Plant communication

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signal. A cascade effect of stomatal closure was observed in neighboring unstressed plants that shared their rooting system but was not observed in the unstressed plants that did not share their rooting system. Therefore, neighboring plants demonstrate the ability to sense, integrate, and respond to stress cues transmitted through roots. Although Falik et al. did not identify the chemical responsible for perceiving stress cues, research conducted in 2016 by Delory et al. suggests several possibilities. They found that plant roots synthesize and release a wide array of organic compounds including solutes and volatiles (i.e. terpenes). They cited additional research demonstrating that root-emitted molecules have the potential to induce physiological responses in neighboring plants either directly or indirectly by modifying the soil chemistry. Moreover, Kegge et al. demonstrated that plants perceive the presence of neighbors through changes in water/nutrient availability, root exudates, and soil microorganisms.

542:(garden pea) plants communicate stress cues via their roots to allow neighboring unstressed plants to anticipate an abiotic stressor. Pea plants are commonly grown in temperate regions throughout the world. However, this adaptation allows plants to anticipate abiotic stresses such as drought. In 2011, Falik et al. tested the ability of unstressed pea plants to sense and respond to stress cues by inducing osmotic stress on a neighboring plant. Falik et al. subjected the root of an externally-induced plant to mannitol in order to inflict osmotic stress and drought-like conditions. Five unstressed plants neighbored both sides of this stressed plant. On one side, the unstressed plants shared their root system with their neighbors to allow for root communication. On the other side, the unstressed plants did not share root systems with their neighbors. 565:

transfer was bi-directional, if one species had a net gain in carbon, and if more carbon was transferred through the soil pathway or common mycorrhizal network (CMN). CMNs occur when fungal mycelia link roots of plants together. The researchers followed seedlings of paper birch and Douglas-fir in a greenhouse for 8 months, where hyphal linkages that crossed their roots were either severed or left intact. The experiment measured amounts of labeled carbon exchanged between seedlings. It was discovered that there was indeed a bi-directional sharing of carbon between the two tree species, with the Douglas-fir receiving a slight net gain in carbon. Also, the carbon was transferred through both soil and the CMN pathways, as transfer occurred when the CMN linkages were interrupted, but much more transfer occurred when the CMN's were left unbroken.

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well-defined mechanism and the potential adaptive implications for priming neighbors in preparation for forthcoming abiotic stresses; however, a literature review by Robbins et al. published in 2014 characterized the root endodermis as a signaling control center in response to abiotic environmental stresses including drought. They found that the plant hormone ABA regulates the root endodermal response under certain environmental conditions. In 2016 Rowe et al. experimentally validated this claim by showing that ABA regulated root growth under osmotic stress conditions. Additionally, changes in cytosolic calcium concentrations act as signals to close stomata in response to drought stress cues. Therefore, the flux of solutes, volatiles, hormones, and ions are likely involved in the integration of the response to stress cues emitted by roots.

211:, tomato plants emit VOCs that are released into the atmosphere and induce responses in neighboring tomato plants. When the herbivory-induced VOCs bind to receptors on other nearby tomato plants, responses occur within seconds. The neighboring plants experience a rapid depolarization in cell potential and increase in cytosolic calcium. Plant receptors are most commonly found on plasma membranes as well as within the cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and other cellular compartments. VOCs that bind to plant receptors often induce signal amplification by action of secondary messengers including calcium influx as seen in response to neighboring herbivory. These emitted volatiles were measured by GC-MS and the most notable were 2-hexenal and 3-hexenal acetate. It was found that depolarization increased with increasing 569:

the adaptation of forest ecosystems. Plant genotypes have shown that mycorrhizal fungal traits are heritable and play a role in plant behavior. These relationships with fungal networks can be mutualistic, commensal, or even parasitic. It has been shown that plants can rapidly change behavior such as root growth, shoot growth, photosynthetic rate, and defense mechanisms in response to mycorrhizal colonization. Through root systems and common mycorrhizal networks, plants are able to communicate with one another below ground and alter behaviors or even share nutrients depending on different environmental cues.

