6788: 6772: 6765: 6735: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6665: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6552: 6549:Lucien Rebatet 6546: 6534: 6528: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6493:Jacques Doriot 6490: 6472: 6466: 6448: 6442: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6426:Maxime Weygand 6423: 6417: 6407: 6400:, head of the 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6290: 6283: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6256: 6253: 6208:Vichy syndrome 6203: 6200: 6133: 6130: 6069:Fresnes Prison 6058:Foreign Legion 6038:while Charles 6008: 6007: 5992: 5985: 5974:Joseph Darnand 5934: 5884: 5883: 5842: 5840: 5833: 5817: 5814: 5773:Main article: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5738:Lucien Rebatet 5695:Following the 5673:Main article: 5670: 5667: 5627:Joseph Darnand 5613:Joseph Darnand 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5532:had landed in 5480: 5477: 5459: 5456: 5432: 5431:Food shortages 5429: 5415: 5412: 5385: 5382: 5360: 5357: 5347:Joseph Darnand 5323:was in power. 5294:anticommunism. 5278:Jacques Doriot 5207: 5202: 5179:Jacques Chirac 5136: 5133: 5094: 5091: 5047: 5044: 4973:Main article: 4970: 4967: 4894:, head of the 4892:Adolf Eichmann 4878:(PCF). In the 4852: 4851: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4748:Main article: 4737: 4734: 4722:Lucien Bonnafé 4593:Jacques Doriot 4571: 4570: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4397:who supported 4211: 4208: 4132:Groupe X-Crise 4093:, were strong 4091:Joseph Darnand 3991:Marcel Lemoine 3965: 3962: 3954:Sétif massacre 3931:Pierre Gazagne 3924:French Algeria 3873:de La Chapelle 3865:Pierre Gazagne 3745: 3742: 3662: 3659: 3631:Fall of France 3595:Main article: 3592: 3589: 3559:One colony in 3490: 3487: 3473:Georges Robert 3458:Bank of France 3418: 3415: 3260:Following the 3238: 3235: 3211:Main article: 3208: 3205: 3167:Fall of France 3132: 3129: 3117:neutral states 2998:Maxime Weygand 2962:neutral powers 2935: 2932: 2907:Main article: 2904: 2901: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2781: 2733:Georges Mandel 2643: 2640: 2634: 2633:German custody 2631: 2601:French Morocco 2531:Armistice Army 2508:Armistice Army 2506:Main article: 2503: 2502:Armistice Army 2500: 2491:Main article: 2488: 2485: 2464: 2461: 2415:Maxime Weygand 2382: 2379: 2326:Masonic lodges 2294:British Empire 2235:traditionalist 2159:defeat of 1940 2054:traditionalist 2039: 2036: 1989: 1986: 1982:Armistice Army 1946:Zone interdite 1911:French Algeria 1902: 1899: 1832:Third Republic 1809:Chief of State 1784: 1781: 1763: 1762: 1721: 1719: 1712: 1692: 1689: 1601:anti-Sovietism 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1288:Fifth Republic 1284: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1215:Third Republic 1209: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1177:Third Republic 1173: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1117:First Republic 1113: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1002: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 988: 981: 980: 977: 971: 970: 967: 961: 960: 957: 944: 939: 938: 935: 934: 929: 928: 927:50 BC – 486 AD 925: 919: 918: 915: 909: 908: 907:600 BC – 49 BC 905: 903:Greek colonies 899: 898: 895: 887: 882: 881: 878: 877: 871: 870: 862: 861: 852: 851: 844: 837: 836: 834: 833: 830: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 801: 791: 790: 783: 767: 766: 759: 756:administration 749: 748: 741: 738:administration 724: 721: 720: 717:administration 707: 699: 698: 689: 677: 676: 671: 661: 660: 655: 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 637: 634: 633: 630: 624: 621: 620: 617: 614:German retreat 611: 608: 607: 604: 596: 593: 592: 589: 583: 580: 579: 576: 566: 563: 562: 559: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 540: 539:Historical era 536: 535: 530: 526: 525: 522: 521: 516: 513: 510: 509: 504: 501: 498: 497: 492: 489: 486: 485: 480: 477: 474: 473: 468: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 452:Prime Minister 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 422:Chief of State 418: 417: 396: 392: 391: 389:Roman Catholic 386: 382: 381: 376: 372: 371: 366: 362: 361: 359: 358: 352: 339: 337: 333: 332: 330: 329: 323: 316: 312: 310: 306: 305: 298: 290: 289: 286: 285: 279: 277: 271: 269: 263: 260: 258: 250: 249: 246:" (unofficial) 222: 221: 203: 202: 185: 184: 177: 170: 169: 163: 156: 155: 154: 151: 150: 146: 145: 130: 127: 100: 99: 82:September 2024 69: 68: 61: 47: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20898: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20743: 20741: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20711: 20706: 20703: 20702: 20698: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20663: 20660: 20658: 20655: 20653: 20650: 20648: 20645: 20643: 20640: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20596: 20594: 20592: 20588: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20565: 20562: 20561: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20509:Birth control 20507: 20505: 20502: 20501: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20489: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20459: 20456: 20454: 20451: 20449: 20446: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20407: 20404: 20403: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20388: 20385: 20382: 20380: 20376: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20335: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20313: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20295: 20292: 20291: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20284:Constitutions 20282: 20281: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20269: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20210: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20198: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20146: 20143: 20139: 20136: 20135: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20123: 20119: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20092: 20091: 20088: 20083: 20082: 20081:Années folles 20077: 20076: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20062: 20061: 20056: 20055: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20043:Second Empire 20041: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20025: 20022: 20021:July Monarchy 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20006: 20004: 20000: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19975: 19973: 19969: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19940: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19922: 19921: 19920:Ancien Régime 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19900: 19898: 19896: 19892: 19884: 19881: 19880: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19867: 19864: 19863: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19851: 19849: 19845: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19820: 19818: 19816: 19812: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19797: 19795: 19791: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19755: 19752: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19741: 19739: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19726: 19722: 19719: 19712: 19707: 19705: 19700: 19698: 19693: 19692: 19689: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19665: 19662: 19661: 19656: 19649: 19648: 19645: 19632: 19628: 19625: 19621: 19618: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19607: 19602: 19598: 19597: 19595: 19594:Kuril Islands 19591: 19588: 19584: 19579: 19575: 19574: 19572: 19568: 19565: 19561: 19558: 19554: 19551: 19547: 19544: 19540: 19535: 19531: 19530: 19528: 19524: 19521: 19517: 19514: 19510: 19507: 19503: 19500: 19496: 19493: 19489: 19486: 19482: 19479: 19475: 19472: 19468: 19465: 19461: 19458: 19454: 19451: 19447: 19444: 19440: 19437: 19433: 19430: 19426: 19425: 19423: 19421: 19417: 19410: 19406: 19401: 19400: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19388: 19385: 19381: 19376: 19372: 19371: 19369: 19365: 19362: 19361:Syrmian Front 19358: 19355: 19351: 19348: 19344: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19328: 19325: 19324: 19319: 19316: 19312: 19309: 19308: 19307:Market Garden 19303: 19300: 19296: 19293: 19289: 19286: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19273: 19270: 19266: 19263: 19259: 19256: 19252: 19249: 19245: 19242: 19238: 19235: 19231: 19228: 19227: 19222: 19219: 19215: 19212: 19211: 19206: 19203: 19202: 19197: 19194: 19193: 19188: 19185: 19181: 19178: 19174: 19171: 19167: 19166:Monte Cassino 19163: 19160: 19159: 19154: 19153: 19151: 19149: 19145: 19138: 19134: 19129: 19125: 19122: 19118: 19117: 19115: 19111: 19108: 19104: 19101: 19097: 19094: 19090: 19087: 19083: 19078: 19074: 19073: 19071: 19067: 19064: 19060: 19057: 19056: 19051: 19048: 19044: 19041: 19037: 19034: 19030: 19027: 19023: 19020: 19016: 19013: 19009: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18995: 18994: 18992: 18990: 18986: 18979: 18975: 18972: 18971: 18966: 18963: 18959: 18956: 18952: 18949: 18948: 