854:
541:
644:
1504:
in the island, is of paramount importance. The Tamils can continue to pronounce the place names in their own way if they choose to do so, but the official spelling remains unchanged. Under
British rule, the original Sinhala names of tea, rubber (and even coconut) estates were replaced by English ones, for the most part. But the Tamil estate workers who came from India coined their own names for each of these estates. The Ferguson's Directory listed all these estate names in English and Tamil, while most of the original Sinhala names were allowed to be forgotten.
2411:
918:
2421:
2431:
1130:
296:
1148:, were inhabited by Tamil-speaking people in the past. In addition, there have been also at least small segments elsewhere in the island. The many composite or hybrid place names and the juxtaposition of Sinhala and Tamil place names indicated the peaceful coexistence of people of both language groups.
1193:
Both sides in the present political context back up their respective claims through the selective use of histories and through the selective and competitive use of archeological evidence. Factions on each side have been willing to destroy, or reinterpret, evidence which would support the other party.
1503:
Sinhala language and its nomenclature was precise and meaningful. That was why even the
English and Burgher lawyers are known to have preferred to have their land deeds drawn up in the Sinhala language.Therefore, giving attention to the preparation of an officially recognised list of all place names
1084:
stone inscriptions of Sri Lanka point to the extensive use of the
Sinhala language in local administration. Much of the information for tracing the old place names comes from etymology, written texts, many stone inscriptions which are in Sinhala and dating back to pre-Christian times, as well as the
1369:
Besides the Dutch who possess, as I judge, about one fourth of the Island, there are
Malabars, that are free Denizons and pay duty to the King for the Land they enjoy, as the Kings natural Subjects do; there are also Moors, who are like Strangers, and hold no Land, but live by carrying goods to the
1103:
region with no trace of
Sinhalese words, while Vanni itself is a Sinhala word. According to Professor K. Kularatnam, when analyzing the regional distribution of place names in Sri Lanka, one not only comes across Tamil names in areas which are Sinhala-speaking, and vice versa, but also composite or
1072:
point of view, things are more complicated, and both
Sinhala settlements in the North and Tamil settlements in the South have been claimed to have been more common in the past. The motivation behind such analyses is not always scientific; political goals also play a role in claiming a certain area
839:
Place names in Arabic also exist throughout scattered pockets in Sri Lanka where substantial populations of Sri Lankan Moors reside. According to the location Arabic place names are often mixed with
Sinhala or Tamil morphological naming conventions. For example, the town of Katthankudy in Eastern
303:
Place names of Tamil origin, like
Sinhala origin, also have a typical X+Y structure. The place names are simple and descriptive; they reflect criteria normal to early societies and are related to the concepts and outlooks of people of those times. The majority of the place names can be listed under
1202:
there are place names with
Sinhalese etymologies, which is used by the Sinhala dominant government to claim the territory, whereas Tamils using Tamil place names in rationally Sinhala areas point to their antiquity in the island. There is a movement in Sri Lanka that seeks to use original Sinhala
28:
590:
in
Colombo probably takes its name from De Beer who is believed to have been an engineer in charge of the Dutch water defenses. A granite plaque inscribed with the words 'De Beer 1700' recovered from an old Dutch sluice which controlled the flow of water from the lake has altered the hitherto
1370:
Sea-Ports, which now are in the Hollanders hands. The Sea-Ports are inhabited by a mixt people, Malabars and Moors, and some that are black, who profess themselves Roman Catholicks, and wear Crosses, and use Beads. Some of these are under the Hollander; and pay toll and tribute to them.
655:
who followed the Dutch left many place names within the capital Colombo city, like streets, squares and quarters, but their influence on larger geographical features like towns is limited. Within Colombo, many of the place names have a British royal connotation, such as
952:
people. The Portuguese historian De Queyroz refers to it at 'Jafanapataõ', which he says is said by some to be a corrupted form of 'Jafana-en-Putalam', or "Town of the Lord Jafana", and by others to be derived from 'Jafana-Patanaõture' meaning "long harbour".