198:) and, specifically, tomato plant volatile organic compounds. This was tested by growing a dodder weed seedling in a contained environment, connected to two different chambers. One chamber contained tomato VOCs while the other had artificial tomato plants. After 4 days of growth, the dodder weed seedling showed a significant growth towards the direction of the chamber with tomato VOC's. Their experiments also showed that the dodder weed seedlings could distinguish between wheat ( 478:

immediate great increase in expression of target genes. Phase 2 is a period of dormancy. Phase 3 is a weakened and delayed upregulation of the same target genes as phase 1. In phase 1, the speed of upregulation is nearly instantaneous which has led researchers to theorize that the initial response from a plant is through action potentials and variation potentials as opposed to chemical or hormonal signaling which is most likely responsible for the phase 3 response.

25: 202:) VOCs and tomato plant volatiles. As when one chamber was filled with each of the two different VOCs, dodder weeds grew towards tomato plants as one of the wheat VOC's is repellent. These findings show evidence that volatile organic compounds determine ecological interactions between plant species and show statistical significance that the dodder weed can distinguish between different plant species by sensing their VOCs. 412:(up to -200mV), making it harder to depolarize and fire an action potential. This is why it is essential for calcium ions to inactivate H+-ATPase activity so that depolarization can be reached. When the voltage gated chloride channels are activated and full depolarization occurs, calcium ions are pumped out of the cell (via a calcium-ATPase) after so that H+-ATPase activity resumes so that the cell can repolarize. 225: 342:, examined ferns and Venus fly traps because they showed excitation patterns similar to animal nerves. However, the mechanisms behind this electrical signaling are not well known and are a current topic of ongoing research. A plant may produce electrical signaling in response to wounding, temperature extremes, high salt conditions, drought conditions, and other various stimuli. 470:. In the phloem, the propagation of action potentials is dictated by the fluxes of chloride, potassium, and calcium ions, but the exact mechanism for propagation is not well understood. Alternatively, the transport of action potentials over short, local distances is distributed throughout the plant via 1283:

Mafra-Neto, Agenor; de Lame, Frédérique M.; Fettig, Christopher J.; Perring, Thomas M.; Stelinski, Lukasz L.; Stoltman, Lyndsie L.; Mafra, Leandro E. J.; Borges, Rafael; Vargas, Roger I. (2013). "Manipulation of Insect Behavior with Specialized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology (SPLAT®)". In

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Khait I, Lewin-Epstein O, Sharon R, Saban K, Goldstein R, Anikster Y, Zeron Y, Agassy C, Nizan S, Sharabi G, Perelman R, Boonman A, Sade N, Yovel Y, Hadany L. Sounds emitted by plants under stress are airborne and informative. Cell. 2023 Mar 30;186(7):1328-1336.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.009.

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This experiment showed that through fungal mycelia linkage of the roots of two plants, plants are able to communicate with one another and transfer nutrients as well as other resources through below ground root networks. Further studies go on to argue that this underground “tree talk” is crucial in

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and deactivates the H+-ATPase so that the cell can depolarize. It is unclear whether all of the heightened calcium ion intracellular concentration is solely due to calcium channel activation. It is possible that the transitory activation of calcium channels causes an influx of calcium ions into the

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When a plant responds to stimuli, sometimes the response time is nearly instantaneous which is much faster than chemical signals are able to travel. Current research suggests that electrical signaling may be responsible. In particular, the response of a plant to a wound is triphasic. Phase 1 is an

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Falik et al. found that unstressed plants demonstrated the ability to sense and respond to stress cues emitted from the roots of the osmotically stressed plant. Furthermore, the unstressed plants were able to send additional stress cues to other neighboring unstressed plants in order to relay the

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have proven hard to study and their mechanism is less well known than action potentials. Variation potentials are slower than action potentials, are not considered “all or nothing,” and they themselves can trigger several action potentials. The current understanding is that upon wounding or other

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Another form of plant communication occurs through their root networks. Through roots, plants can share many different resources including carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients. This transfer of below ground carbon is examined in Philip et al. 2011. The goals of this paper were to test if carbon

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can emit VOCs to specifically target and attract starved prey. While these VOCs typically lead to increased resistance to herbivory in neighboring plants, there is no clear benefit to the emitting plant in helping nearby plants. As such, whether neighboring plants have evolved the capability to

