40:
843:
478:
367:
789:
498:-bearing, meaning the harvest is heavier in alternate years. Peak production is reached around 20 years. Trees are usually pruned to size to make the harvest easier. One male tree produces enough pollen for 8 to 12 drupe-bearing females. Harvesting in the United States and in Greece is often accomplished using equipment to shake the drupes off the tree. After hulling and drying, pistachios are sorted according to open-mouth and closed-mouth shells, then roasted or processed by special machines to produce pistachio kernels.
951:. The mold contamination may occur from soil or poor storage, and be spread by pests. High levels of mold growth typically appear as gray to black filament-like growth. Eating mold-infected and aflatoxin-contaminated pistachios is unsafe. Aflatoxin contamination is a frequent risk, particularly in warmer and humid environments. Food contaminated with aflatoxins has been found as the cause of frequent outbreaks of acute illnesses in parts of the world. In some cases, such as in Kenya, this has led to several deaths.
459:
990:
89:
64:
825:
861:
807:
470:. It has been reported to grow well when irrigated with water having 3,000–4,000 ppm of soluble salts. Pistachio trees are fairly hardy in the right conditions and can survive temperatures ranging between −10 °C (14 °F) in winter and 48 °C (118 °F) in summer. They need a sunny position and well-drained soil. Pistachio trees do poorly in conditions of high humidity and are susceptible to
955:
exposure to contamination much easier. Some pistachios undergo so-called "early split", wherein both the hull and the shell split. Damage or early splits can lead to aflatoxin contamination. In some cases, a harvest may be treated to keep contamination below strict food safety thresholds; in other cases, an entire batch of pistachios must be destroyed because of aflatoxin contamination.
708:
began a school breakfast program that included packets of pistachios. This resulted in a decline of pistachio exports from Iran, resulting in increased prices in other countries and additional incentives to plant pistachio trees in
California. The first commercial pistachio harvest in California took
1745:
suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces (42.5 g) per day of most nuts, such as pistachios, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease". Although a typical serving of pistachios supplies substantial food energy (nutrition table), their
720:
By 2020, there were 150,000 pistachio farmers in Iran, approximately 70% of whom were small-scale producers using inefficient manual picking and processing techniques. There were 950 far larger U.S. producers, using highly efficient mechanized production techniques. Between them, the U.S. and Iran
954:
Pistachio shells typically split naturally prior to harvest, with a hull covering the intact seeds. The hull protects the kernel from invasion by molds and insects, but this hull protection can be damaged in the orchard by poor orchard management practices, by birds, or after harvest, which makes
1071:
The shell of the pistachio is naturally a beige color, but it may be dyed red or green in commercial pistachios. Originally, dye was applied to hide stains on the shells caused when the nuts were picked by hand. In the 21st century, most pistachios are harvested by machine and the shells remain
2135:
Native P. vera forests are located in north eastern part of Iran particularly in
Sarakhs region. This native P. vera is the origin of cultivated pistachio trees in Iran . P. mutica is a wild species indigenous to Iran, growing with almond, oak and other forest trees common to most Alpine
716:
By 2008, U.S. pistachio production rivaled that of Iran. Drought and unusually cold weather in Iran led to severe declines in production there, while U.S. production was increasing. At that time, pistachios were Iran's second-most important export product, after the oil and gas sector.
390:. The fruit has a hard, cream-colored exterior shell. The seed has a mauve-colored skin and light green flesh, with a distinctive flavor. When the fruit ripens, the shell changes from green to an autumnal yellow/red and abruptly splits partly open. This is known as
3144:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
3143:
721:
control 70% of the world export market, with the U.S. in the lead. Worldwide demand exceeds production, so both countries have the ability to sell their production to various export markets.
905:
In 2022, world production of pistachios was one million tonnes (2.2 billion pounds), with the United States, Iran, and Turkey together accounting for 88% of the total (table).
762:), and can damage entire pistachio orchards. In 2004, the rapidly growing pistachio industry in California was threatened by panicle and shoot blight first discovered in 1984. In 2011,
2779:
3122:
1068:, which includes fresh pistachios or pistachio pudding, whipped cream, and canned fruit. Indian cooking uses pounded pistachios with grilled meats, and in pilao rice dishes.
766:
fungus caused a sudden 50% loss in the
Australian pistachio harvest. Several years of severe drought in Iran around 2008 to 2015 caused significant declines in production.
524:
shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BCE. The earliest evidence of pistachio consumption goes back to the Bronze Age
Central Asia and comes from
3024:
1603:
713:, resulting in an end to trade between the United States and Iran, providing additional incentives for American farmers to plant dramatically more pistachio trees.
1701:, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is 30% of total fat. Relative to other tree nuts, pistachios have a lower amount of fat and food energy, but higher amounts of
3310:"The effect of tree nut, peanut, and soy nut consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials"
2104:
2710:
531:
Pistachio trees were introduced from Asia to Europe in the first century AD by the Romans. They are cultivated across
Southern Europe and North Africa.
474:
in winter if they get too much water and the soil is not sufficiently free-draining. Long, hot summers are required for proper ripening of the fruit.
2539:
2038:
These pale green nuts covered with a papery skin grow on a small deciduous tree native to Persia, the area that still produces the best pistachios.
