265:. Fungi can be split into species based primarily on the size, shape and color of their reproductive spores, which are used to reproduce. Most of the environmental factors that influence the growth and distribution of bacteria and actinomycetes also influence fungi. The quality as well as quantity of organic matter in the soil has a direct correlation to the growth of fungi, because most fungi consume organic matter for nutrition. Compared with bacteria, fungi are relatively benefitted by acidic soils. Fungi also grow well in dry, arid soils because fungi are aerobic, or dependent on oxygen, and the higher the moisture content in the soil, the less oxygen is present for them.
1548:
280:. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy that can be stored as nutrients. For algae to grow, they must be exposed to light because photosynthesis requires light, so algae are typically distributed evenly wherever sunlight and moderate moisture is available. Algae do not have to be directly exposed to the Sun, but can live below the soil surface given uniform temperature and moisture conditions. Algae are also capable of performing nitrogen fixation.
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304:, which is the molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses that energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water and also pigments that make it blue-green to violet in color. The Chlorophyceae usually only have chlorophyll in them which makes them green, and the bacillariophyceae contain chlorophyll as well as pigments that make the algae brown in color.
391:
herbivorous insects and microbes that kill host cells to extract nutrients. The challenge of modulating a community of diverse microbes in plant roots is more involved than that of clearing a few pathogens from inside a plant leaf. Consequently, regulating root microbiome composition may require immune mechanisms other than those that control foliar microbes.
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Flagellates are the smallest members of the protozoa group, and can be divided further based on whether they can participate in photosynthesis. Nonchlorophyll-containing flagellates are not capable of photosynthesis because chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs sunlight. These flagellates are
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such as fertilizer and pesticide without compensating for their effects. By contrast, healthy soil can increase fertility in multiple ways, including supplying nutrients such as nitrogen and protecting against pests and disease, while reducing the need for water and other inputs. Some approaches may
312:
Blue-green algae, or
Cyanophyceae, are responsible for nitrogen fixation. The amount of nitrogen they fix depends more on physiological and environmental factors rather than the organism's abilities. These factors include intensity of sunlight, concentration of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources
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are key regulators of innate immunity in plant leaves. Mutants impaired in salicylic acid synthesis and signaling are hypersusceptible to microbes that colonize the host plant to obtain nutrients, whereas mutants impaired in jasmonic acid and ethylene synthesis and signaling are hypersusceptible to
117:
Some bacteria can colonize minerals in the soil and help influence weathering and the breaking down of these minerals. The overall composition of the soil can determine the amount of bacteria growing in the soil. The more minerals that are found in area can result in a higher abundance of bacteria.
403:
mutants impaired in synthesis or signaling of individual or combinations of plant hormones, the microbial community in the soil adjacent to the root and in bacteria living within root tissue. Changes in salicylic acid signaling stimulated a reproducible shift in the relative abundance of bacterial
251:
are only a few examples of these antibiotics. Streptomycin is used to treat tuberculosis and infections caused by certain bacteria and neomycin is used to reduce the risk of bacterial infection during surgery. Erythromycin is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, such as bronchitis,
192:
species, rather than feeding on plants or other organisms. These bacteria are responsible for nitrogen fixation. The amount of autotrophic bacteria is small compared to heterotrophic bacteria (the opposite of autotrophic bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria acquire energy by consuming plants or other
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The crops that had received the most organic fertilizer had reached nearly twice the height of those in zone A and were inches taller than zone C. The yield of that section equaled that of irrigated crops, whereas the yield of the conventional technique was negligible. The mycorrhiza had
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During plant domestication, humans selected for traits related to plant improvement, but not for plant associations with a beneficial microbiome. Even minor changes in abundance of certain bacteria can have a major effect on plant defenses and physiology, with only minimal effects on overall
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found mostly in soil. Flagellates that contain chlorophyll typically occur in aquatic conditions. Flagellates can be distinguished by their flagella, which is their means of movement. Some have several flagella, while other species only have one that resembles a long branch or appendage.
358:. A pseudopodium or "false foot" is a temporary obtrusion from the body of the amoeba that helps pull it along surfaces for movement or helps to pull in food. The amoeba does not have permanent appendages and the pseudopodium is more of a slime-like consistency than a flagellum.