18943: 18940: 18936: 18933: 18929: 18926: 18922: 18919: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18904: 18901: 18897: 18896: 18894: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18880: 18876: 18873: 18869: 18866: 18862: 18859: 18855: 18852: 18848: 18845: 18841: 18838: 18834: 18831: 18827: 18824: 18820: 18819: 18817: 18815: 18811: 18804: 18800: 18797: 18793: 18790: 18786: 18783: 18779: 18776: 18772: 18769: 18765: 18762: 18758: 18755: 18751: 18748: 18744: 18741: 18737: 18734: 18730: 18727: 18723: 18720: 18716: 18713: 18709: 18706: 18702: 18699: 18695: 18692: 18688: 18685: 18681: 18678: 18674: 18670: 18669: 18664: 18660: 18655: 18651: 18650: 18648: 18644: 18641: 18637: 18634: 18630: 18627: 18623: 18620: 18616: 18611: 18607: 18606: 18604: 18600: 18597: 18593: 18590: 18586: 18583: 18579: 18578: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18563: 18562: 18557: 18554: 18550: 18547: 18543: 18540: 18536: 18533: 18532:Baltic states 18529: 18526: 18522: 18519: 18515: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18501: 18498: 18494: 18491: 18487: 18484: 18480: 18477: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18459: 18456: 18452: 18449: 18445: 18442: 18438: 18435: 18431: 18430: 18428: 18426: 18422: 18415: 18411: 18408: 18404: 18401: 18397: 18394: 18390: 18387: 18383: 18380: 18376: 18373: 18369: 18368: 18366: 18364: 18360: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18333: 18330: 18326: 18323: 18319: 18318: 18316: 18312: 18307: 18303: 18300: 18296: 18295: 18293: 18289: 18284: 18280: 18279: 18277: 18273: 18272: 18270: 18268: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18255: 18244: 18240: 18237: 18233: 18228: 18224: 18221: 18217: 18216: 18212: 18207: 18203: 18202: 18200: 18196: 18193: 18189: 18184: 18180: 18177: 18176:United States 18173: 18168: 18164: 18163: 18161: 18157: 18156: 18152: 18149: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18140: 18136: 18129: 18125: 18120: 18116: 18113: 18112:Quốc dân Đảng 18109: 18108: 18104: 18101: 18097: 18094: 18090: 18087: 18083: 18080: 18076: 18073: 18069: 18066: 18062: 18059: 18055: 18052: 18048: 18045: 18041: 18038: 18034: 18031: 18027: 18024: 18020: 18017: 18013: 18010: 18006: 18001: 17997: 17994: 17990: 17989: 17987: 17983: 17980: 17976: 17973: 17969: 17966: 17962: 17959: 17955: 17952: 17948: 17945: 17941: 17938: 17934: 17931: 17927: 17924: 17920: 17917: 17913: 17910: 17906: 17903: 17899: 17896: 17892: 17889: 17885: 17882: 17878: 17875: 17871: 17870: 17868: 17866: 17862: 17855: 17851: 17848: 17844: 17841: 17837: 17834: 17830: 17827: 17823: 17820: 17816: 17813: 17812:Liechtenstein 17809: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17795: 17792: 17788: 17785: 17781: 17780: 17778: 17776: 17772: 17765: 17764:Collaboration 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17747: 17744: 17740: 17736: 17732: 17729: 17725: 17722: 17718: 17715: 17711: 17706: 17702: 17701: 17698: 17694: 17691: 17687: 17684: 17680: 17677: 17673: 17670: 17666: 17663: 17659: 17655: 17651: 17648: 17644: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17629: 17626: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17617: 17613: 17606: 17602: 17597: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17589:United States 17586: 17581: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17570: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17556: 17553: 17549: 17546: 17542: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17520: 17516: 17513: 17509: 17506: 17502: 17499: 17495: 17492: 17488: 17485: 17481: 17478: 17474: 17471: 17467: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17452: 17448: 17445: 17441: 17438: 17434: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17419: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17393: 17390: 17386: 17383: 17379: 17376: 17372: 17369: 17365: 17361: 17357: 17353: 17350: 17346: 17343: 17339: 17336: 17332: 17329: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17320: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17307: 17294: 17290: 17287: 17283: 17280: 17279:Comfort women 17276: 17273: 17269: 17266: 17263: / 17262: 17258: 17255: 17252: / 17251: 17248: / 17247: 17243: 17240: 17239:Camp brothels 17236: 17233: 17229: 17228: 17224: 17221: 17217: 17212: 17208: 17205: 17201: 17200: 17198: 17194: 17189: 17185: 17182: 17178: 17175: 17171: 17170: 17168: 17164: 17161: 17157: 17152: 17148: 17143: 17139: 17136: 17132: 17131: 17129: 17128:The Holocaust 17125: 17122: 17118: 17115: 17114:forced labour 17111: 17110: 17108: 17104: 17099: 17095: 17092: 17088: 17085: 17081: 17080: 17078: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17069: 17065: 17058: 17054: 17051: 17047: 17044: 17040: 17035: 17031: 17028: 17024: 17021: 17017: 17014: 17010: 17009: 17007: 17003: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16985: 16982: 16978: 16975: 16971: 16968: 16967:Marshall Plan 16964: 16961: 16960: 16955: 16952: 16948: 16945: 16941: 16938: 16934: 16931: 16927: 16924: 16920: 16917: 16913: 16910: 16906: 16903: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16883: 16879: 16874: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16863: 16860: 16856: 16851: 16847: 16844: 16840: 16837: 16833: 16832: 16830: 16826: 16821: 16820:Eastern Front 16817: 16814: 16813:Western Front 16810: 16809: 16807: 16803: 16798: 16794: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16752: 16751: 16749: 16747: 16743: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16715: 16711: 16708: 16707:Puppet states 16704: 16701: 16697: 16694: 16690: 16685: 16681: 16678: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16653: 16650: 16649:Naval history 16646: 16643: 16639: 16636: 16632: 16629: 16625: 16620: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16609: 16606: 16602: 16597: 16596:United States 16593: 16590: 16586: 16583: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16572: 16569: 16565: 16562: 16558: 16555: 16551: 16548: 16544: 16541: 16537: 16534: 16530: 16525: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16509: 16505: 16502: 16498: 16491: 16487: 16484: 16480: 16475: 16471: 16468: 16464: 16461: 16457: 16456: 16452: 16447: 16443: 16442: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16428: 16425: 16421: 16414: 16409: 16407: 16402: 16400: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16375: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16357: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16316: 16313: 16309: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16274: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16234: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16198: 16195: 16192: 16191: 16185: 16175: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16165: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16133:Russia (KONR) 16131: 16129: 16128:Russia (ODNR) 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16083: 16079: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15923: 15920: 15916: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15900: 15899: 15898: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15888: 15880: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15849: 15848:zone réservée 15845: 15844:Atlantic Wall 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15804: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15788: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15769: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15714: 15712: 15710: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15695: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15670:Burgundy (SS) 15668: 15667: 15665: 15661: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15619: 15613: 15610: 15609: 15607: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15594: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15552: 15548: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15477: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15433: 15431: 15429: 15425: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15403: 15399: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15386: 15376: 15373: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15356: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15324:Upper Silesia 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15249:Lower Silesia 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15181: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15168: 15167: 15160: 15159: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15140: 15135: 15127: 15122: 15120: 15115: 15113: 15108: 15107: 15104: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15075: 15072: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14863: 14862: 14861:Baltic states 14859: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14839: 14837: 14832: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14765: 14762: 14761: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14749:Golden Square 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14712: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14608:Golden Square 