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Veits, M., Khait, I., Obolski, U., Zinger, E., Boonman, A., Goldshtein, A., Saban, K., Seltzer, R., Ben-Dor, U., Estlein, P., Kabat, A., Peretz, D., Ratzersdorfer, I., Krylov, S., Chamovitz, D., Sapir, Y., Yovel, Y. and Hadany, L. (2019), Flowers respond to pollinator sound within minutes by

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Although the underlying mechanism behind stress cues emitted by roots remains largely unknown, Falik et al. suggested that the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) may be responsible for integrating the observed phenotypic response (stomatal closure). Further research is needed to identify a

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Plants are exposed to many stress factors such as disease, temperature changes, herbivory, injury and more. Therefore, in order to respond or be ready for any kind of physiological state, they need to develop some sort of system for their survival in the moment and/or for the future.

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Bonato, B.; Peressotti, F.; Guerra, S.; Wang, Q.; & Umberto Castiello, U. (2021) “Cracking the code: a comparative approach to plant communication”. Communicative & Integrative Biology. 14(1): 176-185. doi: 10.1080/19420889.2021.1956719. PMID 34434483; PMC

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concentrations. These results indicate that tomato plants communicate with one another via airborne volatile cues, and when these VOC's are perceived by receptor plants, responses such as depolarization and calcium influx occur within seconds.

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to reduce mechanical damage inflicted on the plant to the induction of chemical defenses of a neighboring plant before it is being attacked. In addition, the host of VOCs emitted varies from plant to plant, where for example, the

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Terpenoids facilitate communication between plants and insects, mammals, fungi, microorganisms, and other plants. Terpenoids may act as both attractants and repellants for various insects. For example, pine shoot beetles

443:. This hydraulic wave may activate pressure gated channels due to the sudden change in pressure. Their ionic mechanism is very different from action potentials and is thought to involve the inactivation of the 424:

cell which activates intracellular stores of calcium ions to be released and subsequently causes depolarization (through the inactivation of H+-ATPase and activation of voltage gated chloride channels).

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Gorzelak, M. A., A. K. Asay, B. J. Pickles, and S. W. Simard. 2015. Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities. AoB Plants 7. Oxford

922:

Rohrbeck, D.; Buss, D.; Effmert, U.; Piechulla, B. (2006-09-01). "Localization of Methyl Benzoate Synthesis and Emission in Stephanotis floribunda and Nicotiana suaveolens Flowers".

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decreases intracellular calcium concentration by pumping calcium ions to the outside of the cell (this allows for the H+-ATPase to be reactivated and repolarization to be initiated)

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described action potentials and their long-distance propagation throughout plants. Action potentials in plants are carried out through a plants vascular network (particularly the

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Many researchers have shown that plants have the ability to use electrical signaling to communicate from leaves to stem to roots. Starting in the late 1800s scientists, such as

168:"eavesdrop" or whether there is an unknown tradeoff occurring is subject to much scientific debate. As related to the aspect of meaning-making, the field is also identified as 3346:

Philip, L., S. Simard, and M. Jones. 2010. Pathways for below-ground carbon transfer between paper birch and Douglas-fir seedlings. Plant Ecology & Diversity 3:221–233.

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encompasses communication using volatile organic compounds, electrical signaling, and common mycorrhizal networks between plants and a host of other organisms such as

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Krol, Elzbieta; Dziubinska, Halina; Trebacz, Kazimierz (2003-05-15). "Low-Temperature Induced Transmembrane Potential Changes in the Liverwort Conocephalum conicum".

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Long distance electrical signaling in plants is characterized by electrical signaling that occurs over distances greater than the span of a single cell. In 1873,

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Runyon, Justin B.; Mescher, Mark C.; De Moraes, Consuelo M. (2006-09-29). "Volatile chemical cues guide host location and host selection by parasitic plants".

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Wildon, D. C.; Thain, J. F.; Minchin, P. E. H.; Gubb, I. R.; Reilly, A. J.; Skipper, Y. D.; Doherty, H. M.; O'Donnell, P. J.; Bowles, D. J. (November 1992).