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have begun investing in the technology. In 2012, Bayer bought AgraQuest for $ 425 million. Its €10 million annual research budget funds field-tests of dozens of new fungi and bacteria to replace chemical pesticides or to serve as biostimulants to promote crop health and growth.
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Ciliates are the largest of the protozoa group, and move by means of short, numerous cilia that produce beating movements. Cilia resemble small, short hairs. They can move in different directions to move the organism, giving it more mobility than flagellates or amoebae.
324:
are eukaryotic organisms that were some of the first microorganisms to reproduce sexually, a significant evolutionary step from duplication of spores, like those that many other soil microorganisms depend on. Protozoa can be split up into three categories:
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In both the US and Europe, companies have to provide regulatory authorities with evidence that both the individual strains and the product as a whole are safe, leading many existing products to label themselves "biostimulants" instead of
260:
Fungi are abundant in soil, but bacteria are more abundant. Fungi are important in the soil as food sources for other, larger organisms, pathogens, beneficial symbiotic relationships with plants or other organisms and
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or root fungi form a dense network of thin filaments that reach far into the soil, acting as extensions of the plant roots they live on or in. These fungi facilitate the uptake of water and a wide range of nutrients.
57:, and as a result released oxygen into the atmosphere. This led to more advanced microorganisms, which are important because they affect soil structure and fertility. Soil microorganisms can be classified as
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Many strains that seemed promising in the lab often failed to prove effective in the field, because of soil, climate and ecosystem effects, leading companies to skip the lab phase and emphasize field tests.
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to boost microbial diversity. They split an unirrigated 100-hectare field into three zones, one treated with chemical fertilizer and pesticides; and the other two with different amounts of an organic
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properties and promotes plant growth. It can be applied in a liquid form on plants and to soil to fight a range of pathogens. It has found acceptance in both conventional and organic agriculture.
204:
are soil microorganisms. They are a type of bacteria, but they share some characteristics with fungi that are most likely a result of convergent evolution due to a common habitat and lifestyle.
415:
Classical plant defense hormones also function in plant growth, metabolism and abiotic stress responses, obscuring the precise mechanism by which salicylic acid regulates this microbiome.
998:"Differential response of soil microbial and animal communities along the chronosequence of Cunninghamia lanceolata at different soil depth levels in subtropical forest ecosystem"
539:, producing some $ 1 billion annually, less than 1% of the chemical amendment market, estimated at $ 110 billion. Some microbes have been marketed for decades, such as
212:
Although they are members of the
Bacteria kingdom, many actinomycetes share characteristics with fungi, including shape and branching properties, spore formation and secondary
1265:
Sylvia, David M., Jeffry J. Fuhrmann, Peter G. Hartel, and David A. Zuberer. Principles and
Applications of Soil Microbiology. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1998. Print.
1397:
Rosskopf, Erin; Di Gioia, Francesco; Hong, Jason C.; Pisani, Cristina; Kokalis-Burelle, Nancy (2020-08-25). "Organic
Amendments for Pathogen and Nematode Control".
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Fertilizers deplete soil of organic matter and trace elements, cause salination and suppress mycorrhizae; they can also turn symbiotic bacteria into competitors.
443:. Their biochemical activity is a factor in both stabilization and degradation of soil structure. Enzyme activity is higher in plots that are fertilized with
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614:, where temperatures reach 60 °C (140 °F). Introduced in the US market in 2014 for corn and rice, they trigger an adaptive stress response.
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Amoebae are larger than flagellates and move in a different way. Amoebae can be distinguished from other protozoa by their slug-like properties and
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density, but levels decrease because the bacteria lacks a defensible niche. One way to compensate is to use multiple collaborating strains.
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Islam, Waqar; Saqib, Hafiz Sohaib Ahmad; Adnan, Muhammad; Wang, Zhenyu; Tayyab, Muhammad; Huang, Zhiqun; Chen, Han Y.H. (2021-08-11).