14606: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14585:Blue Division 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14559: 14558:Cham Albanian 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14532: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14499: 14494: 14492: 14487: 14485: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14464: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14407: 14406: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14395: 14393: 14392: 14388: 14386: 14385: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14374: 14368: 14367: 14363: 14361: 14360: 14356: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14347: 14346: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14328: 14322: 14321: 14317: 14315: 14314: 14310: 14309: 14307: 14303: 14300: 14294: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14247: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14212: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14193:Jean Luchaire 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14124: 14118: 14115: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14066:Syria–Lebanon 14064: 14062: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14024:Mers-el-Kébir 14022: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13994: 13990: 13988: 13987: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13965: 13962: 13958: 13957: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13950: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13939: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13875: 13873: 13869: 13866: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13853: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13818: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13766: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13730: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13697: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13648: 13644: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13624: 13622: 13618: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13598: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13579: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13420: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13394: 13392: 13388: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13376:Occupied zone 13374: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13353: 13349: 13347: 13346: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13334: 13332: 13331: 13327: 13325: 13324: 13320: 13318: 13317: 13313: 13311: 13310: 13309:Ici la France 13306: 13304: 13303: 13299: 13297: 13296: 13292: 13290: 13289: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13271: 13269: 13268: 13264: 13262: 13261: 13257: 13255: 13254: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13231: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13212: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13179: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13145: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13060: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13033: 13029: 13027: 13026: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13009:French League 13007: 13006: 13004: 13002:organizations 12998: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12940:Xavier Vallat 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12925:Simon Sabiani 12923: 12921: 12920:Pierre Pucheu 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12910:Maurice Papon 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12895:Jean Luchaire 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12825:Alexis Carrel 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12810:René Bousquet 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12785: 12784: 12780: 12778: 12777:Hôtel du Parc 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12684: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12594:Baltic states 12592: 12590: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12569: 12564: 12562: 12557: 12555: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12540: 12537: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12494: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12426: 12425: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12397: 12396: 12390: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12355: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12326:Marcel Ophüls 12324: 12323: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12284: 12279: 12278:Rousso, Henry 12275: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12253: 12252:Michael Mayer 12250: 12247: 12243: 12240: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12220: 12214: 12210: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12157:Rousso, Henry 12154: 12152: 12151:2-02-006763-3 12148: 12145:Seuil, 1984, 12144: 12140: 12137: 12133: 12130:, in series, 12129: 12125: 12123: 12122:2-213-01573-2 12119: 12115: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12105:2-02-013509-4 12102: 12098: 12095:André Kaspi. 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12042: 12039: 12035: 12033: 12032:2-213-59237-3 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11993: 11992:2-262-01231-8 11989: 11985: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11924: 11923:2-213-02683-1 11920: 11916: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11839: 11838:0-674-93539-X 11835: 11831: 11827: 11826:Rousso, Henry 11824: 11821: 11817: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11766: 11765: 11755: 11754:0-8147-9336-3 11751: 11747: 11744: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11704: 11700: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11676: 11672: 11667: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11646: 11641: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11562: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11532: 11529: 11528:0-275-95973-2 11525: 11521: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11469: 11464: 11463: 11456: 11453: 11449: 11447: 11446:0-19-873151-5 11443: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11390: 11386: 11385: 11379: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11349:Kitson, Simon 11347: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11311: 11300: 11294: 11289: 11288: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11193: 11192:online review 11189: 11185: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11126:0-375-41131-3 11123: 11119: 11116: 11115:Carmen Callil 11113: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10986: 10978: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10959: 10940: 10933: 10926: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10905: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10867: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10852:Andenæs, Johs 10847: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10816: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10774: 10770: 10764: 10748: 10744: 10737: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10708: 10700: 10695: 10688: 10683: 10676: 10671: 10664: 10659: 10652: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10600: 10592: 10586: 10582: 10575: 10567: 10561: 10557: 10550: 10542: 10536: 10531: 10530: 10521: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10426: 10418: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10399: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10299: 10291: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10276: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10239: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10202: 10194: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10146: 10137: 10129: 10123: 10119: 10118:Vichy 1940–44 10112: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10074: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10045: 10044: 10036: 10028: 10021: 10019: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9988: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9947: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9851: 9847: 9840: 9834: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9815: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9657: 9651: 9646: 9636: 9635:Robert Paxton 9632: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9615: 9609: 9593: 9590:. Ushmm.org. 9589: 9583: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9548: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9475: 9467: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9445: 9435: 9428: 9424: 9423:Szasz, Thomas 9418: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9340: 9332: 9327: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9278: 9272: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9230: 9226: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9120: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9028: 9026:0-674-06888-2 9022: 9018: 9011: 9004: 9000: 8995: 8989: 8988:0-8047-2499-7 8985: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8956:2-87894-026-1 8953: 8949: 8943: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8841: 8833: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8798: 8797: 8788: 8781: 8776: 8770: 8769:1-85409-290-1 8766: 8762: 8756: 8749: 8743: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8700: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8658: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8621:(2): 81–117. 