2803:
4110:
2369:
4288:
3088:
4149:
1000:
Large quantities of pistachios are self-heating in the presence of moisture due to their high oil content in addition to naturally occurring
2772:
3282:
2907:
662:
In the 19th century, the pistachio was cultivated commercially in parts of the
English-speaking world, such as Australia and in the US in
3406:
4221:
1896:
3151:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
2593:
4058:
3114:
2995:
2940:
704:. That encouraged California farmers to plant pistachio trees, because they were still eligible for such tax breaks. In 1972, the
4318:
4123:
4071:
1799:
Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red
Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11–13 July 2006) (2007).
674:
3032:
3349:
Muley, Arti (2021). "Effect of tree nuts on glycemic outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review".
3156:
1897:
Towards a comprehensive documentation and use of
Pistacia genetic diversity in Central and West Asia, North Africa and Europe
4200:
4128:
2567:
2513:
3170:
2568:"Fresno leads nation in almond, pistachio production:The county amassed a record value of just over $ 8 billion last year"
324:
that are widely consumed as food. The word can be countable or uncountable, meaning its plural is with or without an 's'.
3278:
2383:
1977:
1820:
4032:
2217:
2190:
2031:
1922:
2153:
4328:
3308:
Mohammadifard, N; Salehi-Abargouei, A; Salas-Salvadó, J; Guasch-Ferré, M; Humphries, K; Sarrafzadegan, N (May 2015).
293:
4154:
3279:"Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Enforcement Discretion – Nuts and Coronary Heart Disease (Docket No 02P-0505)"
2880:
401:
Each mature pistachio tree averages around 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of seeds, or around 50,000, every two years.
4097:
3023:
Shaker
Ardakai, A.; Mir Damadiha, F.; Salehi, F.; Shahedi, M.; Kabir, G. H.; Javan Shah, A.; et al. (2007).
920:
2127:
4338:
4308:
4303:
4298:
3436:
2864:
2437:
394:, and happens with an audible pop. The splitting open is a trait that has been selected by humans. Commercial
4239:
1599:
4050:
3972:
3110:
1899:, Report of the IPGRI Workshop, 14–17 December 1998, Irbid, Jordan – S.Padulosi and A. Hadj-Hassan, editors
1730:
2358:(in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. pp. 245–248 (ch. 7 – Article 14).
2105:"Effects of Rootstock on Nutrient Acquisition by Leaf, Kernel and Quality of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)"
3962:
3957:
2303:
2796:
2353:
4234:
4076:
2969:
2293:
2276:
1590:
737:
686:
652:
593:
20:
321:
4164:
3558:
725:
88:
2820:
Doster and Michailides (1994). "Aspergillus Moulds and Aflatoxins in Pistachio Nuts in California".
2050:
494:, and take around 7 to 10 years to reach significant production. Production is alternate-bearing or
4323:
3586:
3563:
3080:
4226:
3998:
3938:
2660:
1831:
1808:
947:
682:
575:
3276:
1871:
1761:. A 2021 review found that pistachio consumption for three months or less significantly reduced
1620:(table). In a 100-gram reference amount, pistachios provide 2,351 kilojoules (562 kcal) of
1500:
4115:
4045:
3900:
3861:
3658:
2922:
2856:
2849:
744:
2736:"Pistachio production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
2429:
2180:
1461:
387:
3856:
3400:
2970:"Effect of roasting conditions on hardness, moisture content and colour of pistachio kernels"
2207:
1910:
1774:
1474:
1005:
705:
681:
to California collected from China, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929.
656:
205:
4190:
2021:
4313:
4141:
4006:
3878:
3739:
3680:
3531:
3489:
2289:
2002:
1678:
1674:
1526:
1487:
616:
8:
3784:
3664:
3484:
3054:
2457:
1742:
1602:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1185:
1175:
1025:
391:
53:
4213:
2997:
The vital role of pistachio processing industries in development of Iran non-oil exports
2605:
2297:
4260:
3789:
3704:
3429:
3374:
3001:
2946:
2119:
1780:
1633:
1617:
1513:
1441:
1205:
941:
742:
Pistachio trees are vulnerable to numerous diseases and infestation by insects such as
710:
83:
19:
This article is about the culinary nut and the tree that bears it. For other uses, see
3307:
2738:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
728:
accounted for about 40% of U.S. pistachio production, with a value of $ 722 million.
4293:
4185:
3980:
3685:
3553:
3511:
3472:
3378:
3366:
3331:
3259:
3254:
3237:
3218:
3162:
3152:
2860:
2433:
2422:
2359:
2315:
2307:
2250:. Vol. 1. Translated by Sir Arthur Hort. London: William Heinemann. p. 317.
2213:
2186:
2027:
1918:
1758:
1313:
331:, with the United States, Iran, and Turkey combined accounting for 88% of the total.
317:
39:
3195:
Bulló, M; Juanola-Falgarona, M; Hernández-Alonso, P; Salas-Salvadó, J (April 2015).
2395:
4265:
3985:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3801:
3548:
3521:
3358:
3321:
3249:
3208:
3194:
2829:
2687:
2640:
2349:
2331:
2123:
2075:
1965:
1938:
1849:
1804:
1652:
1330:
631:
477:
237:
3949:
2757:
4333:
4172:
3838:
3729:
3709:
3651:
3636:
3516:
3499:
3477:
3277:
Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements (23 July 2003).