41:, their functions, and how they affect soil properties. It is believed that between two and four billion years ago, the first ancient
2095:
2085:
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Falkowski, Paul G.; Fenchel, Tom; Delong, Edward F. (2008-05-23). "The
Microbial Engines That Drive Earth's Biogeochemical Cycles".
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and trigger or dampen stress responses. In general a more diverse soil microbiome results in fewer plant diseases and higher yield.
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Their growth in liquid culture occurs as distinct clumps or pellets, rather than as a uniform turbid suspension as in bacteria.
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and other crop diseases, has caused famines throughout history. Other fungi and bacteria cause the decay of roots and leaves.
785:"Sugarcane monoculture drives microbial community composition, activity and abundance of agricultural-related microorganisms"
188:) that can be used by plants. Autotrophic bacteria derive their energy by making their own food through oxidation, like the
3265:
1892:
702:, consisting of fermented grape leftovers and a variety of bacteria and fungi, along with four types of mycorrhiza spores.
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114:. They are the most abundant microorganisms in the soil, and serve many important purposes, including nitrogen fixation.
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838:
Farquhar, James; Bao, Huiming; Thiemens, Mark (2000-08-04). "Atmospheric
Influence of Earth's Earliest Sulfur Cycle".
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is an example of bacterial versatility because it, unlike most species, can grow in the absence of oxygen, respiring
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penetrated the rock by excreting acids, allowing plant roots to reach almost 2 meters into the rocky soil and reach
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microorganisms), but are very important because almost every plant and organism requires nitrogen in some way.
1277:"The Roles of Plant Growth Promoting Microbes in Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Acidity and Alkalinity Stresses"
126:
One of the most distinguished features of bacteria is their biochemical versatility. A bacterial genus called
2314:
1991:
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Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient in soil and water. Bacteria are responsible for the process of
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The composition of the rhizobiome can change rapidly in response to changes in the surrounding environment.
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Up to 10 billion bacterial cells inhabit each gram of soil in and around plant roots, a region known as the
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17:
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A 2007 study showed that a complex symbiosis with fungi and viruses makes it possible for a grass called
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One of the most notable characteristics of the actinomycetes is their ability to produce antibiotics.
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601:. In 2014 Syngenta and BASF acquired companies developing microbial products, as did Dupont in 2015.
1208:
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Tayyab, Muhammad; Yang, Ziqi; Zhang, Caifang; Islam, Waqar; Lin, Wenxiong; Zhang, Hua (2021-09-01).
54:
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1981:
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A pilot project in Europe used a plow to slightly loosen and ridge the soil. They planted oats and
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pertussis (whooping cough), pneumonia and ear, intestine, lung, urinary tract and skin infections.
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2017:
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When selecting a bacterium for disease control its other effects must also be considered. Some
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Populations of beneficial microbes can diminish over time. Serenade stimulates a high initial
521:—that attract and feed beneficial microbial species while repelling and killing harmful ones.
184:, which is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds (such as
132:
can metabolize a wide range of chemicals and fertilizers. In contrast, another genus known as
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2007:
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1969:
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941:"The Role of Microbial Electron Transfer in the Coevolution of the Biosphere and Geosphere"
847:
412:, indicating that salicylic acid may be a key regulator of microbiome community structure.
8:
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2405:
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These bacteria will also form aggregates which increases the overall health of the soil.
77:. Each of these groups has characteristics that define them and their functions in soil.
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1147:"Bacterial colonization of minerals in grassland soils is selective and highly dynamic"
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are able to respire both aerobically and anaerobically, using nitrate as the terminal
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581:, a company developing microbial fertilizers and pesticides, forged an alliance with
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Haney, Cara H.; Ausubel, Frederick M. (2015-08-21). "Plant microbiome blueprints".
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Rao, Subba. Soil
Microbiology. Fourth ed. Enfield: Science Publishers, 1999. Print.
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Up to 30% of the carbon fixed by plants is excreted from the roots as so-called
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2012:
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phyla in the endophytic compartment. These changes were consistent across many
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84:. In 2011, a team detected more than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species on
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fungi that suppress other, pathogenic fungi, and the caterpillar killer
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above), making nitrogen unavailable. Stevens et al 1998 find bacterial
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111:
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Farming can destroy soil's rhiziobiome (microbial ecosystem) by using
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3019:
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1927:
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939:
Jelen, Benjamin I.; Giovannelli, Donato; Falkowski, Paul G. (2016).