1060:
roots, which are then adapted to Sinhala and Tamil phonology in different ways. These intricacies must be taken into account when evaluating claims that a certain area was predominantly inhabited by one group or the other at a certain point in time.
1219:
by Swamy Gnanaprakasar. A main claim of these books was that the North and East were hereditary possessions of the Tamils.Upon the establishment of the University of Ceylon under the Indian historian H. C. Ray, and the archeologist S.
523:
The Portuguese language furthermore was an important step stone for the English terms used today, the British would often use Portuguese names and adapt them, rather than taking the original form. An example for this is
1044:
As already stated above, European place names are found mainly in the big towns which used to be colonial centers. In the countryside, there is close to no European toponymy and the indigenous languages are dominant.
77:
also exist. In the past, the many composite or hybrid place names and the juxtaposition of Sinhala and Tamil placenames reflected the coexistence of people of both language groups. Today, however, toponyms and their
2194:
304:
caste and occupational, landforms, land classifications, coastal features, irrigation works, fields and farms, trees, animals, names of deities, personal names, old, new, big, small, good, settlement and village.
811:
word, lappihanne (also recorded as toppehannock), meaning "river of quick, rising water" or "where the tide ebbs and flows," the name used by the local native population, the Rappahannock tribe.
1068:
point of view, Sinhala place names are more common in the Sinhala-speaking areas in the South, whereas Tamil place names are more common in the Tamil-speaking areas in the North and East. On a
575:(Vale of Wolves). The latter was known as 'Guadelupe' by the Portuguese, which the Dutch took to mean 'Agua de lupe' which they translated accordingly. It is still known as 'aadelippu' in
2189:
873:
an indigenous Vedda word for harbor or fort, borrowed by Sinhalese. However, the Portuguese were probably struck by its similarity to the name of Columbus, and renamed the city 'Colombo'.
2131:
1339:, translated by S.G. Perera, Government Printer of Ceylon, Colombo: 1930 Vol I at pp. 47-48. The translator, in his notes to De Queyroz's text, tentatively cites the Tamil phrases
2414:
994:
culture, that arahat monk "Mihindu" appeared on top of a high rock which is today known as Mihintale, and preached Buddhist teachings to then king of Sri Lanka, Devanampiyathissa.
1048:
Given the very similar processes of place name formation in Sinhala and Tamil explicated above, it is not always easy to establish the original language of a place name, because
510:
A name like "Grand Pass", a northern suburb of Colombo, is the English rendering of "Grande Passo", the name of a ferry established by the Portuguese, to cross the Kelani River.
1144:, Kularatnam concluded from the hybrid place names that the traditionally Sinhalese North Central and North Western Provinces, as well as the coastal tracts as far as south as
109:
involving geological features combined with an animal or plant, while the European languages are more person centered and derive place names from saints or nobility or army.
2239:
2396:
2356:
2218:
2076:
1631:
1073:
for a certain language group, see the next section for more discussion of this. The following statements have to be interpreted with this caveat in mind.
1052:
are common in both directions. For such an alleged example of loan translation, see the case of Trincomalee above. Additionally, some place names draw on
886:: Galle was known as Gimhathitha in ancient times. The term is believed to be derived from the classical Sinhalese term meaning "port near the river Gin".
2206:
1885:
1104:
hybrid place names which are part Sinhalese and part Tamil in composition, as well as Sinhalese and Tamil place names juxtaposed within small areas.
1170:
is an outcome of how modern ethnic identities have been made and re-made since the colonial period, with the political struggle between minority
2109:
2211:
1247:
1624:
1027:
2465:
2460:
2336:
355:
17:
2381:
2282:
129:
and X is a qualifier, like an animal or plant often found at that place, or otherwise associated with it. Examples for this are
2455:
2391:
520:
are also place names with the name of a Portuguese person as a component, although they might have been coined by the British.
2017:
1617:
792:
599:
1974:
1930:
1225:
1157:
1194:
Differing maps are produced which purport to show the distribution of Sinhala and Tamil in Lanka during past centuries.