2417:
2323:
1065:
994:
670:
571:
126:
68:
3362:
4208:
3526:
3146:
2487:
1754:
1682:
1021:
916:
759:
750:
641:
624:
495:
444:
413:
113:
3286:
3213:
3196:
2645:
2628:
989:
366:
4282:
4136:
4037:
3771:
3734:
3724:
3422:
3395:
2661:"California Pistachio Industry Threatened By Potentially Devastating Disease"
2363:
2319:
1835:
1738:
1737:
specific to consumption of seeds (including pistachios) to lower the risk of
1710:
1698:
1686:
1629:
1165:
1131:
959:
794:
701:
511:
467:
432:
313:
221:
172:
73:
3326:
3309:
2335:
2327:
935:
is found in poorly harvested or processed pistachios. Aflatoxins are potent
584:, "well known among us", was one of the trees unique to Syria, and that the
382:, which is the edible portion. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a
3923:
3806:
3698:
3626:
3543:
3370:
3335:
3263:
3222:
3166:
2157:
1762:
1734:
1690:
1613:
1539:
1107:
534:
515:
4252:
4177:
3109:
709:
place in 1976. The Shah was forced into exile in January, 1979 during the
692:
In 1969 and 1971, changes to the tax code in the United States eliminated
4084:
3932:
3646:
3454:
3445:
2833:
2735:
1964:
New Mexico State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Circular 532
1718:
1625:
1621:
1091:
763:
693:
553:
521:
507:
458:
2299:
Anthimi De observatione ciborum epistula ad Theudericum, regem Francorum
4063:
3846:
3826:
3764:
3751:
3601:
3022:
1714:
1706:
1694:
1648:
1641:
1347:
1296:
1266:
1061:
963:
936:
663:
490:
The pistachio tree may live up to 300 years. The trees are planted in
420:
383:
162:
4089:
2915:
Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources
1697:
is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid (52% of total fat). and
4019:
3851:
3777:
3670:
3591:
3000:. Acta Horticulturae. Vol. 726. pp. 579–581. Archived from
2968:
Shakerardekani, A.; Karim, R.; Mohd Ghazali, H.; Chin, N. L. (2011).
2945:. Acta Horticulturae. Vol. 726. pp. 565–568. Archived from
2758:""Pistacchio verde di Bronte" - La Denominazione di Origine Protetta"
1702:
1667:
1663:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1259:
932:
655:
were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King
589:
538:
525:
395:
356:
352:
348:
340:
3894:
3399:
2262:
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature,
1746:
consumption in normal amounts is not associated with weight gain or
4247:
3917:
3868:
3796:
3692:
3538:
3506:
3494:
2967:
1647:(100% DV) (table). Pistachios are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of
1279:
1057:
1053:
979:
678:
597:
565:
471:
182:
139:
4024:
666:
and California, where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree.
4102:
3993:
3883:
3631:
3616:
3611:
2544:
2182:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Volume 1
1747:
1637:
1239:
1041:
1037:
1029:
983:
890:
697:
546:
491:
360:
344:
2311:
648:
in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of Atlantic pistachio.
4011:
3873:
3719:
3675:
3621:
3606:
3596:
3581:
1825:
1659:
1363:
1263:
1020:
The kernels are often eaten whole, either fresh or roasted and
1001:
975:
830:
755:
601:
542:
152:
2711:"Scarred Riverbeds and Dead Pistachio Trees in a Parched Iran"
2688:"Australia Pistachio Disaster Hints at Agricultural Breakdown"
3759:
3641:
3573:
3467:
3462:
2051:"Pistacia vera L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
1121:
1049:
1045:
1040:, pistachio butter, pistachio paste, and confections such as
1033:
971:
967:
908:
866:
848:
645:
630:
An article on pistachio tree cultivation was brought down in
435:
428:
375:
328:
255:
100:
2514:"Pistachios: The Quirks of Agricultural Trade in a Nutshell"
3238:"Pistachio nuts: composition and potential health benefits"
3197:"Nutrition attributes and health effects of pistachio nuts"
2881:"Pistachio Nuts – RF Self-heating / Spontaneous combustion"
2627:
Parfitt, D.E.; Arjmand, N.; Michailides, T.J. (July 2003).
1009:
812:
585:
379:
347:
leaves 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long. The plants are
267:
261:
3137:
3115:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2482:
2444:; Commissioner of Horticulture of the State of California,
2355:
Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah)
2102:
285:
258:
2626:
1151:
748:
in North America. Among these is infection by the fungus
282:
243:
2942:
Optimizing of the process of pistachio butter production
2594:"Leaf-footed bug implicated in pistachio epicarp lesion"
2091:
The pistachio tree is believed to be indigenous to Iran.
327:
In 2022, world production of pistachios was one million
3414:
3081:"Remember Red Pistachios? Here's What Happened To Them"
2908:"Optimizing Formulation of Pistachio Butter Production"
423:, superseded in the 16th century by forms from Italian
351:, with separate male and female trees. The flowers are
2819:
1801:
Pistacia vera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
466:
Pistachio is a desert plant and is highly tolerant of
339:
The tree grows up to 10 metres (33 feet) tall. It has
1673:
The fat profile of raw pistachios consists mainly of
294:
276:
249:
2938:
2905:
2629:"Resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea in pistachio"
1908:
1753:
One review found that pistachio consumption lowered
279:
252:
240:
3031:. Iran Pistachio Research Institute. Archived from
2906:Ardekani, A. S. H.; Shahedi, M.; Kabir, G. (2009).