585:. Novozymes invested in a biofertilizer containing the soil fungus
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Wood, Martin. Soil
Biology. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1989. Print
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488:
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even allow agriculture in soils that were never considered viable.
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99:
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58:
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185:
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and fix nitrogen from the air into a biologically useful form.
492:
444:
409:
66:
694:, which attracts nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They planted small
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as compared to inorganic fertilizers. The microflora of the
3009:
2844:
2839:
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2829:
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38:
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220:
The mycelium branches in a manner similar to that of fungi
2994:
938:
307:
1082:
Vrieze, Jop de (2015-08-14). "The littlest farmhands".
642:
1185:
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and minerals in the soil available to plants, produce
782:
1390:
995:
837:
49:came about on Earth's oceans. These bacteria could
288:Algae can be split up into three main groups: the
1261:
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1257:
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1253:
1251:
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1131:
1129:
982:
980:
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3240:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
629:perform the opposite of nitrogen fixation (see
3276:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
1381:
1275:Msimbira, Levini A.; Smith, Donald L. (2020).
1248:
146:, which is also known as oxidation. The genus
2488:
2145:
1466:
1274:
1126:
973:
223:They form aerial mycelium as well as conidia.
1322:
789:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
106:, the smallest organisms in soil apart from
639:dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium
3457:
2495:
2481:
2152:
2138:
1473:
1459:
2096:Physical factors affecting microbial life
2086:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
1292:
1207:
1162:
1031:
1013:
956:
913:
370:
3250:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
1138:
888:
653:A funguslike unicellular organism named
552:Serenade is a biopesticide containing a
451:may increase activity of enzymes there.
207:
121:
3356:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2502:
1872:International Census of Marine Microbes
1847:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
1382:Glinski, J.; Horabik, J., eds. (2011).
713:
422:
313:and ambient temperature and stability.
14:
3475:
3328:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
2789:Canadian system of soil classification
1144:
1081:
630:
524:
472:that spur growth, stimulate the plant
308:Blue-green algae and nitrogen fixation
138:can only derive its energy by turning
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1454:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1281:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
1077:
1075:
1073:
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648:
276:can make their own nutrients through
3430:
3266:International Union of Soil Sciences
1893:Microbiomes of the built environment
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
175:
3293:Soil and Water Conservation Society
1417:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035608
958:10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095521
720:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Krasil'nikov
535:Almost all registered microbes are
24:
2773:Unified Soil Classification System
2305:Soil retrogression and degradation
2081:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
1480:
1309:
25:
3499:
2778:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1048:
610:to thrive in geothermal soils in
394:A 2015 study analyzed a panel of
3456:
3441:
3440:
3429:
3321:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
3261:Indian Institute of Soil Science
3245:Canadian Society of Soil Science
3076:
3075:
2251:
2159:
2114:
2113:
1908:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
1546:
685:
196:
3299:Soil Science Society of America
1400:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1375:
1268:
1179:
454:
27:Study of microorganisms in soil
3304:World Congress of Soil Science
3288:Soil Science Society of Poland
2794:Australian Soil Classification
2785:(French classification system)
989:
932:
918:. Princeton University Press.
907:
893:. Princeton University Press.
882:
831:
776:
459:
340:
230:
13:
1:
2315:Soil compaction (agriculture)
1992:Synthetic microbial consortia
1857:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
1757:Host microbe interactions in
945:Annual Review of Microbiology
769:
487:The group of bacteria called
1590:Microbial population biology
1104:10.1126/science.349.6249.680
1002:Journal of Advanced Research
860:10.1126/science.289.5480.756
641:to especially occur at high
7:
3256:German Soil Science Society
2814:List of vineyard soil types
1386:. Springer. pp. 63–65.