2033:
1960:
1807:
1600:
1581:
1541:
1112:
1108:
1398:
1076:
Sinhalese place names are found throughout the island. As discussed by Sri Lankan historians such as Paul E Peiris,
2475:
2081:
1752:
1747:
2470:
2434:
2361:
2141:
1757:
2151:
2146:
1897:
1725:
1687:
1643:
631:, but these names (with the exception of Delft) have all but disappeared and have been replaced by their local
105:
structure of Sri Lankan place names by and large depends on the language. Sinhala and Tamil favour transparent
82:
are a source of heated political debate in the country as part of the political struggles between the majority
2317:
2136:
1994:
1945:
1892:
1852:
299:
In both Sinhala and Tamil, coconut trees often lend their names to the places where they are frequently found
627:
1969:
1950:
1199:
1119:
1099:
According to M. Chelvadurai(a Tamil) only Tamil words were used for natural and human-made features in the
2351:
2156:
1979:
1935:
1925:
1123:
880:' is an abbreviation of 'Kanda Udarata', or 'hill country' which was the seat of the later Sinhala kings.
556:. Amongst their legacy place names of Dutch origin although not many are still significant. For example,
2310:
2300:
2249:
2027:
1913:
1880:
1875:
1692:
1166:
Place names are a source of controversy in Sri Lankan politics. According to Nissan & Stirrat, the
117:
Place names of Sinhala origin, have a typical X+Y structure, where Y is a geographical feature such as
1551:
Kularatnam, K (1966-04-23). "Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces".
2292:
2223:
1989:
1984:
1940:
1715:
1682:
1650:
738:
602:' biscuit brand gets its name from the Maliban Hotel, which AG Hinni Appuhamy started at Maliban St,
1140:
graffiti verses referring to the Jaffna peninsula and written c. 8th century, contain references to
2386:
2161:
2071:
2066:
1817:
853:
102:
2346:
2322:
2277:
1857:
1782:
1467:
1326:
Kularatnam, "Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces", p. 484–492
675:
Outside of Colombo, English influence can be found in the tea planting region with the towns of
540:
2264:
2086:
1867:
1812:
1772:
1237:
1115:
1069:
561:
456:
1372:
But I am to speak only of the natural proper People of the Island, which they call Chingulays.
2341:
2091:
1829:
1707:
1646:
449:
1431:
Kularatnam, "Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces", p. 493
1312:
Kularatnam, "Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces", p. 483
2012:
1918:
1836:
1777:
1762:
1677:
1358:
1167:
1161:
1077:
808:
680:
643:
307:
The X-part in Tamil place names is often one of the following: The commonly used trees are
45:
through the ages and the position of the country in the centre of ancient and medieval sea
8:
2327:
1955:
1824:
1767:
1133:
Place name sign in three languages with each linguistic version different from each other
1065:
934:
is the English rendering of Yazhpanam (யாழ்ப்பாணம்) in Tamil meaning "town of the harper"
769:
625:
The Dutch also christened the islands of Jaffna in remembrance of Dutch towns, such as
70:
1228:
in 1961, examined the findings of Rasanaygam et al. and gave different interpretations.
2272:
2061:
1742:
1730:
1242:
800:
761:
746:
742:
50:
1151:
2420:
2254:
1596:
1577:
1537:
1171:
1100:
1089:
676:
488:
453:
90:
1440:
Elizabeth Nissan and RL Stirrat "The generation of communal identities" in Spencer,
2424:
2305:
2114:
2056:
1737:
1609:
1492:
1399:"A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press"
1175:
1049:
900:
661:
576:
83:
66:
1553:
Proceedings of the first International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, vol. 1
491:, often gave names of Saints to whom the churches in the vicinity were dedicated.
757:
603:
567:
Among the other place-names in Colombo which are of Dutch origin may be included
74:
223:
Besides the Y parts already mentioned, other commonly used land usage forms are
2166:
2119:
1697:
1662:
1093:
921:
824:
796:
652:
632:
580:
545:
87:
62:
58:
1515:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (ceylon Branch), vol III, p174-224 (1961)
823:
for stones found in Sinhalese is considered to be a borrowing from indigenous
2449:
1221:
1179:
941:
938:
907:" and from the words "Kone" meaning King and Malee meaning mountain in Tamil.