1224:"Plasma membrane potential depolarization and cytosolic calcium flux are early events involved in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) plant-to-plant communication" 559: 458:), a network of tissues that connects all of the various plant organs, transporting signaling molecules throughout the plant. Increasing the frequency of 46: 39: 2800:"Electrical Impedance Analysis of Tissue Properties Associated with Ethylene Induction by Electric Currents in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruit" 640:

Wenke, Katrin; Kai, Marco; Piechulla, Birgit (2010-02-01). "Belowground volatiles facilitate interactions between plant roots and soil organisms".

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Tomato plant to plant communication is further examined in Zebelo et al. 2012, which studies tomato plant response to herbivory. Upon herbivory by

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De Moraes, C. M.; Lewis, W. J.; Paré, P. W.; Alborn, H. T.; Tumlinson, J. H. (1998). "Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids".

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Baldwin, Jan T.; Schultz, Jack C. (1983). "Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced by Damage: Evidence for Communication between Plants".

384:(due to calcium ion influx) activates voltage gated chloride channels causing chloride ions to leave the cell and cause further depolarization 3287:"Abscisic acid regulates root growth under osmotic stress conditions via an interacting hormonal network with cytokinin, ethylene and auxin" 2327:

Stahlberg, Rainer; Cleland, Robert E.; Van Volkenburgh, Elizabeth (2006), Baluška, František; Mancuso, Stefano; Volkmann, Dieter (eds.),

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Upon stressful events, there is variation in a plant's response. That is to say, it is not always the case that a plant responds with an

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Studies have shown that plants can respond to airborne sounds at audible frequencies and that they also produce airborne sounds at the

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In summary, electric signaling in plants is a powerful tool of communication and controls a plant's response to dangerous stimuli (like

158:, and have high vapor pressures. The responses of organisms to plant emitted VOCs varies from attracting the predator of a specific 2865:"Real-time, in vivo intracellular recordings of caterpillar-induced depolarization waves in sieve elements using aphid electrodes" 89: 61: 2348: 1318:

Byers, J. A.; Lanne, B. S.; Löfqvist, J. (1989-05-01). "Host tree unsuitability recognized by pine shoot beetles in flight".

489:. However, when a plant does generate either an action potential or variation potential, one of the direct effects can be an 190:(field dodder), uses VOCs to interact with various hosts and determine locations. Dodder seedlings show direct growth toward 509:

in neighboring leaves to a wound. Aside from gene expression, action potentials and variation potentials also can result in

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Heil, Martin; Karban, Richard (2010-03-01). "Explaining evolution of plant communication by airborne signals".

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Terpenoids are a large family of biological molecules with over 22,000 compounds. Terpenoids are similar to

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Leonard, Anne S.; Francis, Jacob S. (2017-04-01). "Plant–animal communication: past, present and future".

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pumps H+ out of the cell and the open K+ channels allow for the flow of K+ to the outside of the cell

303: 131: 287: 294:

subunits, arranged either regularly or irregularly. The biosynthesis of terpenoids occurs via the

154:. Due to the physical/chemical constraints most VOCs are of low molecular mass (< 300 Da), are 3136:"Root-emitted volatile organic compounds: can they mediate belowground plant-plant interactions?" 82: 35: 3134:

Delory, Benjamin M.; Delaplace, Pierre; Fauconnier, Marie-Laure; du Jardin, Patrick (May 2016).

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in plants are characterized as “all or nothing.” This is the understood mechanism for how plant

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range, presumably audible to multiple organisms including bats, mice, moths and other insects.

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A short burst of calcium ions into the cell through the open calcium channels

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A stimulus transitorily and reversibly activates calcium ion channels

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range from -80 to -200 mV. High H+-ATPase activity corresponds with

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which states that terpenoids can be thought of being made of

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In Runyon et al. 2006, the researchers demonstrate how the

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exhibit rapid upregulated gene expression. Additionally,

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Calcium's interaction with the H+-ATPase is through a

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Plant to plant communication via mycorrhizal networks

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throughout the plant that is transmitted through the

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in their carbon skeleton but unlike terpenes contain