8620: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8601:Playfair 2004 8597: 8590: 8589:Playfair 2004 8585: 8578: 8573: 8567:, p. 89. 8566: 8561: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8524: 8518: 8510: 8504: 8496: 8495: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8473:0-333-19377-6 8469: 8465: 8458: 8456: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8426: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8363: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8330: 8325: 8323: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8266: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8212:(3): 155–164. 8211: 8207: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8157:2-02-031477-0 8154: 8150: 8144: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8016: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7964: 7956: 7950: 7949:2-02-005215-6 7946: 7942: 7936: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7903: 7901: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7793: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7754: 7745: 7737: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7695: 7688: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7615:, p. 76. 7614: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7591:, p. 75. 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7567:, p. 72. 7566: 7561: 7555:, p. 97. 7554: 7549: 7547: 7539: 7534: 7528:, p. 70. 7527: 7522: 7520: 7513:, p. 69. 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7482: 7475: 7474:Jennings 1994 7470: 7463: 7462:Jennings 1994 7458: 7451: 7450:Jennings 1994 7446: 7444: 7436: 7435:Jennings 1994 7431: 7424: 7423:Jennings 1994 7419: 7412: 7407: 7401:, p. 99. 7400: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7365: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7327: 7315: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7192: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7123: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6968: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6872: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6847: 6839: 6838:bseditions.fr 6835: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6747: 6739: 6732: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6690: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6619:Ordre Nouveau 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6451:Marcel Bucard 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6420:Xavier Vallat 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406:in Marseille. 6405: 6404: 6399: 6398:Simon Sabiani 6396: 6393: 6392:Pierre Pucheu 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6380:Maurice Papon 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6302:René Bousquet 6300: 6299: 6293: 6292:Xavier Vallat 6287: 6278: 6277:Pierre Pucheu 6272: 6262: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6242:Maurice Papon 6239: 6238: 6233: 6232:Marcel Ophüls 6223: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6196:Maurice Papon 6193: 6189: 6185: 6184:René Bousquet 6180: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6142:Maurice Papon 6139: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6079:Pierre Benoit 6076: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6036:Maurice Papon 6033: 6019: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6004:Xavier Vallat 6001: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5951: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5880: 5877: 5869: 5866:December 2016 5859: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5843:This section 5841: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5761: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443:black markets 5438: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5414:Forced labour 5411: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5390: 5381: 5379: 5373: 5365: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321:Popular Front 5318: 5317: 5312: 5311:collaboration 5308: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5280:, the writer 5279: 5276:(PPF) leader 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5262:Robert Paxton 5259: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5168:Marine Le Pen 5165: 5160: 5156: 5147: 5141: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107:Robert Paxton 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079:Gruppenführer 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5023:Alois Brunner 5020: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4986: 4985:yellow badges 4981: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4949:was founded. 4948: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4933:Xavier Vallat 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4848: 4845: 4837: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: – 4794: 4790: 4789:Find sources: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4767:This section 4765: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4649: 4648:Jean Stoetzel 4644: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581:Alexis Carrel 4578: 4567: 4564: 4556: 4553:February 2012 4546: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4530:This section 4528: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4492:denaturalised 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428:Seine-et-Oise 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4393:, as well as 4392: 4388: 4384: 4381:(communists, 4379: 4375: 4374:anti-fascists 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299:Romani people 4296: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4235: 4230: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4186:René Bousquet 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167:Alexis Carrel 4164: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4113:Eastern Front 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068:Popular Front 4065: 4064:reactionaries 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4021:René Bousquet 4019: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3914:. Giraud and 3905: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815:Alphonse Juin 3812: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3603: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3448:French Guiana 3445: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3433:Western Union 3428: 3424: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369:New Caledonia 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3310:New Caledonia 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3017:Mark W. Clark 3013: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700:in the quiet 2699: 2698:joint session 2695: 2691: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2662:Gruppenführer 2658: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2509: 2499: 2494: 2484: 2479: 2469: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2441:Albert Lebrun 2434: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2367:anti-Semitism 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2208:French people 2204: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151:Vercingetorix 2148: 2144: 2140: 2133:program, 1942 2132: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:reactionaries 2106: 2105:Robert Paxton 2102: 2098: 2097:authoritarian 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2035: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2003: 2000:. Pétain was 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959:René Bousquet 1955: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1842:État Français 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1759: 1756: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1722:This section 1720: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:round up Jews 1634: 1629: 1628:forced labour 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559:and invading 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1508:, it adopted 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1476:État français 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1237:Années folles 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1167:Second Empire 1165: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1147:July Monarchy 1145: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1070:Bourbon kings 1068: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042:Ancien Régime 1037: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003: 999: 997: 994: 993: 989: 987: 983: 982: 978: 976: 973: 972: 968: 966: 963: 962: 958: 955: 951: 948: 947: 942: 937: 936: 