734:
708:
669:
611:
106:
1096:; some of them considered Tamils to be 'strangers' (foreign) to the island.
2244:
2124:
1720:
1556:
1081:
1032:
971:
665:
553:
361:
165:
840:
Sri Lanka is thought to be named after an Arab settler named "Al Qahtan".
1206:
1186:
1012:
966:
889:
517:
513:
46:
41:
is characterized by the linguistic and ethnic diversity of the island of
1224:, these claims were re-examined by Sinhalese academics. An issue of the
899:
used while addressing adult males in Tamil, being the equivalent of the
606:(now AG Hinniappuhamy Mawatha) - originally Maliebaan Straat, named for
1183:
1088:
Dutch and British records show that the language of the inhabitants of
917:
910:
560:
which is Dutch for 'Hulft's Village' and named after the Dutch general
525:
139:
1573:
1533:
1007:
1002:
983:
893:
772:, Balmoral, Clyde, Culloden, Frotoft, Kinross, Perth and Strathspey.
607:
345:
79:
42:
32:
1211:
In the 1920s, two historical descriptions of Jaffna were published,
628:
Hoorn, Delft, Leiden, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Middelburg and Enkhuizen
1560:
1152:
Anthropological and political relevance of place names in Sri Lanka
1053:
1022:
991:
987:
977:
828:
804:
765:
280:
201:
27:
1145:
1107:
Most hybrid place names are found in the traditionally Sinhalese
1017:
997:
866:
615:
209:
193:
151:
54:
1137:
949:
930:
896:
780:
591:
accepted view that the lake takes its name from the Portuguese
529:
351:
217:
1129:
892:: Also known as Thirukonemalee in Tamil, is derived from the
883:
877:
619:
329:
173:
2357:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sri Lanka
327:(monkey). Other notable classifications are deities such as
1057:
448:(tank), reflecting the most common village name endings in
339:
980:: derived from the structure — singha giri, the lion rock.
295:
1198:
They further note that in the currently Tamil-dominant
1178:-dominant government accompanied by rhetorical wars over
990:
to Sri Lanka) + "thalaya" (highland). It is mentioned in
904:
843:
96:
349:. The commonly used caste or ethnic titles in Tamil are
986:
is derived from "Mihindu" (the arahat monk who brought
440:(port). Irrigation and agriculture classifications are
1530:
A Critical History of Jaffna (Tamil edition from 1928)
1207:
Historical development of the place name controversies
647:
Fort Railway station in Colombo bears an English name
622:
is from 'lijnbaan', meaning 'rope walk' or 'ropery'.
1639:
760:
planters named many of the areas they planted after
1563:: International Tamil Conference. pp. 483–493.
711:is also widely represented by place names such as
172:The X part can also refer to social concepts like
749:. Horton Place in Colombo is also named for him.
2447:
1411:
1405:
368:As for the Y-part, the commonly used landforms
1189:, and the political use of the national past.
672:carry English names, next to the native ones.
247:(cultivated lands). Grasslands were termed as
1625:
1527:
1359:"An Historical Relation Of the Island Ceylon"
1337:The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon
1039:
554:Dutch ruled maritime provinces from 1658-1796
2110:Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon
1570:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
1490:
1455:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
1442:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
795:place name in Sri Lanka is Rappahannock, in
1590:
1248:Locations in Sri Lanka with a Scottish name
1632:
1618:
1550:
948:, where 'Java' alludes to the presence of
658:Queen's Street, Prince Street, Duke Street
146:Commonly used trees in village names are
49:. While typical Sri Lankan placenames of
2337:Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon
1128:
916:
852:
642:
539:
503:had the church of Our Lady of Miracles (
294:
279:. Names of flower gardens belonging to
26:
1567:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1356:
1264:
1262:
745:, who adopted the surname of his wife,
14:
2448:
2392:Ceylonese recipients of British titles
1322:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1304:
957:meaning - Ten Cities after the River.
