27:
55:
48:
354:, and the pollution affected the fish downstream in the Waimiri-Atroari Indian Reserve. The Indians reported that the polluted water had made them ill. The company has researched ways of restoring the degraded areas, and has worked with the environmental agencies on plans for recovery. The plans include work by universities, research institutes and specialised companies. As of March 1991 the cost of environmental recovery was estimated at US$ 50 million.
329:
tin in 2015 were US$ 14,481, allowing for revenues from co-production of tantalum and niobium. At the start of August 2015 water filtrations were found in the dyke of the hydroelectric plant 80 kilometres (50 mi) away that supplies power to the plant, and operations had to slow down while repairs were made.
294:. The complex includes roads, treated water, sanitation and a housing estate with 5,000 people. It has schools, restaurants, health facilities, a bank branch, post office, telephone exchange and supermarket. In 1985 Paranapanema invested US$ 15 million in infrastructure upgrades, including a 10,000 kilowatt
304:, the river diverted and dams and ponds built before the alluvium deposits were processed. Bucketwheel excavator dredges extracted material rich in cassiterite, which was pumped through pipes to floating processing plants that separated the tin ore. The cassiterite is concentrated on site, then shipped to
238:
concession covers 130,000 hectares (320,000 acres) in 14 lots, but as of 1992 only 7,200 hectares (18,000 acres) were being actively exploited. Primary deposits are found in the hills of the Serra da
Madeira and alluvium deposits have been washed down into the forested valleys. The alluvial deposits,
328:
in 2008. In 2014 Minsur had plans to develop the lower deposits, thought to be the largest undeveloped tin mine in the world with deposits estimated at 420,000t. In 2014 the
Pitinga mine produced 5,532 tonnes of tin-in-concentrate, and 3,256 tonnes in the first half of 2015. Net costs per tonne of
320:
metallic alloy. Up to 1990 a total of 120,000 tonnes of metallic tin had been produced. MamorĆ© MineraĆ§Ć£o e
Metalurgia produced 18,000 tonnes of metallic tin in 1991. About US$ 200 million had been invested in the Pitinga complex by then, and the mine had earned US$ 915 million in foreign currency.
181:
to support the mining operations, which began in 1982. There have been accidents, but efforts have been made to minimise environmental damage and to restore areas that have been mined. As of 2014 the more accessible alluvial deposits had been exhausted, but mining of primary rock was continuing.
349:
and so on. Tailings are held in holding ponds as a reserve that may be further processed if justified by a rise in the price of tin. In 1987 the dykes of four ponds broke. The sediment was released into the
226:
Indians, with a reduced area that excluded the cassiterite deposits. Presidential decree 86.630 of 23 November 1981 removed 526,800 hectares (1,302,000 acres) from the reserve for the tin mining operations.
305:
324:
In 2006 MineraĆ§Ć£o Taboca began to extract ore from primary rock in place of the alluvial deposits. MineraĆ§Ć£o Taboca and MamorĆ© MineraĆ§Ć£o e
Metalurgia were acquired by the Peruvian company
298:
on the
Pitinga River, expected to reduce energy costs by US$ 4 million annually. By 1990 the mine directly employed 2,000 people, and indirectly perhaps as many as 40,000.
234:
estimated that Brazil had total reserves of 67,000 tonnes of contained tin. In 1986 the
Pitinga reserves alone were estimated at 575,000 tonnes of contained tin. The
377:. It was created from the opening of the Pitinga mine, an open mineral exploration area on the site, where various minerals are extracted, but the main ones are
235:
716:
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290:
The
Pitinga mine began operations in 1982. MineraĆ§Ć£o Taboca built a community in the Amazon forest 300 kilometres (190 mi) from
219:
317:
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222:, managed to have the reservation downgraded in 1981 to the Temporary Restricted Area for the Attraction and Pacification of the
195:
892:
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206:
that is outside the Indian reserve. The ore was reported to assay 2.1 kg/m, much higher than typical deposits in
345:
and dykes to hold tailings and to clarify water, replanting areas cleared for mining or road construction, creating
917:
47:
26:
338:
346:
922:
177:
deposit in the world. A complete community of 5,000 people was established in the remote location in the
374:
86:
637:"BNDES vai liberar recursos para mineraĆ§Ć£o na Vila Pitinga, localizada no Amazonas - Amazonia.org.br"
295:
882:
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734:
416:). It has approximately 2,500 residents and has very low rates of crime and infant mortality.
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Bound in Misery and Iron: The Impact of the Grande CarajƔs
Programme on the Indians of Brazil
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is an open pit tin mine in Brazil. It is thought to have the largest undeveloped
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ore is also mined, concentrated and processed on site for use in production of
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717:"Minsur seeking to develop Brazil's Pitinga tin mine, boost Peru reserves"
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sfn error: no target: CITEREFUaimiri_Atroari:_Contact_Situation_ā_ISA (
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and to assist recovery of the mined areas. This includes building
409:
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279:
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The Future of
Amazonia: Destruction or Sustainable Development?
413:
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associated with the Ćgua Boa biotite granite and the
Madeira
215:
198:. Geologists of Brazilian Geological Survey, found traces of
190:
In 1976 the Brazilian Geological Survey detected deposits of
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Mining and the Environment: Case Studies from the Americas
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The mine was thought to be the world's most productive.