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 914: 911: 910: 906: 904: 901: 900: 896: 894: 891: 890: 885: 880: 879: 876: 873: 872: 868: 864: 863: 860: 854: 853: 848: 843: 842: 828: 827: 821: 818: 802: 800: 793: 792: 784: 782: 773: 769: 768: 760: 758: 751: 750: 742: 740: 734: 729: 728: 725: 719: 713: 708: 701: 700: 697: 690: 683: 682: 679: 678: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 659: 656: 652: 648: 645:22 April 1945 644: 641: 635: 632:9 August 1944 631: 628: 622: 618: 615: 609: 605: 602: 601: 594: 590: 587: 581: 577: 574: 570: 564: 560: 557: 551: 547: 544: 541: 537: 534: 531: 527: 523: 520: 517: 511: 508: 505: 499: 496: 493: 487: 484: 481: 475: 472: 469: 463: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 442: 439: 433: 429: 425: 423: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 403: 400: 397: 393: 390: 387: 383: 380: 377: 373: 370: 367: 363: 356: 353: 350: 349: 344: 341: 340: 338: 334: 327: 324: 321: 317: 314: 313: 311: 307: 302: 296: 291: 278: 270: 262: 261: 256: 251: 244: 243: 217: 216: 208: 204: 197: 196: 190: 186: 180: 174: 166: 160: 152: 147: 141: 134: 133:État français 125: 122: 118: 114: 107: 96: 93: 85: 75: 65: 62: 58: 55: 54: 51: 46: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 20791:Anti-Masonry 20786:Anti-Marxism 20746:Vichy France 20614:Coat of arms 20604:Architecture 20576:Social class 20534:Homelessness 20519:Demographics 20473:Trade unions 20406:Central bank 20348:criminal law 20311:Human rights 20294:presidential 20138:Algerian War 20121:Contemporary 20095:Vichy France 20094: 20090:World War II 20060:Belle Époque 19993:First Empire 19895:Early Modern 19866:West Francia 19668:Bibliography 19651: 19464:Project Hula 19429:Vistula–Oder 19398: 19331: 19322: 19306: 19276: 19225: 19209: 19200: 19191: 19157: 19054: 18969: 18945: 18915: 18666: 18559: 18504:North Africa 18206:Soviet Union 18160:Soviet Union 18086:Soviet Union 17854:Vatican City 17757:Vichy France 17756: 17662:German Reich 17559:Soviet Union 17545:South Africa 17538:Sierra Leone 17491:Newfoundland 17310:Participants 17293:Marocchinate 16997: 16988: 16958: 16836:North Africa 16797:Indian Ocean 16656:Nazi plunder 16547:Cryptography 16420:World War II 16335:Schatzgräber 15976: 15757:West Prussia 15737:Lower Styria 15675:Holland (SS) 15446:Upper Danube 15441:Lower Danube 15244:Hesse-Nassau 15214:East Prussia 15184:Baden-Alsace 15147:Nazi Germany 15145:divisions of 15134:Nazi Germany 15045:Soviet Union 14937: 14933:(until 1944) 14698:Afrika Korps 14603:(until 1944) 14403: 14396: 14389: 14382: 14364: 14357: 14350: 14343: 14336: 14318: 14311: 14244: 14237: 14216:& Impact 14138:Henri Giraud 14103: 14096: 14075: 14060: 14018: 13991: 13984: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13878:1st Regiment 13718:Yellow badge 13713:Nazi plunder 13708:Aryanisation 13690:Villeurbanne 13660:Green ticket 13568:New Hebrides 13528:French India 13503:Ubangi-Shari 13498:Middle Congo 13368: 13350: 13343: 13336: 13328: 13321: 13314: 13307: 13300: 13293: 13286: 13279: 13272: 13265: 13258: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13232: 13209: 13159: 13142: 13114:Policy & 13102: 13030: 13023: 12935:André Tulard 12930:Paul Touvier 12885:Pierre Laval 12835:Henry Coston 12793:Participants 12781: 12681: 12669: 12649:Soviet Union 12613: 12585: 12575:Vichy France 12574: 12504: 12483: 12457:Simon Kitson 12423: 12394: 12381:. Retrieved 12363: 12341: 12329: 12287: 12282: 12262: 12245: 12238: 12208: 12166: 12161: 12142: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12113: 12096: 12070: 12065: 12045: 12037: 12023: 12020:Henry Rousso 12001: 11983: 11976: 11950: 11945: 11933: 11914: 11908: 11889: 11884: 11880:Aron, Robert 11872: 11846:Summer 2009 11843: 11829: 11819: 11809: 11799: 11792: 11775: 11768: 11745: 11736: 11729: 11712: 11702: 11688: 11670: 11662: 11644: 11632:. Retrieved 11615: 11595: 11569: 11557: 11540:Random House 11538:. New York: 11535: 11519: 11505: 11488: 11481: 11461: 11451: 11437: 11430: 11417: 11406:. Retrieved 11383: 11374: 11367: 11352: 11342: 11318: 11314: 11302:. Retrieved 11286: 11256: 11237: 11230: 11220: 11207: 11197: 11176: 11169: 11159: 11142: 11132: 11117: 11108: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11080: 11065:Bibliography 11051:. Retrieved 11034: 11024: 11012:. Retrieved 10995: 10985: 10965: 10958: 10946:. Retrieved 10925: 10904: 10892:. Retrieved 10883: 10874: 10855: 10846: 10834:. Retrieved 10825: 10815: 10803:. Retrieved 10789: 10777:. Retrieved 10763: 10751:. Retrieved 10736: 10724:. Retrieved 10699:Cointet 2014 10694: 10682: 10670: 10658: 10651:Jackson 2001 10646: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10604:Jackson 2001 10599: 10580: 10574: 10555: 10549: 10528: 10520: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10460: 10456: 10450: 10431: 10425: 10406: 10380: 10376: 10370: 10345: 10341: 10331: 10306: 10298: 10274: 10267: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10185: 10180: 10152: 10145: 10136: 10117: 10111: 10103: 10080: 10073: 10065: 10042: 10035: 10026: 10005:. Retrieved 9996: 9987: 9975:. Retrieved 9956: 9946: 9934:. Retrieved 9917: 9907: 9895:. Retrieved 9879:The Guardian 9878: 9869: 9857:. Retrieved 9845: 9833: 9814: 9802:. Retrieved 9793: 9784: 9772:. Retrieved 9753: 9743: 9731:. Retrieved 9714: 9704: 9692:. Retrieved 9672: 9666: 9656: 9645: 9613: 9608: 9596:. Retrieved 9582: 9571: 9563: 9555: 9536: 9530: 9518:. Retrieved 9514: 9505: 9478: 9473: 9466: 9450: 9444: 9434: 9426: 9417: 9405:. Retrieved 9401:the original 9397:amnistia.net 9396: 9381: 9368: 9363: 9339: 9303: 9276: 9271: 9259:. Retrieved 9245: 9233:. Retrieved 9219: 9207:. Retrieved 9193: 9181:. Retrieved 9167: 9155:. Retrieved 9141: 9129: 9093:. Retrieved 9089:the original 9079: 9067:. Retrieved 9053: 9045:the original 9035: 9016: 9010: 9002: 8994: 8966: 8962: 8947: 8942: 8933: 8924:(1): 41–58. 8921: 8917: 8907: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8854: 8850: 8840: 8830:– via 8824:. Retrieved 8795: 8787: 8780:Jackson 2001 8775: 8760: 8755: 8747: 8742: 8734: 8726: 8706: 8699: 8656: 8651: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8577:Mockler 1984 8572: 8560: 8548: 8538: 8526:. Retrieved 8517: 8503: 8493: 8463: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8408: 8403: 8379:(4): 71–90. 8376: 8372: 8362: 8350:. Retrieved 8346:the original 8336: 8329:Henri Sautot 8309:. Retrieved 8305:the original 8295: 8283:. Retrieved 8272: 8265: 8249: 8244: 8232:. Retrieved 8228:the original 8218: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8190: 8182: 8163: 8148: 8143: 8131:. Retrieved 8127:the original 8117: 8107: 8077: 8072: 8064: 8059: 8050: 8022: 8015: 8003:. Retrieved 7988: 7979: 7970: 7955: 7940: 7935: 7910: 7887:. Retrieved 7873: 7861:. Retrieved 7838: 7831: 7819:. Retrieved 7804: 7797:Jackson 2001 7792: 7780:. Retrieved 7760: 7753: 7744: 7735: 7729: 7717:. Retrieved 7712: 7703: 7687: 7675:. Retrieved 7655: 7648: 7641:Jackson 2001 7636: 7628: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7584: 7572: 7560: 7533: 7506: 7494: 7486: 7481: 7469: 7457: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7377: 7369: 7364: 7345: 7279: 7269: 7257:. Retrieved 7237: 7230: 7218:. Retrieved 7198: 7191: 7183: 7138: 7134: 7109:. Retrieved 7089: 7082: 7075:Jackson 2001 7070: 7052: 7046: 7027: 7019:the original 7009: 7000: 6991: 6979: 6974: 6960: 6941: 6934: 6927:Kroener 2000 6922: 6915:Kroener 2000 6910: 6898:. Retrieved 6894:the original 6889: 6879: 6854: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6783: 6775: 6756: 6738: 6725: 6718:. Retrieved 6714:the original 6709: 6668: 6655: 6617: 6540: 6522: 6511:Henri Lafont 6496: 6484: 6478: 6460: 6454: 6439:Pierre Bonny 6413: 6410:Paul Touvier 6401: 6365: 6356:Pierre Laval 6323: 6250: 6246: 6235: 6224: 6217: 6214:Henry Rousso 6211: 6192:Paul Touvier 6181: 6165:Algerian War 6154:Nazi hunters 6138:Paul Touvier 6135: 6132:1980s trials 6118: 6110: 6087: 6072: 6062: 6047: 6044: 6024: 6009: 5978:Pierre Laval 5967: 5947: 5937: 5918: 5894:black market 5887: 5872: 5863: 5852:Please help 5847:verification 5844: 5810: 5803: 5801: 5789: 5778: 5754: 5750: 5740:, the actor 5723: 5694: 5660: 5649:Paul Touvier 5645:Adolf Hitler 5637:Pierre Laval 5630: 5620: 5619:In 1943 the 5618: 5554: 5550:Cordell Hull 5522:Henri Giraud 5519: 5502: 5500: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5417: 5403: 5395: 5374: 5370: 5350: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5269: 5256: 5244: 5204: 5199: 5187: 5176: 5152: 5124: 5096: 5077: 5055: 5016: 5010: 4990: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4908: 4868:André Tulard 4855: 4840: 4831: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4788: 4776:Please help 4771:verification 4768: 4726:Patrick Tort 4712:Jean Coutrot 4709: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4674:gas chambers 4665: 4645: 4615: 4574: 4559: 4550: 4539:Please help 4534:verification 4531: 4508: 4504: 4495: 4485: 4460: 4417: 4413: 4402: 4326:enemy aliens 4323: 4319:Henry Lémery 4315:black people 4288: 4273: 4246: 4239: 4202:to form the 4183: 4156: 4121: 4102: 4095:anti-Semites 4079: 4061: 4052:Loir-et-Cher 4043: 4040: 4036:puppet