3397:. Translated by Jane Billinghurst. Greystone Books. 2758: 2636: 310:(DMAPP) as key components. The MEP pathway produces 1649:Sukhov, Vladimir; Vodeneev, Vladimir (2009-11-17). 1439:McGarvey, Douglas J.; Croteau, Rodney (July 1995). 286:. The structure of terpenoids is described by the 2335:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 291–308, 1317: 2701:Stanković, Bratislav; Davies, Eric (1997-07-01). 2462: 691:Yoneya, Kinuyo; Takabayashi, Junji (2014-01-01). 690: 639: 3413: 1931:Wacke, M.; Thiel, G.; Hütt, M.-T. (2003-02-01). 256:) are attracted to certain monoterpenes ( (+/-)- 16:Communication between plants and other organisms 2975:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2700: 1438: 493:of a certain gene's expression. In particular, 2413: 1930: 1648: 972: 723: 3342: 3340: 812: 527: 1772: 1360: 1032:Hedrich, Rainer; Neher, Erwin (March 2018). 1031: 3182: 2371: 326:derivatives while the MVA pathway produces 271:), while being repelled by others (such as 3337: 1988: 1510:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1089: 3320: 3302: 3261: 3243: 3159: 3107: 3089: 3012: 2994: 2937: 2880: 2839: 2670: 2545: 2527: 2439: 2295: 2254: 2082: 2022: 1790: 1616: 1472: 842: 708: 572: 356:Similar to action potentials in animals, 264:and terpinolene) produced by Scots pines 175: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1989:Tucker, E. B.; Boss, W. F. (June 1996). 870: 223: 2420:Communicative & Integrative Biology 2157: 1393: 1361:Hill, Ruaraidh; Connolly, J.D. (1991). 553: 333: 3414: 3129: 3127: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 2754: 2752: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2409: 2407: 2367: 2365: 2153: 2151: 2104: 2102: 2044: 2042: 1984: 1982: 1926: 1924: 1880: 1878: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1495: 45:Please improve this article by adding 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1523: 1521: 302:(MVA) pathways both of which include 2160:"Action Potentials in Higher Plants" 1773:Fromm, Jörg; Lautner, Silke (2007). 1397:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1286:Natural Products for Pest Management 866: 864: 862: 765: 763: 18: 3124: 3050: 3029: 2749: 2687: 2617: 2404: 2362: 2148: 2099: 2039: 1979: 1921: 1875: 1841:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 1815: 710:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.0827a 374:Calcium ions reversibly inactivate 13: 3386: 3278: 3219: 3176: 2372:Thain, J.F.; Wildon, D.C. (1992). 1757: 1697: 1633: 1518: 14: 3448: 3368:https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13331 2374:"Electrical signalling in plants" 1092:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 966: 859: 760: 2777:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00740.x 1792:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x 532: 23: 3372: 3359: 3349: 2962: 2913: 2856: 2791: 2562: 2503: 2456: 2320: 2271: 2214: 1937:The Journal of Membrane Biology 1576: 1489: 1432: 1387: 1354: 1311: 1292: 1276: 1215: 1156: 1134: 1083: 1025: 606:Plant defense against herbivory 1715:Journal of Theoretical Biology 1589:Journal of Experimental Botany 1248:10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.08.006 915: 806: 717: 684: 633: 623: 1: 3205:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.007 2469:Plant, Cell & Environment 2432:10.1080/19420889.2020.1757207 2134:10.1078/S0176-1617(04)70143-1 1779:Plant, Cell & Environment 1554:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.016 1061:10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.004 835:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.12.002 616: 611:Plant perception (physiology) 219: 47:secondary or tertiary sources 3091:10.1371/journal.pone.0023625 2341:10.1007/978-3-540-28516-8_20 2158:Pickard, Barbara G. (1973). 995:10.1126/science.221.4607.277 431:stressful events, a plant's 7: 2114:Journal of Plant Physiology 1655:Journal of Membrane Biology 584: 474:connections between cells. 406:resting membrane potentials 10: 3453: 2516:Frontiers in Plant Science 2384:(3/4 (301/302)): 553–564. 