844:Origins of some well-known place names
315:. Commonly used animals and birds are
267:. Canals from such lakes were called
97:Morphological structure of place names
1613:
1118:, as well as the traditionally Tamil
913:meaning of: Land of the singing fish.
1420:
1259:
1226:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1092:in the 17th and 18th centuries were
944:suggests that the original name was
595:meaning 'bank or edge (of a lake)'.
2430:
1315:
1301:
1158:Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war
960:
408:(village). Land classification are
24:
2034:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
1961:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
25:
2487:
1414:Sigiri Graffiti, Vols. I & II
2466:Culture in Sri Lanka by locality
2461:History of Sri Lanka by location
2429:
2419:
2410:
2409:
1748:Sri Lankan independence movement
1035:means "city of light" in Sinhala
487:The Portuguese, who came to the
161:The X part can be complex as in
2397:Military awards and decorations
2362:Bible translations into Sinhala
2283:Sinhala words of English origin
1509:
1484:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1347:in connection with these names.
1203:names throughout the country.
489:island in 1505 and left in 1658
263:. Irrigation tanks were called
39:Sri Lankan place name etymology
1536:: Asian Educational Services.
1391:
1378:
1350:
1329:
1288:
1275:
1085:more recent colonial records.
683:, and several estates such as
13:
1:
2456:Populated places in Sri Lanka
2318:Methodist Church in Sri Lanka
1853:Legislative Council of Ceylon
1808:Colebrooke–Cameron Commission
1528:Gnanaprakasar, Swamy (2003).
1521:
1493:"Travesty of our place names"
831:found throughout the island.
807:, itself originating from an
786:
482:
1296:A Critical History of Jaffna
1283:A Critical History of Jaffna
1270:A Critical History of Jaffna
1217:A Critical History of Jaffna
848:
255:. Village tanks were called
251:and tree groves were termed
112:
7:
2352:Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya
2024:British Military in Ceylon
1591:Pfaffenberg, Brian (1994).
1231:
10:
2492:
2028:Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon
1726:Great Rebellion of 1817–18
1568:Spencer, Jonathan (1990).
1416:. Oxford University Press.
1155:
1040:Geolinguistic distribution
783:, from the Javanese Canal
638:
499:are examples of these and
184:(lower caste settlement),
133:singha+pitiya "lion place"
2405:
2374:
2291:
2263:
2232:
2182:
2175:
2102:
2049:
2005:
1906:
1866:
1845:
1800:
1793:
1706:
1670:
1660:
1412:Paranavitana, S. (1956).
834:
752:
739:Robert John Wilmot-Horton
271:. Flat lands were termed
2387:Maldivian Annual Tribute
2162:Indian Ocean slave trade
2067:Ceylon National Congress
1818:Donoughmore Constitution
1253:
1215:by C. Rasanayagam, and
814:
775:
535:
290:
283:establishments end with
176:. Examples for this are
136:weli+gama "sand village"
53:origin vastly dominate,
18:Place names in Sri Lanka
2476:Names of places in Asia
2347:The Pentecostal Mission
2323:American Ceylon Mission
2278:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
1858:State Council of Ceylon
1783:South East Asia Command
2471:Place name etymologies
2077:Sri Lankan nationalism
1813:Donoughmore Commission
1773:Ceylon in World War II
1345:Talvana-paddanat-turai
1238:Languages of Sri Lanka
1196:
1134:
925:
862:
857:The Beira Lake in the
648:
618:. Leyn Baan Street in
571:(Vale of Flowers) and
562:Gerard Pietersz. Hulft
549:
300:
158:(palm), among others.