state 4033: 4024: 4017: 4011: 3994: 3983: 3958:Algerian War 3946:Messali Hadj 3928: 3901: 3883: 3881: 3853: 3808: 3795:Henri Giraud 3772:Vichy forces 3757: 3738:Diégo-Suarez 3727: 3715: 3687:Commonwealth 3664: 3655: 3644: 3619:8–13 January 3608: 3558: 3543: 3519: 3507:Ubangi-Shari 3503:French Congo 3492: 3477: 3464:Émile Bertin 3463: 3452: 3446: 3430: 3399: 3361:Henri Sautot 3357:New Hebrides 3354: 3259: 3240: 3221:created the 3216: 3201:puppet state 3164: 3111: 3073: 3050: 3043: 3033: 3014: 3002:Henri Giraud 2987: 2982:Cordell Hull 2955: 2916:Pierre Laval 2912: 2853: 2830: 2818: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2785:a posteriori 2784: 2771: 2767:the Vichy 80 2755: 2720:Pierre Laval 2718: 2696:gathered in 2687: 2680: 2661: 2636: 2603:, 50,000 in 2598: 2582: 2580: 2562: 2549: 2528: 2525: 2496: 2481: 2455: 2451:Adolf Hitler 2449: 2438: 2419: 2411:Paul Reynaud 2395: 2371: 2357:Henri Béraud 2330: 2321:la décadence 2287:and Admiral 2285:Pierre Laval 2278: 2246: 2241: 2216:la décadence 2212: 2191: 2182:French radio 2179: 2136: 2128: 2111:to moderate 2047: 2021: 2007: 1991: 1967: 1951: 1934: 1904: 1901:Jurisdiction 1866: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1825: 1766: 1751: 1742: 1731:Please help 1726:verification 1723: 1697:World War II 1674: 1650: 1626:and imposed 1621: 1593:antisemitism 1589: 1579:, a hero of 1573:Paul Reynaud 1569:the Ardennes 1557:Maginot Line 1542: 1506:Nazi Germany 1490:World War II 1473: 1470:French State 1469: 1458:Vichy France 1457: 1456: 1409: 1367:Christianity 1255:Vichy France 1254: 1206:20th century 1188:Belle Époque 1127:First Empire 1040: 1036:Early modern 986:West Francia 975:Carolingians 965:Merovingians 824: 771: 732: 711: 693:French Third 674:Succeeded by 673: 668: 658:French franc 598: 578:10 July 1940 561:22 June 1940 543:World War II 519:Pierre Laval 495:P.É. Flandin 483:Pierre Laval 415:dictatorship 412:totalitarian 346: 219:" (official) 206: 189:Motto: 188: 128:French State 121: 88: 79: 44: 18:Vichy regime 20876:Rump states 20801:Axis powers 20724:WikiProject 20539:Immigration 20529:Health care 20391:Agriculture 20343:enforcement 20100:Free France 20069:World War I 20016:Restoration 20003:Late Modern 19873:Middle Ages 19848:Middle Ages 19833:Celtic Gaul 19399:Bodenplatte 19285:Gothic Line 18511:West Africa 18058:Philippines 18037:Netherlands 17902:Czech lands 17840:Switzerland 17784:Afghanistan 17728:Philippines 17596:Puerto Rico 17512:Philippines 17498:New Zealand 17484:Netherlands 17437:Free France 17188:Prosecution 16989:Osoaviakhim 16859:West Africa 16843:East Africa 16490:Conferences 16212:Netherlands 16012:Netherlands 15752:Sudetenland 15700:occupations 15536:Vistulaland 15413:Sudetenland 15365:Prinz-Eugen 15269:Mecklenburg 15050:Byelorussia 15020:Philippines 15010:Netherlands 14703:Ostlegionen 14522:Axis forces 14298:& Media 14203:Marcel Déat 14156:Dissolution 13956:Franc-Garde 13820:Deportation 13791:Romainville 13701:and plunder 13548:Cochinchina 13466:Upper Volta 13431:Ivory Coast 13339:(newspaper) 13253:Aujourd'hui 13000:Parties and 12959:Governments 12890:Jean Leguay 12855:Marcel Déat 12729:Article 231 12496:(in French) 12365:Smithsonian 12255: [ 12171:Que sais-je 12002:Sigmaringen 11634:3 September 11229:Gordon, B. 11014:16 December 10919:(in French) 10007:16 December 9977:16 December 9936:16 December 9897:16 December 9804:16 December 9774:16 December 9733:16 December 9694:12 February 9639:(in French) 9576:(in French) 9439:rue. » 9135:(in French) 8901:(in French) 8693:(in French) 8063:Ousby, Ian 7719:22 December 7322:|work= 7276:Saz, Ismael 6964:Malgré nous 6362:Jean Leguay 6320:Marcel Déat 6167:(1954–62). 6146:Jean Leguay 6098:Robert Aron 6048:Charlemagne 5949:ordonnances 5916:(1946–54). 5730:Axis powers 5701:Sigmaringen 5407:Monnet Plan 5286:Marcel Déat 5103:naturalised 5003:Jean Leguay 4957:heading to 4577:Nobel Prize 4481:August Hirt 4477:gas chamber 4409:Gendarmerie 4265:homosexuals 4137:war economy 4124:technocrats 4044:Pétainistes 4004: [ 4001:Rolf Mühler 3934: [ 3892:Jean Monnet 3871:. Although 3801:during the 3640:Free French 3585:Port-Gentil 3499:French Chad 3393:and to the 3340:during the 3247:Pondicherry 3213:Free France 3113:Switzerland 3107:Free France 3077:French Navy 3040:Alfred Pose 3015:US General 2928:Sigmaringen 2903:Governments 2747:abstentions 2728:full powers 2676:Frank Capra 2555:Gendarmerie 2281:Anglophobia 2248:Joan of Arc 2139:Gallo-Roman 2081:nationalist 2061:aristocracy 1998:coup d'état 1963:Jean Leguay 1874:zone du sud 1783:Terminology 1658:Free France 1613:Axis powers 1605:French Navy 1595:and, after 1581:World War I 1320:Health care 1250:Free France 1137:Restoration 941:Middle Ages 913:Celtic Gaul 856:History of 669:Preceded by 619:Summer 1944 573:full powers 529:Legislature 406:nonpartisan 399:Provisional 369:Sigmaringen 328:(1944–1945) 322:(1942–1944) 301:Free France 20740:Categories 20667:Philosophy 20652:Literature 20564:secularism 20360:Parliament 20155:2005 riots 20105:Liberation 19971:Revolution 19838:Roman Gaul 19823:Prehistory 19779:Journalism 19499:West Hunan 19332:Pointblank 18668:Silver Fox 18654:Summer War 18407:Winter War 18386:Phoney War 18167:Azerbaijan 18128:Yugoslavia 18023:Luxembourg 17865:Resistance 17605:Yugoslavia 17470:Luxembourg 17272:Sook Ching 17068:War crimes 16670:Technology 16663:Opposition 16605:Lend-Lease 16582:Australian 16575:Home front 16533:Blitzkrieg 16483:Casualties 16474:Commanders 16446:Operations 16345:Bassgeiger 16325:New Swabia 16293:San Marino 16118:Montenegro 16042:Montenegro 15864:Luxembourg 15742:Luxembourg 15526:Vandalland 15491:Beskidland 15418:Wartheland 15391:Reichsgaus 15204:Düsseldorf 15000:Luxembourg 14081:Madagascar 13801:Rivesaltes 13776:Pithiviers 13685:Vel' d'Hiv 13451:Mauritania 13370:Zone libre 13345:La Semaine 13183:propaganda 13098:Riom Trial 12820:André Broc 12783:Zone libre 12767:The Eighty 12750:Beginnings 12709:Phoney War 12677:Boulangism 12624:Luxembourg 12533:Yad Vashem 12443:1034576435 12414:1137403989 12089:1191067431 11969:1015992303 11403:1058510505 11053:2 February 10894:12 January 10663:Béglé 2014 10100:1004807892 10062:1065422517 9520:20 October 9497:1038535440 9421:Quoted in 9407:28 January 8832:Cairn.info 8553:Raugh 1993 7889:24 October 7858:1058436580 6982:, London, 6720:21 October 6686:References 6480:La Cagoule 6259:See also: 6216:put it in 6094:Red Terror 6090:Pétainists 6065:Tino Rossi 5797:Freemasons 5585:resistance 5503:Case Anton 5485:Case Anton 5483:See also: 5435:See also: 5349:created a 5316:La Cagoule 5301:(English: 5162:President 5146:Vel' d'Hiv 5083:Carl Oberg 4961:and other 4915:underclass 4804:newspapers 4730:Max Lafont 4697:dangerous. 4589:euthanasia 4383:anarchists 4370:Phoney War 4346:Francoists 4342:Brigadists 4257:Communists 4253:Freemasons 4109:Bolshevism 4097:and overt 3993:(regional 3980:Marseilles 3845:Case Anton 3778:. Admiral 3734:Madagascar 3581:Libreville 3544:Resolution 3522:Royal Navy 3479:Guadeloupe 3469:Lend-Lease 3454:Martinique 3408:sent from 3344:and on to 3338:Garigliano 3115:and other 3095:Alexandria 3061:Case Anton 3035:La Cagoule 2895:after the 2867:expression 2849:Riom Trial 2763:Socialists 2751:These acts 2665:Carl Oberg 2627:Renault FT 2594:Liberation 2568:and heavy 2512:See also: 2402:Phoney War 2359:entitled, 2225:hedonistic 2149:chieftain 2141:period of 2099:but never 2063:and among 1988:Legitimacy 1894:Zone libre 1884:Zone libre 1868:Zone libre 1830:under the 1826:After the 1793:Case Anton 1745:April 2013 1642:communists 1565:Luxembourg 1520:zone libre 1482:rump state 956:settlement 923:Roman Gaul 893:Prehistory 600:Case Anton 395:Government 20524:Education 20478:Transport 20328:Judiciary 20289:Elections 20243:Mountains 20201:Geography 19947:Louis XIV 19737:Overviews 19564:Manchuria 19450:Indochina 19226:Bagration 18677:Lithuania 18322:Anschluss 18119:Viet Minh 18016:Lithuania 17958:Hong Kong 17721:Manchukuo 17676:Azad Hind 17335:Australia 17135:Aftermath 16998:Paperclip 16893:Aftermath 16693:Total war 16561:Diplomacy 16524:In Europe 16366:Nordstern 16350:Edelweiss 16258:Turkestan 16248:Don-Volga 16148:Turkestan 16098:Cossackia 16037:Macedonia 15997:Lithuania 15902:Ljubljana 15787:Bialystok 15772:Districts 15436:Carinthia 15329:Weser-Ems 15319:Thuringia 15289:Pomerania 15274:Moselland 15229:Franconia 15077:(limited) 14980:Indonesia 14958:Indochina 14908:Manchukuo 14876:Lithuania 14834:Lists by 14739:Gakutotai 14520:Lists by 14214:Aftermath 14044:Indochina 14029:Gibraltar 13986:Carlingue 13973:Auxiliary 13908:Air Force 13806:Septfonds 13781:Récébédou 13675:Marseille 13362:Territory 13295:La France 13181:Press and 13062:Legal and 12378:0037-7333 12310:316118163 12292:C.H. Beck 12280:(2009) . 12193:777999316 11629:494123451 11588:876293139 11335:159656095 11304:15 August 11043:0362-4331 11004:0362-4331 10854:(1980) . 10687:Aron 1962 10675:Aron 1962 10222:145622142 10172:757514437 9967:0190-8286 9926:0362-4331 9887:0261-3077 9764:0190-8286 9723:0362-4331 9689:181982155 8879:226968304 8871:0022-2801 8826:11 August 8816:420826274 8687:, on the 8643:159589846 8042:706628672 7324:ignored ( 7314:cite book 7306:200108437 7157:0162-2889 6984:Routledge 6551:, writer. 