1384:Encyclopedia of Agrophysics
732:
361:
316:
300:. The Cyanophyceae contain
94:
10:
3504:
3435:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
3271:International Year of Soil
2799:Polish Soil Classification
2238:Environmental soil science
1852:Marine microbial symbiosis
1678:Kill the Winner hypothesis
1650:Bacteria collective motion
1151:Environmental Microbiology
1015:10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.005
801:10.1007/s11356-021-14033-y
528:
349:
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3159:
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2823:Non-systematic soil types
2822:
2759:
2686:
2510:
2465:
2260:
2249:
2243:Agricultural soil science
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2167:
2109:
2046:
2000:
1888:Microbes in human culture
1880:
1804:
1768:
1658:
1608:
1555:
1544:
1488:
889:Canfield, Donald (2014).
612:Yellowstone National Park
607:Dichanthelium lanuginosum
595:that contains the fungus
491:live inside the roots of
3393:Infiltration (hydrology)
3187:Geotechnical engineering
2809:List of U.S. state soils
1982:Human Microbiome Project
1693:Microbial biodegradation
1294:10.3389/fsufs.2020.00106
914:Falkowski, Paul (2015).
749:Effective microorganisms
631:§ Nitrogen fixation
283:
268:
255:
3462:List of soil scientists
2804:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
2783:Référentiel pédologique
2767:FAO soil classification
2033:Microbiological culture
2028:Microbial DNA barcoding
1837:Antarctic microorganism
1585:Microbial phylogenetics
1345:10.1126/science.aad0092
1218:10.1126/science.1153213
1164:10.1111/1462-2920.14751
670:
517:, aliphatic acids, and
3233:Societies, Initiatives
2455:Soil water (retention)
2018:Impedance microbiology
1759:Caenorhabditis elegans
1575:Microbial intelligence
1565:Microbial biogeography
744:Korean natural farming
656:Phytophthora infestans
598:Metarhizium anisopliae
548:Bacillus thuringiensis
419:microbiome structure.
371:Composition regulation
163:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3452:Category soil science
3136:Soil salinity control
2064:Microbial dark matter
2008:Dark-field microscopy
1812:Marine microorganisms
1688:Microbial cooperation
529:Further information:
208:Similarities to fungi
156:. Several species of
122:Biochemical processes
3217:Agricultural science
3111:Soil guideline value
2935:Calcareous grassland
2512:World Reference Base
1683:Microbial consortium
1580:Microbial metabolism
728:(born 1941), British
722:(1896–1973), Russian
714:Soil microbiologists
627:suppressive bacteria
423:Biochemical activity
408:within the affected
3313:Scientific journals
2504:Soil classification
2445:Soil organic matter
2406:Pore water pressure
1786:Seagrass microbiome
1337:2015Sci...349..788H
1200:2008Sci...320.1034F
1194:(5879): 1034–1039.
1096:2015Sci...349..680D
852:2000Sci...289..756F
795:(35): 48080–48096.
588:Penicillium bilaiae
531:Microbial inoculant
525:Commercial activity
509:—including sugars,
3408:Impervious surface
2688:USDA soil taxonomy
2514:for Soil Resources
2401:Pore space in soil
2344:Soil acidification
2300:Soil contamination
2023:Microbial cytology
1987:Protein production
1822:Marine prokaryotes
1708:Microbial food web
1638:Protist locomotion
1616:Bacterial motility
1570:Microbial genetics
726:Michael Goodfellow
659:, responsible for
649:Unhelpful microbes
572:companies such as
464:Microbes can make
3470:
3469:
3101:Soil conservation
3087:
3086:
2361:Soil biodiversity
2208:Soil microbiology
2127:
2126:
1898:Food microbiology
1791:Soil microbiology
1730:Microbial synergy
1698:Microbial ecology
1331:(6250): 788–789.
1090:(6249): 680–683.
846:(5480): 756–758.