35:
2342:Lanka Lutheran Church
2092:Jaffna Youth Congress
2072:Native headmen system
1830:Soulbury Constitution
1758:1906 malaria outbreak
1647:British Ceylon period
1593:The Sri Lankan Tamils
1386:The Sri Lankan Tamils
1191:
1132:
920:
856:
660:. The quarters Fort,
646:
543:
298:
30:
2013:Ceylon Defence Force
1919:Ceylon Civil Service
1778:Cocos Islands mutiny
1763:1915 Ceylonese riots
1341:Yalppananin-paddanam
1168:Sri Lankan Civil War
1162:Sri Lankan civil war
1078:Karthigesu Indrapala
799:. It comes from the
275:. Ports were termed
2328:Batticotta Seminary
1995:Financial Secretary
1825:Soulbury Commission
1768:Suriya-Mal Movement
1753:Temperance movement
1468:"Sri Lanka Summary"
1335:Fernaõ De Queyroz,
747:Anne Beatrix Horton
737:were named for Sir
168:= milk rice village
2273:Sri Lankan English
2062:Kandyan Convention
1970:Board of Ministers
1941:Colonial Secretary
1743:Kandyan Convention
1731:Kandyan Convention
1716:Invasion of Ceylon
1595:. Westview Press.
1243:Names of Sri Lanka
1135:
974:(city of Anuradha)
926:
863:
801:Rappahannock River
791:Probably the only
743:Governor of Ceylon
649:
550:
493:San Sebastian Hill
301:
36:
2443:
2442:
2370:
2369:
2311:Bishop of Colombo
2195:British buildings
2045:
2044:
1926:Executive Council
1898:Solicitor General
1491:Perera, D. G. A.
1200:Northern Province
1172:Sri Lankan Tamils
1050:loan translations
869:: Derived from
764:place names from
497:St. Joseph's Road
400:(depression) and
91:Sri Lankan Tamils
16:(Redirected from
2483:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2306:Church of Ceylon
2180:
2179:
2082:Women's suffrage
2057:Treaty of Amiens
1951:Colonial Auditor
1946:Attorney General
1914:Governor-General
1893:Attorney General
1798:
1797:
1738:Matale Rebellion
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1587:
1564:
1547:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1472:Jonathan Spencer
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1384:Chelvadurai, M.
1382:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1080:and others, pre-
961:Touristic places
827:. It is used in
819:The common word
662:Cinnamon Gardens
507:in Portuguese).
227:(paddy fields),
57:which stem from
21:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2401:
2366:
2287:
2259:
2233:Related peoples
2228:
2171:
2098:
2041:
2001:
1990:Legal Secretary
1985:Chief Secretary
1902:
1862:
1841:
1789:
1702:
1666:
1656:
1655:
1638:
1603:
1584:
1544:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1302:
1294:Gnanaprakasar,
1293:
1289:
1281:Gnanaprakasar,
1280:
1276:
1268:Gnanaprakasar,
1267:
1260:
1256:
1234:
1209:
1164:
1154:
1042:
963:
861:area in Colombo
851:
846:
837:
817:
793:American Indian
789:
778:
768:. Examples are
755:
641:
538:
485:
471:(paddy field),
388:(sandy place),
293:
243:(village), and
142:"peacock rock".
115:
99:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2167:Kangani system
2164:
2159:
2157:Tea production
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1698:Kandyan period
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1663:British Ceylon
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1588:
1582:
1565:
1548:
1542:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1483:
1459:
1446:
1433:
1419:
1404:
1390:
1377:
1349:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1213:Ancient Jaffna
1208:
1205:
1153:
1150:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
981:
975:
969:
962:
959:
936:
935:
922:Public Library
915:
914:
908:
887:
881:
874:
850:
847:
845:
842:
836:
833:
825:Vedda language
816:
813:
797:Uda Pussellawa
788:
785:
777:
774:
754:
751:
640:
637:
546:Dutch Reformed
537:
534:
484:
481:
392:(depression),
370:Mulai or Mulla
292:
289:
170:
169:
166:kiri bath goda
144:
143:
137:
134:
114:
111:
98:
95:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2488:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:Protestantism
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Indian Tamils
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:British pound
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:Youth Leagues
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Chief Justice
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:Supreme Court
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1602:0-8133-8845-7
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1583:0-415-04461-8
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1543:81-206-1686-3
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1505:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1360:
1357:Robert Knox.