273:
246:
3148:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2848:
2421:
685:pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at
3301:
2348:
1451:
1249:
758:(symptoms include death of the flowers and young
4280:
2708:
2076:"Pistachio | Description, Uses, & Nutrition"
911:produces a low quantity of pistachios, with the
3078:
3103:
2540:"Iran faces U.S. challenge in "pistachio war""
2154:"History and Agriculture of the Pistachio Nut"
2112:American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci
1909:Nugent, Jeff; Julia Boniface (30 March 2005).
1724:
1086:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
3430:
2685:
2428:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
2205:
3410:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3283:Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
3190:
3188:
2855:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p.
2462:Cyclopedia of American Agriculture: II.Crops
2245:
1809:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63497A12670823.en
1008:if stored with a combustible fabric such as
2483:"California Pistachios With Perfect Timing"
2178:
1975:
731:
453:
316:, is a small to medium tree originating in
264:
3437:
3423:
3314:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3229:
3111:United States Food and Drug Administration
3074:
3072:
2770:
1624:and are a rich source (20% or more of the
1612:Raw pistachios are 4% water, 45% fat, 28%
398:vary in how consistently they split open.
62:
38:
3325:
3316:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
3253:
3212:
3185:
2939:Ardakani; Shahedi, M.; Kabir, G. (2006).
2846:
2644:
2565:
2480:
2416:
1956:
1954:
1952:
3394:
2993:
2226:
988:
644:have found evidence from excavations at
476:
457:
365:
3069:
2773:"Prevention of aflatoxin in pistachios"
2764:
2728:
2394:. University of Georgia. Archived from
2288:
1685:(table). Saturated fatty acids include
675:United States Department of Agriculture
588:was introduced into Italy by the Roman
4281:
3235:
3091:from the original on 16 September 2019
2591:
2511:
2476:
2474:
2468:"Importance of plant introduction" p.
2381:
2375:
2185:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199.
1949:
1917:. Permanent Publications. p. 41.
1852:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 May 2024
4289:IUCN Red List near threatened species
3899:
3898:
3418:
3348:
2709:Erdbrink, Thomas (18 December 2015).
2507:
2505:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2019:
4165:414e607d-fc25-479e-9c12-0118c0dda116
2809:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2785:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2537:
2003:"Pistachio cultivation (translated)"
939:chemicals produced by molds such as
3079:Spiegel, Alison (2 February 2015).
2977:International Food Research Journal
2566:Fitchette, Todd (28 October 2022).
2471:
2103:V. Tavallali and M. Rahemi (2007).
1842:
634:'s 12th-century agricultural work,
607:The early sixth-century manuscript
481:Dormant pistachio trees, California
13:
3125:from the original on 27 March 2024
2887:. The German Insurance Association
2538:Dahl, Frederick (8 October 2008).
2502:
2481:Blackburn, Mark (3 October 1979).
2141:
1976:Michailides, T.J. (October 2014).
14:
4350:
3388:
1978:"Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot"
1962:Growing pistachios in New Mexico,
1044:, pistachio chocolate, pistachio
958:Like other members of the family
754:, which causes panicle and shoot
623:remained well known in Europe in
3255:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00467.x
3201:The British Journal of Nutrition
2512:Durkin, Andrea (14 April 2020).
2212:. Oxford Symposium. p. 84.
1915:Permaculture Plants: A Selection
1729:In July 2003, the United States
859:
841:
823:
805:
787:
506:The pistachio tree is native to
236:
87:
4240:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70280-1
3342:
3270:
3173:from the original on 9 May 2024
3047:
3016:
2987:
2961:
2932:
2899:
2873:
2840:
2813:
2789:
2750:
2702:
2686:Keim, Brandon (26 April 2011).
2679:
2653:
2620:
2585:
2559:
2531:
2451:
2410:
2342:
2282:
2270:
2254:
2239:
2199:
2172:
2096:
2068:
2043:
2013:
1995:
596:(in office in 35 AD), and into
4319:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2592:Bolkan, Hasan (1 March 1984).
1969:
1931:
1902:
1890:
1864:
1813:
1793:
485:
334:
1:
1787:
1733:approved the first qualified
1096:2,351 kJ (562 kcal)
1030:traditional Persian ice cream
982:, an irritant that can cause
900:
3025:"Pistachio Halva Production"
1731:Food and Drug Administration
1598:Percentages estimated using
1075:
560:(πιστάκια), recognizable as
462:Leaves of the pistachio tree
404:
7:
3363:10.11124/JBISRIR-D-19-00397
2921:(47): 49–59. Archived from
2304:Benedictus Gotthelf Teubner
2179:D. T. Potts (21 May 2012).
2023:Encyclopedia of Jewish Food
1768:
1725:Research and health effects
1591:Link to USDA database entry
926:
770:Pistachio production, 2022
16:Member of the cashew family
10:
4355:
2797:"Aflatoxins in pistachios"
2055:Plants of the World Online
931:As with other tree seeds,
738:List of pistachio diseases
735:
653:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
613:On the Observance of Foods
594:Lucius Vitellius the Elder
501:
436:
378:, containing an elongated
21:Pistachio (disambiguation)
18:
3907:
3837:
3750:
3572:
3452:
3236:Dreher, ML (April 2012).
3214:10.1017/S0007114514003250
2847:Mabberley, D. J. (1993).
2646:10.21273/HORTSCI.38.4.529
2234:Oxford Companion to food,
1803:2007: e.T63497A12670823.