555:Bacillus subtilis
298:bacillariophyceae
182:nitrogen fixation
176:Nitrogen fixation
168:electron acceptor
31:Soil microbiology
16:(Redirected from
3495:
3460:
3459:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3432:
3282:OPAL Soil Centre
3079:
3078:
2975:Hydrophobic soil
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2438:Soil respiration
2255:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2117:
2116:
1918:Human microbiome
1842:Coral microbiome
1776:Plant microbiome
1550:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1246:
1245:
1211:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1079:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1017:
993:
987:
984:
971:
970:
960:
936:
930:
929:
911:
905:
904:
886:
880:
879:
835:
829:
828:
780:
677:B. subtilis
558:strain that has
431:are produced by
33:is the study of
21:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3421:
3403:Crust (geology)
3383:Land management
3378:Land conversion
3361:
3308:
3228:
3207:Earth materials
3155:
3141:Erosion control
3126:Soil governance
3106:Soil management
3089:
3088:
3083:
3069:
3040:Subaqueous soil
3025:Serpentine soil
2885:Parent material
2818:
2755:
2682:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2461:
2381:Soil resilience
2310:Soil compaction
2278:Soil morphology
2256:
2247:
2181:
2163:
2158:
2128:
2123:
2105:
2042:
1996:
1876:
1827:Marine protists
1800:
1781:Root microbiome
1764:
1673:Biological pump
1654:
1604:
1551:
1542:
1484:
1479:
1449:
1448:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1321:
1310:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1249:
1209:10.1.1.474.2161
1184:
1180:
1145:Vieira (2020).
1143:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1080:
1049:
994:
990:
985:
974:
937:
933:
926:
912:
908:
901:
887:
883:
836:
832:
781:
777:
772:
739:Natural farming
735:
716:
688:
673:
651:
635:denitrification
533:
527:
481:soil amendments
462:
457:
425:
373:
364:
352:
343:
319:
310:
286:
271:
258:
233:
210:
199:
178:
124:
97:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3448:
3437:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3412:Surface runoff
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3335:Plant and Soil
3331:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3160:Related fields
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Prime farmland
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2970:Fuller's earth
2967:
2962:
2960:Expansive clay
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2423:Soil biomantle
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:Soil structure
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Soil fertility
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2288:Soil formation
2285:
2280:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:Soil chemistry
2230:
2228:Soil mechanics
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2059:Deep biosphere
2056:
2054:Bioremediation
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:DNA sequencing
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1817:Marine viruses
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1752:Quorum sensing
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1713:microbial loop
1705:
1703:Microbial cyst
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:run-and-tumble
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:Microorganisms
1478:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1409:Annual Reviews
1389:
1374:
1308:
1267:
1247:
1178:
1157:(3): 917–933.
1137:
1125:
1047:
988:
972:
931:
924:
916:Life's Engines
906:
899:
881:
830:
774:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
761:
759:Soil biomantle
756:
751:
746:
741:
734:
731:
730:
729:
723:
715:
712:
687:
684:
672:
669:
650:
647:
593:bioinsecticide
526:
523:
461:
458:
456:
453:
424:
421:
380:salicylic acid
376:Plant hormones
372:
369:
363:
360:
351:
348:
342:
339:
318:
315:
309:
306:
285:
282:
278:photosynthesis
270:
267:
257:
254:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
221:
209:
206:
198:
195:
177:
174:
123:
120:
96:
93:
47:microorganisms
35:microorganisms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3500:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:Category soil
3438:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:Soil Research
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:Pochvovedenie
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Geomorphology
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3151:Liming (soil)
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3081:Types of soil
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Tropical peat
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Dry quicksand
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:Other systems
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:Soil moisture
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:Soil salinity
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Pedodiversity
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Microbial oil
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:Human related
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Picoeukaryote
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:Microbial mat
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1644:
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1636:
1632:
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1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
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1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Nanobacterium
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Cyanobacteria
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1260:
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1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
983:
981:
979:
977:
968:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
927:
925:9781400865727
921:
917:
910:
902:
900:9781400849888
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
775:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
711:
709:
703:
701:
700:biofertilizer
697:
693:
686:Pilot project
683:
680:
678:
668:
664:
662:
661:potato blight
658:
657:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
620:biopesticides
615:
613:
609:
608:
602:
600:
599:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
565:
564:antibacterial
561:
557:
556:
551:
549:
544:
543:
538:
537:biopesticides
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
494:
490:
485:
482:
477:
475:
474:immune system
471:
467:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
420:
416:
413:
411:
407:
402:
399:
398:
392:
389:
385:
384:jasmonic acid
381:
377:
368:
359:
357:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
314:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:Chlorophyceae
291:
281:
279:
275:
266:
264:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
215:
205:
203:
202:Actinomycetes
197:Actinomycetes
194:
191:
187:
183:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:anaerobically
151:
150:
145:
141:
137:
136:
131:
130:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
92:
89:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:actinomycetes
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3488:Soil biology
3483:Microbiology
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3202:Biogeography
3197:Hydrogeology
3172:Geochemistry
3094:Applications
2990:Martian soil
2418:Soil horizon
2391:Soil texture
2366:Soil quality
2322:Soil sealing
2295:Soil erosion
2223:Soil physics
2218:Soil ecology
2213:Soil zoology
2207:
2203:Soil biology
2161:Soil science
2069:Microswimmer
1963:in pregnancy
1913:Nylon-eating
1796:Spermosphere
1790:
1758:
1557:Microbiology
1404:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1328:
1324:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1087:
1083:
1005:
1001:
991:
951:(1): 45–62.