6507:, writer. 6471:, writer. 6228:de Gaulle 6102:de Gaulle 6054:Indochina 6040:de Gaulle 6027:de Gaulle 5998:(such as 5954:de Gaulle 5944:de Gaulle 5764:Aftermath 5719:La France 5569:de Gaulle 5542:de Gaulle 5526:de Gaulle 5232:Carlingue 4959:Auschwitz 4575:In 1941, 4434:, in the 4426:, in the 4391:pacifists 4330:Camp Gurs 4303:Porrajmos 4295:Holocaust 4158:dirigisme 4072:Léon Blum 4018:laughing: 3916:de Gaulle 3912:de Gaulle 3908:de Gaulle 3888:de Gaulle 3841:de Gaulle 3799:de Gaulle 3723:de Gaulle 3719:de Gaulle 3675:Luftwaffe 3569:de Gaulle 3553:Gibraltar 3542:HMS 3481:, in the 3312:formed a 3294:Bora Bora 3290:de Gaulle 3231:de Gaulle 3219:de Gaulle 3180:Indochina 3010:de Gaulle 2994:de Gaulle 2990:de Gaulle 2797:de Gaulle 2487:Prisoners 2373:Gringoire 2250:replaced 2230:décadence 2203:décadence 2077:democracy 2032:de Gaulle 2028:de Gaulle 1976:launched 1954:Wehrmacht 1681:de Gaulle 1498:territory 1389:Territory 1282:1946–1958 1272:1944–1946 1262:1940–1944 1241:1920–1929 1230:1919–1939 1219:1870–1940 1192:1871–1914 1181:1870–1940 1171:1852–1870 1161:1848–1852 1151:1830–1848 1141:1814–1830 1131:1804–1814 1121:1792–1804 1111:1791–1792 1101:1789–1799 1074:1589–1792 1064:1515–1589 1054:1498–1515 1022:1328–1498 385:Religion 179:Cartouche 149:1940–1944 52:detected: 20714:Category 20647:Language 20559:Religion 20504:Abortion 20458:Taxation 20355:Military 20316:Intersex 20306:Politics 20272:Politics 20074:Interwar 19769:Economic 19764:Language 19749:Timeline 19675:Category 19624:document 19534:document 19391:Ardennes 19375:Budapest 19323:Crossbow 19201:Overlord 19040:Smolensk 18258:Timeline 18093:Slovakia 18079:Thailand 17930:Ethiopia 17895:Bulgaria 17819:Portugal 17750:Thailand 17632:Bulgaria 17410:Eswatini 17403:Ethiopia 17356:Bulgaria 17181:Unit 731 17142:Response 16959:Keelhaul 16909:Cold War 16882:Americas 16873:timeline 16866:Atlantic 16746:Theaters 16359:Proposed 16340:Holzauge 16243:Caucasia 16236:Proposed 16174:Brittany 16167:Proposed 16158:Wallonia 16143:Slovakia 16093:Bulgaria 16067:Wallonia 16057:Slovakia 15972:Flanders 15854:Slovakia 15803:Brussels 15796:Proposed 15762:Zichenau 15732:Lorraine 15680:Lombardy 15663:Proposed 15551:Westland 15541:Wallonia 15521:Nordmark 15516:Gothland 15506:Flanders 15501:Burgundy 15479:Proposed 15451:Salzburg 15358:Proposed 15344:Westmark 15284:NSDAP/AO 15189:Bayreuth 15166:Altreich 15082:Thailand 15062:Chechnya 15040:Slovakia 14963:Cambodia 14913:Mongolia 14888:Bulgaria 14781:Makapili 14729:Chinilpa 14715:Japanese 14590:Chetniks 14126:Officers 14054:Ko Chang 13856:Military 13786:Rieucros 13765:subcamps 13647:Roundups 13538:Cambodia 13508:Cameroon 13471:Togoland 13239:L'Alerte 13116:politics 13064:treaties 12644:Slovakia 12525:Archived 12489:Archived 12474:Archived 12398:. UPNE. 12159:(2007). 12000:(2014). 11935:Le Point 11851:Archived 11814:in JSTOR 11804:in JSTOR 11783:Archived 11496:Archived 11276:41497185 11245:Archived 11184:Archived 11150:Archived 11047:Archived 11008:Archived 10948:30 March 10939:Archived 10912:Archived 10888:Archived 10830:Archived 10799:Archived 10773:Archived 10747:Archived 10720:Archived 10512:20672479 10477:20672479 10362:20530987 10001:Archived 9997:BBC News 9971:Archived 9930:Archived 9891:Archived 9850:Archived 9822:Archived 9798:Archived 9794:BBC News 9768:Archived 9727:Archived 9592:Archived 9511:"Drancy" 9455:Archived 9373:Archived 9348:Archived 9331:Archived 9296:Archived 9255:Archived 9229:Archived 9203:Archived 9177:Archived 9151:Archived 9122:Archived 9063:Archived 8971:Archived 8820:Archived 8691:website 8681:Archived 8414:Archived 8395:20530880 8352:16 March 8311:16 March 8285:16 March 8279:Archived 8234:16 March 8171:Archived 8100:Archived 7999:Archived 7959:French: 7883:Archived 7815:Archived 7776:Archived 7709:"France" 7671:Archived 7253:Archived 7214:Archived 7165:57561272 7105:Archived 7035:Archived 6999:(1947). 6562:See also 6533:, actor. 6520:Gaullist 6489:in 1940. 6416:in Lyon. 6234:'s film 6050:Division 5074:Old Port 5027:box cars 4834:May 2021 4585:eugenics 4424:Aincourt 4348:. After 4248:métèques 4171:eugenics 4126:such as 4048:Montoire 3884:de facto 3699:Damascus 3627:Djibouti 3611:Djibouti 3536:(modern 3515:Cameroun 3417:Americas 2885:Tricolor 2875:prefects 2759:Radicals 2742:Massilia 2702:spa town 2692:and the 2256:Catholic 2252:Marianne 2238:morality 2093:rightist 2038:Ideology 2008:Massilia 1994:traitors 1891:for the 1691:Overview 1534:occupied 1526:colonies 1384:Taxation 1362:Religion 1357:Politics 1350:Consorts 1345:Monarchs 1340:Military 1335:Medicine 1011:987–1328 1000:987–1792 954:Frankish 952:and the 875:Timeline 847:a series 845:Part of 695:Republic 654:Currency 404:under a 402:republic 348:de facto 20705:Outline 20687:Theatre 20682:Symbols 20642:Gardens 20632:Fashion 20624:Cuisine 20591:Culture 20581:Welfare 20554:Poverty 20492:Society 20468:Tourism 20428:Exports 20401:Banking 20379:Economy 20338:history 20233:Islands 20228:Borders 19861:Francia 19815:Ancient 19793:Regions 19744:History 19729:History 19601:Shumshu 19368:Hungary 19315:Estonia 19299:Lapland 19277:Dragoon 19210:Neptune 19192:Ichi-Go 19158:Tempest 19100:Changde 19055:Cottage 18947:Jubilee 18663:Finland 18561:Compass 18267:Prelude 18220:Finland 18106:Vietnam 18072:Romania 17944:Germany 17923:Estonia 17909:Denmark 17888:Belgium 17881:Austria 17874:Albania 17805:Ireland 17791:Andorra 17775:Neutral 17735:Romania 17669:Hungary 17654:Finland 17526:Romania 17418:Finland 17396:Denmark 17342:Belgium 17328:Algeria 17034:Romania 17020:Hungary 16776:Pacific 16500:General 16454:Leaders 16439:Battles 16432:Outline 16318:Founded 16298:Tunisia 16283:Finland 16253:Muscovy 16227:Ukraine 16222:Ostland 16200:Founded 16153:Ukraine 16123:Romania 16113:Hungary 16088:Belarus 16062:Ukraine 15987:Hungary 15967:Denmark 15957:Croatia 15947:Belarus 15942:Austria 15932:Albania 15925:Founded 15835:Croatia 15780:Founded 15630:Galicia 15605:Founded 15511:Galicia 15496:Brabant 15428:Austria 15401:Founded 15375:Holland 15304:Silesia 15239:Hamburg 15177:Founded 15067:Ukraine 15055:Belarus 15030:Romania 14973:Vietnam 14948:Hungary 14930:Finland 14925:Denmark 14920:Croatia 14883:Belgium 14866:Estonia 14844:Albania 14536:Italian 14376:Fiction 14305:History 14296:History 14117:Réunion 14012:Battles 13927:Militia 13871:Regular 13584:affairs 13461:Senegal 13436:Dahomey 13409:Tunisia 13404:Morocco 13330:Revivre 13274:Combats 13246:L'Appel 12663:Prelude 12654:Ukraine 12609:Denmark 12604:Croatia 12599:Belarus 12589:Albania 12535:website 12383:2 April 12346:(1993). 12334:(1969). 12169:]. 12143:Pétain. 11898:1356008 11778:(2000) 11613:(ed.). 11420:(2013) 11408:28 July 11240:(1995) 11223:(2009) 11210:(2004) 11179:(2005) 11070:English 9859:17 July 8528:27 July 8411:, p. 71 7863:20 July 6900:18 June 6786:(2001). 6710:gouv.fr 6083:Arletty 5534:Algiers 5384:Economy 5194:roundup 5012:Gestapo 4925:(CGQJ, 4818:scholar 4714:, the " 4579:winner 4442:, near 4232:French 4025:behind: 3768:Tunisia 3764:Algeria 3760:Morocco 3691:Lebanon 3538:Senegal 3355:In the 3346:Tuscany 3199:, as a 3161:in 1941 2619:Lebanon 2605:Algeria 2571:capotes 2456:de jure 2260:patriot 2147:Gaulish 2113:liberal 2101:fascist 1972:), the 1797:Italian 1488:during 1377:Judaism 1315:Economy 1294:present 990:843–987 979:751–987 969:481–751 950:Francia 884:Ancient 826:de jure 625:• 612:• 597:• 584:• 567:• 554:• 336:Capital 320:Germany 207:Anthem: 20719:Portal 20619:Cinema 20599:Anthem 20571:Racism 20549:People 20443:Mining 20418:Energy 20253:Rivers 20218:Cities 20150:May 68 19721:topics 19718:France 19578:Debate 19550:Taipei 19543:Borneo 19121:Tarawa 18315:Europe 18276:Africa 18065:Poland 18051:Norway 18030:Malaya 18009:Latvia 17951:Greece 17937:France 17833:Sweden 17798:Bhutan 17519:Poland 17505:Norway 17477:Mexico 17444:Greece 17430:France 17368:Canada 17349:Brazil 17319:Allies 17265:Serbia 17254:Poland 17027:Poland 17013:Baltic 16806:Europe 16508:Topics 16460:Allied 16288:Monaco 16217:Norway 16138:Serbia 16108:Greece 16103:France 16081:Exiled 15982:Greece 15977:France 15874:Serbia 15869:Poland 15859:Greece 15840:France 15717:Alsace 15698:German 15650:Warsaw 15640:Lublin 15635:Kraków 15531:Venice 15466:Vienna 15456:Styria 15309:Swabia 15294:Saxony 15194:Berlin 15087:Taiwan 15035:Serbia 15025:Poland 15015:Norway 15005:Malaya 14943:Greece 14938:France 14898:Ceylon 14871:Latvia 14531:German 14366:Uranus 14110:Toulon 13949:Milice 13864:Forces 13811:Vernet 13756:Milles 13746:Drancy 13582:Jewish 13558:Tonkin 13446:Guinea 13234:Press: 12639:Serbia 12634:Poland 12629:Norway 12619:Greece 12614:France 12441: 12431: 12412: 12402: 12376: 12308: 12298: 12269: 12228:German 12215: 12203:, 1954 12191: 12181: 12149: 12120: 12103: 12087: 12077: 12052: 12030: 12008: 11990: 11967: 11957: 11921: 11896: 11862:French 11836: 11795:(2000) 11752: 11739:(2007) 11695: 11677: 11651: 11627: 11586: 11576: 11546: 11526: 11512: 11470: 11444: 11401: 11391: 11359: 11333: 11295: 11274: 11264: 11172:(1999) 11137:online 11124: 11111:(1998) 11081:Pétain 11041: 11002: 10973: 10862: 10836:23 May 10805:23 May 10779:23 May 10753:31 May 10726:31 May 10638:286436 10636: 10587: 10562: 10537: 10510: 10475: 10438: 10413: 10360: 10319: 10286: 10259:286424 10257: 10220: 10170: 10160: 10124: 10098: 10088: 10060: 10050: 9965: 9924: 9885: 9762: 9721: 9687: 9598:31 May 9543: 9495: 9485: 9356:UNESCO 9261:31 May 9235:31 May 9209:31 May 9183:31 May 9157:31 May 9095:31 May 9069:31 May 9023: 8986: 8954: 8895:", in 8877: 8869: 8814: 8804: 8767: 8714: 8659:(1974) 8641: 8635:259995 8633: 8470: 8393: 8256: 8187:Toland 8155: 8133:31 May 8080:(1947) 8040: 8030: 8005:31 May 7947: 7923: 7856: 7846: 7821:31 May 7782:1 July 7768: 7677:1 July 7663: 7631:(1990) 7352: 7304: 7294: 7259:1 July 7245: 7220:1 July 7206: 7186:(2013) 7163: 7155: 7111:1 July 7097: 7059: 6986:, 2007 6953: 6867: 6763: 6465:(LVF). 