776:"Pitinga Mine, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil"
617:
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671:"The Reconstruction of Waimiri-Atroari Territory"
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552:EllicottĀ® Dredges working on Pitinga Tin Mine..
795:Mining Latin America / MinerĆa Latinoamericana
588:Minsur cuts production at Pitinga mine ā ITRI
791:
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643:(in Portuguese). 2004-03-30. Archived from
599:
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400:The village is located 320 kilometers from
393:. Belonging to the mining company Taboca (
337:MineraĆ§Ć£o Taboca made efforts to minimise
25:
798:, Springer Science & Business Media,
220:National Department of Mineral Production
880:
702:World Dredging Mining & Construction
623:
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491:Waimiri Atroari: Contact Situation ā ISA
432:Uaimiri Atroari: Contact Situation ā ISA
255:deposit. The coarse-grained porphyritic
462:The Company - History: MineraĆ§Ć£o Taboca
332:
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761:Minsur cuts production at Pitinga mine
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196:Waimiri Atroari Indigenous Reservation
928:Economy of Amazonas (Brazilian state)
714:
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733:Hall, A.; Goodman, D. (1990-11-09),
369:is a village in the municipality of
54:
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867:Waimiri Atroari: Contact Situation
823:, MineraĆ§Ć£o Taboca, archived from
357:
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939:
669:Baines, Stephen G. (2008-10-27),
53:
46:
870:, ISA: Instituto Socioambiental
673:, in Adolfo de Oliveira (ed.),
629:
675:Decolonising Indigenous Rights
202:in 1976 in tributaries of the
1:
306:MamorĆ© MineraĆ§Ć£o e Metalurgia
285:
194:(tin ore) to the east of the
715:Emery, Alex (3 April 2014),
239:now exhausted, consisted of
185:
31:The Pitinga mine, circa 2013
7:
792:Smale-Adams, K. B. (1986),
16:Open pit tin mine in Brazil
10:
944:
844:, Survival International,
661:
381:and the metallic alloy of
881:Warhurst, Alyson (1999),
739:, Palgrave Macmillan UK,
308:in the southern state of
296:hydroelectric power plant
157:
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918:Surface mines in Brazil
600:Hall & Goodman 1990
540:Pitinga Mine ... Mindat
764:, ITRI, 19 August 2015
721:Business News Americas
404:, in the direction of
838:Treece, Dave (1987),
820:The Company - History
371:Presidente Figueiredo
122:0.753472Ā°S 60.10139Ā°W
77:Presidente Figueiredo
854:, UOM:39015018820574
339:environmental damage
333:Environmental impact
127:-0.753472; -60.10139
923:Tin mines in Brazil
641:www.amazonia.org.br
274:rocks. It includes
118: /
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373:, in the state of
302:Trees were cleared
232:US Bureau of Mines
210:to the southwest.
19:
894:978-0-88936-828-6
851:978-0-946592-01-2
805:978-94-017-2286-5
746:978-1-349-21068-8
684:978-1-134-30076-1
179:Amazon rainforest
167:
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479:Smale-Adams 1986
476:
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276:Rapakivi granite
264:paleoproterozoic
236:MineraĆ§Ć£o Taboca
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507:
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646:
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638:
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624:Warhurst 1999
620:
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613:
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564:Warhurst 1999
560:
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204:Pitinga River
201:
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645:the original
640:
631:
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559:
547:
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399:
367:Vila Pitinga
366:
362:
361:
352:AlalaĆŗ River
336:
323:
300:
289:
230:In 1982 the
229:
212:Paranapanema
189:
171:Pitinga mine
170:
168:
61:Pitinga mine
20:Pitinga mine
612:Treece 1987
503:Baines 2008
272:pyroclastic
200:cassiterite
192:cassiterite
125: /
110:0Ā°45ā²12.5ā³S
101:Coordinates
912:Categories
900:2016-07-30
874:2016-07-29
858:2016-07-30
831:2016-07-29
811:2016-07-30
785:2016-07-29
768:2016-07-29
752:2016-07-30
726:2016-07-29
708:2016-07-29
690:2016-07-29
651:2021-03-11
576:Emery 2014
286:Operations
138:Production
113:60Ā°06ā²05ā³W
406:Boa Vista
314:Columbite
310:SĆ£o Paulo
282:granite.
186:Discovery
887:, IDRC,
395:Peruvian
391:tantalum
375:Amazonas
268:volcanic
249:tantalum
241:greisens
218:and the
208:RondƓnia
143:Products
87:Amazonas
73:Location
37:Location
662:Sources
387:niobium
363:Pitinga
280:Biotite
260:granite
245:niobium
158:Company
93:Country
891:
848:
802:
780:Mindat
743:
681:
414:BR-174
402:Manaus
326:Minsur
318:FeNbTa
292:Manaus
257:albite
162:Minsur
96:Brazil
420:Notes
266:acid
216:Funai
153:Owner
83:State
889:ISBN
846:ISBN
800:ISBN
741:ISBN
679:ISBN
438:help
389:and
383:iron
343:dams
278:and
270:and
169:The
379:tin
365:or
253:tin
175:tin
147:Tin
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410:RR
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434:.
408:(
251:-
247:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