1681:, with a small amount of
1597:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1362:
1346:
1329:
1312:
1295:
1278:
1258:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1085:
887:
777:
774:
726:Fresno County, California
211:
204:
84:Scientific classification
82:
60:
51:
46:
37:
30:
4329:Plants described in 1753
3862:Queensland macadamia nut
3444:
3207:(Supplement 2): S79–93.
2802:. European Union. 2008.
2690:. Wired Magazine-Science
732:Diseases and environment
454:Distribution and habitat
3407:Encyclopædia Britannica
3327:10.3945/ajcn.114.091595
2778:. FAO, United Nations.
2604:: 16–17. Archived from
2424:The World Was My Garden
2277:Pliny's Natural History
2236:Oxford University Press
2156:. IRECO. Archived from
2080:Encyclopedia Britannica
1960:Esteban Herrera (1997)
1832:Oxford University Press
1600:US recommendations
1024:, and are also used in
1015:
689:, California, by 1917.
609:De observatione ciborum
522:Archaeological evidence
3659:Johnstone River almond
3351:JBI Evidence Synthesis
3029:Document Number: 29328
2598:California Agriculture
2209:Cooks and Other People
2206:Harlan Walker (1996).
1604:the National Academies
997:
978:), pistachios contain
745:Leptoglossus clypealis
482:
463:
371:
4339:Symbols of California
4309:Flora of Western Asia
4304:Flora of Central Asia
4299:Edible nuts and seeds
3587:Australian cashew nut
3401:"Pistachio Nut"
2448:1905/06, vol. II:392.
2382:Rieger, Mark (2012).
2302:(in Latin). Leipzig:
2246:Theophrastus (1916).
2133:on 24 February 2019.
1828:UK English Dictionary
1775:List of culinary nuts
1636:, and the B vitamins
1224:Vitamins and minerals
1006:spontaneously combust
992:
893:of the United Nations
657:Marduk-apla-iddina II
564:by its comparison to
528:, modern Uzbekistan.
480:
461:
369:
2834:10.1094/phyto-84-583
2350:Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá
1876:Cambridge Dictionary
1679:polyunsaturated fats
1675:monounsaturated fats
913:Pistacchio di Bronte
600:at the same time by
320:. The tree produces
3665:Irvingia gabonensis
3085:The Huffington Post
3035:on 31 December 2018
2771:E. Boutrif (1998).
2458:Liberty Hyde Bailey
2279:, xiii.10.5, xv.22.
2248:Enquiry into Plants
2020:Marks, Gil (2010).
1757:in persons without
1743:Scientific evidence
1689:(10% of total) and
1628:or DV) of protein,
1331:Pantothenic acid (B
1082:
1081:Pistachio nuts, raw
1026:pistachio ice cream
771:
683:Walter T. Swingle's
677:introduced hardier
636:Book on Agriculture
312:), a member of the
54:Conservation status
3822:Single-leaf pinyon
2928:on 19 August 2011.
2715:The New York Times
2398:on 30 October 2014
2392:Mark's Fruit Crops
2372:–248 (Article XIV)
2260:James Strong, ed.
1781:Pistacia lentiscus
1565:Other constituents
1080:
998:
984:allergic reactions
942:Aspergillus flavus
769:
711:Iranian Revolution
669:In 1904 and 1905,
537:described it as a
483:
464:
372:
299:-shee-oh, -
4276:
4275:
4186:Open Tree of Life
3901:Taxon identifiers
3892:
3891:
3790:Monkey-puzzle nut
3652:Shellbark hickory
3637:Mockernut hickory
3597:Borneo tallow nut
3242:Nutrition Reviews
3158:978-0-309-48834-1
3055:"Pistachio Salad"
2994:Ardakani (2006).
2667:. 12 January 2004
1838:on 22 March 2020.
1759:diabetes mellitus
1610:
1609:
1555:
1554:
1064:. Americans make
915:(pistachios from
898:
897:
894:
781:
228:
227:
77:
4346:
4269:
4268:
4256:
4255:
4243:
4242:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4067:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3896:
3895:
3647:Shagbark hickory
3549:Malabar chestnut
3439:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3383:
3382:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3285:. Archived from
3274:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2854:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:on 19 April 2022
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2469:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2427:
2418:Fairchild, David
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2232:Davidson (1999)
2230:
2224:
2223:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2126:. Archived from
2109:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2009:. 18 March 2019.
2007:www.infoagro.com
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1911:"Pistachio Nuts"
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1834:. Archived from
1817:
1811:
1797:
1634:dietary minerals
1455:
1367:
1351:
1334:
1317:
1300:
1283:
1260:Vitamin A equiv.
1253:
1220:
1219:
1083:
1079:
962:(which includes
888:
865:
863:
862:
847:
845:
844:
829:
827:
826:
811:
809:
808:
793:
791:
790:
779:
772:
768:
602:Flaccus Pompeius
545:-like nuts from
541:-like tree with
439:
438:
302:
298:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
217:
92:
91:
71:
66:
65:
42:
28:
27:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4324:Italian cuisine
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4251:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4199:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4173:Observation.org
4171:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3992:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3833:
3807:Colorado pinyon
3746:
3568:
3448:
3443:
3391:
3386:
3357:(5): 966–1002.