1353:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:Paranavithana
1218:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:archeological
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:North Central
1110:
1109:North Western
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
958:
956:
951:
947:
943:
942:Paranavithana
940:
939:Archaeologist
933:
932:
928:
927:
923:
919:
912:
909:
906:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
865:
864:
860:
855:
841:
832:
830:
826:
822:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Horton Plains
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Scots English
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
670:Mount Lavinia
667:
663:
659:
654:
645:
636:
634:
630:
629:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
547:
542:
533:
531:
527:
521:
519:
515:
511:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
467:(allotment),
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Malai or Male
371:
366:
364:
363:
358:
357:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
326:
323:(tiger), and
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
297:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:(carpenter),
179:
175:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
130:
128:
124:
120:
110:
108:
104:
103:morphological
94:
92:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
19:
2245:Indian Moors
2224:Social class
2201:
2190:Architecture
2125:Indian rupee
1837:Capital city
1721:Kandyan Wars
1683:Bibliography
1592:
1569:
1557:Kuala Lumpur
1552:
1529:
1511:
1502:
1496:. Retrieved
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1413:
1407:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1362:. Retrieved
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1197:
1192:
1165:
1141:
1136:
1106:
1098:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1033:Nuwara Eliya
972:Anuradhapura
955:Akkaraipattu
954:
945:
937:
929:
870:
859:Slave Island
858:
838:
820:
818:
790:
779:
756:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
666:Slave Island
657:
650:
626:
624:
597:
592:
587:
585:
572:
568:
566:
557:
551:
522:
512:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
486:
476:
475:(canal) and
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:Anuradhapura
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:(coast) and
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:(mountain),
373:
369:
367:
360:
350:
344:
338:
334:
328:
324:
320:
319:(elephant),
316:
312:
309:Vembu, Panai
308:
306:
302:
284:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
222:
213:
205:
197:
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
160:
155:
147:
145:
126:
122:
118:
116:
100:
47:trade routes
38:
37:
31:Location of
2435:WikiProject
2202:Place names
1846:Legislature
1665:1815 – 1948
1187:etymologies
1126:provinces.
1013:Ambalangoda
967:Polonnaruwa
890:Trincomalee
713:Blinkbonnie
569:Bloemendahl
544:Wolfendahl
518:Mount Pedro
514:Point Pedro
418:Puval, Kadu
396:(island),
311:(palm) and
140:monara+gala
80:etymologies
2450:Categories
2018:Commanders
1794:Government
1671:Background
1522:References
1498:2008-03-06
1477:2008-05-08
1364:2011-11-03
1184:place name
1182:sites and
1156:See also:
1070:diachronic
1066:synchronic
946:Javapatuna
911:Batticaloa
809:Algonquian
787:Algonquian
729:Sutherland
721:Lauderdale
701:Usk Valley
689:Kenilworth
614:alley in
588:Beira lake
573:Wolvendahl
558:Hulftsdorp
526:Batticaloa
501:Milagiriya
483:Portuguese
420:(forest),
412:(garden),
380:(creek),
372:(corner),
235:(garden),
188:(barber),
71:Portuguese
2265:Languages
2030:(Unified)
1956:Treasurer
1907:Executive
1868:Judiciary
1574:Routledge
1534:New Delhi
1453:Spencer,
1142:Vaeligama
1116:provinces
1082:Christian
1064:Taking a
1008:Unawatuna
1003:Hikkaduwa
984:Mihintale
894:honorific
849:Big towns
693:Middleton
681:Dalhousie
612:Pall Mall
608:Maliebaan
457:districts
428:(front),
346:Pillaiyar
113:Sinhalese
107:compounds
84:Sinhalese
51:Sinhalese
43:Sri Lanka
33:Sri Lanka
2415:Category
2293:Religion
2212:Scottish
2132:Cinnamon
2050:Politics
2006:Military
1980:Governor
1936:Governor
1886:Justices
1688:Timeline
1561:Malaysia
1232:See also
1174:and the
1120:Northern
1054:Sanskrit
1028:Nilaweli
1023:Tangalle
992:Buddhist
988:Buddhism
978:Sigiriya
924:, Jaffna
829:Toponyms
805:Virginia
770:Aberdeen
766:Scotland
758:Scottish
717:Holyrood
705:Wavenden
697:Somerset
532:itself.