1735:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.09.019 1301:Bull. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat 1112:10.1016/j.tree.2009.09.010 557: 528:Below-ground communication 396:occurs when the activated 296:methylerythritol phosphate 242: 132:volatile organic compounds 3161:10.1007/s11104-016-2823-3 2378:Science Progress (1933- ) 1949:10.1007/s00232-002-1054-0 1887:Plant and Cell Physiology 1853:10.1134/S102144370604008X 1667:10.1007/s00232-009-9218-9 746:10.1007/s10682-017-9884-5 662:10.1007/s00425-009-1076-2 452:Sir John Burdon-Sanderson 435:changes which releases a 308:dimethylallyl diphosphate 1496:Darwin, Charles (1875). 1363:Dictionary of terpenoids 288:biogenetic isoprene rule 3185:Trends in Plant Science 2996:10.1073/pnas.1912386116 2529:10.3389/fpls.2013.00239 1534:Trends in Plant Science 1185:10.1126/science.1131371 1041:Trends in Plant Science 893:newphytologist.198.1.16 815:Trends in Plant Science 520:), helping to maintain 466:to become increasingly 304:isopentenyl diphosphate 196:Lycopersicon esculentum 2465:"Are plants sentient?" 2067:10.1093/plphys/kiaa098 1441:"Terpenoid Metabolism" 1365:. Chapman & Hall. 573:Acoustic communication 349:and the second is the 240: 176:Volatile communication 34:relies excessively on 3245:10.1104/pp.114.244871 2765:Physiologia Plantarum 2727:10.1007/s004250050143 2239:10.1104/pp.115.3.1083 944:10.1055/s-2006-924076 243:Further information: 227: 208:Spodoptera littoralis 58:"Plant communication" 2816:10.1104/pp.107.1.199 2655:10.1104/pp.121.2.517 2007:10.1104/pp.111.2.459 1498:Insectivorous Plants 1457:10.1105/tpc.7.7.1015 1150:Sign Systems Studies 726:Evolutionary Ecology 554:Mycorrhizal networks 428:Variation potentials 334:Electrical signaling 3422:Plant communication 3197:2010TPS....15..126K 3152:2016PlSoi.402....1D 3082:2011PLoSO...623625F 3037:"PEA Pisum sativum" 2987:2019PNAS..11626066K 2981:(51): 26066–26071. 2719:1997Plant.202..402S 2587:1992Natur.360...62W 2176:1973BotRv..39..172P 2126:2001JPPhy.158.1167D 1727:2011JThBi.291...47S 1546:2016TPS....21..376H 1240:2012PlnSc.196...93Z 1177:2006Sci...313.1964R 1171:(5795): 1964–1967. 1104:2010TEcoE..25..137H 1053:2018TPS....23..220H 987:1983Sci...221..277B 936:2006PlBio...8..615R 827:2015TPS....20..150B 784:1998Natur.393..570D 738:2017EvEco..31..143L 697:Plant Biotechnology 654:2010Plant.231..499W 513:and leaf movement. 495:protease inhibitors 487:variation potential 351:variation potential 213:green leaf volatile 124:Plant communication 2184:10.1007/BF02859299 1899:10.1093/pcp/pcg070 1601:10.1093/jxb/erq181 1410:10.1007/BF02167631 1332:10.1007/BF01952042 241: 3304:10.1111/nph.13882 2939:10.1111/nph.16143 2882:10.1111/nph.12807 2481:10.1111/pce.13065 2475:(11): 2858–2869. 2350:978-3-540-28516-8 2297:10.1111/nph.16646 1595:(13): 3697–3708. 981:(4607): 277–279. 885:10.1111/nph.12145 778:(6685): 570–573. 460:action potentials 410:hyperpolarization 362:action potentials 358:action potentials 284:functional groups 253:Tomicus piniperda 200:Triticum aestivum 187:Cuscuta pentagona 150:derivatives, and 119: 118: 111: 93: 3444: 3437:Chemical ecology 3432:Plant physiology 3408: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3306: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3247: 3232:Plant Physiology 3223: 3217: 3216: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3093: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3016: 2998: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2941: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2884: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2843: 2804:Plant Physiology 2795: 2789: 2788: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2698: 2685: 2684: 2674: 2643:Plant Physiology 2634: 2615: 2614: 2595:10.1038/360062a0 2566: 2560: 2559: 2549: 2531: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2443: 2411: 2402: 2401: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2299: 2290:(4): 1037–1050. 2275: 2269: 2268: 2258: 2233:(3): 1083–1088. 