948:
944:
934:
915:
909:
890:
884:
843:
839:
833:
792:
788:
778:
754:Soil biology
704:
689:
681:
676:
674:
665:
654:
652:
624:
616:
605:
603:
596:
586:
570:Agrochemical
568:
553:
546:
540:
534:
504:
497:
486:
478:
463:
455:Applications
426:
417:
414:
395:
393:
374:
365:
353:
344:
320:
311:
290:Cyanophyceae
287:
272:
259:
249:tetracycline
245:erythromycin
237:Streptomycin
234:
216:production.
211:
200:
189:
179:
170:
161:
157:
147:
133:
127:
125:
116:
98:
90:
79:
51:fix nitrogen
30:
29:
18:Soil microbe
3398:Groundwater
3212:Archaeology
3146:Agroecology
3116:Soil survey
3055:Terra rossa
3050:Terra preta
3030:Spodic soil
2950:Duplex soil
2930:Brown earth
2910:Alkali soil
2900:Rhizosphere
2895:Laimosphere
2769:(1974–1998)
2726:Inceptisols
2633:Plinthosols
2598:Kastanozems
2428:Soil carbon
2351:Soil health
2332:Alkali soil
2261:Soil topics
2186:Main fields
2101:Siderophore
1862:Phycosphere
1718:viral shunt
1411:: 277–311.
708:groundwater
696:olive trees
542:Trichoderma
519:fatty acids
511:amino acids
499:Mycorrhizae
460:Agriculture
449:rhizosphere
441:plant roots
397:Arabidopsis
356:pseudopodia
341:Flagellates
327:flagellates
302:chlorophyll
263:soil health
231:Antibiotics
190:Nitrobacter
158:Pseudomonas
149:Clostridium
135:Nitrobacter
129:Pseudomonas
112:prokaryotic
82:rhizosphere
3477:Categories
3388:Vegetation
3131:Soil value
3035:Stagnogley
2985:Lunar soil
2940:Dark earth
2925:Brickearth
2890:Pedosphere
2860:Soil crust
2668:Technosols
2653:Solonchaks
2573:Ferralsols
2538:Anthrosols
2413:Soil crust
2386:Soil color
2371:Soil value
2273:Pedosphere
2198:Edaphology
2001:Techniques
1832:Microalgae
1740:microbiota
1735:Microbiome
1523:Prokaryote
770:References
560:antifungal
515:flavonoids
427:Most soil
214:metabolite
160:, such as
86:sugar beet
55:multiplied
53:, in time
3417:Petrichor
3192:Hydrology
3177:Petrology
3121:Soil test
3020:Quicksand
2965:Fill dirt
2905:Bulk soil
2751:Vertisols
2741:Spodosols
2731:Mollisols
2721:Histosols
2706:Aridisols
2678:Vertisols
2673:Umbrisols
2663:Stagnosol
2628:Planosols
2623:Phaeozems
2603:Leptosols
2588:Gypsisols
2578:Fluvisols
2558:Chernozem
2553:Cambisols
2548:Calcisols
2543:Arenosols
2467:Soil type
2356:Soil life
2074:biohybrid
1928:dysbiosis
1745:holobiont
1643:amoeboids
1626:twitching
1441:221360634
1425:0066-4286
1353:0036-8075
1303:2571-581X
1226:0036-8075
1204:CiteSeerX
1112:0036-8075
1024:2090-1232
1008:: 41–54.