3347:
3343:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3289:on 17 June 2008
3275:
3271:
3234:
3230:
3193:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3004:on 3 April 2013
2992:
2988:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2949:on 3 April 2013
2937:
2933:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2845:
2841:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2479:
2472:
2456:
2452:
2446:Biennial report
2440:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2380:
2376:
2347:
2343:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2259:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2130:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1771:
1727:
1656:
1645:
1593:
1588:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1456:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1254:
1225:
1214:
1209:
1186:Polyunsaturated
1176:Monounsaturated
1160:
1155:
1116:
1111:
1078:
1066:pistachio salad
1018:
995:Turkish delight
929:
903:
860:
858:
842:
840:
824:
822:
806:
804:
788:
786:
778:
740:
734:
671:David Fairchild
659:about 700 BCE.
577:Natural History
572:Pliny the Elder
504:
488:
456:
407:
374:The fruit is a
337:
300:
296:
272:
239:
235:
224:
219:
213:
200:
86:
78:
69:Near Threatened
67:
63:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4352:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:wfo-0000393766
4257:
4244:
4231:
4218:
4205:
4195:
4182:
4169:
4159:
4146:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3990:
3977:
3967:
3954:
3944:
3929:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Mexican pinyon
3814:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3735:English walnut
3732:
3727:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3681:Planted karuka
3673:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3559:Red bopple nut
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3522:European hazel
3519:
3514:
3512:American hazel
3504:
3503:
3502:
3500:Sweet chestnut
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3478:European beech
3475:
3473:American beech
3465:
3459:
3457:
3455:botanical nuts
3450:
3449:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3398:, ed. (1911).
3396:Chisholm, Hugh
3390:
3389:External links
3387:
3385:
3384:
3341:
3320:(5): 966–982.
3300:
3269:
3248:(4): 234–240.
3228:
3184:
3157:
3136:
3102:
3068:
3057:. RecipeSource
3046:
3015:
2986:
2960:
2931:
2898:
2872:
2865:
2851:The Plant Book
2839:
2828:(6): 583–590.
2822:Phytopathology
2812:
2788:
2763:
2749:
2727:
2701:
2678:
2652:
2619:
2584:
2558:
2530:
2501:
2488:New York Times
2470:
2450:
2438:
2409:
2374:
2341:
2281:
2269:
2253:
2238:
2225:
2219:978-0907325727
2218:
2198:
2192:978-1405189880
2191:
2171:
2160:on 8 July 2006
2140:
2118:(3): 240–246.
2095:
2067:
2042:
2033:978-0544186316
2032:
2012:
1994:
1968:
1948:
1943:Dictionary.com
1930:
1924:978-1856230292
1923:
1901:
1889:
1863:
1841:
1812:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1755:blood pressure
1726:
1723:
1711:phytochemicals
1709:, and certain
1693:(2%) (table).
1683:saturated fats
1654:
1643:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1017:
1014:
948:A. parasiticus
928:
925:
902:
899:
896:
895:
885:
884:
879:
873:
872:
869:
855:
854:
851:
837:
836:
833:
819:
818:
815:
801:
800:
797:
783:
782:
776:
751:Botryosphaeria
733:
730:
642:Archaeologists
625:late antiquity
556:' writings as
552:It appears in
503:
500:
487:
484:
455:
452:
445:Middle Persian
414:Middle English
406:
403:
336:
333:
226:
225:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
124:
117:
116:
111:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
80:
79:
61:
58:
57:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4351:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3940:
3939:Pistacia vera
3934:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3909:Pistacia vera
3906:
3902:
3897:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Macadamia nut
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Chilgoza pine
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:Burrawang nut
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Chilean hazel
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3564:Yellow walnut
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3140:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3056:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2689:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2572:Farm Progress
2569:
2562:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:pistacia vera
2384:"Pistachio –
2378:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2294:Valentin Rose
2291:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1739:heart disease
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:, vitamin K,
1704:
1700:
1699:linoleic acid
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:palmitic acid
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1640:(73% DV) and
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:dietary fiber
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:carbohydrates
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1297:Riboflavin (B
1294:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:Dietary fiber
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:Carbohydrates
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:Anacardiaceae
956:
952:
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
934:
924:
922:
921:DOP-protected
918:
914:
910:
906:
892:
886:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
857:
856:
852:
850:
839:
838:
834:
832:
821:
820:
816:
814:
803:
802:
798:
796:
795:United States
785:
784:
780:metric tonnes
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
739:
729:
727:
722:
718:
714:
712:
707:
703:
702:citrus fruits
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
637:
633:
632:Ibn al-'Awwam
628:
626:
622:
619:implies that
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
574:wrote in his
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
527:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
499:
497:
493:
479:
475:
473:
469:
460:
451:
449:
446:
442:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