6414:Milice 6074:Combat 5996:graces 5816:Purges 5662:Maquis 5234:, and 5212:Milice 4943:, the 4904:Drancy 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4728:, and 4389:) and 4261:Romani 4234:Milice 3996:préfet 3811:putsch 3766:, and 3703:Beirut 3667:revolt 3425:, and 3410:Nouméa 3377:Nouméa 3298:Seabee 3286:Hawaii 3278:Moorea 3274:Tahiti 3159:Saigon 3147:, and 3079:, the 2694:Senate 2683:(1943) 2617:), in 2589:Maquis 2584:Milice 2576:berets 2545:Allied 2171:fasces 2167:labrys 2052:. The 1917:, the 1913:, the 1703:, and 1549:Allies 1528:. The 1462:French 1410:· 1408: 1306:Topics 1018:Valois 959: 897: 858:France 849:on the 571:given 569:Pétain 456: 426: 379:French 309:Status 281: 273: 265: 209: 140:French 136: 113:France 20871:Vichy 20677:Sport 20662:Music 20657:Media 20514:Crime 20238:Lakes 19354:Leyte 19184:Narva 19170:Anzio 19128:Makin 19086:Burma 18970:Torch 18939:Rzhev 18900:Kiska 17986:Korea 17972:Japan 17965:Italy 17847:Tibet 17826:Spain 17697:Italy 17458:Italy 17451:India 17375:China 17250:Japan 16850:Italy 16762:China 16714:Women 16311:Other 16007:Lokot 16002:Lepel 15992:Italy 15879:Banat 15747:Posen 15645:Radom 15486:Banat 15224:Essen 15074:Spain 14995:Korea 14990:Italy 14953:India 14903:China 14893:Burma 14754:Heiho 14104:Anton 14097:Torch 14039:Gabon 14034:Dakar 13918:Guard 13733:Camps 13670:Izieu 13553:Annam 13456:Niger 13441:Sudan 13316:Idées 12531:, at 12319:Films 12286:[ 12259:] 12165:[ 12069:[ 11949:[ 11888:[ 11331:S2CID 10942:(PDF) 10935:(PDF) 10634:JSTOR 10358:JSTOR 10255:JSTOR 10218:S2CID 9853:(PDF) 9842:(PDF) 9685:S2CID 9477:[ 8875:S2CID 8639:S2CID 8631:JSTOR 8391:JSTOR 7919:–40. 7302:S2CID 7161:S2CID 6647:Notes 6574:Cadix 5458:Women 5425:Essen 5421:Krupp 4963:camps 4825:JSTOR 4811:books 4463:Ilags 4436:Doubs 4399:Italy 4179:INSEE 4008:] 3982:. SS- 3938:] 3683:Syria 3565:Gabon 3530:Dakar 3406:aviso 2950:Hanoi 2706:Vichy 2623:Syria 2566:kepis 2333:Other 2163:baton 2057:right 1928:Reich 1514:Vichy 1504:with 1494:Vichy 1412: 1372:Islam 1330:LGBTQ 1292:1958– 772:1944: 733:1942: 712:1940: 355:Paris 343:Vichy 20637:Flag 20423:Euro 20321:LGBT 19420:1945 19148:1944 18989:1943 18917:Blue 18907:Attu 18814:1942 18573:1941 18425:1940 18363:1939 18292:Asia 18139:POWs 17979:Jews 17690:Iraq 17616:Axis 17566:Tuva 17382:Cuba 16467:Axis 16263:Ural 16017:Nias 15937:Asch 15158:Gaus 14985:Iraq 14968:Laos 14796:PETA 14613:Hiwi 14507:and 14456:1944 14451:1943 14446:1942 14441:1941 14436:1940 14330:Film 14076:1942 14061:1941 14019:1940 13913:Navy 13751:Gurs 13680:Lyon 13637:UGIF 13593:Laws 13493:Chad 12505:Time 12439:OCLC 12429:ISBN 12410:OCLC 12400:ISBN 12385:2023 12374:ISSN 12306:OCLC 12296:ISBN 12267:ISBN 12213:ISBN 12189:OCLC 12179:ISBN 12147:ISBN 12118:ISBN 12101:ISBN 12085:OCLC 12075:ISBN 12050:ISBN 12028:ISBN 12006:ISBN 11988:ISBN 11965:OCLC 11955:ISBN 11919:ISBN 11894:OCLC 11834:ISBN 11750:ISBN 11693:ISBN 11675:ISBN 11649:ISBN 11636:2015 11625:OCLC 11621:HMSO 11584:OCLC 11574:ISBN 11544:ISBN 11524:ISBN 11510:ISBN 11468:ISBN 11442:ISBN 11410:2021 11399:OCLC 11389:ISBN 11357:ISBN 11306:2020 11293:ISBN 11272:OCLC 11262:ISBN 11122:ISBN 11055:2018 11039:ISSN 11016:2017 11000:ISSN 10971:ISBN 10950:2011 10896:2014 10860:ISBN 10838:2009 10807:2009 10781:2009 10755:2011 10728:2011 10585:ISBN 10560:ISBN 10535:ISBN 10508:PMID 10473:PMID 10436:ISBN 10411:ISBN 10317:ISBN 10284:ISBN 10168:OCLC 10158:ISBN 10122:ISBN 10096:OCLC 10086:ISBN 10058:OCLC 10048:ISBN 10009:2017 9979:2017 9963:ISSN 9938:2017 9922:ISSN 9899:2017 9883:ISSN 9861:2014 9806:2017 9776:2017 9760:ISSN 9735:2017 9719:ISSN 9696:2023 9600:2011 9541:ISBN 9522:2021 9493:OCLC 9483:ISBN 9409:2007 9263:2011 9237:2011 9211:2011 9185:2011 9159:2011 9097:2011 9071:2011 9021:ISBN 8984:ISBN 8952:ISBN 8867:ISSN 8828:2016 8812:OCLC 8802:ISBN 8765:ISBN 8712:ISBN 8530:2019 8468:ISBN 8354:2011 8313:2011 8287:2011 8254:ISBN 8236:2011 8153:ISBN 8135:2011 8038:OCLC 8028:ISBN 8007:2011 7945:ISBN 7921:ISBN 7891:2015 7865:2020 7854:OCLC 7844:ISBN 7823:2011 7784:2015 7766:ISBN 7721:2022 7679:2015 7661:ISBN 7350:ISBN 7326:help 7292:ISBN 7261:2015 7243:ISBN 7222:2015 7204:ISBN 7153:ISSN 7113:2015 7095:ISBN 7057:ISBN 6961:The 6951:ISBN 6902:2017 6865:ISBN 6761:ISBN 6722:2015 6578:Uzès 6459:and 6081:and 5824:and 5736:and 5659:and 5651:and 5559:and 5487:and 5292:was 5264:and 5251:Axis 5038:and 5007:SNCF 4896:RSHA 4797:news 4652:INED 4587:and 4378:Axis 4307:Jews 4289:The 4243:Jews 4099:Nazi 3829:and 3797:and 3752:and 3677:and 3671:Iraq 3571:and 3276:and 3268:. A 2960:and 2958:Axis 2865:and 2761:and 2735:and 2722:and 2650:and 2621:and 2258:and 2223:and 2095:and 1974:Axis 1607:and 1543:The 165:Flag 20609:Art 20333:Law 14533:and 13771:Noé 12459:'s 12136:N.B 11323:doi 10626:doi 10500:doi 10465:doi 10385:doi 10350:doi 10313:185 10247:doi 10210:doi 9677:doi 9390:in 9277:VfZ 8926:doi 8859:doi 8689:LDH 8623:doi 8442:doi 8438:105 8381:doi 7284:doi 7143:doi 6861:239 6749:et 6161:OAS 6012:LVF 5856:by 5284:or 4780:by 4595:'s 4543:by 4016:); 3999:), 3960:". 3669:in 3532:in 3513:of 3400:In 2704:of 2629:). 1735:by 1325:Law 20742:: 19168:/ 15846:‧ 12503:, 12437:. 12408:. 12372:. 12362:. 12340:, 12328:, 12304:. 12294:. 12261:: 12257:de 12237:: 12187:. 12177:. 12112:. 12083:. 12022:. 11963:. 11871:, 11828:. 11728:, 11711:, 11623:. 11582:. 11542:. 11429:, 11397:. 11351:, 11329:. 11319:29 11317:. 11270:. 11219:, 11190:; 11079:, 11045:. 11037:. 11033:. 11006:. 10998:. 10994:. 10937:. 10886:. 10882:. 10828:. 10824:. 10706:^ 10632:. 10622:16 10620:. 10506:. 10496:24 10494:. 10471:. 10461:24 10459:. 10397:^ 10381:23 10379:. 10356:. 10346:50 10344:. 10315:. 10282:. 10280:87 10253:. 10243:12 10241:. 10216:. 10206:16 10204:. 10166:. 10102:. 10094:. 10064:. 10056:. 10017:^ 9995:. 9969:. 9961:. 9955:. 9928:. 9920:. 9916:. 9889:. 9877:. 9844:. 9792:. 9766:. 9758:. 9752:. 9725:. 9717:. 9713:. 9683:. 9673:55 9671:. 9665:. 9621:^ 9566:, 9562:, 9513:. 9491:. 9425:. 9395:. 9329:. 9313:^ 9302:, 9284:^ 9105:^ 9001:, 8932:. 8922:41 8920:. 8916:. 8873:. 8865:. 8855:92 8853:. 8849:. 8818:. 8810:. 8664:^ 8637:. 8629:. 8617:. 8482:^ 8454:^ 8436:. 8389:. 8377:49 8375:. 8371:. 8321:^ 8210:21 8208:. 8189:, 8085:^ 8036:. 7978:. 7917:37 7899:^ 7852:. 7774:. 7711:. 7669:. 7627:, 7545:^ 7518:^ 7442:^ 7389:^ 7334:^ 7318:: 7316:}} 7312:{{ 7300:. 7290:. 7251:. 7212:. 7173:^ 7159:. 7151:. 7139:43 7137:. 7133:. 7121:^ 7103:. 6959:. 6949:. 6945:. 6888:. 6863:. 6836:. 6791:^ 6782:, 6724:. 6693:^ 6179:. 6140:, 6128:. 6002:, 5991:). 5748:. 5722:, 5665:. 5641:SS 5615:". 5471:. 5230:, 5226:, 5222:, 5218:, 5214:, 5042:. 4965:. 4906:. 4724:, 4613:. 4483:. 4321:. 4286:. 4263:, 4259:, 4255:, 4245:, 4119:. 4074:. 4006:de 3989:, 3936:fr 3851:. 3762:, 3642:. 3587:. 3563:, 3383:, 3359:, 3143:, 3139:, 3127:. 3012:. 2851:. 2596:. 2187:je 2177:. 2019:. 1909:, 1779:. 1699:, 1672:. 1648:. 1587:. 1563:, 1464:: 19710:e 19703:t 19696:v 18671:) 18665:( 17532:) 17528:( 17464:) 17460:( 17424:) 17420:( 17362:) 17358:( 16412:e 16405:t 16398:v 15850:) 15842:( 15371:) 15367:( 15170:) 15162:( 15125:e 15118:t 15111:v 14497:e 14490:t 14483:v 13767:) 13763:( 12567:e 12560:t 12553:v 12445:. 12416:. 12387:. 12312:. 12221:. 12195:. 12091:. 12058:. 12014:. 11971:. 11900:. 11683:. 11657:. 11638:. 11590:. 11552:. 11530:. 11476:. 11412:. 11363:. 11337:. 11325:: 11308:. 11278:. 11057:. 11018:. 10979:. 10952:. 10898:. 10868:. 10840:. 10809:. 10783:. 10757:. 10730:. 10665:. 10640:. 10628:: 10593:. 10568:. 10543:. 10514:. 10502:: 10479:. 10467:: 10444:. 10419:. 10391:. 10387:: 10364:. 10352:: 10325:. 10292:. 10261:. 10249:: 10224:. 10212:: 10174:. 10130:. 10011:. 9981:. 9940:. 9901:. 9863:. 9808:. 9778:. 9737:. 9698:. 9679:: 9602:. 9549:. 9524:. 9499:. 9411:. 9380:( 9265:. 9239:. 9213:. 9187:. 9161:. 9099:. 9073:. 9029:. 8928:: 8881:. 8861:: 8834:. 8720:. 8645:. 8625:: 8619:8 8532:. 8476:. 8448:. 8444:: 8397:. 8383:: 8356:. 8315:. 8289:. 8260:. 8238:. 8137:. 8044:. 8009:. 7982:. 7929:. 7893:. 7867:. 7825:. 7786:. 7723:. 7697:. 7681:. 7358:. 7328:) 7308:. 7286:: 7263:. 7224:. 7167:. 7145:: 7115:. 7041:. 6904:. 6873:. 6840:. 6802:. 6769:. 6678:" 6545:. 6370:. 5952:( 5879:) 5873:( 5868:) 5864:( 5850:. 4995:( 4860:( 4847:) 4841:( 4836:) 4832:( 4822:· 4815:· 4808:· 4801:· 4774:. 4603:( 4566:) 4560:( 4555:) 4551:( 4537:. 4465:( 4050:( 3833:( 2952:. 2787:. 2611:( 2533:( 1758:) 1752:( 1747:) 1743:( 1729:. 1630:( 1472:( 1460:( 1446:e 1439:t 1432:v 345:( 238:" 211:" 199:" 191:" 142:) 138:( 119:. 108:. 95:) 89:( 84:) 80:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index