868:0036-8075
825:233403664
809:1614-7499
764:Soil life
579:Novozymes
466:nutrients
3373:Land use
3366:See also
3222:Agrology
3005:Paleosol
2920:Blue goo
2875:Gypcrust
2746:Ultisols
2716:Gelisols
2711:Entisols
2701:Andisols
2696:Alfisols
2658:Solonetz
2648:Retisols
2643:Regosols
2618:Nitisols
2613:Luvisols
2608:Lixisols
2593:Histosol
2583:Gleysols
2568:Durisols
2563:Cryosols
2533:Andosols
2523:Acrisols
2433:Soil gas
2193:Pedology
2119:Category
2038:Staining
1970:placenta
1600:Virology
1595:Mycology
1533:Protozoa
1503:Bacteria
1433:32853099
1369:41820015
1361:26293938
1234:18497287
1173:31325219
1120:26273035
1042:35572399
967:27297124
876:10926533
817:33904129
733:See also
583:Monsanto
507:exudates
489:rhizobia
470:hormones
433:bacteria
406:families
388:ethylene
362:Ciliates
335:ciliates
322:Protozoa
317:Protozoa
296:and the
241:neomycin
100:Bacteria
95:Bacteria
75:protozoa
59:bacteria
43:bacteria
3450:
3252:(India)
3167:Geology
2955:Eluvium
2915:Bay mud
2880:Caliche
2870:Hardpan
2865:Claypan
2855:Subsoil
2850:Topsoil
2736:Oxisols
2638:Podzols
2528:Alisols
2516:(1998–)
2339:Soil pH
2172:History
1668:Biofilm
1660:Ecology
1631:gliding
1528:Protist
1498:Archaea
1333:Bibcode
1325:Science
1287:: 106.
1242:2844984
1196:Bibcode
1188:Science
1092:Bibcode
1084:Science
1033:9091736
848:Bibcode
840:Science
493:legumes
429:enzymes
401:hormone
350:Amoebae
331:amoebae
186:ammonia
144:nitrate
140:nitrite
108:viruses
104:Archaea
88:roots.
3439:
3065:Yedoma
3000:Muskeg
1975:uterus
1958:vagina
1923:asthma
1805:Marine
1769:Plants
1609:Motion
1490:Groups
1439:
1431:
1423:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1301:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1206:
1171:
1118:
1110:
1040:
1030:
1022:
965:
922:
897:
891:Oxygen
874:
866:
823:
815:
807:
591:and a
445:manure
292:, the
110:, are
3045:Takir
2980:Loess
2177:Index
2091:Omics
2047:Other
1948:mouth
1933:fecal
1538:Virus
1513:Fungi
1437:S2CID
1407:(1).
1365:S2CID
1238:S2CID
821:S2CID
692:vetch
574:Bayer
437:fungi
410:phyla
284:Types
274:Algae
269:Algae
256:Fungi
142:into
71:algae
67:fungi
3295:(US)
3284:(UK)
3278:(US)
3010:Peat
2845:Loam
2840:Clay
2835:Silt
2830:Sand
2268:Soil
1953:skin
1943:lung
1429:PMID
1421:ISSN
1357:PMID
1349:ISSN
1299:ISSN
1230:PMID
1222:ISSN
1169:PMID
1116:PMID
1108:ISSN
1038:PMID
1020:ISSN
963:PMID
920:ISBN
895:ISBN
872:PMID
864:ISSN
813:PMID
805:ISSN
671:Fade
637:and
562:and
439:and
386:and
333:and
247:and
102:and
73:and
45:and
39:soil
2995:Mud
1938:gut
1413:doi
1341:doi
1329:349
1289:doi
1214:doi
1192:320
1159:doi
1100:doi
1088:349
1028:PMC
1010:doi
953:doi
856:doi
844:289
797:doi
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