412:is from late
411:
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
388:botanical nut
385:
381:
377:
368:
364:
362:
359:and borne in
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
314:cashew family
311:
310:
309:Pistacia vera
305:
304:
290:
233:
223:
218:
216:
215:Pistacia vera
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:Anacardiaceae
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:Tracheophytes
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
70:
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
32:Pistacia vera
29:
26:
22:
3908:
3869:Paradise nut
3776:
3725:Black walnut
3714:
3699:Panda oleosa
3697:
3663:
3517:Beaked hazel
3405:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:the original
3272:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3204:
3200:
3175:. Retrieved
3147:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3118:
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3084:
3059:. Retrieved
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:the original
3028:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:the original
2996:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2941:
2934:
2923:the original
2918:
2914:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2884:
2875:
2850:
2842:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2791:
2766:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2714:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:ScienceDaily
2664:
2655:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2601:
2597:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2571:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2543:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2518:Global Trade
2517:
2492:. Retrieved
2486:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2423:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2391:
2385:
2377:
2354:
2344:
2298:
2284:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2208:
2201:
2181:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2134:
2128:the original
2115:
2111:
2098:
2090:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2045:
2037:
2022:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1987:27 September
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:
1961:
1942:
1933:
1914:
1904:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1844:
1836:the original
1824:
1815:
1800:
1795:
1779:
1763:triglyceride
1752:
1735:health claim
1728:
1719:phytosterols
1707:γ-tocopherol
1691:stearic acid
1672:
1611:
1569:
1564:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1204:
1150:
1106:
1070:
1048:, pistachio
1019:
999:
957:
953:
946:
940:
937:carcinogenic
930:
912:
907:
904:
881:
876:
749:
743:
741:
723:
719:
715:
706:Shah of Iran
694:tax shelters
691:
668:
661:
650:
640:
635:
629:
620:
612:
608:
606:
581:
576:
570:
561:
557:
551:
535:Theophrastus
533:
530:
520:
516:Central Asia
505:
489:
465:
447:
440:
424:
416:
409:
408:
400:
384:culinary nut
373:
338:
326:
308:
307:
231:
229:
214:
212:
197:P. vera
196:
195:
183:
146:
133:
120:
107:
31:
25:
4314:Fruit trees
4214:kew-2407011
4085:iNaturalist
3933:Wikispecies
3879:Peanut tree
3839:Angiosperms
3812:Korean pine
3752:Gymnosperms
3686:Wild karuka
3532:Asian hazel
2633:HortScience
2577:21 February
2551:21 February
2523:21 February
2494:21 February
2164:27 February
1939:"Pistachio"
1882:17 February
1872:"pistachio"
1850:"Pistachio"
1821:"Pistachio"
1715:carotenoids
1626:Daily Value
1622:food energy
1280:Thiamine (B
1072:unstained.
764:anthracnose
554:Dioscorides
508:Afghanistan
486:Cultivation
468:saline soil
443:, and from
335:Description
127:Angiosperms
4283:Categories
4209:Plant List
3970:Calflora:
3847:Brazil nut
3827:Stone pine
3772:Ginkgo nut
3602:Breadfruit
3244:(Review).
3203:(Review).
3095:9 December
3061:17 January
2983:: 704–710.
2891:5 November
2885:tis-gdv.de
2866:0521340608
2639:(4): 529.
2439:068684310X
2402:16 January
2336:Q130283165
1788:References
1695:Oleic acid
1649:riboflavin
1632:, several
1616:, and 20%
1514:Phosphorus
1267:zeaxanthin
1062:mortadella
1004:, and can
993:Pistachio
964:poison ivy
901:Production
736:See also:
664:New Mexico
592:in Syria,
425:pistacchio
421:Old French
392:dehiscence
163:Sapindales
4051:200012704
3852:Macadamia
3785:Bunya nut
3778:Araucaria
3730:Butternut
3715:Pistachio
3705:Pekea nut
3627:Gabon nut
3592:Betel nut
3544:Kurrajong
3490:Candlenut
3453:True, or
3379:226250006
2364:780050566
2328:16829336M
2320:882735061
1703:potassium
1670:(table).
1668:vitamin K
1664:vitamin E
1653:vitamin B
1642:vitamin B
1527:Potassium
1501:Manganese
1488:Magnesium
1420:Vitamin K
1407:Vitamin E
1394:Vitamin D
1381:Vitamin C
1364:Folate (B
1348:Vitamin B
1314:Niacin (B
1166:Saturated
1076:Nutrition
1058:cold cuts
933:aflatoxin
882:1,026,803
724:In 2021,
679:cultivars
590:proconsul
566:pine nuts
539:terebinth
526:Djarkutan
441:pistákion
437:πιστάκιον
410:Pistachio
405:Etymology
396:cultivars
370:Pistachio
357:unisexual
353:apetalous
349:dioecious
341:deciduous
232:pistachio
191:Species:
97:Kingdom:
4294:Pistacia
4248:Tropicos
4116:10206336
3918:Wikidata
3797:Pine nut
3740:Heartnut
3710:Pili nut
3693:Mongongo
3671:Jack nut
3554:Palm nut
3539:Kola nut
3507:Hazelnut
3495:Chestnut
3485:Breadnut
3371:33141798
3336:25809855
3264:22458696
3223:26148925
3171:Archived
3167:30844154
3129:28 March
3123:Archived
3113:(2024).
3089:Archived
2804:Archived
2780:Archived
2742:20 April
2612:2 August
2464:, 1917,
2420:(1938).
2352:(1864).
2332:Wikidata
2312:34013844
2292:(1877).
2136:regions.
1769:See also
1765:levels.
1713:such as
1570:Quantity
1448:Quantity
1442:Minerals
1358:1.700 mg
1325:1.300 mg
1308:0.160 mg
1246:Quantity
1240:Vitamins
1190:13.744 g
1180:23.820 g
1060:such as
1054:biscotti
980:urushiol
927:Toxicity
889:Source:
835:239,289
817:241,669
799:400,070
775:Country
621:pistacia
617:Anthimus
598:Hispania
582:pistacia
558:pistákia
496:biennial
492:orchards
472:root rot
386:, not a
361:panicles
184:Pistacia
169:Family:
140:Eudicots
74:IUCN 3.1
47:Roasted
4253:1300829
4103:70280-1
4064:3190585
3994:Ecocrop
3884:Soybean
3632:Hickory
3617:Coconut
3527:Filbert
3293:17 June
3177:21 June
2720:9 March
2694:9 March
2671:9 March
2545:Reuters
2296:(ed.).