2227:Plant Physiology 2218: 2212: 2211: 2164:Botanical Review 2155: 2146: 2145: 2120:(9): 1167–1172. 2106: 2097: 2096: 2086: 2055:Plant Physiology 2046: 2037: 2036: 2026: 1995:Plant Physiology 1986: 1977: 1976: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1832: 1813: 1812: 1794: 1770: 1755: 1754: 1706: 1695: 1694: 1646: 1631: 1630: 1620: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1501: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1451:(7): 1015–1026. 1436: 1430: 1429: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1160: 1154: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1038: 1029: 1023: 1022: 970: 964: 963: 919: 913: 912: 868: 857: 856: 846: 810: 804: 803: 767: 758: 757: 721: 715: 714: 712: 688: 682: 681: 637: 631: 627: 483:action potential 445:P-type H+-ATPase 347:action potential 268:Pinus sylvestris 140:phenylpropanoids 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3389: 3387:Further reading 3384: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3291:New Phytologist 3283: 3279: 3224: 3220: 3181: 3177: 3132: 3125: 3062: 3051: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3030: 2967: 2963: 2926:New Phytologist 2918: 2914: 2869:New Phytologist 2861: 2857: 2796: 2792: 2757: 2750: 2699: 2688: 2635: 2618: 2581:(6399): 62–65. 2567: 2563: 2508: 2504: 2461: 2457: 2412: 2405: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2325: 2321: 2284:New Phytologist 2276: 2272: 2219: 2215: 2156: 2149: 2107: 2100: 2047: 2040: 1987: 1980: 1929: 1922: 1883: 1876: 1833: 1816: 1771: 1758: 1707: 1698: 1647: 1634: 1581: 1577: 1526: 1519: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1437: 1433: 1404:(10): 357–367. 1392: 1388: 1373: 1359: 1355: 1316: 1312: 1297: 1293: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1266: 1220: 1216: 1161: 1157: 1139: 1135: 1088: 1084: 1036: 1030: 1026: 971: 967: 920: 916: 873:New Phytologist 869: 860: 811: 807: 768: 761: 722: 718: 689: 685: 638: 634: 628: 624: 619: 601:Plant cognition 587: 575: 562: 556: 535: 530: 433:turgor pressure 388:Calcium-ATPases 364:are initiated: 336: 322:, and volatile 247: 222: 182:parasitic plant 178: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 44: 40:primary sources 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3450: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3410: 3409: 3404:978-1771642484 3403: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379:PMID 37001499. 3371: 3358: 3348: 3336: 3297:(1): 225–239. 3277: 3238:(2): 551–559. 3218: 3191:(3): 126–132. 3175: 3140:Plant and Soil 3123: 3076:(11): e23625. 3049: 3028: 2961: 2912: 2875:(2): 674–684. 2855: 2810:(1): 199–205. 2790: 2771:(2): 283–288. 2748: 2713:(4): 402–406. 2686: 2649:(2): 517–524. 2616: 2561: 2502: 2455: 2403: 2361: 2349: 2319: 2270: 2213: 2170:(2): 172–201. 2147: 2098: 2061:(3): 694–706. 2038: 2001:(2): 459–467. 1978: 1943:(3): 179–192. 1920: 1893:(5): 527–533. 1874: 1847:(4): 481–487. 1814: 1785:(3): 249–257. 1756: 1696: 1632: 1575: 1540:(5): 376–387. 1517: 1488: 1445:The Plant Cell 1431: 1386: 1372:978-0412257704 1371: 1353: 1326:(5): 489–492. 1310: 1291: 1275: 1214: 1155: 1133: 1098:(3): 137–144. 1082: 1047:(3): 220–234. 1024: 965: 930:(5): 615–626. 914: 858: 821:(3): 150–154. 805: 759: 732:(2): 143–151. 716: 703:(5): 409–416. 683: 648:(3): 499–506. 632: 621: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 596:Phytosemiotics 593: 586: 583: 574: 571: 558:Main article: 555: 552: 534: 531: 529: 526: 472:plasmodesmatal 437:hydraulic wave 421:phosphorylates 402: 401: 394:Repolarization 391: 385: 382:Depolarization 379: 372: 369: 340:Charles Darwin 335: 332: 328:sesquiterpenes 300:mevalonic acid 221: 218: 177: 174: 170:phytosemiotics 165:Venus Fly Trap 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3449: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3427:Communication 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146:(1–2): 1–26. 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 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