479:(tank).
463:(well),
454:Puttalam
281:Buddhist
186:ambataya
119:mountain
88:minority
55:toponyms
2382:Schools
2240:British
2207:English
2183:Culture
2176:Society
2142:Coconut
2103:Economy
1708:History
1678:Outline
1649:topics
1457:, p. 23
1444:, p. 21
1298:, p. 35
1285:, p. 34
1272:, p. 33
1176:Sinhala
1146:Colombo
1124:Eastern
1018:Bentota
998:Negombo
901:English
871:Kolamba
867:Colombo
725:Melfort
653:British
639:English
635:names.
616:Utrecht
600:Maliban
577:Sinhala
505:milagre
473:Vaikkal
416:(bay),
325:Kuranku
313:Illupai
225:Kumbura
214:Villiya
210:Brahmin
152:coconut
127:village
67:English
2425:Portal
2255:Malays
2152:Rubber
2147:Coffee
2036:(Army)
1599:
1580:
1540:
1388:, p.88
1138:Sigiri
950:Javaka
931:Jaffna
897:prefix
835:Arabic
781:Ja-Ela
762:Gaelic
753:Gaelic
741:, the
677:Hatton
610:, the
604:Pettah
548:Church
530:Ceylon
528:, and
461:Kinaru
446:Kulama
410:Tottam
398:Pallam
384:(bay)
362:Demala
356:Vannan
352:Chetty
261:katuwa
257:pokuna
249:talava
229:Deniya
218:Rodiya
212:) and
206:bamuna
202:farmer
198:goviya
194:potter
178:waduwa
154:) and
75:Arabic
2375:Other
2219:Music
2137:Cocoa
2115:Rupee
1693:Years
1254:Notes
1101:Vanni
1094:Tamil
1090:Vanni
884:Galle
878:Kandy
815:Vedda
776:Malay
685:Devon
633:Tamil
620:Galle
598:The '
593:beira
581:Tamil
536:Dutch
469:Vayal
442:Kulam
434:Turai
430:Karai
422:Munai
414:Kudal
406:uruwa
386:Manal
330:Amman
291:Tamil
285:uyana
273:botha
253:golla
233:watte
190:aruwa
182:batta
174:caste
156:Kitul
123:river
63:Dutch
59:Tamil
1975:List
1931:List
1597:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1343:and
1160:and
1122:and
1111:and
1058:Pali
821:Gala
727:and
703:and
679:and
668:and
651:The
586:The
579:and
552:The
516:and
495:and
465:Kani
452:and
438:Ture
426:Mune
394:Tivu
390:Kuli
382:Kuda
359:and
343:and
340:Kali
335:Andi
321:Puli
317:Anai
277:tota
269:aala
265:wewa
245:Hena
241:gama
237:pola
101:The
86:and
73:and
1801:Law
1056:or
803:in
477:Eri
444:or
436:or
424:or
404:or
378:Aru
259:or
220:).
204:),
196:),
148:pol
125:or
2452::
1576:.
1572:.
1559:,
1555:.
1532:.
1501:.
1470:.
1422:^
1367:.
1317:^
1303:^
1261:^
905:Mr
731:.
723:,
719:,
715:,
707:.
699:,
695:,
691:,
664:,
583:.
564:.
459:,
402:Ur
365:.
354:,
337:,
333:,
287:.
239:,
231:,
121:,
93:.
69:,
65:,
61:,
1651:→
1644:←
1633:e
1626:t
1619:v
1605:.
1586:.
1546:.
1480:.
1401:.
903:"
876:'
687:,
216:(
208:(
200:(
192:(
150:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