2290:Anthimi
2124:7346114
2026:. HMH.
1856:16 July
1748:obesity
1638:thiamin
1618:protein
1534:1025 mg
1482:3.92 mg
1462:Calcium
1427:13.2 μg
1342:0.52 mg
1291:0.87 mg
1273:1205 μg
1213:20.27 g
1206:Protein
1170:5.556 g
1159:45.39 g
1115:27.51 g
1042:baklava
1038:spumoni
1002:lipases
891:FAOSTAT
871:45,467
853:81,700
698:almonds
673:of the
562:P. vera
547:Bactria
502:History
448:pistakē
419:, from
417:pistace
345:pinnate
179:Genus:
159:Order:
101:Plantae
72: (
4334:Drupes
4222:PLANTS
4191:200787
4178:149616
4162:NZOR:
4129:506470
4090:122975
4038:150951
4012:483483
3963:254593
3950:131954
3947:APDB:
3924:Q36071
3874:Peanut
3720:Walnut
3676:Karuka
3622:Durian
3607:Cashew
3582:Almond
3574:Drupes
3377:
3369:
3334:
3262:
3221:
3165:
3155:
2863:
2436:
2362:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2267:"Nut".
2216:
2189:
2122:
2085:24 May
2060:24 May
2030:
1921:
1826:Lexico
1717:, and
1666:, and
1660:folate
1547:2.2 mg
1521:490 mg
1508:1.2 mg
1495:121 mg
1469:105 mg
1414:2.3 mg
1388:5.6 mg
1264:lutein
1136:10.3 g
1126:7.66 g
1122:Sugars
1092:Energy
1056:, and
1022:salted
976:cashew
974:, and
919:town)
917:Bronte
864:
846:
831:Turkey
828:
810:
792:
760:shoots
756:blight
543:almond
427:, via
329:tonnes
318:Persia
153:Rosids
4227:PIVE3
4198:PFI:
4155:55513
4142:63497
4111:IRMNG
4077:28655
4033:EUNIS
4025:PIAVE
3986:77MJ8
3973:12781
3781:spp.
3760:Cycad
3642:Pecan
3468:Beech
3463:Acorn
3375:S2CID
3039:4 May
3008:4 May
2973:(PDF)
2953:4 May
2926:(PDF)
2911:(PDF)
2807:(PDF)
2800:(PDF)
2783:(PDF)
2776:(PDF)
2368:(pp.
2131:(PDF)
2120:S2CID
2108:(PDF)
1982:UCIPM
1878:. CUP
1576:Water
1375:51 μg
1050:lokum
1046:halva
1034:kulfi
972:mango
968:sumac
909:Italy
877:World
867:Syria
849:China
687:Niles
646:Jarmo
615:) by
580:that
433:Greek
431:from
429:Latin
376:drupe
322:seeds
301:STASH
147:Clade
134:Clade
121:Clade
108:Clade
4235:POWO
4201:3033
4150:NCBI
4137:IUCN
4124:ITIS
4098:IPNI
4072:GRIN
4059:GBIF
4020:EPPO
3999:2386
3958:BOLD
3446:Nuts
3367:PMID
3332:PMID
3295:2008
3260:PMID
3219:PMID
3179:2024
3163:PMID
3153:ISBN
3131:2024
3097:2023
3063:2011
3041:2011
3010:2011
2955:2011
2893:2007
2861:ISBN
2744:2024
2722:2017
2696:2017
2673:2017
2614:2018
2579:2022
2553:2023
2525:2023
2496:2023
2466:s.v.
2434:ISBN
2404:2023
2360:OCLC
2316:OCLC
2308:LCCN
2265:s.v.
2214:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2166:2012
2087:2019
2062:2019
2028:ISBN
1989:2024
1919:ISBN
1884:2024
1858:2024
1677:and
1540:Zinc
1475:Iron
1401:0 μg
1356:100%
1016:Uses
1010:jute
945:and
813:Iran
700:and
696:for
651:The
586:seed
514:and
512:Iran
380:seed
355:and
297:STAH
295:pih-
230:The
4261:WFO
4046:FNA
4007:EoL
3981:CoL
3359:doi
3322:doi
3318:101
3250:doi
3209:doi
3205:113
3119:FDA
2830:doi
2641:doi
2430:174
2370:245
1805:doi
1741:: "
1579:4 g
1545:20%
1532:34%
1519:39%
1506:52%
1493:29%
1480:22%
1453:%DV
1425:11%
1412:15%
1373:13%
1340:10%
1306:12%
1289:73%
1251:%DV
1152:Fat
1052:or
4285::
4263::
4250::
4237::
4224::
4211::
4188::
4175::
4152::
4139::
4126::
4113::
4100::
4087::
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4061::
4048::
4035::
4022::
4009::
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3373:.
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3355:19
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3312:.
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3258:.
3246:70
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3217:.
3199:.
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3169:.
3161:.
3121:.
3117:.
3087:.
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3071:^
3027:.
2981:18
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2919:13
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2913:.
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2859:.
2857:27
2826:84
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2637:38
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2631:.
2602:38
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1721:.
1662:,
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1467:8%
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1386:6%
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247:ˈ
244:ɪ
241:p
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
